Appsc Group-Iv: Basic Objective Study Material

APPSC
GROUP-IV
BASIC OBJECTIVE
STUDY MATERIAL
ZZ Q4 ZQ"
WO_< *Q
~`Ô <iH ~O
1. ~`Ô Zx JHO _= =#k?
- 2902I JHO
2. ~`Ô Zx ~MO "_ L#k?
- 29018I ~MO
3. ~`^ i^ _= ZO`? - 15,200 H.g.
4. ~`^ =^ i^ _= ZO`?
- 7516.6 H.g.
5. ~`Ô U U JHO =^ L#k?
- 80 4I L`~ JHOO #O_ 370 6I L`~ JHOO =~
"Oz L#k
6. ~`Ô U U ~MO =^ L#k?
- 680 7I `~ ~MOO
#O_ 970 21I `~ ~MOO =~ "Oz L#k
7. L`~ ^H}Q ~`Ô _= ZO`?
- 3214 H.g.
8. `~_=~Q ~`Ô "_ ZO`?
- 2933 H.g.
9. ~`^ "O ZO`?
- 32,87,263 K.H.g.
10. ~`^ "O OK "O ZO` Ò?
- 2.4%
11. "O ~`Ô OKO Z< #O PHqOk?
- U_= #O
12. ~`Ô P YO_O U QO L#k?
- PQ P
13. Q[~` f~Ox O^Y ~q?
- HK O^Y
14. ~`Ô ^~ `# P#~Y Uk?
- H~@~Y
15. ~`^ L`~Q# L# Ô Uk?
- [= Hj~x 'HeH^=< H#=
16. ~` nH ^H} JQ# L# Ô Uk?
- Q\ xH~ nq ^H} H# J~# 'Qe< ~O\.
WC_ nxH 'WOk~ ~O\ Jx ~ \~
17. ~`^ ^H} JQ# L# ~ Uq?
- `q<_, H~
18. H [Ok ZH_ L#k?
- ~`ÔNOH =^
19. =^ f~ O^ ~` Ô ZO` ^~O =~
LO@Ok?
- 300 H.g.
20. =^ [ ~`^ O ZO` ^~O =~ LO@Ok?
- 12 <\H "
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21. = ~` } _= ZO`? - 2500 H.g.

22. = ~` } "_ ZO`?
- 150 #O_ 400 H.g.
23. = Zx }<~? Jq Uq?
- =_ } Jq: 1. t"eH HO_ 2. =K H
=^ = 3. =k H L#` =
24. = `~ OÒ Zx } L<~? ~O_ =~ : 1. =^ = 2. =k ~`
25. =k ~` } Q@ Z` ZO`?
- 6000 g.
26. =^ = Q@ Z` ZO`?
- 3000 g.
27. t"eH HO_ Q@ Z` ZO`?
- 600 g.
28. = ~` J`#` ~` tY~O Uk? ^x
Z` ZO`?
- Z=~ tY~O, ^x Z` 8848 g.
29. ~`^ QOx = ~` J`#`"#
~` tY~O Uk?
- K2 H Q_< P< (8610 g.)
30. ~`^ O qHe _"# f~~ Y Q ~RO Uk?
- Q[~`
31. L`~ ^H}Q ^H# ~q _= ZO`?
- 1600 H.g.
32. `~, _= ~Q ^H # ~ q "_ ZO`?
- 1400 H.g.
33. ^H# ~qH t=# L# HO_ ~q?
- t= H#=
34. ^H# ~qH `~# L# HO_ ~q?
- `~ H#=
35. OQ ^Y^~xQ ~ Ok# #k Uk?
- ^"^~ #k
36. t= H#=, `~ H#= ZH_ H~?
- hyi HO_
37. t= H#= _= ZO`?
- 1600 H.g.
38. t= H#= Q@ Z` ZO`?
- 1200 g@~
39. ^"^~ #k U #k H#k?
- w #k
40. t= H#= ^H} QO ~q\?
- J<= HO_ H UH HO_
41. hyi HO_ qHe Z`# ~` tY~O Uk?
- ^_@ (2637 g.)
42. H<=i JQO =~ "Oz L# HO_# U=O\~?
- UH HO_
43. ù#k U U ~` } =^ =#k?
- J[O`, `~ ~` } =^
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66. QOQ#k [#O Uk?
44. ^"^~ #k [##O Uk?

45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
- K\ <Q~ HO_
=, ~", K\ <Q~, +OQ ~=, P~=o
~` U ~qx Q?
- ^H# ~q
~`^x L`~ ^H} O`Q qlOK ~` Uq?
- qO^ `~ ~`
|OQMÒ L# ~` n= ~q\?
- JO_=< xH~ n=
J~a =Ô L# ~`^ n= Uq?
- Hn
P_" a_ (~= `) ZH_ L#k?
- ~`Ô NOH =^
>< _w K< ZH_ L#k?- JO_=< n= xH~
n= =^ L#k. Wk 10 _w JHOxH gO
LO@Ok. H|\ ^xH P ~ =zOk.
~`Ô HO `~KQ OqOK OÒ Uk?
- = ~` OÒ
~`^ [ =^f~ OÒ #O_ ZO` ^~O "Oz
L<~?
- 12 <\H "
< #k ZH_ [x#k? - K\<Q~ HO_
\ =^ QOQ#k He #k ~q? - QO_H #k
= ~` [xOK #^# U=O\~?
- r=#^
t= H#= [xOK ^# #^ Uq?
- 1. Q^=i 2. H$ 3. H"i
qO^ `~ ~` } [xOK ^# #^q?
- 1. =#k 2. #~^ 3. ù
QOQ#k "^# OÒH ZH_ "t#k?
- i^~ =^
P~=o ~` } [xOK ^# #^q?
- 1. h #k 2. < #k
L`~ ~`^ #^ ^#"#q Uq?
- 1. QOQ 2. =# 3. O^ 4. |`
^H} ~`Ôx #^ qHe _"# #k Uk?
- Q^=i
~`Ôx ~` } Zx? Jq Uq?
- ~`Ô^ # ~ ` } U_. Jq: 1. =
~` 2.\ ~` 3. qO^ ~` 4. `~
~` 5. P~=o ~` 6. t= H#= 7. `~
H#=
>* #k [#O Uk?
- = ~`x =# ~=~O =^
O^#k [#O Uk?
- = ~`x =# ~=~O =^
O^#k L#^ Uq?
- 1. rO 2. p< 3. ~q 4. a 5. >*
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- = ~`x QOQu
67. |`#k U U ^ QO_ =#k?
- 1. \\ (K<) 2. ~`Ô 3. <
68. =<#k [#O Uk?
- = ~`x =<u =^
69. =< #k, QOQ#k` ZH_ HOk?
- J^ =^
70. QOQ#k s"H OÒ ~`^ " O ZO` Ò?
- 25 Ò
71. JO_=< n= U ~HO n=?
- H~ n=
72. t= H#= t=OQ =OK #^ U =Ô
H~?
- J~a =Ô
73. QOQ#k UU ~ QO_ =#k?
- 1. L`~^ 2. c~ 3. t=OQ
74. t= H#= [xOKx, ^# ^H# ~q #k
Uk?
- =#k
75. =#k ZH_ [x#k?
- "H HO_
76. #~^#k [#O Uk? - =^^x J=~HO@H
77. `f#k [#O Uk?
- =^^x =^" HO_
78. =#k U =Ô HOk?
- |OQMÒ
79. t= H#= J~a =^xH =^ ## f~ "^ #O
~q?
- t= f~ "^#O
80. |`#k U #k HOk?
- QOQ#k J~# ^ #k
81. Q" L`~# L# t=f~ "^#O ~q\?
- HOH} f~O
82. Q" ^H}# L# t=f~ "^#O ~q\?
- =~ f~O
83. `~ f~ "^#O L`~ QO ~q?
- L`~ ~~ H HoOQf~O
84. `~ f~ "^#O ^H} QO ~q\?
- H~=O_ f~O
85. QOQ O^ "^#O ZH_ L#k?
- = ~`, ^H# ~qH =^
86. |`#k ~`Ô ZO`^~O =Ok?
- 885 H.g.
87. `#k "Ò _= ZO`?
- 2,580 H.g.
88. |`#k ZH_ [xOzOk?
- = ~`x =# ~=~O gO
89. QOQ O^ "^#O ~=O`"# XO_=\ ZO` `
=~ L#k?
- 300 #O_ 1800 g@~ =~
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j`+u
1. ~`Ô =~Ò U < Z=Q LO@Ok?
- E< =^ #O_ O|~ =^ =~
2. ~`Ô Ke U < Z=Q LO@Ok?
- [#=i |=i <
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
~` ` "`=~} Y"~ ~`^ j`+ux

Zx |`=Q qlOK~? Jq Uq?
- <Q
|`=. Jq: 1. Kx "`=~} |`= [#=i |=i
2. L+ "`=~} |`= =iE< 3. ^~} =~
|`= E< =^ #O_ O|~ =^ =~ 4. <|u
|`=#
LO~ HO O|~ =^ #O_ _O|~ =~
~`Ô "QO_ `~KQ U < Oq~?
- #=O|~_O|~ <
~`^ O JH|~#=O|~ = Z=Q =~O O^
OÒ Uk?
- `q<_
=#Ô J =~Ò O^ O`q?- ^H # ~ q,
L` ~ ^ , O *|, ~<, Q [~` , ~[ < ,
=^^x Hx O` 50 #O_100 O.g.
=#Ô J`kH =~Ò O^ O`q?
- t= f~"^#O, JO HO_, `~ =
OÒ 200 O.g. #
=#Ô q` =~Ò O^ O`q?
- Xi, OQ, c~ ~, PO^^, =^^,
L`~^, O*x Hx O` 100 #O_ 200
O.g.
[ [O` =$H O^
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1. =#Ô J@g OÒ Z=Q L# ~RO Uk?

- =^^
2. =#Ô `` i`~} ZH_ L<~?
- 1. t= H#= 2. = ~` 3. JO,
OQ HO_ O` 4. JO_=< xH~ n=
3. =#Ô |`=# P~ J_= ZH_ L<~?
- 1. =~R 2. `q<_ 3. H~@H 4. H~ 5. ^H#
~q D# OÒ 6. =^ ^x "H, =^=
HO_ 7. `~ H#=
4. =#Ô z@_q O` ZH_ L<~?
- 1. ^H# ~q =^QO 2. ~[< 3. O*|
4. L`~^x @~~ OÒ
5. =#Ô =^ J_= ZH_ L<~?
- 1. ~[< 2. O*| 3. L`~^ 4. =^ ^H#
~= Hx O` L<~
6. ~`Ô J_= Zx ~H? Jq Uq?
- <Q~H. Jq: 1. `` i`~} 2. |`=#
J_= 3. L+=O_ Q_ "^< H z@_= 4.
=^
7. =#Ô J`kH Ò J_= U OÒ L<~?
- ^H# ~q
8. =#^ "O J_= q~O ZO` Ò?
- 22.8%
9. =#Ô J_= q~O ZO`?
- 7 H@ 50 H H~
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10. ~` ` J@g q^#O H~O =#Ô q~ O J_=

q~O ZO` Ò LO_e?
- 33.3%
11. =#Ô JkHQO U ~HO J_= L<~?
- |`=# P~ J_=
12. =#Ô Zx O~H} HO^ L<~?
- 17
13. =#Ôx J_= "Ò ^H#~q g^ ZO`
Ò L<~?
- 60%
14. = ~` g^ =#Ô J_= "Ò ZO`
Ò L<~?
- 16%
15. `~ H#= ZO` Ò J_= L<~?
- 10%
16. t= H#= ZO` Ò J_= L<~?
-9%
17. =#Ô Zx <+# ~ L<~?
- 92 <+# ~
18. ==^~ <+# ~ ZH_ L#k?
- =#Q~ Q[~`
19. `_ <+# ~ ZH_ L#k?
- KO^~ =~R
20. iqe <+# ~ ZH_ L#k?
- =O~ =~R
21. KO^ =#=$Q O~H} HOÔ ZH_ L#k?
- "~} L`~^
22. H~\ <+# ~ ZH_ L#k?
- <x\ L`~YO_
23. kzQ" =#=$Q O~H} HOÔ ZH_ L#k?
- N#Q~, [=Hj~
24. ^_ <+# ~ ZH_ L#k?
- H;~ Mi L`~^
25. W~q" ~[= =#=$Q O~H} HOÔ ZH_ L#k?
- W_H H~
26. <H O~H} HOÔ (Sanctuary) ZH_ L#k?
- ~`~ ~[<
27. @ H O~H} HOÔ ZH_ L#k?
- O H~@H
28. y~ <+# ~ ZH_ L#k?
- A<_ Q[~`
29. yO_ <+# ~ ZH_ L#k?
- K<
30. <~ ~ H O~H} HOÔ ZH_ L#k?
- Q~Q" ~<
31. [~ =#=$Q O~H} HOÔ ZH_ L#k?
- [Qi, t=OQ
32. H< <+# ~ ZH_ L#k? - =O_, =^^
33. Hl~OQ <+# ~ ZH_ L#k?
- *~\, JO
34. YOQKO^ [O_ <+# ~ ZH_ L#k?
- QOQ@H, HO
35. f =#=$Q O~H} HOÔ ZH_ L#k?
- |~, =^^
36. t=~ <+# ~ ZH_ L#k?
- t=i, =^^
37. <@ H O~H} HOÔ ZH_ L#k?

- <~, PO^^
38. =^= =#=$Q O~H} HOÔ ZH_ L#k?
- hyi HO_, `q<_
39. <Q~ <+# ~ ZH_ L#k? - ~, H~@H
40. # ~=~ H O~H} HOÔ ZH_ L#k?
- J=^^, Q[~`
41. <"Q" <+# ~ ZH_ L#k?
- O_~, =~R
42. == O~H} HOÔ ZH_ L#k?
- _< QO*, c~
43. ~ <+# ~ ZH_ L#k?
- , =K^
44. i~ =#=$Q O~H} HOÔ ZH_ L#k?
- W_H, H~
45. ~OQ< u@ H O~H} HOÔ ZH_ L#k?
- "~, H~@H
~`Ô [<
1. OK [< ~`^ [< ZO` Ò?
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
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11.
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13.
14.
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- 16.7%
2001 [< H H~O ~`^ [< ZO`?
- 102 H@ 63 H
OKO ~`Ô [< Z< #O PHq#k?
- ~O_= #O
19912001 =^ ~`^ [< ~Q^ ~@ ZO`?
- 21.34%
u O=`~O ~`^ [< ZO` ~QÒk?
- 1,80,00,000
2001 [< H H~O ~f Q@
r=# =}O
ZO`?
- 62.3 OII
~`Ô J`kH [< Q ~RO Uk?
- L`~^
~`Ô J` [<Q ~RO Uk?
- HO
~`^ Q@ [#O^` ZO`?
- 324 =Ok / K.H.g.
~`^ O J`kH [#O^` Q ~RO Uk?
- t= OQ
=#Ô q J`kHO Q == ~OQO L<~.
"Ò q OY == q Ò ZO`?
- 70.6%
=#Ô = Hi J`kHOQ U =$u L<~?
- == b
~`Ô J`kH [< Q l Uk?
- "kx~, t= OQ
~`Ô J` [< Q l Uk?
- <", ^Ki
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15. =#Ô #Q~" Ò ZO`?

- 27.78%
16. ~`Ô J`kH #Q~" [< Q ~RO Uk?
- q*~O
17. ~`Ô J` #Q~" [< Q ~RO Uk?
- =K^
18. ~`Ô ~+ x+u ZO`?
- 933 : 1000
19. ~`^ [< ~+ OY ZO`?
- 53,12,77,078
20. ~`^ [< OY ZO`?
- 49,57,28,169
21. ~`^ [< ~+ Ò ZO`?
- 51.89%
22. ~`Ô [< Ò ZO`?
- 48.11%
23. =#Ô q Ò Z=Q L# ~RO Uk?
- J~}K^
24. ~`^ [< Qg} Ò ZO`?
- 74.3%
25. ~`^ [< JH~ Ò ZO`?
- 65.38%
26. 2001 [< H H~O ~`^ [< ~+
JH~` Ò ZO`?
- 75.85%
27. 2001 [< H H~O ~`^ [<
JH~` Ò ZO`?
- 54.16%
28. 19912001 OII =^ ~`Ô Q@ "iH [#<
~@ ZO`?
- "~H 26.4 =Ok
29. 19912001 OII =^ ~`Ô Q@ "iH =~}
~@ ZO`?
- "~H 9.0 =Ok
30. ~`Ô ~+ x+u J`kHOQ L# ~RO Uk?
- H~ (1000 : 1036)
31. ~`Ô ~+ x+u Ju `=Q L# ~RO Uk?
- ~< (1000 : 861)
32. =#Ô ~+ x+u Ju `=Q L# HOê`
OÒ Uk?
- _=<, _ 1000 : 710
33. =#Ô ~+ x+u J`kHOQ L# HOê`
OÒ Uk?
- ^Ki 1000 : 1001
34. =#Ô +_ [< ZO`?
- 13,82,23,277
35. =#Ô +_ `Q *< ZO`?
- 6,77,58,380
36. ~`Ô J`kH +_ [< Q ~RO Uk?
- L`~^
37. 1981 [< H H~O "Ò [< q Ò
ZO`?
- 36.7%
38. ~`Ô J`kH +_ `Q Q ~RO Uk?
- =^^
39. ~`Ô J` +_ `Q Q ~RO Uk?
- Q"
40. ~`Ô [< H H~} U O=`~O #O_ H=O

Ò_ [~Q`#k?
- 1881 OII
41. 1981 [< H H~O 2024 O=`~ =^##
q"` Ò ZO`?
- 84.4%
42. 1981 [< H H~O eH Q@ q" =
ZO`?
- 18.3 OII
43. [#< ~@ JO> Uq\?
- u "~ =Ok [< [xOK "i x+u
44. =#Ô [< ~Q^ ~ @ ~xH, ~xH =~`
LO@Ok. 197181 J`kH [< ~Q^ ~@ Q
~RO H HO^ e` OÒ Uk?
- KO_~
45. =#Ô XH Ò "iH [< ~Q^ ~@ U
O=`~xH kOKx x~~O|_#k?
- 2011
46. ~`^ [< +_ x+u J`kHOQ L#
~RO Uk?
- O*|
47. =#Ô +_ x+u Ju `=Q L# ~RO
Uk?
- "
48. =#Ô +_ `Q [< Ò 93.8 =~ L#
~RO H HOê` OÒ Uk?
- Hn
49. 2001 [< H H~O ~`^ O L# Q= Zx?
- 6,40,000
50. =#Ô J`kH [<Q H Oê` OÒ Uk?
- _b
51. =#Ô J` [<Q HOê` OÒ Uk?
- Hn
52. ~`Ô J`kH OY @} Q ~RO Uk?
- L`~^
53. ~`Ô 10 H H< Z= [< Q #Q~ Zx?
- 35
54. ~`Ô J`kH [< Q #Q~O Uk?
- =O~
55. 2001 [< H H~O ~`^ [< On +
=\_ "i Ò ZO`?
- 39.9%
56. [#O^` JO> Uq\?
- u K.H.g Q [#OY
57. =#Ô 14 OII H< `= = L# eH
[< "Ò [< ZO` Ò?
- 39.6%
58. ~`^ [< J`kH Ò L# ==Ô
Uk?
- 9 O=`~
59. ~`Ô 60 O=`~ = ^\# "i [<
ZO`?
- 4,30,00,000
60. ~`^ [< O^= Ò ZO`?
- 82.41%
61. ~`^ [< =O Ò ZO`?
- 11.67%
62. ~`^ [< H= Ò ZO`?
- 2.32%
63. ~`^ [< t Ò ZO`?
- 1.99%
64. ~`^ [< ^ Ò ZO`?
- 0.77%
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65. ~`^ [< *# Ò ZO`?

- 0.41%
66. ~`^ [< +_ , +_ `Q [<
Ò ZO`?
- 24.56%
67. ~`Ô "Ò [## ~@ ZO`?
- 3.6%
68. ~`Ô Qg} OÒ [## ~@ ZO`?
- 3.9%
69. ~`Ô @} OÒ [## ~@ ZO`?
- 2.8%
70. [## ~ @ J`kHO Q L# =` Z=~?
- =O
~`Ô h\ ~^
1. =#Ô "Ò O@ q q~ O h\ ~^ =`
Q q Ò ZO`?
- 40%
2. =#Ô h\~^ =` Q q = ^~
QK# q Ò ZO`?
- 43%
3. =#Ô h\~^ =` Q q K~= ^~
Q=`# q Ò ZO`?
- 16%
4. =#Ô h\~^ =` Q q H= ^~
Q=`# q Ò ZO`?
- 41%
5. z#`~ h\~^ * JO> Uq\?
- 2 " H~ H< `= PH@Q *
6. ~`Ô h\~^ =` Zx ~H? Jq Uq?
- ~`Ô h\~^ =` =_ ~H. Jq:
1. H= 2. = 3. K~=
7. s h\~^ * JO> Uq\?
- 10" H~ PH@ (Qq) Q *
8. =^`~ h\~^ * JO> Uq\?
- 2 " #O_ 10 " H~ PH@Q *
9. H * ZH_ L#k?
- c~
10. HH~ * U #k xiO|_#k? - ù #k
11. LH" * ZH_ L#k?
- Q[~` ~RO ù #kg^
12. =* ZH_ L#k?
- Q[~` ~+O =#k
13. |~u * U ~RO L#k?
- Q[~` ~RO |~u #k
14. #O * ZH_ L#k?
- Q[~` ~RO #O #kg^
15. H~< * ZH_ L#k?
- Q[~` ~RO H~< #kg^
16. ^ * ZH_ L#k?
- H~@H ~RO ^#k
17. =< [ q^` * ZH_ L#k?
- L`~^
18. @ * ZH_ L#k?
- H~@H ~RO @ #k
19. = * ZH_ L#k?
- H~@H ~RO = #k
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20. `" * ZH_ L#k?

- =^^ ~RO `"#k
21. QOnQ~_ ", ~}` Q~ _", [=~Q~ _"
U #k L<~?
- KO| #k
22. [H_ * ZH_ L#k?
- =~R Q^=i #k
23. ~_ * ZH_ L#k?
- Xi ~RO =#k
24. H#OQ * ZH_ L#k?
- >* #k
25. `h_" ZH_ L#k?
- O*| ~q #kg^
26. `_" ZH_ L#k? - L`~^ w~k #kg^
27. ~H ~l ZH_ L#k?
- t= OQ w~k #k
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39. qi Lù ^=, kf < L# ~q?
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40. H Lù ^=, kf < L# ~q?
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41. ^x Lù ^=, kf < L# ~q?
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42. u Lù ^=, kf < L# ~q?
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20. <+# \xH si W<@\ ZH_ L#k?
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21. O@ aeOQ si W<@\ ZH_ L#k?
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22. O@ Q JO_ ~qH si W<@\ ZH_ L#k?
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23. `` W<@\ P O_"O@ si ZH_ L#k?
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24. O@ ~_ si W<@\ ZH_ L#k?
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25. ZHH si JO_ _="O\ J+< ZH_ L#k?
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26. <+# U~<\H ~@s ZH_ L#k?
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27. <+# Zx~<"O\ WO[hiOQ si W<@\ ZH_
L#k?
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28. ~_ P#g O@~ ZH_ L#k?
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29. H~ WO[hiOQ si O@~ ZH_ L#q?
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30. WO_< <+# O\H _"O>+< O@~ ZH_
L#k?
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52. E\ >HlH si ~@s ZH_ L#k?
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53. <+# |~ P O\ *<\ H i~ ZH_ L#k?
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55. <+# W<@\ *#\H ZH_ L#k?
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63. WO_< Hx P "_H si ZH_ L#k?
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65. <+# W<@\ P H~ JO_ ZO>iH _* ZH_
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79. P \H "_< ZH_ L#k?
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80. = > K W<@\ ZH_ L#k?
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81. ~ s~ W<@\ ZH_ L#k?
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82. O@ "@~ =~ s~ +< ZH_ L#k?
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10. `~ ~ ^# H~O ZH_ L#k?
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11. L`~ ~ ^# H~O ZH_ L#k? - #_b
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18. JÒ` _"# ~ =~ Q ~ =O_O Uk?
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19. Ju `= x_qQ ~=~ Q ~ =O_O Uk?
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20. ~`Ô qHe ^^# ~ =~ ~ ZH_ L#k?
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22. =#Ô "@|_# "@"^\ ZHH >< ~q?
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ZC_ qb#"#q?
- 1950
27. z`~O[< H"\" =~ ZH_ L#k?
- z`~O[< t=OQ
28. z`~O[< H"\" =~ Pqi WO[# x~}O
Z\#O_ xe"|_Ok?
- 1971
29. z` ~ O [< H" \ " =~ ` O U WO[#
`~K<~?
- ZHH, _l WO[#
30. z`~O[< H"\" =~ ZC_ O|_#k?
- 1950
31. =#Ô _l ~ WO[# ZH_ `~=`<~? 1. "~}x _l H"\" =~ 2. z`~O[<x
z`~O[< H"\" =~
32. =#Ô ~ > ZH_ `~=`<~?
- ~O|~x WO>Q HK Hs
33. =#^ O " @ " ^ \ q^ ` ~ =~ O ZH _
"@|_#k?
- O~ #O_ ~ =~
34. =#Ô _l~ WO[# H=# q_ Q# ZH_
`~K<~?
- \ (O*|) x _l HO<O\ =~
35. =#^ O ~ O_ = ~ > H ~ Q~ O ZH _
~OaO|_#k?
- O*|x H~
36. ~f ~ O|OkOz# H~Q~ Zx?
- P~
37. ~`Ô q^` ~ WO[# ZC_ "@|_#q?
- 1925 |=i 5
38. \ =^ ## "_ # |\ ~ =~# Zx `~Q ` Q
qlOK~? Jq Uq?
- =_ `~Q`. Jq : 1. _Q* 2. g@~ Q* 3.
<~Q*
39. _Q* ~=~O "_ ZO`?
- 1.675 g@~
40. g@~ Q* ~=~O "_ ZO`?
- 1 g@~
41. <~ Q* ~=~O "_ ZO`?
- 76.2 O.g/61 O.g
42. PH ^^# ~ == Uk?
- ~f ~
43. L`~ ~ =O_O UU ~<~?
- O*|, ~<, ~[< `~ OÒ, L`~^
HO` OÒ D L`~ ~ =O_O L<~
44. D# ~ =O_O UU ~<~?
- L`~^, c~x L`~ O`
45. `~ ~ =O_O UU O`<~?
- t=OQ, L`~^, c~x Hx O`
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6. =#Ô *f ~^~# x~OKk Z=~?

- HO^ Ò
7. XH\ <O|~ *f ~î UU @}# HÒk?
- _bJO[O^~J=$`~
8. ~O_ <O|~ *f ~î UU @}# HÒk?
- _b=^~PQH#~J^"~}HH`
9. ~R ~^~ JO> Uq\?
- ~ROx =Y@}# ~R ~[^x`#, *f
~^~`# He ~^~# ~R ~^~ JO\~
10. <Q <O|~ *f ~î UU @}# HÒk?
- =O~}OcOQ~=^
11. S^ <O|~ *f ~î UU @}# HÒk?
- K< <~ XOQ QO@~ q["_ ~[=O_
qY@}O H@H HH`
12. P~ <O|~ *f ~îx H`# @} Uq?
=O~^<Q~~~O|~HH`
13. U_ <O|~ *f ~î UU @}# H`#k?
- "~}~ " [| ~ <Q ~ ^~^ H~
OQ~ O kO_Q =^~ H<=i
14. Zxq^ <O|~ *f ~ î UU @}
# HÒk?
_b * ~Jr~L^ ~J^^=^^~=O~
15. `q^ <O|~ *f ~ î UU @}
# HÒk?
- }~^~^q["_
16. OKO JÒ` Z` L# ~_ =~O Uk?
- =K^x =<b #O_ Hj~ x ' \}xHQ
~_. nx Q@ Z` 4270 g.
17. =#Ô "Ò ~_ _= H ~_ _= ZO`
Ò?
- 47 Ò
18. =#Ô Jx H }OK\xH g# H ~_`
H|_# Q= Q ~RO Uk?
- H~
19. Ô "Ò g^ JxH }OK\xH g# ~_`
H|_# Q= ZO` Ò?
- 41 Ò
20. =#Ô qHe _=Q ~_=~ Q ~RO Uk? =~R
21. HO^ Ò ~_ ==~# ~"HOK Y Uk?
- +OQ JO_ \<~ Y
22. O@ ~_ si W<@\ ZH_ L#k?
- #_b
23. i^ ~_ Ja=$k O ZC_ O|_#k?
- 1960
24. O@ ~_ O_ ZC_ U~@K|_Ok?
-1929
46. t=~ =O_O UU O`<~?

- =~R, Q[~`, ~[<, =^^ x Hx
O`
47. =^~ =O_O UU O`<~?
- =^^, PO^^x HO`QO
48. =#Ô "@"^\ ~=~O U a\+ Q=~~ [#~
HO xiO|_#k?
- ~ _
49. ^H} ~ =O_O UU ~<~?
- PO^^x HO`QO, `q<_, H~@H, H~
50. D# i^ =O_O UU ~<~?
- JO, t=OQx HO` OÒ
51. PQ ~=O_O UU O`<~?
- t=OQx <~u OÒ, Xi, =^^,
PO^^x Hx O`
52. =#Ô "@"^\ ~# #_# O Uk? ^x
` <=O Uq\?
- Q\ WO_< ##~ ~ HOh. ^x `
<=O O@ ~ (=^ ~)
53. =#Ô JÒ` "QOQ " ~ Uk?
- à ZH
54. =#Ô J`kH ^~O " ZH Uk?
- =Q~ ZH
55. ~ Hq+< ^# H~O ZH_ L#k?
- H
56. ~ Hq+< U =Ou`Y P^~O L#k?
- q Uq+< =Ou`Y P^~O
57. ~ i^# OHuH Ja=$kH H$+K O Uk?
Jk ZC_ O|_#k?
- si, _*< JO_ O_~ P~<*+<, 1957
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1. ~`Ôx "Ò ~_ _= ZO`?

- 17 H 70 " Hg@~
2. *f ~^~ "Ò _= ZO`?
- 33 " 612 H.g
3. Ô "Òx ~_ ~"} *f ~^~ ^~ ZO`
QO [~Q`#k?
- =_= =O`
4. =#Ô ~_# Zx `~Q`Q qlOK~? Jq Uq?
- <Q `~Q`, Jq: 1. *f ~^~ 2. ~R
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- 1700 H.g
2. =#Ô ^#"# ~= @} Zx?
- 12
3. =#Ô JO`~j [=~ _= ZO`?
- 5685 H.g
4. =#Ô JO`~ j [~"} q+ # Z=~ K~ ?
- ~R Ò
5. =#Ô JO`~ j [~"} ^H ~K# K O ~ q?
- # _bx HO^ JO`~j [~"} ~
6. =#Ô *f [=~ Ja=$k, x~}# Z=~
K~?
- W<O_ "@~" Jî\ P WO_
7. O@ W<O_ "@~ \<~ Hq+< H~O ZH_
L#k?
- HH`
8. =#Ô ~"} xH =K #n =~ _= ZO`?
- 5200 H.g
9. =#Ô z#~= @} Zx L<~?
- 225
10. =~=`HO <H K~K@ ~q?
- _H~
11. =#^ t=f~Ox ^#~= @} Zx? Jq Uq?
- P~, Jq: 1. =O~ 2. HO_ 3. =~Q"
4. # =OQ~ 5. Hz< 6. <==
12. =#^ `~f~Ox ^#~= @} Zx? Jq Uq?
- P~, Jq: 1. HH` 2. ~n 3. qY@}O 4.
=^ 5. @\Hi<
13. =#Ô qHe ^^# F_~= Uk?
- =O~
14. HO_ F_~= U ~RO L#k?
- Q[~`
15. ~n ~= U ~RO L#k?
- Xi
16. @\Hi< F_~= ZH_ L#k?
- `q<_
17. HO_ F_~= U =^ f~O L#k?
- J~a =Ô
18. @\Hi< F_~= U =^ f~O L#k?
- |OQMÒ
19. =#Ô f~O` [~"}#, JO`~f [~"}#
x~OK O Uk?
- +OQ H~~+< P WO_
20. O^< +~ ZH_ L#k?
- qY@}O
21. +OQ @<l (F_ ~"} =~O) =# Ô OKO
Z< #O L#k?
- 16= #O
22. ^<H x~}O U <H x~} HOÔ [~QÒk?
- =[Q< _H =O~
23. <+# W<@\ P ~ "<l"O\ ZC_? ZH_?
<H|_#k?
-1985 K<
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24. |^~ <\H JO_ WO[hiOQ Hl ZH_

L#k?
- =O~
25. ~ ` ^ O ^ = <H x~} H O^ O ZH _
<H|_#k?
- qY@}O
26. =#Ô W\H [~"} Z=Q [~Q`# ~q ?
- H~, t=OQ
27. ~`^ ^H} JQ# L# <HO Uk?
- @\Hi<, `q<_
28. =#Ô "@"^\ <H ~"} HOh Uk?
- Ok " <qQ+< HOh
29. =#Ô "@"^\Q <H#O K# P^xH <H
~q?
- Ok HOhH KOk# Z.Z. b J< 5934
@# F_
30. =Ô <H }OK =~# U=O\~?
- =^ =~
31. <H ~"} Ja=$k xk ZC_, ZO^ <H|_#k?
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33. Ò`xH ~O "}[ <H <q tH} Wz#
O ~q? Jk ZC_ O|_#k?
- K.ZO.Z. _< 1927 _O|~ 1
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W=\xH =O~ <H|_# O Uk?
- _~H~\ [#~ P +OQ
35. ^#O, Q W# Yx*# ~"}K <H# U=O\~?
- _| Hi~
36. }# ~"} K <H# U=O\~?
- O[~ Hi~
37. +OQ H~~+ Uq\?
- +OQ H~~+_
42. ~`Ô qHe p#"# <H ~"} O Uk?
- Ok " <qQ+< HOh
43. Ô qq^ f~ O` =^ ~# F_ ^~ ~"}

K\x U=O\~?
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44. XH Ô #O_ =~H ^xH ~# ~"} K\x
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1. =#Ô L# "Ò q=< Zx? - 125
2. =#Ôx JO`~f q=< Zx?
- 15
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O Uk?
- WO_< Z~~<
4. =#Ô #O_ W`~ ^ q=# ~"} x~OK O
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- Z~~ WO_
5. HH`x q=<O ~q\?
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6. _bx q=<O ~q\?
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7. _bx JO`~f q=<O ~q\?
- N=u WOk~QOn WO@~+# Z~~~
8. K< q=<O ~q\?
- g#OHO
9. =O~ q=<O ~q\?
- O`H*
10. ^~^ q=<O ~q\?
- QO@
11. Z~~ WO_ O ZC_ U~_Ok?
- 1953 E< 15
12. WO_< Z~~< ZC_ U~_#k?
- 1953 E< 15
13. WO_< Z~~<\H eq>_ ZH_ L#k?
- OQ~
14. XH Ôx qq^ O` =^ [iQ q=#<x
U=O\~? - _"H ~\ (^j q=##O)
15. =#Ô eH~ s# x~OK O ~q\?
- =#O eq>_
16. =O~x JO`~f q=<O ~q\?
- ~ Z~~~
17. Z~~ WO_ ^# H~O ZH_ L#k?
- =O~
18. =#Ô q=< ` s i~ x~OK O ~ q\?
- O^< Z~~H eq>_
19. O^< Z~~H eq>_ ZH_ L#k?
- OQ~
20. =#Ô q=# ~"} 1911 ~OaO|_#\Hh,
Jk ==H$Ò H^. =#Ô q=# ~"} ZC_
==H$Ò J~#k?
- 1920 [#=i
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22. =#Ô "@" ^\ q=# s ZC_ ~O" # k?
- 1948 E<
23. WO@~+# Z~~~ Jî\ P WO_ ZC_
O |_#k?
- 1972 |=i 1
24. WO_< Z~~< U K@O H~O <H|_#k?
- 1953 Z~~ H~~+< K@O
25. WO_< Z~~< ^# H~O ZH_ L#k?
- _b
26. WO_ < Z~~< H~~+<, Z~~ WO_ q_q_Q
K~# L<~. "i`@ ZO`=Ok _~H~ LO\~?
- Zxqk =Ok
27. =#O Of H~ Zx L<~? Jq Uq?
- ~O_ 1. _b 2. =O~
28. XH q=#O U ^xH KOk#^ Z Ò\~?
- q=#O gk >_ =~ =
29. =#Ô q=##O ZC_ ~O"#k?
- 1911
30. Z~~ "~ ~OaOz# "@"^\ Ô Uk?
- ~`Ô
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1917
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8. Ze*` Z\ =~ i# LO_#
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24. JO` q"xH D Ô L^~} ~`Ô
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3. Oz q=O, 4. ~+< q=O
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1649
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KO k?
1701
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1871
[~h, W@b UHH~}

1. 19= `|= UHH~} kOz# `~"` ÒÒ
OkOz# ~* =Y"#q Uq
[~h, W@b
2. +< =[O Q ==~ "i<=O^~
[OH~
3. U O=`~O P` He [~< ~*x [~xH
H#_~+<Q U~_~
1815
4. [~h UHH~} |_ JO_ S~< ^~ kOK|_e J#
q ~q
J\"< a~
5. U ^x [~xH H#_~ +< #Oz q_nx a~ H OQ
LO_k
P
6. 1866 P "h+# U ^xHzOk
W@b
7. 1866 [~h 22 ~*# J\"< a~ U ~`
UHO K#?
<~[~< H#_~+<
8. <~[~< H#_~+< ~*OQO `~ K_xH a~
ZO`HO \ Ok
XH~u
9. J\"< a~ U ^xH ^xQ LO_"_

10. <~ [ ~ < H# _ ~ + < ~*OQ O Jk < ` $ `k H ~ O
"~`~OQ Z=iO@Ok
~A
11. U O=`~O OH +< Ô [iyOk
1870
12. OH +< Ô < ZH_ F_~#k_<
13. U Ok` OH +< Ô =yOk
OH~
14. ~*# "^\ qeO [~< KH=i J< ^# ZH_
f<~
"~~ Oz ~A =#O
15. W@b UHH~} H~ y=lx, y Qie
16. y =lx, y Qie #_# L^=O ~
OQ W@b L^=O
17. *= W\e< iaH# HOHOK "~ Z=~
=lx
18. OQ W@b O _
=lx
19. K, =#Ò, =#=`, SH`, Ò`` Wq Z=i x<^
OQ W@b
20. sx ^#=Ou Z=~
H~
21. H~ " Z@=O\q
iaH `~q
22. ~_ +~ \=# Z=~ OK~
Qie
23. Qie ~ _ +~ \=` ZC_ b ~[=# [~OK#
1860 "
24. Qib `## `# W@b ~AQ ZC_ H\ OK<_
17 =i 1861
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1. ~ *f "^ i ~Q_O` = ~* #
î f# `|O Uk?
19= `|O
2. PH f~Ox t= QO "^\ iQ "}[ =~#
U~~K#k Z=~?
~w"~
3. ~w "i J#O`~O t=H = ~OaOz#
"~=~?
a\+, Oz"~
4. PH "Ò ~ < ~* K` H =z# PH q[ #
H #`# =["Ô H#y# HO Uk?
18741914
5. PH q[# =O ÒÒQ L# ~* Uq?
ea, "~H, ci, Wk
6. WqH ~*# L`~ H OÒH 1800 OII# =O^
KKHx =z# Ô Uk?
<
7. U O@# Dl a@< # =^ f="# \
U~_ PH q[# î fOk?
1869 * H= `~K@
8. =["Ô J#Q?
''^ O^#H `$+. JO> ^kH~x
^ i^ ^\ qiO*@O
9. =["^=O> ''=~# XH ^ ~[H, PiH H
O $uH ~" # JkH~x, ` HO Q<< , ~HO Q<< WOH
^ [ PO`~OyH rq` "O *@ Jx ~#k
Z=~?
K~ [<
10. ''~ # J~O = q^#=O> [OQ *f`=O H@
ÒKx =OK@" = =z# "~ `"\# =~Ox
[, OH "`=~}O `= <QiH`# <@Q H
="^ q^#O w@~~ J#k Z=~?
*.U. |<
11. S~ ^ U Pq+~}` = =~# OK~?
1492 HO| J"iH# H#Q#@,1498
"_Q= ~`^xH =^ =~x H#Q#@.
12. D Pq+~} =# èQ O Ok# S~ ^q?
~<, ~Q
13. 1776OII `= =`$^= ~# WOQO_ =u~HOQ q" x
`z Ò`x Ok# = Uq?
J"iHx 13 =
14. J"iH S~^ = =~# U~~K~^#
Ô`x =zOzO^=~?
^= =<
15. U OII =^ y# =["^x = q^#=x
JO\~?
14921763
16. #= =[ "Ô U OII ~O", W\ =~
H#Q`< LOk?
1870OII
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18
17. P PH YO_ =["^xH H~} Uq\?

Hi P~ ^~ P=H`. =~q=H`. O`
=_^~ J=~`. `~# ==H=# =~\OQ.
18. 1487OII Q_ JQx H#Q# U i^x H$+ =
" ^ \ iQ P H YO_ O H LxH O KxH
è=zOk?
~ =_
23. 1884OII PH YO_Ox `Q <` O K
"iH |=`xz Qx OkOz# [~h = =~
O ==_?
H~ @~
24. ^H}H K Qx OkOz# ''PH =[
x~`Q HiQOz# POQ_.
~_
25. Z=i HO ''=^ ^~ =^x, Z~ =Ô He *
H= `=HO 1869OII ~~Ok?
W~
26. Dl _~# ''W~ `= Ôx P^xH`
HO K# JC f~_xH * HOh `## +~#
Z=iH qH~OK_? a\+ ^x _*e
27. 1879OII _< [ Z=i P^~O Dl
=u~HOQ L^=x =n~?
- =^ J^
28. _z "i `` = =~"# ''H" ## x"`#
U=x ~?
- ~
29. ~ H = =~ Uq?
- \<", P~O*
30. ~ ^ U OII [iQ~?
- 1881, 1912
31. ^H}H xOk?
1909
32. Jbi ~\ (=^ ÔQ) ''~s H~~# J}K
<O` J_Q \ 1847 H Jbi# iQ QÒ
K #^=~?
- ~ e
33. 19111912 OII W@bK PHqOK|_# U O` `~ "`
UH" ''eaQ = |_~?
\e, i"~
34. 1876 OII =^ PH i^#H XH JO`~f Ox
#_# eO ~A?
e - II
35. JO`~f OO Ò` ~+OQ QiOz# OÒ
~=kH~x Ok# ~*=~?
e - II
36. OK è <QiH`~# "\q, O^, K<
qOz# YO_O Uk?
P
37. OKOx Q =` L^qOz# YO_O Uk?
P
38. P` `H "~ O|O^# [i# "^\ Ô
Uk?
~Q
39. U OII a@< ~`Ô `= =[O XH QO Jx
H\ O zOk?
1876
40. 1880 OII ~` =[O` H~# O` Uq?
|~, z<
41. ` =# 186768 OII q=O OqOz# Ô
Uk?
[<
42. [<x = ==<=O\~?
Q<\
43. U KH=i HO [< P^hH`# OìOKHOk?
=@\
44. K< [< Ô [iy# O=`~O?
1894
45. U X_O|_H H~O K< [< Hi# ^~^Ò KOk?
1895 +"<H
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46. [< ~ Ô [iy# O=`~O?

1904
47. [< ~ =^ [iy# Ok Uk?
~ =`
48. ~ =` Ok H~O ~ [< Wz"# O`
Uq?
P~~~=, e@OQ nHO
49. K< q^j "~O K H=_xH J#=uxz# XH XH
OÒ Uk?
HO@<
50. K< a@< =^ [iy# ^ Uq?
#=O^ ^
51. "^\ # =O^ ^ H~}O Uq\?
1839 a@< HO@< ÔQ`#OQ
`z# #=O^ ># K< <#O K@
52. K< a@< =^ [iy# U X_O|_H eÒQ K< a@<
OHOQ# JyOzOk?
<<HOQ
53. K< K# X_O|_H =# ` |#` "_=_O`
q^j =* K< PH=} kQ@O` [iy# Ô
Uk?
~O_= #=O^ Ô (185758)
54. U Ok` ~O_= #=O^ Ô =yOk?
1867 \O\< Ok
55. U X_O|_H` K< #=O^ K@|Ô J~Ok?
\O\< Ok
56. 1897OII [~< ^# W^~ H= q+#s `
i~~=# <O` [~h 99OII bA OkOz# ~=
Uk?
HK
57. `# ÒÒ HO_ S~ PkH` Oy# ^~ K
Ô Uk?
O
58. WO_<+ J_Q\# è ~< Z=~?
~w
59. <e< ^ =# `# |x H~# Ô?
O_
60. WO_<+ U a\+ _ # q^<x "\
ZQ=` J=~= O@# O_OK "}[ ==#
^| f_?
~
62. WO_Q, K~ O@` L+O@ OK =~\Q =i#
Ô Uk?
O_
63. O_ 1854 JkH~OHz# e|~ s P"kOz#
WO_<+ H` ~*OQ<=O\~?
Constitutional Regulation.
64. WO_<+ ''H~ O ~^ K# O@ Uq?
qi, =OQO, he=O^, Q , `
65. U O@# |=OÒQ QK H~ û WO_<+
1917 =~ H#yOk?
H`@
66. WO_<+ ''~[H qHOnH~}, ^j OH=O J<
H~H=# <uH q^#O ^~ J= \# "~=~?
_z"~
67. PPH =~ q=H` îf# "Ô Uk?
=["Ô
68. =["Ô XH H~}OQ xez# Ô Uk?
"^\ OK Ô
69. ^H}H ~ ^ H~} Uq\?
=*, |OQ~ Q#
70. ~ ^HO Uk?
1881 (1=) 1902(2=)
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19
72. 19= à z=i HO PH=} HO f=OQ \_#

^ Uq?
a@<, [~h, W@b
73. 1914 OII xiOK|_# H= Uk?
<=
74. #~ <x =^ ^~x `yOz# H= Uk?
<=
75. PiH~"# ^_, *u~"# |O, O $uH ~"#
PkÒ U "Ô H u ~ J#=K?
=["Ô
76. WOQO_ K< =^ #=O^ ^ [iy# OII?
1842
77. <#k [#<x H#Q#k Z=~?
H
78. =^ ~Y ^H}# Q PH Qx U~` eK~?
|O@ PH
79. ~ Z_i kQ=# Q PH Q<<~?
~< PH
80. POQ` ~@O K# ~ ^#OQ?
==^~
81. PH = ~* = i~O HO 1884 OII
[iy# i< HOQ ="xH J^H` =Oz#^=~?
a~
82. ~ u~Q@ <_=~?
Q~^
83. = HO ''~_+Q =|_# Ô Uk?
lO
84. ~_+ Ò` ÔQ H\ Oz#^=~?
W"<`
85. a@< #O_ ^H}H U OII Ò`"Ok? 1931
86. 1869OII * H=# `qOz# Oz WO[h~?
i<O_ _
87. Dl# ''24OII UH^\Q eOz#^=~?
~H=~
88. "^\ OK ^ HO<\ Dl _?
~ HK#~
89. ''@|_^s q^<xH J`#` ^ =["Ô J#k?
x<
90. ` =["^ Q HO Uk?
14921763
91. #= =[ "^ P~O OII?
1870
92. a@< J"iH ^ 13 =# H~# OII Uk?
1783
93. ~ lQH \ `~# PH# J<+Oz#
i^ _?
H"~<
94. PH = =[ #H \_# OK, POQ
=^1899 OII ki# XOÔ H~O ^H# =q?
POQ ^H#q Dl
< ^H#q "~H, HOQ, <Q, S=sH
9. @s q^ ~ JkH~O `~ = ~* a\+
=*x |# ~ O k. D H~}OQ Dl `=|_#
H= Uk?
*
10. @sH =u~HOQ u~Q@ *O_ Zu# "i ^=
Z=~?
i#
11. i# <HÒ =Oz ~\x #_#^=~?
H~*~
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12. @s ^+i# =u~HOQ i# `~"` 1821 OII

w Z=i <HÒ u~Q@ [i~?
JQO_~ WO\
13. w u~Q@#}K_xH ^ # O` =z# < =~_
Z=~?
W|O
14. @sH =u~HOQ K~ fH=_xH =O^ =z# ^
Uq?
a@<, <, ~
99. " qx+~ P *f <xH aOK g~z` `~`
Y##O K|_# =Y i^_ Z=~?
_q_ eqOQ<
100. PH =[ x~` Z=~?
~_
102. 1884 "i< HOQ [~ Hx Ô Uk?
@~O_
103. ~H =~_ Jx Z=ix ~?
K< KH=ix
104. ''=Hh L<~. H` == <# q= W=#. q ^
Lù ^~ WH_ LQO LO_^ J#k?
c<OQ (K< KH=i)
105. ''H\ OQ P Kh q< J#Q?
^~* K<# OKH#@.
106. J"iH ''Open door" q^<x ukOz# ~[H~î?
*<
15. 1827OII [iy# U Ô @s, Dl <HÔ
<#"O k?
#"i< Ô
5. ''The Magnificient'' Q =|_# < Z=~?
~O_= =<
6. @s ^+i# #O_ # ~H_Q =Y` =Oz#
Ô Uk?
~
7. Hî< =~} # ~@sx F_Oz U =Ô g^
JkH~O OkOk?
# =Ô
8. ~@s =^ ki# X_O|_H Uk? +HH<s
16. 1828 <\H @s`Ô K# XH XH Ô?
~
17. 1829 < OyQ O|~ 14# U_ <
X_O|_H e ÒQ @s =[ K Oe` ~[OQ
QiOz#k?
w
18. 1833 "@"^\ ~*OQ|^ w ~AQ xqOK|_#
" i < ~=~_=~?
F\ (OTTO)
19. 1829 U XOÔ P\=< =[O q_=_xH
H~}=~Ok?
U_<
20. 183241 <\ @sDl Ô U Ok ~O =yOk?
O_< Ok
21. 1815 "@~ Ô `~"` S~ è^ Ô Uk?
1854 Hq Ô
22. @s ''S~ [| =x+ (Sick Man of Europe) Jh, Wk
=~}xH Ô Q LO^h, @s =*xH ~ [=~#
"~~x ~# ~+< *~ Z=~?
xH
23. P\=< =[O w H= i~H_=~?
<.
107. K< \ ~*x #_#"_?
OQ< K"<
108. 1850 ''OQ K# u~Q@ Uk?
ÒQ u~Q@
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20
109. K< ^ H =#` ^~ ~H} H _H e x ayOz# "~=~?

H~
110. ''H~ ~ O<~@ K# K< ~}? @
111. K< f="^ <_=~?
<
\<
112. K< H~ u~Q@ [iy# OII?
1899
114. 1842 OII K<` [iy# FO Ô =# K< #O_
a@< Ok# OÒ Uk?
OHOQ
115. ="Ô =# "~` ^ [iy# OII?
1. ~< "~` Ô 170113
2. P "~` Ô 174048
3. 7OII Ô 175663
116. 1914 <\H S~ ^ ZOKH#x ~O_ ^ Uq?
Jax, ci
"^\

O K Ô (191418)
1. S~ ''^ OuQ=x e# HO Uk?
18701914
2. [~h ="Ô "@_xH H~_ J~# =Y
<` Z=~?
a~
3. 19= `|O #O_ ''[~h# =^ q"^xH H~}=~#
~ Uq?
P, ~<
4. S~ #O_ @s |+~} `~"` U ~* =^ `$Ò,
\ _Ok?
< ~*
5. S~ YO_O ~O_ ^ ta~Q q_~# OII Uk?
1907
6. "^\ OK ^xH ^# H~} Uq\?
S~ ^ xH q^#O
f= *f`=O
=[`Ò, PiH q+~
JO`~f ^# H=_O
[~h ^<Ô
7. 1907 OII S~ ~O_ xH ta~Q q_Q P
@q ~* Uq?
`~_ @q
1. u~[ @q (Triple Alliance) [~h, P,
OQs, (W@b)
2. u~[ q` @q (Triple Entente) <, ~,
WOQO_
8. èQ [~h U ^` "u O|O^# <~ 1879
~O_ ^ q` H"Ok?
P OQs
9. u~[ @q ''W@b U OII KiOk?
1882
10. `# [~h K#~Q L#O`HO <, ~# SHO HO_
K#k Z=~?
a~
11. OH ~+< q` @q U OII U~>Ok?
1894
12. D =O XO@iQ## U Ô ~` "u <~
''q`@q KiOk?
WOQO_ ( 1907)
13. x~@OHOQ a@< J#q # <Hk` x " K# [~<
KH=i Z=~?
~O_ qeO
14. S~ U ~* =^ <H q~} q+O ~}
"`=~}O $+OK|_Ok?
a@<, [~h
15. W\e# U ~*x `= *u `=Q qOK~?
P

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16. , iQq<# P HH=_x x~Oz# Ô

Uk?
i
17. S~ #O_ U ~[O |+~} < ~* =^ "~xH
H~}"Ok?
@s
18. i, P, OQs =^ "~xH ^# H~}O Uq\?
i f= *f"Ô
19. Oz q=O =, <e< = q`"# *f =O U
^ SH` î fOk?
W@b
20. ''Ô [~QÒk. Jk <# K_#. h= K=, Jn ^Qi
KO P~O==Òk Jx `# `x` ~#^=~?
a~
21. 1870 <\H U Ô iqHOQ `~~, = HO
uOz, nx = a@<, < =O\ ~*` q"Ô Hx
`K Ok?
[~h
22. 20= à ^=~O #O_ a@<, <, ~ f=
=["^ ìQ L# ~[O Uk?
[~h
23. [~h, a@< =^ "~xH ^# H~} Uq\?
"~H, JQ_~ =
24. <e< ^ J#O`~O O KOuH, ` JO`~f
OÒQ x~} Ò U OII `\# ~O_
=" "O KO^~?
1899, 1907 Q ="
25. ~ H |"Ok, H=O`"#n, J~# #O Hey#
~[O Uk?
[~h
27. ~ `= *u JOîHO> Q^h, `= O $u O Kx
[~OK\xH x~tOK|_#^x #q# *f=~? [~h
28. ''Ô Ô *f i=, ''^==~O, Ô
=< = i~==`~ J< i` [~hx
^Ò` ÔQ fikk# [~< KH=iH P^~"#k Z=~?
q~
29. 1905 ''"~H PO`~O yH ==~ U Ô `^~\x
[~< KH=i H[~ f=OQ =u~HOz "~H J^_ <
J| Jr* =^` H\ OK_?
<
30. [~hWOQO_ =^ ` "~x #~îOz#, <
WOQO_ =^ x =iO` \ +O K# "^\ O@#
Ô Uk?
"^\ "~H q+= O@# (1905)
31. 1908 ù# OQ@~ L^=O, @s #~^~} <On
J=Ò^" #x
_# U Ô OQs, , iQq<
~# [~h =^`` `#` Hx 1878 i<
X_O|_H# LOOzOk?
P

32. 1911OII [~h PiH P i~H}~O U~ Q ~Oy
<H# "~H J\O\H f~O L# ''J_Q~ ~=
O|_Ok?
O^~
33. ~O_= "~H = (1911) =~H ~?
J_Q~ O@#
34. "^\ OKÔ `H} H~}O Uq\?
P
O<xH "~ _# P

P~_H, x i<O_ `.
35. i<O_# ` K# i< U ~ OxH KOk#
_?
- Black Hand (#K~)
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21
36. [~h =^`` i Ô H\ Oz# Ô Uk?

P

37. P
i K# ^" ~q x [~h Ô H\ O z#
i q` ^ Zq?
~, <
38. "^\ OK ^ H@# P~O =O `@OQ L#
~[O Uk?
eO
39. eO `@x [~h OQ~K_O` <, ~` K~
He# Ô Uk?
a@<
40. , iQq<# `= ~[O HHx ''Qq
J< ~*x OK=#x Òz# "~=~? i#
41. P OQs =~*# x i<O_ f "ÒQ
=Y @}"# ~l"# OîOz#_ `
[iy# OII Uk?
1914, E< 28
42. P D ` O@# XH Q fHx i Ô
H\ Oz# OII Uk?
1914, JQ+ 1
43. ` HO Q Qh, ~HO Q Qh "^\ O K Ô ` O|O^x
Hey=# ^ Zx?
27
44. eO HH "^\ OK^ =O `@OQ L#
=~H Ô Uk?
W@b
45. W@b U OII P ^ H@# K, q` =~`
K~ HeOk?
1915 "
46. HO^H ^ q^#O (Trench Warfare), =i "^\ iQ
PHx ^ qQ LyOKH#, #`# P^
"_# Ô Uk?
"^\ OKÔ
47. "^\ OK ^ =O `$=~# Q>O^
"_# Qe # ~q\?
*e#
48. "^\ OK ^ =O 1915OII èiQ
q+"=# LyOz# Ô Uk?
[~h
49. "^\ OK ^ =O a@< <H^# x~kOz#
[~< @ ~q\?
@
50. "^\ OK ^ è ^ HO Uk?
191418
51. è^ [~h U ^` ~@O [iOk?
~, <, a@<
52. "^\ OK Ô è ^ `@OQ L# U ^x
[~h OQ~K_O` WOQO_ Ô KiOk?
eO
53. 1915 [~< # U OÒ ~+< ## F_OK~?
`~## \#<|~
54. \#<|~ q[O kOz# [~< < <_=~?
O_<|~
55. 1914 JH|~ U Ô HO^ H# ÔH
"tOK_O` ~ q`^` O|O^ #tOK~?
@s
56. 1914 @s, [~< xH ^ U =Ô i Pk`x
kOK~?
# =Ô
57. 1915 W@b U Ô #O_ W\e W~_O\# kOKO^H
q` =~O KiOk?
- P #O_
58. 1916 OII [~h, P Ô K F_# Ô Uk?
~"x
59. L`~ =Ô a\+ <HÔ, =^^~ =Ô Oz,
W\e< < Pk` O =OK_O ` 1918 a\+ "i`
[~h K# Ô Uk?
[\O_
&
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60. [\O_ ^ q*` Z=~?

WOQO_
61. "^\ OK Ô =~ ~[, 1917OII x<
eqH ` #` qy~# ~ [~h` K# U
Ok J#O`~O Ô #O_ q~qOKOk?
e\q Ok
62. a\+ F_ Ô f~x #+O HeyOz# [~< ^
<H Uk?
Z"_<
63. 1917 OII ~ ^ q~=}, J#O`~O q`^
OQ L# J"iH OH ~ KOk# U <=#
[~< =Oz "~?
_x
64. ''OKO *= i~H}H 1917 OII [~h ^
H@# K# J"iH J^_=~?
L_q<
65. J"iH ^ "O` 1918 [~h, P [i# z=i
^_ q` =~ ~ < ku Q L# O z < <_=~?
=~H
66. [~< U Ô iQ F_=_O`, P OQs,
@s, |i Oy~?
"~< ^Q~ [iy# ''"#n Ô
67. J[O H~}OQ [~h xH OHO U~__O` [~<
KH=i ~O_= qeO H[~ 1918, #=O|~ 9# U ^xH
i_?
O_
68. [~h ^ q~=} K# Ok [iy# OII?
1918, #=O|~ 11
69. "^\ OK ^ q~=} J#O`~O OuHO ="O
[iy# #Q~O Uk?
"~~ 1919 E< 28
70. =~~ ="O # =Y=~?
1. a@< `~# ~_ *~
2. < H"O\
3. J"iH L_q<
4. W@b P~O_
71. "^\ OK ^#O`~O S~ ^ #~==H~}
O|OkOz f# =Y"# x~q?
1. < `~ i^ ~@ K_O.
2. PHqOz# e+, _x+ O`# q=H K _O.
3. |~ =*x qz#O K_O.
4. W@bH ~[ Q q+O <O K~_O.
5. S~ @s =*x iQ ~=_O.
72. 1919 =~~ Ok##iOz < uiy ^H# OÒ?
P ~<
73. D Ok H~O < 15OII @ bAH=|_# QQx?
'~
74. U Ô #O_ O_, _<~ q=H aOzOk?

75. =~~ Ok =# *f` Ô`##iOz XH Ò`
~[OQ L^qOz# Ô Uk?
O_
76. [~h, < =^ =z# q"Ô Uk?
HOH H
77. [~h =xO\h ''=O_@s O`Q QiOz [~< <~ u
PH OÒ U ^xH W=|_Ok?
a@<
78. `~ PH# ~O_Q K a@< Wz# O`x U ~`
eK~?
\OQxH
S
N
O
I
T
A
C
I
N
U
M
M
O
C
22
79. XH QO ''\OQxH HQ ~O_= QO ~q\?

\QO_
83. *H"H J^xQ Z#H|_#"_=~?
=iM
84. \xxx JOMH [ Z=~?
=~
85. ^#O`~O W@bH ''\, J< O` ^H< `#
P_\H f~Ox U OÒ H"x @|\Ok? "
86. U Ok##iOz ''" `H Ò` ~[OQ <<*u
qu ~HHÒ U~_Ok?
~ (Rapallo)
87. U Ok ##iOz ''H<O\<# ^x i~ ^ x @s
# WK~?
=~ Ok(1920)
88. <<*u quH U [Ok xO`}kH~O W=|_Ok?
_i# [Ok
89. "^\ O K Ô #`# ^ ^` ~ # ''HO^H q^<xH
Q =iH ~q\?
=~ Ô
90. "^\ OKÔ JOÒ` S~` ~[iH =O
#tOK~? "\ ~q\?
1. P ''|~ =OO
2. ~ ''~=<"
3. [~h ''< *~2
4. @s ''<.
91. ^#O`~O [~h = =~# OK# ^ Uq?
a@<, <
256.` HH @q Q ^
[~h, P, OQs, W@b
257.U O=`~O [~h ## F_Oz P~< O`x
HOk
1871
258.OK F_~= H k HH# [~h F_ ~= ~q
O|~
259."^\ OK ^xH x["# H~}"q
~
~* z~HO #O_ ~ ~# "~"
260."^\ OK ^xH `H} H~}O
P O# "~_# P~_H i<O_
=x Ku `Q |__O
261.P~_H i<O_ U OÒ ` Q~~<_
~r"
92. Ô `# `Q# [~h ^` =OKQ, ^"Ò
#+i~O KeOz# =~H ~[O Uk?
@s
94. ''QqQ U~_# ~ Uq?
i, =O\hQ, , ~Qq<,
H+, _+
95. =^ S~ U~_# #`# UHH ~[O Uk?
O_
96. "^\ OK ^ eÒQ =<Ô`x ` ~[x
OK HQ Pq~qOz# Ô Uk?
J"iH
97. "^\ OK^ eÒQ OKO "^\ H=x
ÔQ J=ìOz# Ô Uk?
~
98. u~[ @qH =~H ~?
`~_ @q
99. < nHOx ^ Uq?
, i, ~"x, Jx , =O\hQ
100. HO^ (Central powers) ~* Uq?
i, ~"x, [<, eO
101. 1919 [#=i 18# [iy# Ou ^ # ^ OY
ZO`?
37 ^ #Oz 80 =Ok ux^
&
A
I
ED
M
E
E
R
S
250.W\ =~ Zx OK ^ [iy#q
2
251."^\ OK Ô [iy# HO
1914 #O_ 1918 =~
252.~O_= OK Ô [iy# HO
1939 #O_ 1945 =~
253.1914 =O^ ~ ~* Zx =~Q LO_q
2
254.~ ~* =~ Uq?
1. `HH X_O|_H, 2. `HH @q
255.`HH X_O|_H Q ^ a@<, #, ~
262.U O=`~O W@b P, [~h =u~HOQ Ô
Ok
1915
263."^\ OK OQ=O q` ~*Q QiO |_#q
Uq
~, <, a@<, [<
W@b, J"iH, OH ~
264."^\ OK Ô JQ ~*Q QiOK|_ ~*
Uq
[~h, P, OQs, @s, |i
265.J"iH "^\ OK OQ=O *~\xH H~}O
[~h @ J"iH F_#
=Ô =Oz"_O
266."~~ Ok [iy# O=`~O
1919
267."~~ Ok ##iOz Z=ix ^~H=} ^~Q
x~~OK~
[~h =i q`~*#
102. [~hx ''K ^= `=Q =iOz# H P^~"k
Z=~?
L_q<
103. =~~ Ok H~O Ô =# [iy# #xH ^`
=Oz# [~h KeOKx x~~Oz# "O`?
6,600 O_
104. @s #Oz q=H O^_xH =_x K# ~\xH U
^=x ~?
"^\ < Ô
105. i Ok =O 14 JO# zOz# J"iH J^ _?
L_q<
107. "^\ OK ^#O`~O =i# S~ ~[H \x
~OkOK\xH ="O [iy# #Q~O?
i
108. 1919 [#=i 18# i Ou ="O ux^.
1. J"iH L_q< (J^_)
2. a@< _*i (^x)
3. < H=OK(^x) ''Oz =$^ ~[He
4. W@b P~O_ (^x)
5. [< s <c
6. ^H}H [#~ ^, \.
109. "^\ OK ^ q*` =i O^` Z=~?
=~H
110. [~h OkÒ O`H K# OII?
1919 E<23
111. i Ou OkH =iH ~?
=~~ Ok
112. i Okx JO Zx? 15 Q, 440 JO
113. Ou Okx ''eQO_ <H x~} HOÔ <#O
K|_ Jx ~* `~=|_# H= Uk?
H
114. 1921 " < ^ #+ i~OQ è KeO ZO`
Kx x~~OK~?
500H@ _~
S
N
O
I
T
A
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I
N
U
M
M
O
C
23
80. ~O\ [~< Ok H~O |~ =[=~# U OÒ

qz#"Ok?
P OQs
81. "^\ OK ^#O`~O #`#OQ U~_# ~* Uq?
*H"H, Qq, ~"x, |i
82. "^\ OK^ q~=} Ok O`H i HH=#
ÒÒ H\ OK# ~[O Uk?
*H"H
~ q=O (1917)
1. O z q= O `~ "` ^ Z`# =lH, ~[H i=~# #
f=zOn, HiH =~ ` #Q ~H+ #O^#
q=O Uk?
1917 ~ q=O
2. ''~ q= H~} ~ Ki`< `Q `x L<~
Jx ~#^=~?
e<
4. ~ "^\ L^~" # O~}# " \# \H, z=iH
û "kQ, u~Q=# jeQ =i~# *~ Z=~?
~O_= JQO_~
5. ^ x~# ~+< ~` HO 1861OII K#
k < K#k Z=~?
~O_= JQO_~
6. ~ U *~ HO =[O >i\ (HiH=~O)
J< #`# =~O U~@` j+ iqHH~} "Ôk?
~O_= xH (18941917)
7. 1898 ~ U~@~# U s ` ~ "` " xqH
(q`"^), eqH (f="^)Q pe~Ok?
Social Democratic Party (SDP)
8. 1917 #O_ 1990 =~ ~ # yOz# ~[H
s Uk?
eqH (H=x s)
9. ~x =Y"# '3 =~ Uq?
Nobles (~*#), Aristocrats
(b#), Serfs (^x)
10. D =_ HH #`#OQ U~_# =~O Uk?
>i \ (Hi)
11. 1917 ~ q= =Ox ~+< _? xH II
12. q= =O xH, J`_ ~ U=H =O L<~?
~O\QQs ~\ <
13. q= =O xs~OQ J~~#, xH "\#
~ # Uk?
_=
14. ~+< [ f= "x K# ~K# Uk?
J= (=y"Qi)
15. 1848 H~=~ ="^ }oH# Ô K# ~+<
q= ~# QOÔ Uk?
H=x =x
16. ~ H~=~ "# "^@ K~O K# =H Z=~?
*i d<"
17. *~ ` |#`#, J=~` # |~z# ^ Uq?
Hq<, ~[< ^
18. =~ "^ uH ~q\?
W (xC ~=)
19. ~ 1905 q=O =z# U JOO ^ q=O ~
=O^ z# i~Q J~Ok?
Bluddy Sunday (~H` ~q"~O)
20. Ju+ # *~ Ò 1916 _O|~ 30# U =H
&
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M
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E
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`` ^ q+qz He KO_O` 1917= O=`~

=q=O P~O"Ok?
~\ <
21. ~+< KH=~ U =OxH KOk#"~?
~=<"
22. ~ x~OÔQ "\# q^#O Uk?
~H~}
23. ~x ^ x# ''~ K =_ ~@ =_ez#
"i<=x eK"~?
H
24. O~} < H~# ''J~O x H Jx J=#
K# ~+< *~ Z=~?
~O_ xH
25. ~ Socialism (="Ô)# XH L^=OQ K# [~h
= Z=~?
H~=~,_iH UOl
26. "^\ xH HO <\ #"^ Z=~?
xe
27. ~ OHO_# =iOz# J~KH "k J~# ~K~`
Z=~?
|x<
28. 1917 <\ ~+< q=O è^ (1917 =i8) *~
`x _Q\ <H|_# ` <_=~?
H~<
29. ~O_= ^ (1917 JH|~) H~< `x _Q\
<H|_# HiH =~ Ò Z=ik?
x<
30. ~ q" xH <Ok J~# ''P~ ^~# H~` \Q_
(~O\ @~|~) q Hi " K# OII Uk?
1917 =i 8
31. 1917 =i 11# ~^~# _= [iy# XH @ ^~
U~_# `èH Ò Uk?
*i"
32. ~O_= xH @O|O He KO|_# OII Uk?
1918 A6
33. 1917 A 20# *i" ~r<= J#O`~O ~ `èH
`k <`Q ZOH#k Z=~?
H~<
34. ~ ~*Ox =O_xO\h ''Soviet'' HO^ U ~A
HO qlOK|_#k?
x"
35. H~< `x _Q\ x< eqH `x U~~z#
OII Uk?
1917 #=O|~
36. x< J ~q\?
"kq~ WeK L<"
37. x< [##O Uk?
O|~. (1870 U 22)
38. *~ =_ JQO_~# ` K_xH uOK_< <~O
L<" J#x 1878Li f~. nx` q= =O
b# ÒKH=_xH D# @H# ~? x<
39. 14 = H~Q~ tH##qOz# x< ci "O
=z JH_ q"=_# =x` Z=~?
H Krupskaya
40. 1917 =i q=O =O x< U Ô L<_?
@~O_
41. x< _Q\ # ~ = HiH Ô ~q\?
Red Guard
42. ''Red Guard'' Ô x< _ K~, Z_=K~Q xK# k
Z=~?
\\, * e<
43. \Q_ eqHK #_|_# <H ~q\?
P~~
44. 1917 _O|~ 7# x<, \\ <H` O H ~ < `èH
`x O` û eq `yOz#
S
N
O
I
T
A
C
I
N
U
M
M
O
C
24
O@## U=x eK~?

eqH q=O (JH|~ q=O)
45. x< P^~O U~_# #`# q\ Ò qÔQ
==~ Hq+#~ Z=~?
\\
46. x< P^~O U~@~# #`# Ò Z^~# è
= Uk?
[~h` Ô
47. ~ q= =O "^\ OK ^#O_ ~
"^Q_xH H~}"#, J==#H~"# ''e\ q Ok
Ò O`H K# OII Uk?
1918 =i 3
48. x< ÔuH Q~= Z=~?
H~=~
49. ~ #`# PiH q^#O "@|_# OII?
1921 (x<)
50. ~ O^H Ki Zu " |_, P # n#O K #
OII?
1918
51. Red Guard ~H~ Z=~?
\\
52. x< HO <\ ~ b Ô ~q\?
H
53. x< =~}Oz# OÒ Uk?
Qs(=) 1924 [#=i21
54. x< HO <\ ~ b ^x =~ ~` eK~. P
~q\?
PQ (Ogpu)
55. ~ ~*OQO J=H =z# OII?
1918
56. q \ x O` $ ` " ~ _ # " O @< '' *
H@#(Decleration of the Rights of People) K #Q~,
Q= q\ O x~kH~x#@ H\ Oz#
^=~?
x<
57. ''P^~ _< J#" `HOQ J`_ ~ O_ J_Q =O^
", XH J_Q "#H "_ Jx U <x ~O\~?
x<
58. x< =~}#O`~O ''H=x q^#O OK=O` "Oz
=#x ~#^=~?
\\
59. ''H=x q^#O `` ~ iqÒ K x `z#^=~?
e<
60. \\x s #O_ `yOz "HH (1940) J`_x KOOz
JkH~O H =z#k Z=~?
e<
61. ~ ''q` `= (The Holy Devil) Q =|_#
< Z=~?
~\ <
62. ~ q= x<Ô Uq\?
OuP~=q
63. ~ q"xH Q =~~ Uq?
eqH q=O, ="^ q=O, H=x q=O
64. ~x Q= =[O ~q\?
q~
65. ~ =_ JQO_~ "\# Q_K~ Y ~q\?
FH~<
198.~# "^\ OK OQ=O < K#"~ Z=~
*~
199.*~ ~# "^\ OK ^= <@@ K_xH
Q JO`~` H~}O
H<O\<
200.~ q^_# ~A Z=~
~O_= xH
201.~O_= xH ~ Z=iH `~ J`# K#@Q
~[# QqOK=x ~O_= xH Xu_ `zOk
~\ <
&
A
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ED
M
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R
S
202.~+< q=O ^x` ~O=~Ok

P~O H#H=_xH uOK q ^~#`
66. ~ Ki` Bloody Sunday?
1905 [#=i 22
67. ''H"_! PO K"q\! ~! =#O W~=~O K` He`
=# q"x U H J_yOK^ Jx xz#^=~?
Hi
68. ''#`# ~ x~` Z=~?
e<
69. ~x z# z# =~H "}[ "` Jx Z=ix eK~?
<=<
70. ~ q, b T~yO <_=~?
^~Q<
71. USSR U~@~# OII Uk?
1922
72. ~ *f ~[iH == _=~?
W"< III
73. #g# ~ ^ `, ~ ` <QiH`# "\#
"_=~?
@~ kQ\
74. ~ @~ $+Oz# ^#=O` =~<=<~?
[Of
~`
75. ''Peasants'' J#Q?
76. ''S~ <QiH` z=iQ \# a_?
~
@i#"
77. ''Fathers and sons'' #= ~K~`?
78. 1938 OII ''=~~` =[ x~}x i K_O,
="Ô #Oz H=x[" H=OQ =~_O #`# H~H=
^ # H =x H\ O z#^=~?
"\"
79. ~ XH P^Ò ^~ q q^ =HQ`"# #
~^ K# OII Uk?
1917 #=O|~ 7
83. ~x '3= JO`~f O Uk?
HqO@~
84. ''^H H=x[O ^ ^ H=x[O Jx Z=~
J=OaOz# q^< ~?
x<
85. ~ 1928 O II " ^ \ O K = ~ } oH #
"\#^=~?
e<
86. ''q\ x< WOH ="Ô ~^ . JH|~ q=
^# ^= ^# =Ò îOzOk Jx ~#^=~?
1932 \\
87. ~ q=HO OH <=<"~?
g
88. ''P YO_xH KOk# z>H Uk?
[<
89. ~ #`# ~*OQO J=H =z# OII?
1936 (e<) (146 JkH~}) (8000 ^)
90. ''1936 U~_# q\ x< +e*xH "^\ "@
=`" J#k?
e<
91. ~ ^ H=x[ HO Uk?
19171921
92. ''PiH ~OQO Ja=$k ^#, =#` ^# +e["
" J#k?
H$"
93. ~+ # Z=ix ''^=_Ò_Q~=<_ Jx eK"~?
e<
94. e<# a~^ Uk?
L =x+
95. ~ <<*u qu Ki# OII?
1934
96. ''Hi + _"H\ H s Oz# OII?
1895
97. ''OK Hi~! UHO HO_! x<Ô Z=ik?
eqH
S
N
O
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U
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M
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C
25
11. =eh [##O Uk?
98. ~ q= HO <\ ~u ~ Uq?

~|H
99. e< =~}Oz# OII Uk?
1953, =i5
197._= JO>
Wk Z#H|_ ux^
203.W\ x< Q_ J\ ~q
@~|~
204.*~ `#O ` ~+< HO_~ H~O ZC_
28 |=i 1917
205.H~< <HÒ Q Ò ZC_ eOk
7 #=O|~ 1917
206.Hx P Hq*~ Z=~ <HÒ =OK~
x<
207.OKO "^\ iQ ="^ =[ x~}O ZH_
[iyOk
~
80. ~ z#`~ @|_ ^~xH ~~fez #`# PiH
q^<x " \# ^=~?
x<
81. ~ Kholkhoy J#Q?
q+ == H`
82. ''OK H=xOîH =H =O\k?
=
[O <r~[O
S
N
O
I
T
A
C
I
N
U
M
M
O
C
1. "^\ OKÔ P~O= <\H W@b U @q

QqQ LOk?
uH @q (P, [~h, W@b)
2. 1915 q` ^` H O_< XH ~ Ok K #
W@bH @sx qlOK HO U OÒ W=_O [~QÒ^x
q` ^ =@ WK~?
P "# ~x Jê#
3. =~~ Ok =OQ W@bH aOz# O` Uq?
_+ OÒx Qn=, *~ #Q~O
4. "^\ OK Ô "tOK_O = ^Z`# [##+O,
^##+O [iy ''=^^~ =^ |On J~# Ô Uk?
W@b
5. ''W@bx $+OK QeQ= Hh W\e< [ J< "ix
$+O K= J#@ " H W@bx H@k@O K _xH 1878
O<xH =z# ~*=~?
O|~
6. W@b ~" O@s q^#O, x~O^ x H " q^#O, 1876
x~O^ q^ q^<x "\# ~*=~?
O|~
7. W@b ~"O@s q^#O, ~ x~}O, = U~@,
^H OHO, 1912 ~+OîH F@ # HeOz#
W@b ~*=~?
=_ qH~ W=#
8. "\H< <# ''W\e< ` |Ok`} Jx "~#
Z=~?
^=
9. W@b u^" u (Triple Alliance) #O_ q~qOKHx Ô
[~h, P uHOQ Ki# OII Uk?
1915
10. 1920 <\H W@b =#Q_ QO> ZO` \ +=~#
<_ ~"e# J=~"~_# =O ~OQ "O
K# ^_ Z=~?
x\ =eh
&
A
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ED
M
E
E
R
S
1833 W@bx ''s (Forli)

12. =eh =_Q ##C_ +e H~H~Q #_# s
uH Uk?
J"O\
13. ~` ^#O`~O ~[H "tOz# =eh +e
sx q_z\ #_# uH Uk? s Uk?
W~_ W\e, s
14. '' U =[Ox <kH~ OK#O?
~"
15. =eh sx Oz# OII? - 1919 ''q<
16. '' J#Q?
" (H_H@ Jx ~" ^xH J~O)
18. =eh s KH ~OQ Uk?
Black
19. s z Uq?
", Q_e
20. W@b ''(Ilduce) W_ Q QiOK|_#^=~?
=eh
21. =eh ^# =OuQ W@bH U OII xq`__?
30 JH|~, 1921
22. =eh =xe\ L# ~[H e ~^ K, "\x
U JkH~ K` \_?
_ (Podestas)
23. W@b #`# ~*OQO ZC_ J=H =zOk?
1920
24. sx JkH~h =eh ` J^_Q## U
O W=|_~?
20 =Ok Grand Council
25. W@b @O| xO`} qkOz# ^#=Ou?
=eh.
26. '' s XH ~[H O H^h, W@bx Qu q=Y
q`"^ i #O_, "= H Ju"^ i #O_, W@bx
~HOKx =`", `# ^xx ~OkOK#h K#^=~?
=eh
27. sx HêH ^~} HkQ#, *f` =O
HkQ#, JkH~ O^##iOKk Q#, =u~H, L^~"^
=u~H"#kQ# zuOz# Ki`H~_=~?
HAL +~
28. ''Ô K _O =#=x qH K~ Jx Ja=iOz#^=~?
=eh
29. W@b ` L^~"^ ~[ #O U #`# ~*x
OK=x KC<~?
H~~\" ~[O
30. ''Labour Charter" Z=i QiOz q=iOK~?
Hi
31. =eh HO W@b U = Q "iH x~O^ xH
tH} xK~?
1833OII =^
32. ~=< HêH KiH, W@b ~*xH Q O|O^ ^|u#
U OII W@b UHH~} [iyOk? 187071
33. Ki` XH =^<xH ~"# Ja=Ò ^Q H~<,
W\e< Hê# O`$ ~K_xH Q# =eh
Z=i` XH JOwH~x HK_?
IX
34. IX =ehH =^ ki# U X_O|_H
1929 Ò "\H<# ~ `H"#kQ QiOzOk?
@~<
26
35. Ki ` O|O^ |__xH H~}=~# =~H

XOÔ Uk?
HOH~\
36. =eh L`~ W@b `H QO_ |~ [O JO`=~#
OII Uk?
1945 U 28
37.'' J< Ô ~[H ^# zO^x Ja_
=H Z=~?
<e<
38.''K ~" x<Ô Z=ik?
=eh
39. W@b #`# ~*OQO J=H =z# OII Uk?
1928
40. '' =O ZQ ^xH Ô JQ J#k?

41. =eh *f HOQ x~Oz# OII?
1922
42. 1922 =ehx Ò U~@ K=x PxOz#
~*=~?
qH~ W=# III
42. <<*u qu x=# LO OzO^# H~}O` =eh
n#O K# Ô Uk?
Jax
43. =eh Qq #O_ n#O K# ~=?
"
44. W@b 1923 A P"Ô Ok# ZxH K@= H~O
[iy# ZxH JH=OQ Q ez# # x~O z# H~}OQ
`QqOK|_# +e <_ Z=~? =\\
45. =eh Òx "^\ q^ =Ou Z=~?
*O> [~h
46. "^\ O K Ô [~h F@q` KH=i qeO O_
iQ [~h iaH< == U~_# OII Uk? 1918
47. [~h ^#O`~ _=~?
_iH Z|~
48. [~h *f ~"O\ Uk?
s+Q
49. [~hH PiH K#, PiH #i~}x kOz# }oH
Uk?
_ }oH
50. x =~ ([OH~) =^` Ok# *f "^ s,
=xH `x QÒ KH=_xH K# `x
U=x eK~?
c~ \
51. c~ \ HH `^~ Z=~?
[#~ _< _~, J_ @~
52. 1932 iaH< s JiQ xez <r Ji @~ Qez
J^_#k Z=~?
^=<
53. @~ =O^ [~h K#~Q x K#k Z=~?
hK |xOQ
54. 1929 [~h ^ i~ ^#O "`x K =~ `yOz
58 OII H>@ x~~Oz# }oH Uk?
OQ }oH
55. U OK Ô \<<|~ ^g~_Q k KOk#k
Z=~?
O_< |~
56. @~ [xOz# OII Uk?
1889 Px <P"W< @}O
57. P
^ _ # \H [~< # O Ki "^\ O K Ô
x W<H Ok# g~_=~?
@~
58. 1923 =z# =xH u~Q@ e ÒQ * tH Q~~#
@~ <r s H~H==O` qbHiOz# QOÔ Uk?
g<HO (Mein Kamp)
&
A
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ED
M
E
E
R
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59. ''<r s _ Z=~?

_H~
60. @~ << #O [~h K#~Q xq`_# OII
Uk?
1933
61. @~ Oz# <r s ^ Uq?
~@ (Q^= ~OQ KH Ô), W\Q~
(#KH Ô)
62. <rs zO Uk?
H
63. @~ HO<\ ~ b Ô Uk?
Q (Gestopo)
64. <r Ô` K~_ Z=~?
* Q
65. @~ [~hH J^_~# (~~Q) OII?
1934
66. ''Q K~O H~}OQ Ô q_z i~# ^ Q}`
A_ Z=~?
S<<
67. <r s è ~"H_=~?
P_ ~<|~
68. @~ è^ Uq H"x H~<_? =` Q~=
70. @~ [~h 4OII HxH qkH~ HQ*#
K@O Uk?
Z<aOQ K@O
71. <r ^# ~@~ <_~# U =H @~# ZkiOz
JOìOK_?
~"
72. ~ @~ ^xH =iH ~?
~>eOQ
73. D ^x x~eOz# <r s ~HH Ô Uk?
QiOQ <HÒx +\
74. @~ =HÒ x '3 " Uq\?
Jd [~h, ^ =u~H`, Jd
[~< *f"^ s
75. @~ x` J#~ J~# U =H <r Ô`#
=iOK ''[~< H= =` q L^=O J< Ox
OK_?
_Q =~
76. D OxH =u~HOQ Confetional church (H<+# Ki)
J< O x O z <r Ô`x f=OQ =u~HOz#^=~?
x"~
77. @~ ÔÒ Uq\?
XH *u, XH =[O, XH =Ò
78. \, ~~ J#Q J~O Uq\?
@, <_
79. [~h PiH i`# ikk# @~ PiH =Ou?
\ (Schacht)
80. [~h <<*u qu ~# OII Uk?
1926
81. @~ 1939 U Ô Ô ~OaOz ~O_= OK
^xH H~ _ _?
O_
S
N
O
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T
A
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I
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M
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C
27
~O_= OK Ô (19391945)
H~}, e`,
1. 19391945 =~ [iy# ~O_= OK ^ H~}
^#OQ D JO O|OkOz#q?
^ ~H = }, *f "^ POH , ^ O ` q ^ ,
=["Ô, xH <, <#*u qu "O, @~
O_ ^_
2. @~ J=OaOz# ^_H# q^#Ox = ` Uq?
xH ^~}, =["Ô, *ÒH~ ^~}
3. L_ q< ukOz# 14 ` U Ò H~O <<*u

qu Pq~=O [iyOk?
14= Ò
4. L_ q< 14= Ò U=x L^\ OzOk?
O KOx z#, ^ ^ Ò`h, ^tH =Q`#
i~HOKO^, XH JO`~f == U~_x.
5. 1933= OII <<*u qu "O Uq\?
[< =OKi# PHqOz#_ K< ^tH =Q`
HO K~ fHH =@.
6. <<*u qu "xH O|OkOz# qq^ O@# Uq?
1. 1933 [< K<x =OKi# PHqOK@.

2. 1934 Wk W@b ^~H=}
3. 193639 ~< JO`~Ô.
4. *H"H, O_ [~h ^~H=}.
7. p# ~" =[ ""x #~î#x "Q< K
[ L^H ~yeOz# W@b xO`?
=eh
8. [~ < *` OH~ , Jd [~ < ~[ ^ O `x,
=["^ ^~}x, ^ =u~H`# ~HuOz# xO`
Z=~?
@~
9. 1929 =OKi, `~ =OQe `# `<
~HO KH"e# ` H [< [< <x L^\ O z#
[< ^# =Ou Z=~?
`<H
10. [< 1932 <\H =OKi H = Ò` U~@
K# ~*x U=x eK~?
=OK"
11. ''=OK" ~*x `# xO`} LOKH# [< q+ "
xqOz# `x~~} Hq+< Uk?
e@< Hq+<
12. e@< Hq+< x"kH H~O qu PH=}# x~iOKQ `#
`x LOiOK# Ô Uk?
[<
13. 1936 [< U Ô` K~ He JO`~f H=x
=u~H XO^x KOk?
[~h` (Anti Comintern pact)
14. [<, [~h` 1937 W@b _ K~Q U~_# @q
Uk?
~"i<\H =Y @q
15. =^^~ =Ô XH =*x <Hx W@b "#
XH ^HO QOQ D ÔK ^_H Q~# Ô Uk?
1935 JH|~3# Wk (Jax)
16. 1931 U Ô [iy# XH u~Q@ H~}OQ ~A
J< ^gK`_ iaHQ J=ìOzOk?
~<
17. 1935 =~~ Ok##iOz [iy# *a H~}

~ x [ U Ô` qb#O H"x H~<~?
[~h
18. 1935 U ^ xH H =~~ Ok qkOz# xO`}
+~`h u~iOK_O [~QÒ^x @~ H\ OK_?
[~h
19. ''P<++ J#|_ ^ H~H Uk?
[~h, P.
20. 1939 _OlOQ `# ~"h, e+ Hi_~ QO_ ~
=~x xiOKH"x [~h U Ô Xu_ K_O`
PÔ u~iOzOk?
O_
&
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ED
M
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21. [~h K# O_ u~iOz# H~}OQ [~< <

O_H `~ Q, [~h `H} " `# < # LO iOKx
H\ Oz# ^ Uq? a@< <
22. a@<, < ^ H@## [~h H @H =_O` D
^ [~h Ô H\ Oz# OII Uk?
1939 O|~ 3.
23. QÒ [iy# ^HO> ''O~ ÔQ qOK|_#
Ô Uk?
~O_= OK Ô
24. @~ [i# "~ ^x U ~` eK~?
a\HQ (Blitz Krieg)
25. ~O_= OKÔ # q`^ Uq?
a@<, <, ~, J"iH
27. O_# '4~ OK# ^ Uq?
èi 1772
~O_= i 1793
3= i 1795
4= i 1939
28. Q` `q Ô yOK ~HH x~}x U=O\~?
"l<<
29. ''~Hqz ~ fH#@O (Cash and Carry) < Ò
S~ ~[O =y ~~ K# Ô Uk? J"iH
30. 1940 a\+ <HÔ Oz <H# <#O K# OÒ
Uk?
F~<
31. ~ O_= O K Ô (Global War) U O @#` ~O" O k?
1939 O|~ [~h, O_ ^_
32. [~< #O 1940 E<5# <# ZO\ +~` O_
Oy@ K# =O Oz [#~ Z=~? =~
\<
33. W@bx ~HO KH=_xH Z=i <H` O [~h # O L`~ H
K~ Ok?
~"
34. [< J"iH# Ô K@@ iH@ H~}=~#
O@# Uk?
J"iHx ~~~ O| ^_
35. [~h #O ~ ^_H _# '3 O` Uq?
x<Q_, =, e<Q_ (L`~ kQ),
(=^Q), (^H} kQ)
36. U OÒ ^^ 6 = [iy# Ki``H Ô
~+< ^ [~h #O Oy~Ok?
e<Q_ (1942)
37. ~~~ O| ^_ [i# 3 ~A J#O`~O U ~
Q a\+ ^ <H# O O^ Y [< =Oz
"Ok?
< P", i
38. a\+ J"iH< < <HÒ =Oz# xH [#~
Z=~?
S<=~
39. [~hx J}z"# HOH` 1941 JQ+ J\O\H =
=Ôx XH a\+ ^ <H J\O\H ~~ O`H
K# ^=~?
OH<. _.~* (J"iH) q<< Ki (~)
40. `~ #Oz ~+ < [~h Ô_`Q @~ P`` K #
OIIUk?
1945 U
41. [~h Oy~# J#O`~O |~# n#O K# =H
Z=~?
~ =O\ @<
S
N
O
I
T
A
C
I
N
U
M
M
O
C
28
42. J"iH# [< #Q~= ~+=# J}O|# "# OIIUk?

1945 JQ+ 6
43. ~O_ OKÔ =y# OII Uk?
1945 O|~2
44. ~O_= OKÔ [~Q`# HO [iy# =Y"#
=" [iy# O` Uq?
1941 J\O\H <H (Ki~*)
1943 HOH.
1943 >~< (~* e<)
1945 = (Hq) (~*, e<. Ki)
1945 \_" (@=<, e< a@< ^x)
45. 1947 |=i Ou Ok O`H [iy# #Q~O Uk?
i
46. 1949 _~ iaHQ U~_# [~h ~[^x Uk?
<
47. `~ [~h ~[^x Uk?
i<
48. 1957 S.~. Ò Ok# Ô Uk? [<
49. ~O_= OK ^ <~# qK~} K|_# OÒ Uk?
#~O|~
50. Oy~# [< Z=i <HÒ H` Ò
OK|_Ok?
[#~ "H~~
51. U OII [iy# ="O S.~. U~@ qOK|_Ok?
1945 <x
52. "^\ OK ^ eÒQ U~_# JQ~*?
a@<, <
53. ~O_= OK ^ eÒQ U~_# JQ~*?
J"iH, ~
54. ~O_ OK ^ H~}"# Ô Uk?
[~h
55. ~O_ OK ^ *=xH P^Q~O J~#
Ô Uk?
J"iH
57. [~< xH =x U ~` eK~?
O[~
58. @~# F_Oz#_ ''=#= =^ f~ Ô Q eK=
Jx ~#^=~?
=O\Q=i
59. U OII @~ [~h HHOQ OyÒ^x H\ OK_?
1945 U14# (W^ ~A# [<Oy ~Ok)
60. 1945 "1# @~ eq[" =u~HOQ `k L#O`=~
~_` =~}OK_x H\ Oz#k Z=~? O|~ ~ _
304.~ ~O_= OK Ô =yH P D Ô
Zx < LOk
3
305.1945 [< U qÔQ Oy#k
J"iH
~+=, <QH J}O|# "_O =#
306.~O_= O K Ô [~h kOz# q+ O` H= OÒQ
x^H# Ô
~
307.U Ok H~O iOK~x JH=#H~ +~`# [~h
JOwHiOKe =zOk
"~~
63. 1945 U OÒ =^ U~~K|_# q` ~*
="O [~h PH=} xO`} O|OkOz# }oH
~OkOK |_~?

64. ~O_= OK ^#O`~O Li tH Q~# <r s =Y
<` Z=~?
i<\, ~<|~
&
A
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65. Hk x= LiHO|O ZH~< ^xH =O^Q q+O Kx

P`` K#k Z=~?
QiOQ
66. ~O_= OK ^xH XH i~Q ~Ok# O@#
Uk?
1937 x+ JO`~Ô
67. ~O_= OK ^x ''J#=~ ÔQ ~# a@<
^# =Ou Z=~?
q<< Ki
68. 1934 U `## `# ''H Ou i~H~Q
H\ OK # Ô Uk?
[<
276.[O J< #`# Ju"^ *f =O U UÔ |
îOk
W@b
277.W@b L^=x ~OaO#"_
=ex
278.@~ U ^xH KOk#"_
[~h
279.[~h @~ Oz# s ~
<r
280.<~@O J< q= " Hey# H ~K~` Z=~
J_ @~
281.1933 [~h [iy# ZxH <r sH Zx F@ =K~
196
282."*i\ `=Q## <r |Ò H~}xH Q H~}O
+e _"H\ H sH, H=x
s =z# â
283.=ex `~K# <x U=O\~?
H+~
284.U O=`~O =ex Wk# PHqOK#
1936
285.<r L^=O ^~ @~ PHqOKH# ^
P, *H"H
286.=OKi ^_ K# ^"k
[<
287.1939 [~h U Ô ^_K ~O_= OK ^xH
<Ok eHOk
[~h
288.J"iH OH ~ ~O_= OK Ô #_xH
H~}O
J"iH <# ~
~~ [< O| =~O iOzOk
289.~O_= O K Ô `~ "` *H"H
U~_# Ò
H=x
290.1943 e< Q_ =^ ~ [i# Ô F_#"~
[~#
291.~ ~O_= OK OQ=O #_xH Q H~}O
[~h 1941 `# <x ~ =~eOK@ =#
292.~O_= OK ^HO a\+ ^x
q<< Ki
293.[~hx F_OK@Q# ~ <_ e< O Z=Q
K# "~ Z=~
q<< Ki
294.ax ^_ [i# W@b xO`
=eh
295.~O_= OK Ô = [~h Zx Q qlO|_Ok
2
296.~O_= OK Ô `~` U~_# JO`~f O Uk
SH~[ qu
297.U Ô [<x #Q~ J}O|# =ke#k
J"iH
298.J"iH [<x UU #Q~ J}O|# =ke#k
~+=, <QH
316.~*" "\# q^#O ~
#_
S
N
O
I
T
A
C
I
N
U
M
M
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C
29
299.1933 [~< K#~Q ZxHH|_ "~ Z=~

@~
300.~O_= OK Ô `~` [~h t= Qx U ^
OK<~
WOQO_, #, J"iH
61. 1947 "7# U OÒ =^ [~h +~`Q Oy~#@
Ò q^ O`HO KOk? s" =^
62. 1945 JQ+ 6# ''[< ^Hx iQ <#O K =~
"= O| ^_x Ly= Jx [<# KiOz#k
Z=~?
@=<
301.~O_= OK Ô `~` [~h `~QO U ^
Jn#OH =zOk
~
SH~[qu
1. SH~[qu U~__xH =O^Q [iy# =Y"# ="
Uq?
1941 J\O\H K~~ (=" (.Z.Z), Ki (a@<)
1943 HOH
1943 >~< (Ki, e<)
1945 Hq ()
1944 _O~< FH ="O.
1945 < x
2. ~O_= OK Ô [~Q`#C_ OK Ou ^`
i~H} HO 1941 JQ+ J\O\H K~~ O`H
K#k Z=~?
- OH< _.~* J"iH J^_.
q<< Ki a@< ^# =Ou.
4. 1942 OII<\H J\O\H H@ < `x P"k, XH OH
H@# O`H K# ^ OY?
26
5. 1942 #O_ ''SH~[ H@#Q qOK|_#k Uk?
J\O\H H@# Ò
6. SH~[ qu Ki` ^# @ =# ^y# S.~. H@#
` =~^ ux `~ K|_# ="O [iy#
OÒ Uk?
"+OQ<x _O~< FH
7. _O~< FH ="O # ^ Uq?
J"iH, a@<, ~
8. _O~< FH ="O q+` ^ x"~}H ZO`
=Ok ` XH ^` =O_ex U~@ Kx
ÒQ JOwH~O kiOk?
71 =Ok
9. 1943 ^=x KiOz# OÒ Uk?
HOH
10. ~O_= OK ^Qux ~*, e< KiOz# OÒ
Uk?
1943 >~<
11. 1945 SH~[ qu J<k XH\ Ò H"x, i<
XH HO\ Hq+< U~_=#x, nxH # H~O H"x
Hi# ="O Uk? (Hq) (Ki, e<)
12. J"iH< J^ _ KxQ H` J^ _ @=< e<, a\+
^x ="", [~h F@q J#O`~O [~< x~nH~},
[~< <x `yOK_O, <r <# ^ <~Q
qK~} K_O J< q+# KiOz# OÒ Uk?
1945 \_"
&
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13. 1945 |=i [iy# '' ="O f#

x~#~O ''JO`~f O # QiOz KiOz#
="O Uk?
1945 U 25, E< 26 =~
14. 1945 < x ="O # ^ OY ZO`?
50 (O`H K# ^)
J#O`~ HO O_ KiOk
15. 1945 <x ="O # Ki, e<, ~*
=^ U q+O f= q=~ =zOk? Veto power
16. SH~[ qu Z@H U~@~# OII Uk?
1945 JH|~ 24
18. Ò SH~[qux ^ OY ZO`? 191
20. S.~. `HO H ~OQ Uq\?
hO
21. S.~. `HO Q Q~ q?
1. Pe"H=, 2. QO
22. S.~.x ^# JOQ Uq?
1. ^~} , 2. ^`=O_e, 3. PiH OH =O_e,
4. ^~H~$`=O_e, 5. JO`~f <#O
6. z"O
23. '6 ^# JOQ` @, g\ P^~O x K `H
O Uq? IMF, IBRD, WHO, UNESCO, UNICEF
24. ^~} u ^= ZO` =Ok = # ux^ Q
=" OÒk?
5Q~
25. ^~} =" [iQ < Uk?
O|~ =_= =OQ"~O
26. ^~} 1945 OK|_#_ ^x OY ZO`?
51 =Ok
27. 1947, 1948, 1963 ^~} =" U Ô QiOz
`H =" [iQ~?
<
28. 1960 [#~ JOc =" U OÒ QiOz [iQ~?
=^ KO, OQs QiOz
29. S.~. Ju =Y=~# JOQO Uk? ^`=O_e
30. ^`=O_ex OY ZO`?
5 `, 10 `èH
31. ^`=O_eH J^H` =OKk Z=~?
POQ H~ H=O u <
XH~ =~` LO\~
32. ^`=O_eH `èH Ò Hey# 10 =Ok Zx
OII H=# ''^~} K` Z#H|_`~?
~O_ O=`~=
33. ^`=O_e ="O ZO`HxH [~QÒk?
HhO 15 ~AHHi
34. ^~} K` ~O_ O=`~= HxH Z#H|_ 10
=Ok U ^ #O_ Z#H|_`~?
1. PHP ^ #O_ 5Q~
2. \< J"iH #O_ 2
3. t= S~ #O_ 2
4. `~ S~ #O_ 1
37. ^` =O_ex '5 ` ~* (g\=~ ~*)
Uq?
J"iH, a@<, K<, <, ~,
38. ^` =O_e ~ ^~} K Z#H#|_ ^q
Uk?
H@s [#~
S
N
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30
39. JQ~* ^` qu U ~H} =O\k?

VETO POWER.
40. PiH=lH =O_e U P^~O x KOk?
^~} (General Assembly)
41. PiH=lH =O_e ` H iqu ZO`?
3 OII.
42. PiH=lH =O_e =" HO ZC_ [~QÒk?
O=`~=# ~O_ ~
43. PiH=lH =O_ex OY ZO`?
27 =Ok
44. PiH=lH =O_e =_ O=`~= ^g HxH
u O=`~O ZO` =Ok | ZxH`~?
P~Q~
45. PiH=lH =O_e O=`~xH ~O_ ~ ="=
O` Uq?
U #~, A *h"
46. D =O_e U JO O|OkOz, `# q^ # x~O k?
PiH, OH, O $uH, q^, P~Q ==~
49. Ò PiH, OH =O_e `~# x K# 4 Of
PiH Hq+# U O` L<~?
1. S~, 2. P, ^~KO,
3. \< J"iH, 4. PH
50. <<*u qux Jk+ ~[ ûx OiOz, xiOK|_#
O Uk?
^~H~ $` =O_e
51. ^~H~ $` =O_e Zx ~H O\~?
1. ^~H~Q Hx ^# e# ^.
2. ^`=O_e ` .
3. ^~} 3OII HxHQ# Z#H# .
52. ^~H~ $` =O_e =" HO Uk?
"^\ ="O [#=i, ~O_= ="O E<
54. SH~[ qu X_O|_H H~O U~_# =iH JO`~f
O Uk?
JO`~f <#O
55. JO`~f <#O ZH_ LOk?
k Q (<^~O_)
56. D < #Ox <=~ OY ZO`?
15 =Ok
57. <=~ ^g HO ZO`?
9 OII
58. < #Ox J^H, L^ ^g HO ZO`?
3OII
59. SH~[qu < x~} HOÔ Uk?
z"O
60. z" JkHi<=x ~?
H@s[#~
61. ` H@s [#~ Z=~?
<H=<
62. H@s [#~ ^g HO ZO`?
5 OII
63. H@s [#~ U qÔQ ZxH=`~?
^`=O_e ~ ^~} xqOk.
64. SH~[ quH Ou O~H_, =i =zO`_
(Moderator)Q Z=ix ~#=K?
H@s [#~
65. W\ =~ SH~[ qu H@s [#~Q x K# =
Z=~?
&
A
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ED
M
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1. 19461952 \Qb (<~)

2. 19531961 _Q=~ (_Q<)
3. 19611972 Ô\ (=<~)
4. 19721977 ~"b" (P)
5. 19771982 ~"b" (P)
6. 198292 *q~ ~* _~ (~)
7. 19921997 `b (Dl)
8. 1997 2007 HJ#< (+<)
9. 2007 #O_ H#QK<~. < H =<
(^H}
Hi)
66. J"iH~ =^ [iy# K # Ô (Cold war) |<<
q+ O `# H~" x <~" i # S.~. [#~ H@s Z=~?
_Q=~
67. H@s [#~ OQ Q qu 7Q~
O\~. D qu H JkH~ + Uk?
WOw+
68. S.~. ~O =O '5 ` ^` @Q Zx
`èH ^<~?
6{5 11
69. `èH ^ OY 6 #O_ 10H Oz# OII?
1965
70. 1945 S.~. U~_#\ #O_ W\ =~ Jk f#,
i+iOz# XH XH = Uk?
Hi
71. S.~. a@<= _ H=Q U JO`~f O # ~ ?
OK O, IMF
72. Hj~ = q"Ô S.~. xqOz# Hq+< Uk?
*iOQ
S
N
O
I
T
A
C
I
N
U
M K# Ô
M
O
C
31
73. K< 'J}O| q@#O QqOz# OII?

1964 JH|~
74. èiQ K# ^ z HxOz# O^~O Uk?
1946 i W@b, ~"x, |i, OQs,
<O_ =^ [iy# Ou ="O
75. ~O_= OK ^#O`~O OK PkÒ =Oz# U
JQ~* =^ K# Ô P~O"Ok?
`~ q\ ~, t=O J"iH
76. S~ ~ "x =u~HOz O_, [~h i^
q+O #~zOKx Hi# Ô Uk?
J"iH
77. ''1919 Ou X_O|_H HO> JkHOQ `~t= =^
LkH` 1946 Ou X_O|_H K@ KH#k Jx
"MxOz#k Z=~?
_q_ ^=
78. q\ J# ^ Uq?
O_, LH~<, "\~, Qq
79. J"iH# =iOz# ^# Ô Uk?
WOQO_
80. W~< ~ < LxHx q=i, `# ^~`#,
_~`# "tOz# Ô Uk?
J"iH
81. @=< ÔÒ H~O PiHx Ok `= ^#
H=x[O #O_ H_# ^ Uq?
w<, @s
82. ~O_= OK Ô = U~_# PiH ûx Z^~=_xH

PiH ^Hx ukOz# J"iH qÔQ=Ou Z=~?
*~ =~
83. 1946 JQ @s` K# x~~ X_O|_H# JuHqOz
# =Ô #O_ =^ ^~ =^xH î f @i+ [
QO H"x _=O_ K# Ô Uk?
* e< <HÒ ~
84. 1947 =i ''^ "<i\ "e "x Z^~<
* = "^ =^` x=x H\ O z# J"iH J^ _
Z=~?
@=<
85. =~ }oH H\ OK|_# OII Uk?
1947 E<
86. =~ }oH YO_Oz# q\ qÔQ =Ou Z=~?
=\"
87. ''=~ }oH# HO< P"kOz# ^ OY
ZO`?
14 S~ ^
88. ~ Xu_` =~ }oH# u~ iOz# ^? 8
89. =~ } oH u kOK | _ # i = " xH
PxOK|_# Ô Uk?
~<
90. 1946 =i ''~ <HÒx `~ S~ ^,
t=, ^H} S~x *= ^ =^ q[ ~Y
W# `~ (Iron Curtain) J~Ok Jx ~# =Y_=~?
q<< Ki
91. =~ }oH# J#iOz# ^ J"iH "~
`=# =#~# ~~O OKH=_xH `= a#
x^# H\~OK H=_xH U~~K# O Uk?
S~ PiH H~ O. (EEC)
92. H=x[O "x x~kOK# J"iH q^<xH KH Q `__#
}oH Uk?
=~ <
93. =~ <# u~iOz# q\ 1947 `# J#
~*` "}[ XO^ Kx U ^HO HO^ 1949
#OkOzOk?
=\" ^HO
94. =\" }oH# J= @_xH U~@~# O Uk?
~~ PiH H =O_e (Council for Mutual
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101.`= =O_O #O_ HOkj `~e " _x P_xH 1961

i< #Q~xH =^ Q |"# H` _# _# H\# ^=~?
`~ [~< (1961)
102.1949 JO`xH U ^ H=x[O H}OK_O P~O"Ok?
<, W@b
103.''Ò` *= XH O\` HQ ~O^@O
H+ÔQ HxOzOk. = xO`$Ò =# H=x
^ @q XH `H q^<x J=OaOz#@Q, Ò`
*= g H^. Jx "MxOz#^=~?
CJH
104.Hi #O_ [<# ìq "# `~`, U Ou K~
~ Hi L`~ Qx, J"iH ^H}Qx, P Ô
ÒÒ OkOK J~` O^ =~ PHqOKx
x~~OK_O [iyOk?
\ _"
105.L`~ Hi ^H} Hi =^ Q q[# ~MOO Uk?
38= ~MOO
106.Hi = SH~[ qu =Oy@ K~Hx# OII Uk?
1947 O|~
107.1948 " ZxH [iy# ^H} Hi J^ xQ ZxH# k
Z=~?
OQ=< s
108.Hi L`~ QO ~+# H=x s J^~# Oz#
iaH Uk?
Peoples Democratic Republic.
109.Hi# O \` ~K x #Hx# L
Hi <`
Z=~?
_. OQ=<s (^.Hi), H" WOQ (L. Hi)
110.# O` Hi# O \` ~K _ xH ''38= =O`~
~Y# ^\ " JkH~O W=|_# J"iH <kHi Z=~?
[#~ "H~~
111.[#~ "H~~ 38= =O`~ ~Y# ^\` `= *HO
HeyOK H= LO@O^x KiOz# Ô Uk?
K<
112.L`~ Hi =^` è# H=x Ô Uk?
K<
113.K# Ô D qÔQ P QO `H Ô
J=_xH H~}=~# Ô Uk?
K<
114.D K # Ô Ou # Q JO`=Ò^, =_ O K
^xH JO~~} J=Ò^ J# q+O, Q @s
J~Ok J# ^=~?
CJH
115.=^ KO J~ ^ ^` =C U~__xH
H~}=~# W* J=ìOz# OII Uk?
1948
LkH` _eO
116. Detente (_Ò`) J#Q?
117._Ò` ^ Uk?
19631978
118.t= S~ ^ ~H}H ''a@<< xH \Q
U~_@O U X_O|_H` P~O=~Ok?
1947 _<H~
119.1948 H=x PkÒ HO^ =z# Ô Uk?
*H"H
120. NATO Ok ="O [iy# Q~O Uk?
1949 U, "+OQ<
S
N
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Economic Assistance, comecon)
95. J"iH PiH O ^~ t= S~ ^ *=O

|__ O , H=x L^= [< =^=x qOz#
~ 1947 OII Oz# O Uk?
Hq<" (H=x W#~+< |~)
96. [~h t= =O_ PiH ^< H QOQ
`~ [~h H~h O~}# "O@< " @@" HH,
i< JO`\ J^ H~h "_x @|\# Ô Uk? ~
97. ~ ~, ~_, H= ^~ i< ~"} kQOÔ K#
OII Uk?
1948 E< 24
98. ''q\ P~+< J#Q ?
J"iH, a@# ^
Z`# t= =O_xH P~O, WO^#O, =, =_
^~ q=< ~~ K@.
99. U O II ~ i < kQ O^ x Zu " , ` # F@qx
JOwHiOzOk?
" 11, 1949
100.P~ HxH i< kQOÔ ` U ^ q[ # ~~ Ok?
[~h
32
121.1949 ''<\ "+OQ< ="O x Ok Ò

O`H K# ^ Uq?
W@b, <~, _<~, SO_, ~Q
("Ò 12 ^)
122.èiQ J"iH# OuH xH @q K~@@ K#
O@# Uq?
*H@, i< kQO^=
123.<\ ="O S.~. K~~ QiOK|_# U# kOK
_O, <\ ^ ^`H J=~" ` P^ `" # |x
î Oz, XHiHH~ O KH O\=x D ^ "Q#O
K~?
P`~H} ^#
124.<\ ^ U OII x H |O He# x H @qQ =~\xH
XH quQ U~_~?
1950
125.D qu H "^\ <^_ Z=~?
J"iH [#~ S<=~
126.Ou HO S~ YO_O 'a@< "@"^\ Q fH#
xH ^` H~H=O Uk?
S~ YO_O '4# qQ#,
XH q=# ^x LOK@
127.t= S~ @q <~ ~ ''| XOÔ O`H
K# ^ Uq?
a@<, <, O_, eO, HO|~
128.1951 <\ Ki# ^ Uq?
w, @s
129.1955 <\ Ki# Ô Uk?
[~h
130.2005 OII<\H ''<\ ^ OY ZO`?
25{1 (~)
131.1950 J} ^ '~O_ LO_Q P OY 1960 =^
H ZO` iyOk?
20H
132. NATO
- North Atlantic Treaty Organisation
133.<\ ^# H~O ZH_Ok?
| (eO)
136. SEATO
- South East Asian Treaty Organisation
(PQ P Ok O)
137. SEATO ~O"# OII Uk?
1954 O|~ 8
138.'\ Ki# è ^ Uq?
Pe, #lO_, e<, Ô_,
H<, a@<, <, J"iH
139.'\ =iH ~ q\?
=h XOÔ
140.'\ =Y H O Uq\?
PQ ^ H=x[" "x JiH@@
141. SEATO qz#= iu LO_Q ^x #O U~@~#
O Uk?
PQ ~* =Y (ASEAN) 1967
143.HO^ OkH =iH ~?
Q^ XOÔ
144."^\ HO^ Ok K# ^ Uq?
(1954) w, @s, Qq, <
145.1955 J"iH Ò` HO^ Ok H Q^ XOÔ
K# ^ Uq?
W~H, W~<, H<, @s, a@<
146.1958OII U Ô D O #O_ q_~# `~"` Wk
HO^ Ok O(CENTU)Q "=_Ok?
W~H
147.''O\ @s, W~H i~ ~H} HO f# K~Q
OOz# Ô Uk?
a@<
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148.~OO 'CENTU' HO^ #O Uk?

- Q^
149. CENTU ^# H O Uq\? H=x*x JiH@@
151. COMECON ( ''K S~ i~ PiH O)
U~@ K|_# OIIUk?
1949
152.1955 <\ û `= ^ |# UHfH~}
K\xH ''"~ XO^ qux U~@ K# ^
Uq?
Px, |i, *H"H, `~
[~h, OQs, O_, ~"x, q\ x<.
153.K# Ô `# `@`# H\ Oz# Qq <`
Z=~?
=~ \\ (1948)
154.1968 "~ XOÔ #O_ "^y# Ô Uk?
Jx
155.1968< Ò`` H\ OK## Ô Uk?
*H"H
156.''XH Ô ="^xH ^|`ye`, Jk Jx ="^
^ ^ #h, JO^= P iu #^ @@O, ="^
^x\ ^` Jx H\ Oz# <\ q\ <_?
*"
157.1954 _O|~ 8 S~ ~* i Ok Y~~ K#
="O '"~ #Q~O '4 ~A [~QQ D ="O
[iy# XO^x U ~` eK~? "~ XOÔ
158.1956 J}z"|_# Ô Uk?
OQs
159.1960 'COMECON' }oH# u~iOz# Ô Uk?
~"x
160.O^H H=x ÔQ LO@< `# Ò` uux
x@# Ô Uk?
~"x
161.1956 OQs K~y# u~Q@# UÔ H~O`
J}z "|_Ok?
q\
162.~O_= i OQs =z# u~Q@# U `n# J}z"# @
OQs H\ OzOk?
1956 #=O|~ 4
163.OQs u~Q@ <_ Z=~?
<w
164.u~Q@ J}z"` J#O`~O U~_# H=x `k
<`Q Z=~ xq`<~?
H^~
165.OQs PO`~OyH ==~O ~ *HO KH# Q_^x
S.~. f~#O "\# Ô Uk?
J"iH
166.J"iH " \# f~<x `# ''g\ =~ ^~ =u~HOz#
JQ~[O Uk?
q\
168.''"= \ <, QÒ`~O x H~ r=<x
yOKe =zOk J#^=~? J"iH J^_ xH<
169.'xH< J# =@ U ^ q+= = Wk +_Ok?
1962
170.JO`~f LkH` iux `yOK@O Z=i H$+ =#
J"iH, ~ =^ 1963 JOìH Q, J}H
sH XH JOwH~O kiOk?
*<H#_ (J"iH), H$" (~)
171.1963 "# #`# ^ Uq?
Jb# ~*
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24. ^H} WO_ WOy+"~ `= "^\ Hsx ZC_

ZH_ <H~ ?
- 1611, =zb@}O
25. =^x ~O\ *i H@# POQ
Z_ xiOK~?
- 1641
26. H. .1639 x_ J< POQL ^y Z=i=^ #O_ =^#
J^ f<_ ?
- KO^yi _# N~OQ~
27. 1661 ~w"~ O~x Z=iH J~}OQ WK~?
- ~O_= K~
28. 1687 ~` |^ Uk WOy+ "i =~H H O^= ~Ok?
- O~
29. HH`x ~O\ qeO H@# POQ Z_
xiOK~?
- 1699
30. Oz DO_ HOh Z_ `=~Ok ?
- 1664
31. Oz DO_ HOh ~OaOz#^=~?
- 14= ~ =Ou H |~
32. 1666 B~OQ*| ~<# Ok# "~=~ ?
- Oz DO_ HOh"~
33. =~HO HO ~`^xH z=iQ =z# S~ "~ Z=~ ?
- Oz"~
34. ~`Ô Oz"~ "@"^\ =~H HOÔ ZH_
OK~?
- ~`, 1668
35. WO_x Oz = ^# HOÔ Uk?
- O_Ki
36. O z DO _ HOh"~ ~H} HO xiOKH# H@ Uk?
- ~ ~ H@
37. Oz Q=~~ k Ok#"~ Z=~ ?
- x =i<, <~,_=, _
38. _ Z=~ ?
- Oz _~H~ =~_
39. H~=O_ f~=# S~ "~ \# ~q?
- H~@H
40. "^\ H~@H Ô Z_, Z=~=iH =^ [iyOk?
- 1796 48, POQ Oz "iH =^
41. "^\ H~@H Ô =O H~@H #"| Z=~?
- J#~n<
42. Oz Q=~~# _ H~@H #"|<x U Ô
F_OK_?
- O^" ^ J@=~ Ô
43. "^\ H~@H Ô Z_ Z =yOk ?
- 1748 P Ok=
44. ~O_= H~@H Ô Z_, Z=~=i =^ [iyOk?
- 1749 54 =^, POQ Oz "iH
45. ~O_= H~@H ^xH ^# H~}"q\ ?
- ^H# "~` `Q^
46. ~O_= H~@H Ô Oz"~ Z=i HO =OK~?
- =[~ [OQ KO^ HO
~# ~H
1. WO_x ~w =~ "^\ Q=~~ Z=~?
- Pg_
2. ~`^ xH #`# =^ =~x Hx\# ~w <q_
Z=~?
- "_Q=
3. "_Q= HeH\ ZC_ K~_ ?
- 1498
4. "_Q= OîOz# HeH\ ~A Z=~ ?
- ["i<
5. ~` ^xH =~HxH =z# è ~# Z=~? "~
U ^ ?
- ~w"~, ~Q
6. ~w "i "^\ =~q ?
- HeH\, Hz<, H##~
7. =_= P< ^ =O a\+ Q=~~ [#~ Z=~ ?
- =O>Q K=~
8. ~w "~x qiO K_xH Pg_ J#iOz#
q^<xH=x ~ ?
- |"@~
9. ~w "iH `= Z=~?
- "Q KH=~, =~+, |=h #
10. ~w "iH =~HO "^\ \^~ Z=~ ?
- J~|
11. WO_ ~O_ ~w Q=~~ Z=~ ?
- J< _PH~
12. WO_ ~w "i = =[ x~` Z=~?
- JH~
13. WO_ ~w "i = =*xH ~[^x Uk ?
- Q"
14. WO_ "@"^@Q =z z@z=iQ "o# S~"~
Z=~?
- ~w"~
15. _z"~ S~ U ^ ?
- O_
16. ~`^ O #, `~ WO_ n=# =~H O ~OaOz#
_z OO ~q\ ?
- <>_ DO_ HOh
17. <>_ DO_ HOh ZC_ OK|_#k?
- H.. 1602
18. _z"i ~`^ =~ HO^ q ?
- eH\, ~`, <Q@}O
19. WO_ ~w JkH~x qz#O K# "~=~?
- _z"~
20. _z"~ JO~< ` [i#^_ ?
- 1623
21. WOy+ `~ WO_ HOhx Z_ OK~?
- 1600
22. POQ ~`Ô `= "@"^\ =~H HO^x ZH_
Z_ OK~?
- 1613, ~` =^
23. H.. 1615 WOQO_ ~*# "^\ *" [Ow~ H=
Z=ix ~iQ O_?
- ~ ^= ~
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47. ~O_= H~@H Ô POQ Z=i HO =OK~ ?

- <[~ [OQ ==^b
48. ~O_= H~@H ^ =O Oz Q=~~ Z=~?
- _
49. ~O_= H~@H ^=O Oz, WOw+ Q=~~ Z=~?
- ~ O_~
50. "^\ H~@H ^ ^# e`"k ?
- ~f xH |#` |~`=~#k
51. ~O_= H~@H ^ ^# e`"k ?
- ^H# POQ |O =$k KOkOk, Oz
|O H}OzOk
52. =_= H~@H ^ ZC_ [iyOk ? =_= H~@H
^xH ^# H~}"k ?
- 1756 63 OII
=^ , S~[iy# =~ OQ=O
53. =_= H~@H Ô =O Oz, WOw+ Q=~~
Z=~?
- HO\Vb Oz, ~|~ H" WOy+
54. =_= H~@H ^ ^# e`"k ?
- POQ~[ # Oz ~[O
55. 1760 [iy# =O^" Ô Z=~=i =^ [iyOk?
- Oz, POQ
56. ~`Ô a\+ =*xH <^ "# "_=~?
- ~|~ H"
57. 'P~\ g~_< a~^=iH Q^ ?
- ~|~ H"
58. ~|~ H" Oz "i kOz# "@"^\ q["k?
- P~@ =@_,1752
59. Ô Z_, Z=~=i =^ [iyOk? - 1757,
OQ #"# ~* L^, POQ
60. ' q*`, a~^=iH Q^?
- ~|~ H"
61. ^#O`~O OQ Q=~~=~ ?
- ~|~ H"
62. WO_ _z"i |O #tOK\xH ^# H~}"q?
- 1759 ~|~ H"K z#~ PH=}
63. |H~ Ô Z_ [iyOk ?
- 1769 JH|~ 22#
64. |H~ Ô Z=~=iH =^ [iyOk ? q*` Z=~?
- g~ MO, * L^, ~O_= PO @qH,
POQ, q*` POQ
65. |H~ Ô POQ q[xH H~}"# POQ<x
Z=~?
- "[~ =<
66. J^ Ok Z=~=iH, Z_ [iyOk ?
- ~|~ H" ~O_ PO, 1765
67. OQ Ô^ # Z\ #O_ "Ôk ?
- J^ Ok `~` #O_
68. J^ Ok H~O HOh Uq OkOzOk ?
- OQ, c~ , Xi k"h JkH~O
69. ~q# JkH~O "~Q, ` # x~OK JkH~O
"~Q LO_^x<=O\~ ?
- Ô^#
70. a\+ HOh"~ xH L^Q WK <<=O^~?
- ^H
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71. WO_ ^ =~}Oz< H JOQ"HO Ok#

a\+ x ~O U~~z# xk Uk ?
- H= xk
72. WO_ "^\ a\+ Q=~~ [#~ Z=~ ?
- "~< OQ
73. WO_ q < q^<xH <^ "# "^\ Q=~~
[#~ Z=~?
- "~< OQ
74. OQ HO O^ ^~ x 'OH O^ ^~
O ~` POQOH J#=kOzOk Z=~?
- _
75. ~|~ H" <He# Ô^ `x ~^ K#k Z=~?
- "~< OQ
76. ~f O $u i~H} "~< OQ Oz#
'' P\H \ P OQ J^_ Z=~ ?
- ~ qeO *<
77. "~< OQ HO [iy# ^# ^"k ?
- "^\ =~+ Ô
78. "~< OQ "\# O~}q ?
- ~q#, < O~}
79. "^\ =~+ Ô Z_, Z=~=iH =^ [iyOk?
- <<@g <H`x =~+
@qH, POQ =^ 1778 82 =^
80. "^\ =~+ Ô U Ok` =yOk?
- Ok
81. "^\ "~ ^ Z_, Z=~=iH =^ [iyOk?
- 1767 69 =^ "~ #"| ^~b,
POQ
=^
82. ~O_= "~ Ô ZC_, [iyOk? P =O a\+
Q=~~ [#~ Z=~ ?
- 1780 84 =^, "~< OQ
83. =_= "~ Ô Z=~=iH =^ [iyOk ?
- \ #, POQ =^
84. <= "~ Ô Z_ [iyOk ?
- 1799
85. "^\ "~ Ô U Ok` =yOk ?
- =^ Ok
86. ~O_= "~ Ô U Ok` =yOk ?
- =OQ~ Ok
87. =_= "~ Ô U Ok` =yOk ?
- N~OQ@} Ok
88. WO_ b Y <^ "Ok Z=~ ?
- H~< "b
89. # H~ ûx " \# a\+ Q=~~ [#~ Z=~?
- "
90. # H~ ûH JOwHiOz# "^\ ^j~A Z=~ ?
- ^~^ x*"
91. " HO [iy# ^q ?
- <= "~ Ô, ~O_= =~+ Ô
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35
114.f Q=# x+Ô "@_O O\OH HiOz#

~f_ Z=~?
- ~* ~="# ~
115.~`Ô POQ+# "@_xH qeO O\OH
HiOz# POQ_ Z=~?
- ~ "H
116.O~, HH`, =^ q q^ Z=i HO
OK~ ?
- _
117.=_= P< Ô Z=~=iH =^ [iyOk ?
- P< ~*# c|, POQ
118."^\ , ~O_= P< ^ =O a\+ Q=~~ [#~
Z=~ ?
- e@<
119. *f ~[O xiOz O*| OOQ ~OkOk
Z=~ ?
- ~Ol` OQ
120.~Q\ OQ K@O Z_ "@|_Ok?
- 1773
121.~Q\ OQ K@O =Y` Uq\ ?
- HOh ~[O H=|Ô K|_Ok
122.\ WO_ K@O ZC_ K|_Ok ?
- 1784
123.K~~ K@= x ? Jq U O=`~ K|_#q?
- <Q 1793, 1813, 1833,1853
124."^\ Ô ZC_, Z=~=iH [iyOk?- 1845
OQ, `* OQ <HÒx , POQ
125."^\ ^ =O a\+ Q=~~ [#~ Z=~?
- iO*
126.~O_= Ô ZC_, Z=~=i =^ [iyOk ?
- 1849 , POQ
127.~O_= ^ =Oa\+ Q=~~ [#~ Z=~?
- _
128."^\ P< Ô ZC_, Z=~=iH =^ [iyOk?
- 1838 42 =^, P< ~*# ^ =^
POQ

129.~O_= P< Ô ZC_ , Z=~=iH =^ [iyOk?
- 1878 , P< ~*# +~ PbH POQ
92. ~`Ôx a\+ ~*x a\ =[OQ =iOk

Z=~?
- "
93. =^ _h x~` Z=~ ?
- "
94. HH`x ~ qeO H# OzOk Z=~?
- "
95. ~O_= =~+ Ô Z_, Z=~=iH =^ [iyOk?
q*` Z=~ ?-1802 1805, Ok, <`
_# =~+ @qH POQ
96. ~O_= =~+ Ô `~"` [iy# Ok Uk ?
- < Ok
97. =_= =~+ Ô Z_, Z=~=iH =^ [iyOk ?
- 1818 =~+ <# r~=, J~=
~, POQ =^
98. ^qx ~^ K#^=~ ?
- OQ =
99. '=O` O|O^ x~^ q^#=# " \#k Z=~?
- =~ P OQ
100.1775 1818 =^ POQ, =~+ =^ Zx
^ [iQ~ ?
-3
101.< Ô H Q~ Ô Z_, Z=~=iH =^ [iyOk?
- 1814 16 $n <~} <HÒx
Q~ POQ
102.Qb Ok Z_, Z=~=iH =^ [iyOk ?
- 1816, POQ Q~ =^
103.O_s< î ^_ ÔQ#}z# Q=~~ [#~ Z=~ ?
- =~ P OQ
104.~# _^ #O_ ~` ^x ~HOzOk Z=~?
- OQ
105.^Q< î ^_ ÔQ# J}zOk Z=~?
- qeO O\OH
106.a\+ =*xH ^j O< Ki =[ q~}
H~H=x i K# "_=~ ?
- _
107._ "\# Ô`"k ?
- ~[ OH=} ÔÒ
108.~` Ô Òu ` û U Q=~~ [#~ HO
"@|_#k ?
- _
109.~` Ô "^\ ~ =~O Z_? ZH_ #O_ ZH_
"|_Ok?
- 1853 O~ #O_ ^}
110.O~, =^ ~ ~ ` s û x " \O k Z=~?
- =~ P OQ
111.~` Ô POQ+ ~[+ Z_ J~#k ? Z=~
K~ ?
- 1835 =i 7 qeO O\OH
112.fQ=<x Z=~, Z_ x+kOK~?
- 1829 qeO O\OH
113.U a\+ Q=~~ [#~ HO WOQO_, WO_ =^
^=OQ Q F_ "@|_#q?
- qeO O\OH
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~` *f^=O
1. ~ u~Q@ ZH_ ~O"Ok ?
- g~\
2 . ~ u~Q@ Z_ [iyOk ?
- 1857
3. ~ u~Q@ =O a\+ Q=~~ [#~ Z=~?
- ~ HxOQ
4. ~ u~Q@ Q ~[H H~}O Uk ?
- _ J#iOz# ^~H=} q^#O
5. ~ u~Q@ Q PiH H~}O Uq ?
- a\+ "i #`# PiHq^#O
6. ~ u~Q@ Q OH H~}O Uk ?
- O^= OH ==# YO_OK@
7. ~ u~Q@ Q xH H~}O Uq ?
- WO_ , S~ x =^ L# `~`=O
36
8. ~ u~Q@ =O _b =@_ POQ

yOz# ^~} OHO_# =iOz# L~ Hq Z=~?
- Qe
9. ~ u~Q@ H#~ Z=~ <H` O =OK~?
- <<
10. ~ u~Q@ J^ <H` O =OzOk Z=~?
- ~}QO `=
11. ~ u~Q@ ~h <HÒ =OzOk Z=~?
- ~h H ~
12. =^ WO_ ~ u~Q@ <HÒ =Oz#
^=~?
- Òu`
13. ~ u~Q@ HO _b x Z=i ^Q
H\ OK~ ?
- "Q KH=i ~O_ |^~ #
14. ~*OQ i+` ^= ="O Z_ [iyOk ?
- 1946 _O|~ 9#
15. ~` ~*OQ i+` J^_ Z=~?
- _II | ~*O^ ^
16. ~ u~Q@ J#O`~O K# ~` ` K@"k?
- 1858 ~` ` K@O
17. qHi =~} H@# Z_ "=_Ok ?
- 1858 #=O|~ 1
18. qHi =~} H@## Z=~ ZH_ Kk"~ ?
- ~ HxOQ J^
19. ~`^ "@"^\ a\+ ~[uxk Z=~ ?
- ~ HxOQ
20. DO_ HOh # U u~Q@` JO`"Ok ?
- ~ u~Q@
21. ~` ` ==~ ^ ` =OK a\+ ` q^<x
U=O\~ ?
- Q$ Ò
22. H~x~H Y #Oz # x~}Y# "~ K# K@O
Uk?
- 1861 # K@O
23. ~ P _~H~, ~ P HO\ U K@O ~H` ~^~#q?
- 1858 ~` ` K@O
24. Q=~~ [#~ JkH~# q $Ò K# K@O Uk?
- 1870 K@O
25. OQ Q=~~ [#~ , WO_ Q=~~ [#~Q =iOk
U K@O =? J =i# "^\ Q=~~ [#~ Z=~?
- 1833 K~~ K@O, qeO O\OH
26. Q=~~ [#~ OO <_ U K@O =
xqO|__ ? J xqO|_# "^\ < _
Z=~ ?
- 1833 K~~ K@O =, ~ "H
27. a\+ Q=~~ [#~, a\+ ~[u xkQ U K@O = =~_?
- 1858 ~` ` K@O
28. =#Ô èiQ U a\+ Q=~~ [#~ HO [<
H H~} [iyOk ?
- ~ " 1871
29. Hi OH = O HO =#Ô H~Q~ K@O ^ = OQ
&
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30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
Z_ K|_Ok? J_ ~[uxk Z=~?

- 1881, ~ i<
~` ~ L^Q K@O Z_ K|_Ok?
-1862
~` ~*OQ i+` Z_ U~@ K|_Ok ?
- 1946
[=~ < <HÒ `èH Ò ZC_
U~_Ok?
- 1946 O|~
=#Ô ~ ^~x Z_ KiOK~ ?
- 1858
=Ou` ~~O ~ ##iOz U~_# `èH
`xH <_ Z=~?
- [=~ <
~`Ô xH i# K\ ZC_ K~?
- 1880 84
=#Ô xH i< `=_ Z=~?
- ~ i<
~f "l\ ~< xOk`# qKiOK\xH
JkH~xK a Uk ?
- W~ a
W~ a# Z=~ "\~ ?
- ~ i<
'W~ a# Z=~ ~OkOK~ ?
- Q=~~ [#~
H~x~H =O_ex <Y _# W~
^xH x~#Q ~ i< `# ^qH ~r<= K_?
- W~ a =~} x~#Q
~O_ H~Q~ K@O U Q=~~ [#~ HO J=H
=z#k?
- ~ <_<
~ ` ^ O x < a H s H g + < Z _
<H|_Ok?
- 1866 ~ _<
U a\ + ~[ u xk < HO 'H g + # HO Q
=|_Ok?
- ~ H~<
'~Ò^=_ Jx ~ Ok# " Z=~?
- ~ H~<
'O^ ~* QO^ ~K~` Z=~ ?
- QOnr
~`Ô `H ~= Y# U~@ K# "
Z=~?
- ~ H~<
~` Ô ~=Y "@"^\ _~H~ [#~ Z=~?
- ~ *< =~
OQ qt K\x Z_ "\~?- 1859
< == i^< HOÔ Z_ OK~?
- 1901
=#Ô P^xH q^ "@_xH Z=~ K# K~?
- ~ "H
=#Ô P^xH q^# "\#k Z=~?
- qeO O\OH
^ uH K\x J= [i# Q=~~ [#~ Z=~?
- ~ e@<
1862 ^ O<k` a\+ ~*ku =O`x
H\ Oz# ^=~ ?
- ~ HxOQ
S
N
O
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T
A
C
I
N
U
M
M
O
C
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
37
78. qO\ =~ O~} Q =~ ~q\ ?

- 1909 # K@O
79. WOQO_ KH=i S^= *i ~`^x Z_ OîOK_?
- 1911, ~ ~O_= iO*
80. _bx WO_ Q@ ZO^ xiOK|_Ok ?
- "^\ OK ^ =$` g~ ~H zOQ
81. ^= OK ^ HO a\+ Q=~~ [#~ Z=~?
- ~ K"~
82. =O>Q K"~ O~} ^xH O|OkOz#q ?
- #`# ~*OQ O~}
83. =O>Q K"~ O~} Z_ "@|_#q?
- 1919
84. O i< L^=O ^ O~ bQ Z_
OK|_Ok ?
- 1916
85. " ~ L^=O ~OaOz# ^=~?
- _II JxaO\, QOQ^~ uH
86. QOnr <HÒx x~H~}^=O Z_
~O"Ok?
- 1920
87. a\+ Ò ~ =< Hg+<# Z_ xqOz#k?
- 1927
88. ~`Ô =< Hg+< ~@# <\ a\+ ~[uxk
Z=~?
- ~ Wi<
89. ~` *f HOQ ^xH O~ ÒÒ H"x Z_
f~xOzOk ?
- _O|~ 1929
90. QOnr <H` O <O <^=O Z_ ~O" O k?
- 1930
91. =< Hg+< x"kH P^~OQ ~OkOz# ~` `
K\x a\+ ~"O@ Z_ P"kOzOk? - 1935
92. Hx P \ Q =~ ~q\?
- ZQ= ^ ~[
93. Hx P \ "Ò OY ZO` ?
- 260 =Ok. WO^156 =Ok a\+ e` O`,
104 =Ok ^j O< KOk# "~
94. _~ JOcH Q =~H ~q\?
- kQ= ^ #
95. H ~~O ZC_ [iyOk ?
- 1942
96. =#Ô k q^<xH <^ "# K@O Uk?
- 1919 ~`` K@O
97. HO^ H~ x~H =O_e ~fxH uxÔ U K@O
= HeOK|_Ok ?
- 1909 WO_ Hx K@O
98. HO^ H~x~H =O_e _# ^= ~f_
Z=~ ?
- Z.. <
99. ~ O~ ^`` Ò U a\+ `
K@O = =zOk ?
- 1935 ~` ` K@O
100."^\ ~O_ >| ="O Z_, U ~[uxk HO
[iyOk ?
- 1930, ~ Wi<
54. qHi~} '~` KH=ix J< a~^ îOz#^_?

- 1877
55. ^ O< PO`~OyH ==~ K~Q *HO
K H#^=~?
- ~ <_<
56. =Ou` ~~ }oH Z_ H\ O|_Ok?
- 1946 " 16
57. H ~~O q"# `~"` =z# L^=O Uk?
- H\ WO_ L^=O
58. K<~`Ô =^ ## "H"< i^ ~Y Z_, U
~[ uxk HO x~~O|_Ok?
- ~ ~O_= iO*
59. =c u~Q@# J}z"#^=~ ?
- "^\ Ze<
60. | q^#O J#iOz# ^=~?
- *< ~<
61. \<# PHqOz# Q=~~ [#~ Z=~ ?
- *< ~<
62. a\+ WO_, \< =^ [iy# Ok Uk ?
- OK Ok
63. ~`Ô èiQ .S._. # "\#^=~?
- ~ H~<
64. q q^ K\x ~OkOz# ^=~?
- ~ H~<
65. OQ# qlOz# a\+ ~[ uxk Z=~?
- ~ H~<
66. OQ q[# Z_ [iyOk ?
- 1905
67. OQx ' WOi JyH~ W<@\#
<HeOk Z=~ ?
- ~ H~<
68. `H ~ ~ Z=i HO <H|_Ok?
- ~ H~<
69. Jd ~` =ObQ # ZC_ [iy#k ?
- 1906
70. qO\ =~ O~} Z_ " @|_#q ?
- 1909
71. ~` *f HOQ Z_ Pq~qOzOk ?-1885
72. *f HOQ #, =O # O`$ ~K _ xH a\+ Ò
1909 "\# O~} K@O Uk ?
- qO\ =~ O~}
73. 'qlOK eOK q^<xH <Ok e# O~} Uq?
- qO\ =~ O~}
74. HH` #Q~O UU Q= H~H =# U~_Ok ?
- `=u, Hj @O, QqO^~
75. ~`^ ~[^xx HH` #O_ _bH Z_, U ~[uxk
HO =~|_Ok ?
- 1911, ~ ~O_= iO*
76. 'WO_ _"__ QO^ ~K~` Z=~?
- _ II ~*O^ ^
77. ^ ==a=$kH J<H =Y K# K# ~e <e^Q
Hg+< Z_ xqOK|_Ok.
-1923
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38
125.1834 '^~ J< O# Oz#^=~ ?

- Hj^ +
126.^~^, H, Hj, Pb_ qq^# Z_
OK~ ?
- 1920
127.J^ qqÔ Z_ OK|_Ok ?
- 1921
128._b qqÔ Z_ OK|_Ok ?
-1922
129.~gO^<^ ~Q~ OuxH`< Z_ OK_ ?
- 1921
130.U << K\x J#iOz \ H~ O K~?
- 1911, << =~} K@O
131.P^xH ~f #~r=# L^=xH <k "#^=~?
- ~* ~="# ~, 1774 1833
132.'| =[ _ Z=~ ? Z_ OK_ ?
- ~* ~="< ~, 1828
133.f Q=# x+^xH H$+ K# O O~ Z=~?
- ~* ~="< ~
134.fQ=# x+^x J= KeOkQ ~="#~
Z=iH qV K~ ? - Q=~~ [#~ qeO O\OH
135.=~ ^ _^x, ~=` #O \OKx Jx =`
~"H>#x K~O K# =[O Uk ?
- |=[O
136.'^~} | =[O <_ Z=~ ?
- O_` t=<^
137.'~* ~="# ~ Oz# OQb "~uH Uk ?
- O"^ H=k
138.~* ~="#~ '~* J< a~^ xz#"~ Z=~?
- "Q KH=i ~O_= JH~
139.~* ~="# ~ =~}Oz# `~"` | =*xH
PkÒ =Oz#^=~?
- =i ^"O^<^ ~Q~
140.| =[O U~_# Yq ?
- 1. Pk=[O
2. Jd ~` =[O 3. ^~} | =[O
141.'Pk =[O <_ Z=~ ?
- ^"O^<^ ~Q~
142.'Jd ~` =[O <_ Z=~ ? - H= KO^<
143.'|^~O J< QO^x ~zOz# ^=~ ?
- =i ^"O^<^ ~Q~
144.'`` kx J< uH# Oz#^=~ ?
- =i ^"O^<^ ~Q~
145.'`` kx uH O^_ Z=~ ?
- JH~ =~ ^`
146.'` ` k x # O zOk Z=~ ? Jk Z _
OK|_Ok?
- ^"O^<^ ~Q~, 1839
147.PO^ | =[ <=~ ?
- ~u "OH@~Ò <_ ,
HOî g~eOQO O`
148.'P~ =[O _ Z=~? Z_ OK_ ?
- q ^#O^ ~u, 1875
101.~O_, =_ Jd H =" Z_, U ~[uxk

HO [iy#q ?
- 1931, 32 ~ qeOQ@<
102."^\ O K Ô (191116) HO <\ a\+ ~[u xk
Z=~?
- ~ ~O_= iO*
103.~O_= O K Ô (193945 ) HO <\ a\+ ~[u xk
Z=~?
- ~ e<e` Q
104.OQ q[# ~^ Z_, U ~[uxk HO [iyOk ?
- 1911, ~ ~O_= iO*
105._b ^~~ Z_, U ~[uxk HO [iyOk ?
- 1911, ~ ~O_= iO*
106.<\ ~` ~*OQxH ukH J~# a\+ ` K@O
Uk ?
- 1935 ~` ` K@O
107.# ~H ZxH q^#O ^=OQ U a\+
K@O = "@|_Ok ?
- 1892 ~` Hx K@O
108.H\ WO_ L^=O (1942) <\ a\+ ~[uxk Z=~?
- ~ e<e`Q
109.=Ou` ~~O (1946) <\ a\+ ~[uxk Z=~?
- ~ ""
110.=# ^xH =z# z=i ~[uxk Z=~?
- ~ =O\ @< 194748
111.q =~* H ZC_ K|_Ok ?
-1872
112. q"# x+kOK ~^ K@O Z_ =zOk?
- 1930
113.L=< WO_ J+< Z_, ZH_ OK|_Ok?
- 1923 =^
114.H\ WO_ L^=O Z_ ~O"Ok ?
- 1942 PQ+ 8
115.|~ POQ =[O QOQ a\+ WO_ Z_
qb#"Ok ?
- 1897
116.a\+ WO_ #O_ |~ Z_ q_n|_Ok ?
- 1937
117.|~ Z_ ÒÒ OkOk ?
- 1948 [#=i 4#
118.U K@O ^~ =Y <#O U~_Ok ?
- 1935 K@O
119.HO^ q^ Ox Z_ OK~? -1920
120.JOìq^ ~ Z_ U~@~Ok ?
- 1924
121."@"^\ POQ qÔ Z_, ZH_ OK|_Ok?
- 1818, HH`
122.O@~ Hg+< U a\+ ~[ u xk HO xqOK|_Ok?
- 1883, i<
123.~ K~ L_ ^HO Z_ `~Ok ? <\ ~[uxk
Z=~ ?
- 1854 _
124. <\ OQ P WO_ Q k KOk# = Z=~ ?
- ~lh <_
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39
149.'Go back to vedas J< x<^x WzOk Z=~ ?

- q ^#O^ ~u
150.q ^#O^ ~u ~zOz# QO^"k?
- `~ HtH
151.=`H` kOK# H O` ' k J< O~x
"\#^=~ ?
- ^#O^ ~u
152.q ^#O^ ~u Q~= Z=~ ?
- q~*#O^_
153.P~ =*xH HOÔ Uk ?
- O*|
154.q ^#O^ ~u J ~q\ ?
- =KO^
155.P~ =[O kOz# =Y *f <_ Z=~?
- [u~
156.q ^#O^ ~u Z_ [xOK_?
-1824
157.~< =*x Z=~ OK~ ? Z_ OK~?
- P`~O O_~OQ, 1867
158.=~+ =` O~} L^= x~} HO "# O O
Uk ?
- ~< , 1849
159.~< =*x Ja=$k K_O =Y ` =Oz#k
Z=~ ?
- P~.l. O_~~, =^" QqO^ ~#_
160.k= *# =[O Z_, ZH_ OK~ ?
- 1875 , J"iH
161.k=*# =[ Z=~?
- "_" q, H FH\
162.~`Ô k=*# =[O Z_ O|_Ok?
- 1879
163.=#Ô k=*# =[ HO^ #O Uk ?
- =^ =^ ## J_~
164.=# Ô k=*# =*x "O K# =Y =H
Z=~?
- JxaO\
165.JxaO\ `~"` k=*# =*a=$kH H$+ K#k Z=~?
- l_ H$+=i, Q"< ^
166.O^q^ `|O ~ O_ QO L^q Oz# Q =` O~}
L^=O Uk ?
- ~=H$+ q+<
167.~=H$+ q+< Z=~, Z_ OK~ ?
- qq"H#O^, 1896
168.~=H$+ q+< Q =~H ~q\ ? - "Ô`^=O
169.q"H#O^x Q~= Z=~ ?
- ~=H$+ ~=O
170.~=H$+ ~=O è ~ Uq\ ?
- Q^^~_
171.q q"H#O^x è ~ Uq\ ? - #~O^<^ ^`
172.g q"H#O^ ~OaOz# uH Uk ? - |^ ~`
173.1893 J"iHx zHQ [iy# q=` =
~`^ uxkQ [~Ok Z=~ ? - q q"H#O^
174.| =*xH =}H QO^"k ? ^xx Z=~ ~zOK~?
- '| ^~=, ^"O^<^ ~Q~
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175. q^ #, q` O ` #i" =# ` Oz#

|=r =Y_ Z=~?
- D~ KO^ q^Q~
176.PO^ ^ O O~} =[=# Oz, O
O~} rq`x JOHÒ KOk Z=~ ?
- HOî g~eOQO O`
177.HOî g~eOQO Oz# uHq ?
- q"H=ix, Or=x, f`kx
178.~[=O_ `Hi} =*x OzOk Z=~ ?
- HOî g~eOQO O`
179.O~ ^H# q^ O# OzOk Z=~?
- =^= QqO^ ~#_. 1861
180.qÒ`=# q^=O`# K _xH ' O^ qÒ` Q$x
Oz# ^=~?
- t^ #s 1887
181. q"# x~kOK_xH H$+ K# s O O~
Z=~ ?
- a.ZO. =s
182.| HtH, =~~ J< uH x~Oz#k Z=~?
- ~u "OH@~Ò <_
183.q" x~^ K @ O ^ ~ ^ K @ O Z _
"@|_#k?
- 1930
184."=$ux, ^=^ ==# x~eOKO^ H$+ K# PO^
O~ Z=~?
- ~u "OH@~Ò <_
185.^=~O "@"^\ eH ~# Oz#k Z=~?
- g~eOQO O` 1874
186.~` x= *u L^~} qu Z_ U~_Ok ?
- 1906
187.HH` O^ H# Oz#k Z=~ ?
- ~* ~="# ~
188.Pe ~ H# O z#k Z=~?
- ^ J=^ M<
189.<~ O^ qq^x U~@ K#k Z=~?
- =^< "< ==, 1915
190.HOî g~eOQO QiHQ a~^ Uk ? - Q^ uH#
191. ~ u "OH@~` O <_ Z_ [xOK~?- 1802
192.H.. 1818 U HH` gOx ~O~ H=
q+#s Oz# "^\ uH Uk ?
- kQ~#O
193.~fK O|_# "^\ uH Uk ?
- OQ Ql\, 1818 " <
194.~* ~="# ~ Oz# uH Uk ? - =OQ^`
195.'O^ \ \ ZC_ OK~ ?
- 1853
196.'WO_< q~~ uH ZC_, ZH_ OK~ ?
- HH`, 1861
197.'J=$` |*~ uH ZH_, ZC_ OK|_#k ?
- 1868 HH`
198.J=$` |*~ uH O^_=~ ?
- tt~=~ +
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40
226.QOnr ~[H Q~= Z=~?

- QH$+ QY
227.P^xH ~`^ ^= ~[huA_Q ~OkOk Z=~?
- QH$+ QY
228.'~O\ P WO_ \ x OzOk Z=~?
- QH$+ QY
229.'^ ~A Q HiO|_# *f <_ Z=~ ?
- QOQ^~ uH
230.'~[O < [# J< x<^x WzOk Z=~ ?
- QOQ^~ uH
231.'uH# [ =` U=x eK"~ ?
- H=#
232.'uH ~OaOz# POQ uH Uk ?
- =~s
233.'uH ~OaOz# =~s uH Uk ?
- Hi
234.~` ^ iqHa=$kH uH U~@ K# xk ~q ?
- O_
235.'Pi\H " P P~< QO^x ~zOzOk Z=~?
- QOQ^~ uH
236.~` *f HOQ Ju"^, q`"^ HQ Z_
pe~Ok ?
- 1907 ~` ="O
237.~` *f HOQ Ju"^ =~ <_ Z=~ ?
- QOQ^~ uH
238.~` *f HOQ q`"^ =~ <_ Z=~?
- QH$+ QY
239.=O bQ Z_ OK~ ? ^x <_ Z=~?
- 1906, b=
240.=O ` H x[H =~# H \~Oz# a\+ K@" k?
- 1909 ~` # K@O
241.c`=^=O Z_ x~O|_Ok ?
- 1905 1915 =^ HO
242.c`=^= HO [ q= "# "^[e#
uHq?
- QO`~, O^, =O^=`~O
243.`` q=H~_Q ~[H rq`x ~OaOz z=~
PûH ~OQxH =o# *f <_=~?
- J~qO^ +
244.q"^=O =Y ` =Oz# HH` OO Uk ?
- J#j# qu
245.J~qO^_ Oz# q= uH Uk ?
- QO`~
246.*f"^ 'a O\kQ ~Ok# #= Uk ?
- P#O^ =~
247.'P#O^ =~ #=# ~zOz#k Z=~ ?
- |OHOKO^ K@s
248.'=O^=`~O QO U #=xk ?
- P#O^ =~
249.q"^=O # J~qO^x `=_ Z=~ ?
- |sO^+
250.'^= Ò` OQ=O J< QO^x ~zOz#k Z=~ ?
- q<H ^"^~ =~~
251.'<H `H ^# xOk`_ Z=~?
- q<H ^"^~ =~~
199.'WO_gQ J< Ox Z=~ OK~ ?

- tt~=~ + 1875
200.'WO_< J+< J< Ox Z=~ OK~?
- Ô^<^ #s, P#O^ "<
201.HH` 'WO_< J+< Z_ ~O=~Ok?
- 1876
202.~` Ô [iy# "@"^\ *f Uk?
- 1883 _O|~ 28 30 `n
HH` [iy#
203.=O = '~ ûx q_<_x L^\ Oz#^=~?
- ^ J^ M<
204.Jd ~` ==n = ="O Z_ [iyOk ?
- 1914
205.'=c L^=O ZH_ ~O"Ok ?
- J~a
206.=c L^= <_=~ ?
- Wa< J| =c
207.WO =`x P^hHiOK@O H~ U~_# L^=O Uk ?
- Pb~
208.Pb ~ L^=x x~Oz#k Z=~?
- ^ J^ M<
209.=O~ OO Z_ U~_Ok ?
- 1852
210.'t= WO_ OO Z_ U~_Ok ?
-1871
211.=O~ ~+ OO Z_ `"Ok ?
-1885
212.~` *f HOQ, Z_ OK~ ?
-1885
213.~` *f HOQ Oz#k Z=~? - Z.F."
214.~` *f HOQ ^ = ="O ZC_, ZH_ [iyOk?
- 1885 _O|~ 28, =O~
215.~` *f HOQ ^= J^_ Z=~?
- _| ..#s
216.~` *f HOQ ^ = ="xH ZO` =Ok u x^
[~ ~?
- 72 =Ok
217.~` *f HOQ # <\ a\+ Q=~~ [#~ Z=~?
- ~ _<
218.a\+ ~"O@ ZxH# ^= ~f_=~ ?
- ^^ <~l
219.'k QO_ F"< Jx ~OkOk Z=~ ?
- ^^ <~l
220.WOQO_ ^^ <~l Oz# OO ~q?
- k O_< WO_< \
221.^^ <~r ~` *f HOQ J^xQ UU
O=`~ ZxH ~?
- 1886, 1893, 1906
222.'=s JO_ P< a\+ ~ QO^x ~zOz#k Z=~?
- ^^ <~l
223.'WO_< _"h a~^ Z=ik ?
- ~O^<^ #s
224. ~O^<^ #s Oz# uH Uk ?
- OQb
225.' U <+< W< "HOQ QO^ ~K~` Z=~ ?
- ~O^<^ #s
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275.1921 _ [iy# L^=xH <HÒ =Oz#k

Z=~?
- H<QO\ #=O`
276.`~ Q^=il yi[# Z=i <H` O q= O #_~?
- Ji ` ~=~A
277.`~=~A #_# q=O Uk ?
- =# q=O
278.`~= ~A# He KO# POQkHi Z=~?
- "[~ Q_
279.=O^=`~ L^=O Z_ ~O"Ok ?
-1905
280.=O^=`~ L^=O Z_ =yOk ?
-1911
281.O~ L^=x Z=~, Z_ ~OaOK~ ?
- JxaO@, uH, 1916
282.QOnr *f HOQ J^_Q Z_ ZxH_?
- 1920 <Q~ ="O
283.[u ~ Z_,ZH_ [xOK_?
- 1865 O*x ~* ~ l '~_H
284. [u~ *f HOQ Z_ K~_ ?
- 1883
285.'O*| Hi Z=~ ?
- [u ~
286.QOnr J ~q\ ? - "< ^ H~OKO^ QOn
287.QOnr [#O Uk ?
- Q[~`x ~ |O^~
288.1931 [iy# ~O_= Jd H ="xH [~# HOQ
uxk Z=~?
- QOnr
289. x~H~}^=O Z_ ~O"Ok ?
-1920
290.=^ =< Hg+< =u~H ^~# <HÒ
=Oz#k Z=~?
- @OQ@i HO
291.J^ =< Hg+< =u~H ^~# <H`
=Oz#k Z=~ ?
- [=~ <
292.H=# J"~ ZC_ H\ OK|_Ok ?
-1931
293. x~H~}^=O ZO^ q~qOK|_Ok ?
- K~Ks O@# =#
294.c~x KO~< l he=O^ ~` i~H}
QOk Z_ `QO x~OK~?
- 1917
295.~` *f HOQ ^= J^~ Z=~?
- ~lh <_
296.L `QxH =~H ~ Uq ? - Ô_ `QO
297.Ô_ `QO Z_ [iyOk ?
- 1930 U, 7#
298.QOnr, Wi< X_O|_H Z_ [iyOk ?
-1931
299."^\ ~O_ >| ="O Z_ [iyOk?
-1930
300.~O_= ~O_ >| ="O Z_ [iyOk?-1931
301.HOQ # ~O_ >| ="O Uk?
- ~O_= ~O_ >| ="O
302.=_= ~O_ >| ="O Z_ [iyOk?-1932
303.=_= ~O_ >| ="O f# x~##iOz
K# `Ò P^~OQ ~_# K@O Uk ?
- 1935 ~` ` K@O
304.< X_O|_H Z_ [iyOk ?
- 1933
305.< X_O|_H Z=~=i =^ [iyOk?
- QOnr, JO^~
252.=[~ ~ ` H ^# xOk`_ Z=~?

- n~O, KH
253.'Ja#= ~` J< q= Ox Oz#k Z=~?
- Q} =~~
254.'<+#e s J< s Z_ OK|_Ok ?
- 1906
255.Q x"~} K~ ~` [ # OOz# a\+ x HkHi
'~O_ # ` K# =~+ q=H~=~?
- KH~ ^~
256."~} @ H ^# xOk`_ Z=~?
- c< <
257.~ @ H ^# xOk`_ Z=~?
- [b< =Ys
258.[e< "Q ^~O`xH 1918 =i 13, ^ _# [#~
_~ # `=i# q=H~_ Z=~?
- LÔOQ
259. 'z@QOQ P^ H~Q~ ^_x x~OzOk Z=~?
- ~ <
260.Z=i <HÒ O^< iaH *#O xi`"#k?
- ~<
261.QO`~ J< q= O# Oz#k Z=~?
- [b< =Ys, 1907
262.HO^ # O| "# ^ q=H~ Z=~?
- Q` OQ, @H~ ^`
263.H.. 1924 [iy# HHs @H ^# xOk`_
Z=~?
- ~" ^ a
264.H#~ @ H ^# xOk` Z=~ ?
- #ohQ, H`L<, =[~ J=^
265.Q^~ sx Oz#k Z=~ ?
- ~^, 1913
266.Q^~ s ^# H~O Uk ?
- J"iHx <xH
267.~ @ H Li tH Q~#k Z=~ ?
- Q` OQ, ~[Q~, Y^"
268.=^ q=H~ U ~ O ^~ xK~?
- ~` = OO
269.Q^~ s Ki# UHH PO^_ ?
- î KOK
270.'WOH lO^^ J< x<^x JOkOz# q=H~_
Z=~ ?
- Q` OQ
271.Q` OQ, ~[Q~, Y^"# a\+ Ò Z_
LifOk ?
- 1927
272.* x~~ nH K =$u KOk# q=H~_ Z=~?
- [f< ^
273.a\+ b` `H ~@O Kx~# q=H~_
Z=~?
- KO^ Y~ J*^
274.1907 H@HO_ f~O b ^~# u \Oz#k
Z=~?
- z#~_
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42
306.~` *f ÒÒ HO 1930 ~O" 1934

Py~# L^=O k ?
- <O# L^=O
307.QOnr ~OaOz# =H `QO "@"^\ `Q
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308.''Y^ d^`Q~ J< O# ~@ K#k Z=~?
- M< J| Q~ M<
309.'~_ H# Oz#^=~? - <`l + KO^
310.~[ s Z_ OK|_#k ?
- 1925
311.'~[ sx ^ *f<=~?
- "f <, z`~O[< ^
312.~*OQ ~K< OxH J^_ Z=~?
- _II.a.P~.JO^~
313.~` ~*OQ i+` ~*OQ x~}x iK Z_
P"kOzOk ?
- 1949 #=O|~ 26#
314.^j O<# ~` Ô qb#O K#k Z=~?
- ~~ = >
315.'L =x+ =i 'WO_< a~ Q ~ Ok# *f
<_ Z=~ ?
- ~~ = >
316.~`^xH E< 1948 Ò`x W#@ 'J\
K# H@# "=_#_ a\+ ~[uxk Z=~?
- ~ ""
317.a\+ ^x J\ H@# Z_ "=_Ok ?
- 1947 =i 20
318.WO_ H<# q_n# =O\@< }oH Z_
"=_Ok ?
- 1947 E< 3
319.~` Ò` K\x a\+ ~"O\ Z_ P"kOzOk?
- 1947 A 18
320.~`^xH ÒÒ Z_ =zOk ?
- 1947 PQ+ 15
321.~`^xH ÒÒ =z#\ a\+ JkH~ s Uk ?
^#=Ou Z=~?
- |~ s, H"O\ J\
322.~[ s H "q\ ?
- # "tOz `xH P@OHO HeyOK@
323.< x"kH# Z=~ `~ K~ ? - "f <
324.=< Hg+< Z_ xqO|_#k ?
- 1927
325.'=< Hg+<# =iOz# =O =~O Uk ?
- ~ "=^ +
326.'=< Hg+<# =u~HOz# =O =~O <_=~?
- ==^ Pbl<
327.HOQ=ObQ =^ XOÔ ki#^_ ?
- 1916
328.a\+ `xH HiOz# "@"^\ ==n
<_?
- ~ ^ J^ M<
329.'k WO_< =< J< QO^x KiOz#k Z=~?
- qeO O@~, 1871
330.Ô k*u Ô`xH <k "#"_ ?
- Pb~ H ^= x H
331.H..1906 _O|~ Jd ~` =" bQ Oz#k
Z=~?
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332. 'WO_ q< _O QO^ ~K~` Z=~?

- J| H" P*^
333.<`r + KO^ 'P*^ O^ * # U Ô,
Z_ xiOK_ ?
- OQ~,1943
334.'P*^ O^ * `__# Ô Uk ?
- [<
335.'P*^ O^ * x = #qQxH <~
Z=~ ?
- H< H
336.193839 HOQ J^_Q ZxH#k ?
- + KO^
337.'i^ QOn Z=~ ?
- M< J| Q~ M<
338.'~_ +~ <_ Z=~ ?
- M< J| Q~ M<
339.'~[ JK , O^< =~ J< w`x ~zOzOk
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- ==^ WH
340.'#=r=< uH# OzOk Z=~?
- QOnr
341.'P uH# OzOk Z=~?- J| H" P*^
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Ò`#O`~ ~`Ô
1. Ò` ~`^ "^\ Q=~~ [#~ Z=~?

- ~ =O\ @<
2. Ò` ~`^ "^\ ~f Q=~~ [#~ Z=~?
- .~[QKi
3. ~`^ ^= ^# =Ou Z=~ ?
- [=~ <
4. ~`^ ^= ~+u Z=~ ?
- _II | ~*O^^
5. _II| ~*O^ ^ ^= ~+uQ ZC_ =}
H~O K~ ?
- 1950 [#=i 26
6. ~*O^ ^ Z_ =~}OK~ ?
- 1963 |=i 28
7. [=~ < Z_ =~}OK~ ?
- 1964 " 27
8. =`QOn ` Z_ [iyOk ?
- 1948 [#=i 30
9. ~~ = > Z_ =~}OK~ ?
- 1950 _O|~15
10. H "^\ iQ ZxH ZC_ [iy#q?
- 1952
43
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1. ~`Ô ^"}x U zH ^~ Q}<~?
\ ^~ p
2. H` \^~ p H`Q U~OQxH #O HeOK~?
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3. ^~} qxQ^~xH "q H ^"}x uaOaOK p
Uk?
qxQ ^~ p
4. ^"}x PiHa=$kH ^# OQ U == L y~ ?
="^ PiH ==
5. U }oH HO ^~ `Q_O [iyOk?
"^\ OK=~ }oH HO
6. ^"} ~@ ZO` LO> PiH == =Ozk? 3%
7. *f^ ~#, Lù# ~Q^# U=O\~?
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8. ^"}O ~Q_xH Q H~}O?
^= ~~ ~Q_O, Lù `Q_O
9. U Hq\ ~ "~ \^~ p ukH O=`~x
=~_" HH px == OY# _ OK~?
Jal` < Q Hq\
10. ^"}x J^ LOK@O U H ^ # P O?
=x@s
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1. =Q Qg}a=$k ^Hx Z_ "\~?
-1980
2. =Q Qg}a=$k ^Hx J= K O Uk?
- l Qg}a=$k O DRDA
3. IRDP JO> Uq\?
=Q Qg}a=$k ^HO
(Integrated Rural Development Programme)
4.
DRDA
JO> Uq\?
7. =Q Qg}a=$k ^HO HO^ a^~ x~~Oz# Qi+

PÔ ZO`?
- ~. 11,000
8. Zxq^ OK=~ }oH =Q Qg}a=$k ^HO HO^
Zx @O aO^~?
- 114 H @O
9. 2000 O=`~O ~OaOz# =Q P" [# ^HO
H O Uq\?
Jx H~` _# x"# Q=x
^ JOkOK@
10. l Qg}a=$k O iH =O_e Z=~?
- xH ~"O@, JOc , li+` K~<, l
Ja=$k Y Jk`, SC/ST = ux^
11. =Q Qg}a=$k ^HxH J=~"# x^# HO^, ~R
` UqÔQ =~~?
- 50:50 x+u
12. TRYSEM (>") JO> Uq\?
- Qg} =` O Lk tH} ^HO
13. >" (TRYSEM) ^# H O Uq\?
- ^@O KOk# 1535 O=`~ =^##
Qg} =` OLkH OHuH~"# tH} W=@O
14. >" ^HO ^~ tH} Ok# =` U ^HO ^~
OLk He~?
- =Q Qg}a=$k ^HO (IRDP) ^~
15. TRYSEM Z_ ~O"Ok?
- 1979 PQ 15#
16. _H (DWCRA) JO> Uq\?
- Qg} O` = t Ja=$k ^HO
17. _H ^HO Z_ ~O"Ok?
- 1982
18. _H ^HO ^# H O Uq\?
- Qg} = OLk HeOK@O
19. _H ^H O HO^ U~@ =O ZO`=Ok =
LO\~?
- 1015
20. _H ^HO HO^ U~@ = Q HO^, ~R
` ZO` i"eOQ O_ =~`~?
- ~. 25,000
21. CAPART (H~) JO> Uq\? - Council for Advance
l Qg}a=$k O
(District Rural Development Agency)
ment of People's action and Rural Technology
5. QOQH} [# ^<^"q\?
- z#, #H~ ~` Q@ = ^~ h\=u
HeOK@O
6. =Q Qg}a=$k ^H x gHO z `y# K#, #
Wz# Hq\ Uk?
- "` Hq\
44
22.
CAPART
(H~) Z_ <H|_Ok?
- 1986 O|~ 1#
23. H~ ^# H O Uq\?
- Qg}a=$k <
KO^ O PiH O JOkOK@O
24. H~ ^# H~O ZH_ LOk?

- #_b
25. CAPART Of H~ Zx? ZH_<~?
- P~: 1. * ~, 2. J^^, 3. ^~^, 4. =< ~,
5. Qu, 6. H
26. 1997 =i 31 =~ CAPART Zx * ZO` "Ò
O KOk?
- 16,553 * ~. 441.03 H@ O KOk
27. DRDA JO> Uq\?
l Qg}a=$k O
28. *f OH ^HO Z_ ~O"Ok?
- 1995 PQ 15#
29. *f OH ^HO ^<^"q\?
- ^ @O "iH PiH O K@O
30. [=~ Q= =$k [# ^HxH x^# HO^, ~+
` U x+u =~~?
75 : 25
31. *f OH ^Hx Z=~ J=K~?
- OK~f, =xe\
32. [=~ ~*Q~ [# Z_ ~O"Ok?
- 1989 U
33. [=~ ~*Q~ [# ^HO UU ^H qb#O ^~
U~_Ok? - *f Qg} Lk ^HO , Qg} qx
^ Lk Q~O\ ^HO
34. [=~ ~*Q~ [# ^# LÔ Uq\?
- Qg} c^ == # x HO #
HeOK@O
35. WOk~ P" [# Z\#O_ ~O"Ok?
- 198586
36. WOk~ P" [# HOk XHH WO\H ZO` PiH O
JOk~?
- "^# O` ~. 20,000 HO_
O` ~. 22,000
37. WOk~ P" [# ^HO ^~ Zx W xiOK~?
- 37 H W
38. 10 H = ^HO (Million Wells Scheme) NREP,
RLEGP QOQ Z_ ~O"Ok?
-198889
39. 10 H = ^HO (MWS) `H ^HOQ Z\ #O_
J= [~Q`#k?
- 1996 [#=i 1 #O_
40. 10 H = ^HO ^# LÔ Uq\?
- +_ , ` Q K O k# z#H~ , # H~
~` Q@ = ^~ Lz` Qh\ =u HeOK@O
41. 1996 O=`~O <\H 10 H = ^HO ^~ ZO`
Y~` Zx = `"~?
- ~. 559.07 H@ Y~` 1,08,760 = xiOK|_#q
42. Lk g ^HO (Employment Assurance Scheme) Z_
~O"Ok?
- 1993 JH|~ 2#
43. Lk g ^HO WO\Q>_ [=~ ~*Q~ [##
Z_ qb#O K~?
- 1996 [#=i 1#
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- Qg} ^ O=`~O 100 ~A xH g
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45. Lk g ^HxH H=# x^# HO^, ~R `
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- 80:20
46. Lk g ^Hx Z=~ J=K~?
- DRDA
47. 1997 " 31 <\H Lk g^HO HO^ ZO`=Ok il+~
K~OK<~?
- 269.92 H
48. OKf~* O ~*OQ uu He# ~*OQ= ~}
Uk?
- 73= ~*OQ=~}
49. 73= ~*OQ =~} Z_ K|_Ok? Z\ #O_
J=H =zOk?
-1992 _O|~ 1993 U 24 #O_
50. 73= ~*OQ =~} OKf~* O U~@ U
~ q#~O W=|_Ok?
- <QO_, ", q*~O
51. Ôx Qg} ~ [ Q=O OOkOK_xH
1992 "\# ~*OQ =~} Uk? 73= =~}
52. Q= O` Ju c^ "iH Ja=$k e` JO^*_"
Qg}a=$k Jx ~#k?
OK O
53. ~`Ô qq^ Qg}a=$k ^H# <_ O Uk?
_~"O\ P ~~ _="O\
54. Q< Ec Qg} Q$x~} ^Hx ~OaOz# O
Uk?
<+# OQ OH
55. OKf~* == O|OkOz# ~*OQ +_ Uk?
11= +_
56. ~`Ô ^# L^=x ~OaOz#k?
q<"
57. 1911 Ô Qg} ~} ~x JOK< "# OO
Uk?
"HQ< Hq\
58. =lH J_= OHO =## "\#"~?
"c
59. 'Qg} [< ^ # = _| H =_O H^, x H =_O
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60. Q= îH x~# H~H= U OK=~ }oH
HO #Oz =Y` W=_O [~QÒk?
3= }oH
61. Ò`#O`~O OKf O Z_ U~@ K_O
[iyOk?
1959
62. ^"OQ _H ^HxH <_ O Uk?
*f Qg}a=$k O
63. _H |$O^xH U~@ K i"eOQ xk ZO`?
25,000 ~
64. 1980 xH P~O ^HO #Oz Pq~qOz# ^HO Uk?
Z<P~W
65. NREP q=i?
*f Qg} Lk H< ^HO
66. NxH`< *H# "\#k?
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67. Q~Q" *# ~OaOzO^=~?
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68. _H |$OÔ LO_e# Hh = OY?
10 =Ok
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69. _H ^HO =Y LÔ Uk? Qg} O`x

=, t= r=#O Q}`H =~ `=_O
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K~} "^
71. JO`^ ^Hx "^\ Q J= K# ~+O?
~[<
72. Ô H=x\ _="O\ ^HO Z_ ~OaOK_O
[iyOk?
1952
73. [=~ ~*Q~ [# ^H xH x^ # H O^, ~+ `
U x+u =~~?
80 : 20
74. H=x\ _="O\ ^Hx ~ K# Hq\ Uk?
H$+=Ki Hq\
75. SP~_ ^HO HhO JO^=# [# Ò
ZO`?
30 Ò
76. =Q Qg}a=$k ^HxH HO^,~+ ` x^# U
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50 : 50
77. WOk~ P" [# WO\x Z=i ~` H\~~?
@O|O
78. CAPART (H~) # x~zO=?
Hx ~ J_<"O\
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79. H~ ^# H O Uq\?
[ KOÔQ Qg}a=$k H~H <
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81. H~ ^H} qQ Of Hq\ ZH_ LOk?
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O=`~xH 300 ~
83. = =$k [# ^HO O=`~xH Ò KeOK
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O K ^HO Uk?
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86. [=~ Q= =$k [# ^HxH x^# HO^, ~+
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75 : 25
87. 2000 O=`~O ~OaOz# =Q P" [# ^HO
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88. _P~_Z K~<Q Z=~ ==i~?
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Uk?
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92. @O|O =Y O^#~_x H` PiH O
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#, Lx, [#<~, , O^\ H |~ i=
4. ~`Ô "^\ # q ZC_ ZH_ ~OaOK~?
1818 HH` gO L# ~ Q~ =^ (Ò
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5. P^xH # = q =O^Q ZH_ ~OaOK~?
1854 =O~
6. =# Ô Ju ~`#, ^ ==H$` i= Uk?
#, = i=
7. # = i= Z=Q HOnH$`"# O`q?
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9. # = i= k KOk# ~# =~Q ~#O_?

=~+, Q[~`, =^^, `q<_, t= OQ,
L`~^, PO^^, O*, H~@H, ~<
10. PO^^ # =i= k KOk# O`q?
^~^, HO^^, QO@~, `~Q^=i
"^# q
11. =# Ô "^\ Lx q ZC_ ZH_ ~OaOK~?
1876 H#~ =^
12. =# Ô Lx q Z=Q U OÒ L<~?
L`~ O*x J=$`~, Q~^~, k<
13. =# Ô x Lù H O^ Lx ~ ~ K ^ # *`q?
Hj~x H~ ", =K ^x Qn *u [
`= OK Q~ #Oz aOK Lxx Lù H O^ ~ ~
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14. *s == ^# HOÔ Uk?
k< (O*)
15. =# Ô "^\ [#<~ q s i=Q ZH_
~O"Ok?
1855 HH` =^ i J< OÒ
16. OKO [#<~ == Lù q+O ^= #O
L# Ô Uk?
~`Ô
17. ^ "Ò q^j =~H ^"x PiOK_O = [#<~
=z# ~q\?
Q< |~ P WO_
18. K~, OK^~ L`` OKO ~`^ #O ZO`?
K~ Lù ^= O, OK^~ Lù <Q. =O^#
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19. ~`Ô "^\ OK^~ q# ZH_ OK~?
1903 c~
20. KH~ i= Z=Q HOnH$`"# ~ Uq?
L`~ ^, c~
21. KH~ q =# Ô Z=Q U ~OQO Hx~?
"\, =H~ ~OQ
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Q[~`, PO^^
23. =# Ô =#u Lù ^=, kf < L#
~ Uq?
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24. ` i= =# Ô k KOk# HO^q?
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25. ~`^ O #Oz `` ` ~ # == # U ^ kQ=u
K O@<~?
` ==~, J"iH, H#_, Hx `~ S~
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26. =# Ô "^\ HyÒ q ZH_ <H~?
1832 w gO ~O~ =^ (P^xH q
1870 HH` gO bQO* =^ <H~)
27. =#Ô "@" ^\ # O\ H~Q~O ZH_ <H~?
1981 =^^x <#Q~ =^ (` ~OQO
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28. =^^ J_= #Oz aOK HyÒ `~ K_xH
xH=K Q_ Uk?
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t= OQ, JO, c~, Xi
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q ZH_ LOk
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32. =# Ô [ ~|~# Lù K ~q?
H~, H~@H, `q<_
33. =# Ô "^^\ H$u= ~|~ Hs ZH_ OK~?
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34. QA i= LyOK =_ ^~q?
WH, #~~, ~, _+, eH
35. =# Ô QA i= U ~ HOnH$`"Ok?
L`~ ^, H~@H
36. =# Ô "^\ W#= L, H~Q~O ZC_, ZH_
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1907 c~x [O+_~ =^
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WO_< S~< JO_ HOh
38. S.S.Z..X.# ZC_ OK~?
1919 t= OQx |~~ =^
39. ZO.S.Z..X.# qiOKO_?
k "~ S~< JO_ HOh
40. ZO.S.Z..X. # ZC_ ZH_ OK~?
H~@Hx ^=u ^Q~ 1923
41. a W#=L H~Q~O ZC_ Z=i H~O` ZH_
OK~?
1959 q\ ~ O`
Oz# D H~Q~O WC_ Kf_ LOk
42. ^~ ~ W#=L H~Q~O ZC_, ZH_, Z=i H~O`
OK~?
1959 t=OQx
^~~ =^ WOQO_ O`
43. H~ W#= L H~Q~O ZC_, ZH_, Z=i H~O`
OK~?
1964 c~x *sQ l H~ =^ q\
~ H~O`
44. ^ J=~# ^$+ LOKx ~ H~O` ~` Ò
<He# W#= L H~Q~ Uq?
PO^^ qY@O, `q<_ O, H~@Hx
\ =^ L# q[#Q~O ^Q~ W#= L H~Q~
45. =^f~ OÒ <He# W#= L H~Q~O Uk?
qY@O (PO^^)
46. Jî\ P WO_ eq>_# ZC_ OK~?
1973
47. =# Ô ~+ ` [=#O HO^ x~#
W#=L H~Q~O Uk?
q~ S~< JO_ , H~@H
48. g WOlhiOQ H~~+< eq>_# ZC_, ZH_ O K~?
1958 *~O_x ~Op =^
49. Q Q# `=H H"e# O`, O` iH~
`~K O Uk?
^~~x "xOQ JO_ J_ H~~+<
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50. =Ô`~Q _eOQ [i iQ `~K UHH O

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=*Q< _H eq>_ =O~
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i= J=~" # \ , "
52. =#Ô WOlhiOQ i= Ja=$kH J=~"# O`
iH~ `sH =~^~HÒ =Oz# O Uk?
1930 H~~ |^~ eq>_
53. =# Ô <He# è, Ju^ P^xH O` iH~
H~Q~O Uk? 1953 OQ~ Oz# O^<
"+< @ H~Q~O
54. K.Z".\. \H~ ZH_ `~=`~?
~<x O*~ Q~<x KZ"\ H~Q~O
55. =# Ô KZ"\ H~Q~ U x@ Ku Q_
~#
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56. =#Ô KZ"\ x@ Zx L<~? Jq Uq?
OQ~, H=s, O*~ Q~<, ^~^, N#Q~,
Jr~
57. g "+< @ O# ZC_, ZH_ OK~?
1967 Jr~
58. "H, <~, P iH~# `~ K O
Uk? ZH_ LOk? <+# W<"O\ HsD x@
HH`, *^"~ L<~
59. ~ WO[## ` ~ K H"\" H~Q~ ZH_ L<~?
"~}t, z`~O[<, *O+_~
60. ~ > H~Q~ ZH_ L<~?
~O|~`q<_, H~ O*
61. _Q* ~># `~K O Uk?
OQ~x ZOH =^ (1984 OK~)
62. =# Ô Oz# "^\ <Hx~} i= Uk?
qY@Ox Ok " <qQ+< HOh (nxx
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63. Ok " <qQ+< HOh `~K# "^\ <H Uk?
[L+ (1948)
64. ZZZ<x ZC_ *fO K~?
1952 (O^< +~Q ~ =~~)
65. <H =~=`# x~OK Q~< iK=~ ZH_ LOk?
HH`
66. =# Ô [< O` Oz# +~ Uk?
Hz< +~ H~
67. =# Ô H Ju ^ <H x~} HOÔ Uk?
O^< +~ qY@O
68. =#Ô ^ <H ìH k KOk# <H x~}
HOÔ Uk?
=*Q<_H =O~
69. Z~~ H (JO|)# `~K# O Uk?
O^< U~<\H OQ~
70. qQ q=< _x `~ K x\ Uk?
O^< U~<\H eq>_ <H (=~+)
71. qQ q=< WO[< `~ K x\ Uk?
H~\ Xi
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72. qQ q=< J=~" # ZHxH iH~# LùK

x\ Uk?
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73 =# Ô "^\ , Ju^ s ZHH iH~# `~
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=^^
74. =# Ô aKWZ O Zx x@ L<~? Jq
Uq? P~. , u~z<e, [=, ~=KO^~O
(^~^), OQ~, i^~
75. aKWZ L`` Uq? s ZHH iH~, _eH,
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76. =# Ô >e< H|, "~ ZH_ `~=`<~?
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77. ZHxH H@ P WO_ Jx ^xx JO\~?
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78. =# Ô "^\ "O\ H~Q~x ZH_ OK~?
K< 1904
79. "O\ `sH J=~= ^qH =_^~ Uq?
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80. "O\# Z=Q Lù K ~q?
=^^, `q<_, c~, Q[~`, PO^^
81. =# Ô ` ~OQO <He# "^\ Z~= H~Q~O
Uk?
c~x On
82. i[~ H~~+_ ^# Lù Uk?
JO_~ H~
85. q~ P\ " eq>_, =O~ O ^ # L``
Uq?
q~, _O\, kx H~
86. O_~ H~# `~K O Uk?
O_~ "\~ _H P WO_ K<
87. =# Ô =~f H~ `s x\ ZH_ LOk?
Q~" ~<
88. Ò ~`Ô L# Zx ` ~OQ O#
#=~`Q < ~?
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89. #=~` HO^ QiOz# `~OQ O Uq?
~, SX, KZ, aZ, XZ<l, aKWZ,
Z<\ , lZSZ, Z"\Z<Z SZ, qZZ<Z,
ZZ, aWZ, KZZ
90. 2007 " <\H #=~` HO^ Zx i= LO_q?
11
91. ~`Ô "@"^\ iqH f~#O ZC_ K_O
[iyOk?
1948
92. 1948 iqH f~#O Ô U ~H"# PiH ==
î fOk?
q= PiH ==
93. #=~` q^<x Ò ZC_ H\ OzOk?
1997 JH|~ 3
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56
94. qh ~` q^<x Ò ZC_ H\ OzOk?

1997 JH|~ 3
95. qh~`1 JO> Uq\?
=~Q 3 O=`~ #Oz
# Pi D =_ HhO XH O=`~"< 30
H@ ~ x PiOz ^<`H xH~ q= Hey#q
96. qh~`2 JO> Uq\?
^<`H xH~ q=`@
=~Q =_ #Oz Pi#q
97. aH H~ JO_~ >HOQ Hq\ ZO^~ <~?
22
98. aH H~ JO_~ >HOQ Hq\ H, ~[
ZO` =Ok ?
15 =Ok H , U_Q~ ~[
99. aH H~ JO_~ >HO Q Hq\ Z=~ Q LO_ _^ ?
=O`
100.aH H~ JO_~ >HOQ Hq\ K~<# xqOK^=~?
H H~
101.@|_ LO~} ZC_ ~O"Ok?
199192
102.ZH~ JO_ WO~ OH ZC_ ~OaOK~?
1982 [#=i 1
103.` ~OQ O ^# H Uq? 1. PiHa=$kx
"Q=OÒ K_O, 2. =eH ~OQ O =$k kOK@
K_O, 3, z# `~ i= Ja=$kH _@O
104.` ~OQ O ~`#"#q Uq\?
Y
105.Y @|_x =~k Z=~?
iQ Ò
106.Y HH ` +OKk Z=~?
q s L^Q
107.Y L^~} Uq?
~, JO_ >eQ, P WO_ ~_
108.aH H~~+## Z=~ U~@ K~?
Ò `H K@O ^~
109.aH H~~+# @|_ >k Z=~?
Ò
110.aH H~~+# L^~}?
P~aS, ^"^~ "b H~~+<
111.~`Ô JÒ` k KOk# ` ~OQ O ~HO
Uk?
` HOh
112.` HOh @|_ Z=~ _`~?
Ò iQQx, 51% "~Qh _Òk
113.` HOh L^~}? aKWZ, KZ"\,
SX, KZ (O^< H| eq>_)
114.`~OQ Hq+## U qÔQ U~@ K~?
~"O@ `H K@O ^~
115.`~OQ Hq+## OK_xH H~}O Uq\?
Ja=$k H~H= x~}
116.`~OQ Hq+# =Oz L^~} Uk?
Mn, Qg} i= Hq+<, \i Hq+<
117.` ~OQ HO\Y ~# U qÔQ U~@ K~?
HO^, ~+ ` f~#O "~
&
A
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M
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118.HO\ ~# U LÔ HO OK~?

XH `H
JOO Ja=$kH ^#OQ #k
Ja=$k HO
119.HO\ ~ L^~} Uq?
^"^~ "b H~~+<, ÒQ^ *H ~
120.Ò ''aH @# U LÔ` OzOk?
"~OQxH O|OkOz
121.^~}OQ aH @ HxOKq Uq?
~ @
122.iqH Qu HO ` K@O ^~ U~@ K# `
O Uk?
H"_\ ~
123.H"_\ ~ L^~} Uq?
~|~ ~, H ~, O_" ~
124.H~ H~~+< Z=i K# "~ OK~?
i< O~} OO
125.H~ H~~+< L^~}? H WO_ eq>_
126.Ò `~OQ O Jx "\ x <~?
1. _~ "O\ O, 2. aH H~~+<,
3. ` HOh
127.`~OQ O xf~ HOK_xH Ò LyOK
zH Uq? 1. # KeOKH =O^ , 2. #
KeOKH
128.20012002 aH ZO@~[~ ~ H~O Zx `
~OQ O xK<~?
230 (2005 <\H g\ OY 242)
129. `~OQ O xf~ "~Q~K _ xH xqOz# Hq\
Uk?
J~< < Q Hq\
130.U iqH f~#O ^~ `~OQ O # ""~O_"
P JO_~ O_OQ HOkH `K~?
1991 iqH q^# f~#O
131.""~O_O P JO_~O_OQ# Ò ZC_ KOk?
198788
132.198788 Zx O ""~O_" P JO_~O_OQ
O`H K~?
4 ` ~OQ O
133.`~OQ O J~# rq`c= O O|OkOz =O^
OH}O ~r<= K# q`=Ou Z=~?
\.\. H$+=Ki
134.`~OQ O @|_ ~` ~"O\ UqÔQ
*s KOk?
|_\ _=O_ ^~
135.K@O H~O `~OQ O `= x"kH# Z=iH
=i~?
~` ~"O\
136.`~OQ O QiOz ~"O@ HO` =O
H\~Oz# Ô Uk?
a@<
137.`~OQ O |~ U~_# O=`~O Uk?
1965
138.U x"kH P^~OQ `~OQ O |~ U~_Ok?
JOK< OO
S
N
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I
T
A
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I
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U
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M
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57
139.` ~OQ O |~# "^@Q U Y OK~?

1969, PiHY
140.`~OQ O |~ Zx qQ L<~?
8 qQ
141.~`Ô `~OQ O Hq\ P=H`# ~#k
Z=~?
_H~ OH O^~~
142.`~OQ O P=H`# QiOz# q`=Ou?
_H~ ^=M
143.1958 `~OQ O HO HOQ Ò xqOz#
Hq\ Uk?
q.H. H$+g#< Hq\
144.HOh K@O1956# ZC_ =iOK~?
2003
145.ZO.P~.\.. K@O1969 #O =z# K@O Uk?
HO\ +< K@O 2002
146.*f #~r= xkx ZC_ U~@ K~?
1992
147.*f #~r= xkx ZC_ ~^ K~?
2000
148.`~OQ O "\ qHO ~ HO xqOz#
Hq+< Z=~ <`$Ò =OK~?
N~=H$+
149.=`HO Hx ` ~OQ O ` "\# ZO`
`yOKO^ x~~OK~? 26% ^ JO`HO> `=
150.W\= qh ~` ^ Ok# 6 ` ~OQ O Uq?
1. aZZ<Z, 2, ~` Z~ ==~ eq>_,
3, O^< >H, 4. WOlhiOQ *H P WO_,
5. ~+ W` eq>_,
6. Q~< sK +OQ JO_ WO[hiOQ
151.i= M~ J^#O K# Hq\ Uk?
k<+ Qq Hq\
152.@ | _ L O ~ } ^ #OQ Z=i ~
^^_~?
~OQ~[< Hq\
153.2001 #Oz _* W<"O\ Hq+< <`$Ò =OzOk
Z=~?
P~.K.\
154. ` ` ~OQ O |~ U Y P^ ~O xKOk?
i= Y P^~O
155.Zxq^ }oH iqH =$k ~@ ZO`?
8 Ò
156.`q^ }oH iqH =$k ~@ ZO`?
4.5 Ò
157.200304H #"^# iqH =$k ~@ ZO`?
6.48 Ò
158.WO_H P WO_ _H< (SS) P^~ O=`~O Uk?
199394
159.iqH ~OQO Ju ^ i= Uk? = i=
160.iqH Lù = i= Lù Ò? 20 Ò
161."Ò ZQ=` = i= "\ ZO`? 38 Ò
162.< P D Jx ^xx ~?
J^^
163.H@< e Jx ^xx JO\~?
=O~
164.=OK~ P <~ Jx U ^xH ~?
~`Ô
&
A
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M
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E
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165."\ Q Jx ^xH ~?
166.@|_ LO~} ZC_ ~O"Ok?
199192
167.<H Hq\ ^xH O|OkOzOk?
z# `~ i=
168."Ò iqH Lù z# `~ i= "\ ZO`?
40 %
169.z# `~ i= ZQ=` Ò ZO`?
35 Ò
170.675 i=# z# `~ i= i[~ K Q, 200405
|_\ Zx i=# D i[~+< #Oz `yOK~?
85
171.ZW*_ (+ ZH#qH *<)# ZC_ "\~?
200001
172.H~ O\ JHO\ ~~ i =~Hx ZC_ " \~ ?
199495
173.~`Ô` Z= "~O K# Ô Uk?
J"iH
174.1991 U~@ K# U Hq\ == PÔ #
qkOKx ~ KOk?
~* K Hq\
175.1992 ~H # U~># Hq\ Uk?
H.Z.~d Hq\
176.[< xO`} HO ~< Ò K\ # H~H=O
Uk?
^g ~H [#
177.U+< >Q~Q U ^# ~?
Hi, `"<, OHOQ, OQ~
178.Ja=$k KO^`# ^ iqH Ja=$kH __ xH
1967 Oz# Z<S_X ZH_ LOk?
q<
179.[< 1994 U~@ K# Hq\ J^ Z=~?
ZO.Z. q<^<
180.Ô J`kH OY M~ i= U ~+O L<~?
=~+
181.` i= Z_S iqu ZO`?
100%
182.^ OK=~ }oH (200207) }oH @|_ JkHO Q
Ok# ~+O Uk?
=~+
183.~`Ô Ja=$k KOk# "@ "_\ P^xH i=
Uk?
u, = i=
184.` H O`xH iqÒ HO_ Z_ #O_< H~H
x~iOK " i=# U=O\~?
\* i=
185.JkH q^j =~H ^"x O^ ~f i= Uk?
= i=
186.Z<ZZ# U O=`~O OK~?
1950
187.z# `~ i= JO> Uq\?
~.25 H #,
~.H\H `= @|_ LO_ i=
188.@|_ P^~OQ i=# x~zOKx zOz# Hq\
Uk?
Ja^ < Hq\ (1997)
S
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I
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U
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58
189.iqHa=$k xO`} K@O 1951 z# `~ i=e

U qÔQ =iOzOk?
OuH Hx LyOK i= 50 =Ok Hi,
OuH Hx L yOK^x i= 100 =Ok Hi
|_ L# i=e z# `~ i=Q =iOzOk.
190. i= JO> Uq\?
@|_ ~.25 HO_ "\x i= JO\~.
191.=^ `~ i= =}O Uq\?
@|_ ~.1 H\H#, ~. 5 H@ L#@~`
=^ `~ i= JO\~.
192.s i= =}O Uq\?
@|_ ~.5 H@ # L#@~` s i=
JO\~.
193.i= xOQ q^<x U qÔQ " \~?
iqH Ja=$k xO`} K@O 1951 ^~
194. xOQ q^#O #Oz U HOh q#~O O^~?
~.10 H HO> `= ~# HOh, 100 =Ok
HO> `= Hi L# HOh
195."^\ iqH f~#O ZC_ q_Ôk?
1948
196.="^ `~ =[ # L^tOz# iqH f~#O
Uk?
1956 iqH f~#O
197.z# `~ i= Ja=$kH U~@ K# Hq\ Uk?
H~
198.*f z#`~ i= O# ZC_ OK~?
1955
199.*f z#`~ i= O =Y qk Uq\?
z# `~ i= OHuH O JOkOK_O
200.iqH tH} HO^ UiQ K~`< zOz# Hq\
Un?
H~ Hq\
201.H~ Hq\x ZC_ U~@ K~?
1955
202."^\ = i=# ZC_ OK~?
1854
203.= i= ZC_ ~H} HeOK~?
1926
204.^ q[# H~}OQ U =_ ~ H~` U~_Ok?
=_ u
205.[#<~ q U ~+O Z==<~?
t= OQ
206.^ q[# eÒQ ZO` Ò [#= O_ O`#
HO?
60%
207.=`_# # q# n#O KHx Ò U ~`
H#yO k?
<+# >H> H~~+<
208.\\ S~< JO_ HOhx ZC_ U~@ K~?
1907
209.U }oH HO =_ ^# W#= L H~Q~
&
A
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ED
M
E
E
R
S
OK~?
~O_ }oH (a, ~~, ^~~)
210.H~ W#= L H~Q~O U }oH HO OK~?
=_ }oH
211.a, H~ W#= L H~Q~ U Ô H~O`
OK~?
~
212.~~ W#= L H~Q~O U ^ H~O` OK~?
t= [~h
213.^~ ~ W#= L H~Q~O U ^ H~O` O K~?
WOQO_
214.*f @|_` Oz# "^\ i= Uk?
= i=
215.U i=# ~f iqH "` O z Ja=$k K~?
[#<~ i=
216.=# Ô Z=Q U ~H"# u aOk?
\O[ u
217. _QO[ u Z=Q a# Ô Uk?
Dl
218.1948 iqH q^# f~#O =#k ZO\ PiH== Jx
KOk?
q= PiH ==
219."^\ iqH q^# f~#O i=# Zx ~HQ
=sHi OzOk?
<Q ~HQ
220. ~O_ iqH q^# f~#O U ~OQxH JkH ^#O
WzOk?
1956
221.1956 iqH q^# f~#O U ~OQxH JkH ^#O
WzOk?
aH ~OQO
222.i= Ja=$k K\x ZC_ K~?
1951
223.1956 iqH q^# f~#O i=# Zx ~HQ
=sHi OK~?
=_ ~HQ
224.[#` Ò iqH q^# f~<x ZC_ Oz~?
1977
225.1967 U~@ K# # OO ~q\?
^` Hq\
226.1949 U~@ K# iqH ~H} Hq\ J^ _ Z=~?
\.\. H$+=Ki
227.n~HeH =^<x U=O\~?
~ =^#O
228.HeH =^<x U=O\~?
K~ =^#O
229.iqH O *sK ~} `# U=O\~?
_OK~
230.#+O L# ^ =# i=# #~îOK_xH
U~iz# PiH O?
iqH #~ x~} O
231. OKO iqHH~} KOk# ^ ~`Ô Z<
#O LOk?
10= #O
S
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59
232.}oHHO ~OO <\H =# Ô ` ~OQ O

Zx LO_q?
5
233.iqHH~} ~O^ =# Ô i= Ja=$kH
U û ^Ô KOk?
"<lOQ U*h
234.U û = =# Ô PiHH HOnH$`" LOk?
"<lOQ U*h
235."<lOQ U*h û `yOK_xH HOh K\x
ZC_ =iOK~?
1956
236."<lOQ U*h# ZC_ iQ ~^ K~?
1970
237."\ HOh eq>_ OY ZO` qOK_^?
H qOK_^
238.=# PiH == }oHÒ HH=O^ U q^#O J=
LO_k?
K "~ q^#O
239.PiH == =#^ K~O> *f PÔ HhO
10% J~< @|_Q =~x zOz# "` Z=~?
~"
240.=# ^ J< =## " \Ok Z=~?
~"
241.PiHa=$k kOKO> *f PÔ HhO 20%
@|_Q =~x zOzOk Z=~?
~` }oH OO
242.Oè` =$k Ô` ~K~` Z=~?
~Q~ #~
243.JOè` =$k Ô` ~K~` Z=~?
~=<
244.=^# O JOQ LO@Ok H|\ "#H|_# ^ Oè`
Ja=$k =O a+}O H^ J#k Z=~?
<OQ~
245.Oè` =$k =O JO> Uq\?
qq^ ~OQ XHi
@|_\ XHi Ja=$k kOK û
246."#H|_# ^ "^\ ^ = O^` ^`
J#iOKe Jx Z=~<~?
~Q~ #~
247.OH, PiH = Of J=#` ~Q`x
KO^=~?
Q<~ q~
248.Of J=#` QiOK_xH ijeOK JOO Uk?
ì PÔ
249.ZO.P~.\. (1969) K@O HO ~ K# Hq\ Uk?
^`, =<a
250.ZO.P~.\.. K@O Z\ #Oz J=H =zOk?
1970
251.ZO.P~.\. K@O 1980, 1984 =~} ~ K#
Hq\ Uk?
H~ Hq\
252.z#`~ i= Ja=$kH Ò U~@ K# Hq\
Uq? 1955 H~ Hq\, 1995 ~ O_+<, 1997
Ja^ < Hq\
&
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M
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253.1997 K<` U~@ K# Hq\ Uk?

g~\ Hq\
254."^\ W#= L i= Uk?
OQ S~< =~ HOh
255.P~ OK=~ }oH ~OaOz# W#= L H~Q
Uq?
"*Q (Z.), O (`q<_), \ (H~@H)
256.P~ OK=~ }oH *fO K# W#= L i=?
^=u (H~@H)
257.H WO_ HOh H# U Hq\ ~` "~
U~@ K~?
u"i Hq\
258. Jî\ P WO_ eq>_ Oz# O=`~O?
1973
259.~mH$` PiH q^< ^#O Wz# iqH q^#
f~#O Uk?
1991
260."\ ~OQxH ^#O Wz# iqH q^# f~#O
Uk?
1991
261.~`^ O z# `~ i=# ijeOK_xH xqOz#
Hq\ Uk?
Ja^ < Hq\
262.z# `~ i= # Ja^ < Hq\ K# @|_
iqu ZO`?
3 H@ ~
263.Ò z# `~ i= @|_ iqu ZO`?
1 H\ ~
264.M~ _# i= HOhx =" P ~OQO #Oz "^ eQ
q^<x U=O\~?
Zy\ q^#O
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60
1991 iqH q^# f~#O

1. "^\ iqH q^# f~#O ZC_ K~?
1948
2. "^\ iqH q^# f~#O Hq\?
1. q= PiH ==# ~OkOK@O, 2. }oH|ÔQ
iqH ~OQx Ja=$k K_O, 3. Lù Oz [
r=# =}x "~Q~K_O, 4. iqH Ja=$k
"\, aH ~OQ ^<x QiOK_O.
3. 1948 iqH q^# f~#O i=# Zx ~HQ
qlOK~? 4 ~H Jq : 1. ` ~OQ i=, 2.
q= ~OQ i=, 3. ` J[=~+ i=, 4.
"\ i=
4. 1948 iqH f~#O H~O ` ~OQ i=
Uq?
1. P^, P^ =y 2. J}H,
3. ~
5. 1948 f~#O H~O q= ~OQ i= Zx ?
6
6. 1948 iqH q^# f~#O H~O "\ ~OQOx
i = # J= ~ " ` Z< ` O n # O
K O@Ok?
10 O=`~
7. 1948 f~#O H~O ` J[=~+x i= Zx?

18 (L^ : KH~, "O\, HyÒ "^#q)
8. 1948 f~#O H ~ O q^ j = ^ < x ZO^
qxyO=K?
OHuH i*#O H~`Q L# O` kQ=u
9. 1948 f~#O "\ ~OQx x~`~K_xH H~}O
Uq\?
~O_ `~QuH KOk# i=# ^ `~"`
*fO K #H=_O
10. U iqH q^# f~#O ^~ Ò xOQ q4^<x
H\ O zOk?
1948 iqH q^# f~#O
11. iqH xOQ q^#O ZC_ H\ OK~? 1951
12. 1951 iqH xOQ q^#Ox ^<O Uq?
1. ` J#=u O_ iqH O O
q~ }
# K _^ . 2. iqH O xf~ H=OQ
#@~` =~# x~tOK_O. 3. U O J~< `
P^ kHi P O x~}# Ò HiOk.
13. i= [=#, q, qxQ^~` _# H O^
i= OO ZC_ U~_Ok?
1952
14. =#^ =~\ +~ H#Q K# C_ q^x W<~ ,
O *s K ^#O Uk? i@s <\ ( <\)
15 . ~`Ô ~O_ iqH q^# f~#O ZC_ K~?
1956
16. 1956 iqH q^# f~#O U JOxH ^#O WzOk?
` ~OQ Ja=$kH
17. 1956 iqH q^# f~#O i=# Zx *a`Q
qlOzOk?
3 *a`Q
18. 1956 f~#O H~O *a`Z L# i= Zx?
17 i= (`~OQO)
19. 1956 f~#O H~O *aà L# i= Zx?
12 i= (q=~OQO)
20. 1956 f~#O H~O *a` L# i= Uq?
*a` Z,a x "\ ~OQ i=
21. 1956 iqH q^# f~#O H Uq?
1. P^ O^ =` `yOK_O , 2. s i=
# . 3. PiH =` qHOnH~} 4. aH ~OQx qi OK_O .
22. 1956 iqH q^# f~#O H~O +_ Z L#
iH= Uq? P^, =O^QO_ =y `s,
J}H, W#= L s O`
23. 1948 f~#O ~O_^# q= ~OQO #Oz 1956 f~#O
*a`ZH =z# i= Uk?
W#=, L
24. i= *f~H~} J< JOO U iqH q^# f~#O
LOk?
1948 f~#O
25. 1956 f~#O H~O +_a L# i= Uq?
JqxO, Yx* =O^ `s, Z~=
26. 1956 iqH q^# f~<x U qÔQ ~?
PiH ~*OQOQ ~.
&
A
I
ED
M
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27. 1956 iqH q^# f~#O L# JO Uq?

="^ su =[#, q= PiH == x~}O.
28. 1956 iqH f~#O JkH ^#O Wz# JOO Uk?
` ~OQx qiOK_O (=eH, s i=)
29. [#` Ò JkH~OH =z# `~"` K\ # f~#O
Uk?
1972 iqH q^# f~#O
30. 1977 iqH q^# f~# H O Uq\?
\~, z#`~ i= Ja=$k
31. 1977 f~#O H~O ~.10 H @|_ LO> ^xx U
i=Q qOK"~?
z# `~ i=Q
32. 1977 f~#O H~O ~.15 H =^< x U i=Q
qOK~?
J#|O^ i=
33. 1977 f~#O H~O z# `~ i= *a` =z#
=~ Uq\?
180 i= 807 i= OK_O
34. l iqH HO^# U iqH q^# f~#O H~O
OK~?
1977 f~#O
35. Mn, Qg} i= Hq+< ^~H , |, e~
Mnx U iqH q^# f~#O ^~ K~~?
1977 f~#O
36. 1977 iqH q^# f~#O ^~ ^ `~ i=#
Zx ~HQ =sHiOK~?
2 ~HQ Jq 1. =eH i=, L, "O\, #<
k H~Q~ 2. =^# = i=
37. =^# = i= JO> Uq?
=eH i=, z# `~ i= H=# O`
=y =~q
38. U iqH q^# f~#O ^~ \~, z# `~ i=
Ja=$kH ~u H~O JOkOK~?
1977 f~#O
39. OHuH Qu O =$k kOKx U f~#O
qOK~?
1977 iqH f~#O
40. M~ _# i= q^#O U iqH q^# f~#O
#Oz ~OaOK~?
1977 iqH f~#O
41. i= Ja=$kH O|OkOz x~ f#C_
[=#O` @ q `y# ^#O W"x
zOz# iqH q^#O?
1977 iqH q^# f~#O
42. Ò i= ~OQO @|_ ZO`?
~.25 H
43. 1951 iqH xOQ û H~O Zx ~H xOQ
WK~? 5 ~H Jq 1. H` O #, 2. L# O
q~}, 3. L# O H` == LùH, 4. O#
XH O #Oz "~H xH =~_xH, 5. "~O
~OaOK_xH
S
N
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I
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I
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U
M
M
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C
61
44. 1951 iqH xOQ q^#O =Y PO Uq\?

1. Of J=#` `yOz iqH qHOnH~},
2. iqÒQ L# =#~# *f ^#O L# JO
qi OK_O
45. 1951 i= K@O xK# f~# ijeOz# Hq\
Uk?
P~.H. *s
46. U iqH xOQ ^~ Lù L^y` J=H
iQ~?
1951 iqH xOQ
47. ~`^ O PiH =` H OnH~}
# ijeOK_xH 1960
xqOz# Hq\ Uk?
=<a Hq\
48. U iqH xOQ q^#O ^~ kQ=u `=
O# ~OaOK~?
1951 iqH xOQ q^#O
49. P~.H . *i Hq\ H~O U ~ J`kH Ò #
O^~?
`q<_, t=OQ
50. 1951 xOQ q^#O ij HO^ Ò xqOz#
Hq\ Uk?
Z.^` Hq\ (1967 A)
51. Z.^` Hq\ `# x"kH# ZC_ =iOzOk?
1967
52. ^` Hq\ H~O 1970 H O^ Ò =iOz# iqH
xOQ q^#O JO Uq? 1. ~. 1H\ HO> `=
@|_Q i= xOQ =iOK^, 2. ~. XH H\
#Oz 5 H@ =~ @|_ L# O # Oê. 3.
== ukHQ L# OQ i=# (K~,
[#<~) H~ ~OQO ~OaOK "iH ^#O
W=_O
53. 1973 O=`~O iqH xOQ q^#O =Y JOO
Uq\?
PiH =` qHOnH~} [iQ@ L=_ ~OQx
(*~O\ H~) "@_O
54. ZO.P~.\.. K@O ^~ # Ok# HOh P iqu
ZO` OK~?
~. 20 H@ #Oz ~.100 H@ OK~
55. ZO.P~.\.. K@O H~O ZxH@ qOz @|_ L#
iqH O # O^_xH PiH ==~ =Ou=O_e
J#=u Oê?
~. 50 H@ qOz
56. #`# iqH q^# f~#O Jx ^x JO\~?
1991 iqH q^# f~#O
57. 1991 iqH q^# f~#O H O Uq\?
"\ ~OQxH Ò W=_O
58. 1991 #`# iqH f~#O =MO Uq?
1. xOQ q^#O _eO, 2. ` ~OQO ik
kO, 3. "\ H~}, 4. K\# =iOK_O, 5. q^j
@|_H, q^j OHuH i*<xH J=~^ `yOK_O
59. 1951 i= xOQ q^#O U iqH f~#O ^~
~^~Ok?
1991 iqH q^# f~#O
&
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60. 1991 iqH f~#O ^~ Zx i= xOQ

J=~O ?
6 i=
61. 1991 iqH f~#O ^~ xOQ J=~" # i=
Uq? 1. =` =O^, 2. Q~\, 3. ZHxH, ~H}
iH~, 4. _ ^~, 5. xH~ ~<, 6.
_Q , ~\H
62. 1991 f~#O ^~ ` ~OQxH Zx i=
H \~OK~?
3 i=
63. 1991 f~#O ^~ ` ~OQO L# 3 i= Uq?
1. J}H, 2. J} WO^<, 3. ~ ~"}
64. M~ _# i= K\x ZC_ K~? 1985
65. H WO_ HOh H J= i= #i~} q`
O# ZC_ OK~?
1987
66. Zy\ JO> Uq\?
M~ _# ` O#
="` q^<x Zy\ JO\~
67. 1992 Zy\ ^~ x~^Q# "i OH=O HO
U~@ K# xk Uq\?
*f #~r=# xk
68. @|_ > H Hk=Ok = K` HOnH$Ò H=_x
U=O\~?
PiH =` HOnH~}
69. Ô Q}h"# `H q^j @|_ ^^_#
iqH q^#O Uk?
1991 iqH q^#O
70. ~`Ô U._.P~./ l._.P~. ^~ =~#
@|_ ^xHO^ =~?
q^j OQ` @|_
S
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MiqH ~OQO PiH O
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62
1. WO_
_=" O\ OH P WO_ (S_aS) O z#
O=`~O?
1964
2. S_aS U O=`~O =~ i[~ OH P WO_ (P~aS)
[=#O xKO k?
1976
3. 1976 #Oz S_aS U [=#OH =iOk?
~` Ò
4. Ja=$k O J`#` OQ ^x QiOK~?
S_aS
5. S_aS ZC_ S_aS eq>_Q =iOk?
2004 O|~ 28
6. S_aS =Y qk Uq\?
~`Ô iqH Ja=$kH
O JOk# O xO\H O K O k.
7. S_aS s iqH O U q^"# ~} WOk?
`H ~}
8. S_aS z# iqH O U qÔQ ~} JOkOk?
~HOQ
9. S_aS "+# q^ =Y"#q? 1.i= x
#O i= # HO ^^# ijOk. 2.
#`# O # OHuH WOk. 3. q^j
H~h J=~"# i= PiH O JOkOk.
10. ~` iqH @|_ O ` ~O\?

~` iqH #~ x~} O
11. S_aS ZS_aS `~"` J`kH "\# O Uk?
Small Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI)
12. S_aS ZS_aS `~"` J`kH "\# O Uq?
ZS, \ OH P WO_
13. ZS_aS U K@O H~O U~_Ok? Small Industries
Development Bank of India Act 1989
14. ZS_aS ZC_ ~O"Ok?

1990 U 2
15. Small Industries Development Bank of India ^# H~O
ZH_ LOk?
H
16. ZS_aS OK H~ Zx?
5 s[#, 21 OK P
17. O KO qq^ ^ #Oz @|_ O^_O ~`^ O
Z< #O LOk?
2= #O ("^\ #O K<)
18. 2006 PiH O=`~O ~`^ q^j ~}O ZO` iyOk?
22.6%
19. z#`~ i= ~u p ^HO ZC_ ~O"Ok?
D ^Hx Z=~ J= K<~?
1962, ~` ` U*O@Q i[~ OH
20. z# `~ i= ~u p ^HO =Y LÔ Uq\?
O ^=O z#`~ i= WK J_#
~H} HeOK_O
21. z# `~ i= ~u p ^Hx U qÔQ ~?
Q~O\ P~<*+<
22. *f z#`~ i= H~~+< ZC_ OK~?
1955
23. *f z# `~ i= H~~+< q^ Uq\?
1. z# `~ i= L`` ` P~~ HiOK_O
2. ^ `~ i= z# `~ i= J#|OÔQ
LO_@@ K__O 3. O, W`~ ^= O WK
~} p^~Q ==iOK_O
24. WO_ <x H~~+< Oz# O=`~O?
1948 A
25. WO_ s H#H< H~~+< P WO_x ZC_
OK~?
1971
26. 1948 WO_ <x H~~+< JnH$` =^#O
ZO`?
10 H@. (P `~"` 20 H@ iyOk)
27. WO_ <x H~~+< q^ Uq?
1. i= ~}, J_# W=_O` L i=
*s K _OK~ "\ W=K. 2. i= =^#
=~\ "\# ~} p^~Q ==iOK=K.
3. i= *sK# H , "\, O_, _O K~ JO_~~ \
K=K. J~` Wq Ok# 7 O=`~ LO_e.
28. 1975 Jxt` =^# O_+< # Òz# O
Uk?
WO_ <x H~~+<
&
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M
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29. WO_
H_\ JO_ W<" O\ H~~+< JnH$ ` =^# O
ZO`?
60 H@
30. x\ @ P WO_ Oz# O=`~O?
1964
31. x\ @ P WO_ ~O =^#O ZO`?
5 H@
32. x\ @ P WO_# U O PiH O`
~OaOK~?
P~aS, ZS, ZaS
33. x\ @ P WO_ ^# P Uq?
1. J P^, =^ P^ =~ "i ^ "`#
HiOK_O 2. iqHa=$k #Oz aOK [<#
J^, =^ P^ =~ aO*_O
34. \S `# P ^# "\# ^H Uq?
1. @|_^~ \S x@ J=_O 2. x@
H# "iH _q_O_ KeOK_O.
35. W\= H H@ H Ki# ~`^ Ju ^ aH ~OQ OH
Uk?
\ OH P WO_
36. \ << H~~+<x ZC_ U~@ K~?
1951
37. \ << H~~+< JnH$` =^#O ZO`?
Hx+OQ 50 H Qi+OQ 5 H@
38. \ << H~~+< # =Y LÔ Uq\?
~ z# `~ =^ `~ i= PiH O
K _O
39. SSSx Oz# O=`~O?
1955
40. ICICI x qi OKO_?
S
N
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A
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I
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M
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63
Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation of India
41. SSS U q^"# ~} JOkOk?

=^ HeH,
n~HeH ~}# _OK~ P^~OQ WOk.
42. ~`^ O ZQ=u kQ=` ÒK_xH ZH" O
Oz# O=`~O?
1982 [#=i 1
43. ZH" OH JnH$` =^#O 1998 ZO` #Oz ZO`
OK~?
500 H@ #Oz 1000 H@
44. <+# OQ OH Oz# O=`~O Uk?
1988
45. Q$x~} ~OQO tY~Q O Uk?
<+# OQ OH
46. <+# OQ OH U O P^~O xKOk?
P~aS
47. <+# OQ OH JnH$` =^#O ZO`? 500 H@
48. WO_ W<"O\ OH P WO_ eq>_ Z=i
[=# x~} x KOk?
~` Ò
49. SSaSZ # U =~xH KOk# OQ QiOK~?
il~ HOhQ
50. SSaSZ ` ~O\?
WO_ s H#H< OH P WO_
51. SP~aSx ZC_ OK~?

1985
52. SP~aSx SSaSZQ ZC_ =~~?
1997
53. SP~aS ^# H O Uq\? M~ i=e PiHOQ
P^H=_O, #i~}xH ^^_@O
54. SSaSZ ^# H~O ZH_ LOk?
HH`
55. Small Industries Development Bank of India ^# H?
z# `~ i=e ÒK_O, z# `~ i=x
ÒK O# =#O KH=_O.
56. z#`~ i= `H U*hQ "^@ Z=~
==iOK~?
S_aS
57. z#`~ i= WK `H <_ U*hQ ` O
Z=~ L<~?
ZS_aS
58. ZS_aS `# J=~" # ~}# Z=i #Oz O^Òk?
1. P~aS, 2. ~` Ò
59. ZS_aS U `~ ~}# O^=K?
1. ^j ~}, 2. q^j ~}
60. ^j, q^j ^"# ZS_aS JOkOk D s
ZS_aS @# ~?
Oy qO_ s
61. WO_ << H~~+_ ` ~q\?
SSS OH
65. SSS eq>_, SSS OHQ ZC_ =~ KO^Òk?
2002
66. \ << H~~+< H Uq\?
Jx ~ iqH =`` Ja=$k KO^_O,
2. J`kH @|_ =~_O, 3. Lk H#
67. ^"OQ Ò Zx ZZ L<~?
18
68. ZZ K@O 1951 HO^ HO_, HOh K@O 1949
^~ U~iz# ZZ Uk?
`q<_ W<"O\ H~~+< eq>_
69. EXIM OH H Uq\?
q^j "}*x
OOkOK_O, ZQ=`, kQ=`# =iOK qq^ PiH
Oe =#O K H=_O, ZQ=`, kQ=` PiH
x JOkOK_O
70. ~+Ox OQ << H~~+<# ~"HOKk?
<+# OQ OH
71. <+# OQ OH P~aS *sK HeH ~}
ZO`HO KeOKe?
18 <
72. Q< Ec ~~ OQ << O x~} Z=i ^`?
<+# OQ OH
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73. ~+~ i= QuH H$+ Kk?

\ WO_ _="O\ H~~+<
74. Ò Ô Zx \ WO_ _="O\ H~~+<
L<~?
26
75. \ WO_ _="O\ H~~+< H Uq\?
iqH O` Ja=$k, =~\OQ H~ H#,
#`# Ja=$k HO^ U~@
76. 200607 iqH =$k ~@ ZO`?
10.9%
77. iqH Lù zH P^~ O=`~O Uk?
199394
78. SS J`kH "~>* Ok# ~OQO Uk?
`s ~OQO
79. J`kH iqH x@ L# ~+O Uk?
`q<_
80. J`kH iqH x@ L# HOê` OÒ Uk?
_b
81. iqH ~OQO ^~ J`kH Lk H# Ok# ~+O
Uk?
=~+
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1. ^= H~H# x~iOKk ^=O Jx ~#^=~?

Z.Z."H~
2. ^~ iy` ^=O H#Q H U=Q#?
`Q#
3. ^~ `y#_ Z=~ _`~?
^"x ^KH#"~
4. ^=O qx= =^=OQ#, = H=#OQ#
==iOK_xH ^=O Z LO_e?
JOî JOwH~O Ok LO_e
5. ^=O K=}H ~H=O^ w ^ ^xx ^=OQ
"_~?
=#
6. P^xH PiH == Q Ja=$k KOk# ^=O Uk?
H_\ =h, ~=h
7. == =OQ KeOK_xH [ ^x Ly~?
^=O
8. O ^"xH Q =~H ~q\?
g ^=O
9. Jiq`"# K@|^ ^=O Jx ^xx JO\~?
^=O
10. O ^"x ^K#"~ "i _l@ g^ K#
U=O\~?
O ^=O
11. ~`Ô P=~ ^=O Uk?
~~
12. ^=O K #< ^==x è#k Z=~?
"H~
13. ^=O K` =~_x U=O\~?
^= ~"QO
14. x ^= ==Q "_#_ "\x U=O\~?
^=O
15. ^=O H Ju =Y"# qk Uk?
qx= =OÔ
16. ^=O J<k U ^xH O|OkOz#k?
\< Ô
17. ^=O J< ~ U Ô #O_ =zOk?
=<\
18. ^~ iy` ^= H#Q H U=Q#?
`QÒk
19. == q=# ^=~O K_x U=O\~?

20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48. #Q^ x ÔÒ Jx ^xx JO\~?
^~
bQ >O_~ =h JO> Uq\?
^=<@
^= ~~ OQ ^xx Ly~?
M3
^= q^#O# Z=~ ~Ok~?
i[~ OH
^= q^#O ^xH O|OkOz#k?
` P^, =
^= q^#O (=x@s )x H\ OK#k Uk?
P~aS
"~ KH xO`} ` \OK q^< Uq?
H, ^=, q^j "~ q^<
` =, ~|_x U=x ~?
H q^#O
` JC, PiH @, # U q^<xH O|OkOz#q?
H q^#O
@ |_\ x~} ^~ [ H#Q H? ~QÒk
P~aS i=}`H K~#, Q}`H K~# U q^#OQ
~O\~?
^= q^#O
JC QiOz èK @ Uk?
^= ^ H @
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O Ox ^~K~ K_ H~}O ^=O Jx qOz#k
Z=~?
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M1 ^=O J#Q <q?
M1 [ =^ Q H~h + i[~ O =^ Q W`~
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M2 ^=O J#Q <q?
M2 M1 + ^ _l@
M3 ^=O J#Q<q?
M3 M1 + O =^ Q Hiqu _l@
M4 ^=O J#Q<q?
M2 M1 + "Ò ` H~ _l@
M1 ^"xH Uk JkHOQ LO@Ok Uk?
^=Ò
M4 ^=Ò Z LO@Ok?
K `=Q
+~ ^=~t gH~}O Uk?
Mv = PT
^=O _=O_# x~~OK JO =Y"#k?
"= PÔ
^= ==~# ^x` K~ ^xx U=O\~?
==iH ^=O
<@# *s KO^ =#Ô J=## û Uk?
Hx+ x û
Hx+ x ûx U O=`~O ~OaOK~?
1956
Ô û "^\ <}x U O=`~O *s K~?
1962
_=h Jx ^x#O\~?
M3
qx= =~HOQ LQ_k ^=O Jx è#k Z=~?
H^~
^=O K #< ^==x K#k Z=~?
"H~
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49. [ K=} L# ^=O, P~aS J#=uOz# ^=Ò
Q _l@ ^=O Uk?
M1
50. ^=O q= ^x P^~_ LO@Ok?
^~ ~
51. Q+< J< Ô# LyOz# PiH"` Z=~?
=<
52. ^=O q= ~Q` LO_ ux U=O\~?
u ^"}O
H ^=O
53. M1 # U H=#OQ K=K#?
54. XH xq` =O L# "Ò ^"x U=O\~?
^=
55. ^=~t Ô`x "^@Q Z=~ ukOz<~?
_"<*\
56. HyÒ |OQ~O (~Q) Ô ^xH O|OkOz#k?
S.Z".Z. `H _~OQ
57. D HOk "x ^xx _ =h JO\~?
M3
58. U O=`~O ~` ~~x ~O_~ =hH~}
K_O [iyOk?
1991
59. ~` i[~ OH <@ *sH J#iOK û Uk?
Hh xk q^#O
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1. x~O`~ }oH J< =## Z=~ ukOK~?

Q<~ q~
2. OK=~ }oH J=# =^ gHOz K# K
O Uk?
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3. *f Ja=$k =O_e O=`~xH HhO Zx~ ="O
H"e?
~O_~
4. ~` }oH OO "@"^\ J^_ Z=~?
[=~ <
5. ` }oH OO J^_ Z=~? =<< OQ
(}oH OxH ^# =Ou J^_Q LO\~)
6. ~` }oH OO L^xH U ^ LO@Ok?
HO^ Ha<\ =Ou ^
7. ` HO^ }oH OO L^_ Z=~?
=O>HOQ J"e
8. n~î }oH JO>? n~ Hx ^$+ @Hx
Ja=$k H~H=x ~OkOK_O
9. ^~}OQ n~î }oH Hiqu ZO` LO@Ok?
15 #Oz 20 O=`~
10. Ô "^\ OK=~ }oH HO ~^ K# == q ?
[qO^s û, H^s û
11. w }oH Jx "\ x JO\~?
"iH }oH
12. }oH O iHeH U ^ LO@Ok?
HO^ =Ou
13. ~` }oH OO "@"^\ J^_=~?

[=~ <
14. <+# _="O\ Hx ^# qk Uk?
OK=~ }oH# P"kOK_O
15. H O ^ #O_ ^ H ~ K # U O K = ~ } oH HO
"@|_#?
<= }oH
16. Ò`#O`~O U OK=~ }oH HO "^\ iQ
^"}O ùOk?
~O_= }oH
17. x~O`~ }oH# ~` ^xH =iOK# PiH"` Z=~?
H"
18. ~`` _# ~Q^ H OQ Q OK=~ }oH Uk?
4= }oH
19. ~` }oH OO ~ uxÔ =OKk Z=~?
~ uxÔ ^
20. XH O=`~O =O^ =y# OK=~ }oH Uk?
5= }oH
21. <= OK=~ }oH ~H~ Z=~?
_.P~.Q_
22. ~` }oH OO L^x ^ Uk?
HO^ Ha<\ =Ou ^
23. *f ~ JOMH =~ OH = K~ # gHO K@
U~@ K|_# O Uk?
*f "H` =O_e
24. *f "H` =O_e ZC_ U~@ K|_Ok?
1986
25. "iH } oH HO ^ # } oH =#~ Q
L Q_ Òk?
q^j O
26. n~î }oH JO> Uq\?
^~ Hx ^$+
LOKHx Ja=$k H~H=x ~OkOK_O
27. ^~}OQ n~î }oH Hiqu ZO`?
1520 O=`~
28. OK=~ }oH =~^# z@z=iH P"kOK=#
O Uk?
<+# _="O\ Hx
29. L`^H` _# Lk H# U }oH H OQ LOk?
7= }oH
30. ~+ ~ }oH q+O J`#` O Uk?
\ xOQ ~
31. \ xOQ ~ K~< Z=~?
=Y=Ou
32. S^= OK=~ }oH "@|_, }oH `=
}oHQ iQ}O|_# ^HO Uk?
20 ` ^HO
33. n~Hx ^$+ LOKHx `~ K|_# n~î }oH
Uk?
6= OK=~ }oH
34. 6= OK=~ }oH U HxH `~ K|_#?
198185
35. }oH OO ZH J+ _Q LO_ HO^=Ou
Z=~?
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36. }oH "` uHQ ~#|_ i= Uk?
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39. OK=~ }oHxO\H q"# }oH Uk?
=_= }oH
40. =_= OK=~ }oH ~H~ Z=~?
JH"`
41. ~` ~*OQO }oH U *a` L<~?
L=_ }oH
42. =#= =#~ Ja=$kH =Y`xz# }oH Uk?
8= }oH
43. ~`Ô 196669 =^ "iH }oH HO }oH
OO L^_ Z=~?
_.P~.Q_
44. "^\ iQ WO^# ~OQxH J`kH =Y`xz# OK=~
}oH Uk?
7= }oH
45. }oH OxH, J#O^"# ~H O Uk?
*f }oH =O_e
46. *f }oH =O_e ZC_ U~@ K|_#?
1965
47. ~ }oH q^<x J#iOz ~OkOK|_# ~`
OK=~ }oH Uk?
~O_= }oH
48. Ô ^~ `Q=YO \ # UHH OK=~ }oH Uk?
"^\ OK=~ }oH
49. S^= OK=~ }oH W=|_# =Y"# x<Ô Uk?
Qsc ~"
50. W\ =~ ~`Ô Zx "iH }oH J=
[~|_#?
P~
51. `q^= OK=~ }oH kOK|_# Ja=$k ~@ ZO`?
6.5 Ò
52. Lk J=H JkH ^#`xz# OK=~ }oH Uk?
6= OK=~
53. }oH OOK K<`H }oHQ ~# }oH Uk?
8= }oH
54. K<`H }oH# J= ~# ^q?
[<, <
55. HiH = QiOz `HOQ ~# OK=~ }oH
Uk?
9= }oH
56. Ô ~[H J~` H~}OQ ~O_ O=`~ POQ
~O"# OK=~ }oH Uk?
8= }oH
57. }oH OO iHeH OY ZO`?
3 #O_ 7 =~
58. WOH"O@ =^# Lù x+u J`kHOQ #"^ H|_#
OK=~ }oH Uk?
5= }oH
59. SFP~ JÒQ #"^ H|_# OK=~ }eH Uk?
"^\ }oH
60. P~O, x, L`^H` x<Ô` ~O" # OK=~ }oH
Uk?
7= }oH
61. OpH~} kQ xOz# }oH Uk?
4
62. XH O=`~O =O^Q ~O"# OK=~ }oHk?
7= }oH
63. 5= OK=~ }oH ~H~ Z=~?
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C
66
64. UHH$` }oH JO> Uq\?

}oH L# Ja=$k H~H=xO\h J= ~K_O
65. ~` OK=~ }oH UHH$` }oH Uk?
8= }oH
66. ~` PiH q^#O JOu= H O ="^ =[ # Jx
~# HOQ ="O Uk?
P=_
67. J=_ f~#O ZC_ K|_Ok?
1950
68. ~`^x =~\ PiH == kQ #_# OK=~ }oH
Uk?
8= }oH
69. =$k` _# O H <O U }oH H OQ x~zOK~?
4
70. ~` }oH O U~@ ^x f# P^ `#
JkH~}O Uk?
39= JkH~}O
71. PiH == "`x ^$+ @Hx K }oH ~K# Uk?
O~ }oH ~K#
72. `qk= OK=~ }oH ^#` ~OQO Uk?
H
73. ^= OK=~ }oH HxH x~~ O|_# L^Q J=H
ZO`?
50 qe#
74. Ja=$k XH H OQ ZH_ HxOKx OK=~ }oH Uk?
8= }oH
75. Of J=#` `yO H OQ Q }oH Uk?
10= }oH
76. ~ xf~# JOK< "_xH ^= OK=~ }oH
f# K# q?
[<, ^= x~}, ~"# H~},
=eH ^
77. ^= OK=~ }oH =$k ~@ H O ZO`?
8 Ò
78. }oH "@"^@ ~OaOz# Ô Uk?
q\ x<
79. q\ x< }oH ~k?
Q<
80. ~O_= OK=~ }oH# HH qOz# }oH Jx ~#
O Uk?
OK OH
81. |# =~ =# =#=xH J`kH =Y` Wz#
OK=~ }oH Uk?
4= }oH
82. x~O`~ }oH# ~^ ~z# "~=~?
WOk~QOn
83. JyH~ s << _="O\ H~~+< ZC_ U~@
K~?
1963
84. ^= OK=~ }oH HO WOH"O@ =^# Lù
x+u H O ZO`?
36.6 Ò
85. 1938 xqO|_# *f }oH Hq\ J^_=~?
[=~ <
86. Ò`xH ~O [ }oH# ukOz# ^=~?
O.<. ~
87. QO^ }oH ~H~ Z=~?
.O.JQ~
88. 1950 [H <~} "\# ~ }oH Uk?
~^
89. ~ ` O K = ~ } oH Q iOz ~*OQ O ZH _
qOK~?
P^ `
&
A
I
ED
M
E
E
R
S
90. }oH O O ~OkOz# }oH# *fa=$k =O_e

(Z<._..) P"k "\H K@|^` Z=~ He~?
~"O@
91. `q^ }oH ^# H O Uk?
=lH <O` _# Ja=$k
92. H O^, ~ =^ }oH =#~ O} <Q }oH
U~@ K# Hq\ Uk?
Q_ Hq\
93. }oH# ~*OQOx U_ +_ U *a`
~<~?
L=_ *a`
94. "^\ *f }oH Hq\ (1938)x Z=i J^ H` # U~@
K~?
[=~ <
95. }oH OO U~@ _=O_ "^@ KO^=~?
+ KO^
96. HOQ s U ="O }oH, }oH H
QiOz ^#OQ KiOzOk?
i~ ="O
97. ~ "HQO_O q~ ~OkOz# }oH H
=}O ZO`?
10 O=`~
98. 15 U ì P^x ~\O Kx H OQ
x~~OK# }oH #=< Uk?
O }oH
99. @|_^s H} L# }oH #=<Q ^x QiOK~?
O }oH
100.="^ H}# îOz# }oH #=< Uk?
* }oH
101.Lù ^<# *fO Kx ~# #=< Uk?
* }oH
102.*}oH H =}O Uq\?
10 O=`~
103.}oH Ja=$kM ZC_ Z=i <`$Ò U~@ K~?
1944, Z._.^
104.}oH =O_ex ZC_, Z=i <`$ Ò "^@ U~@
K~?
1946, H..xy
105.qHOnH$` JOe J`kHOQ îOz# }oH #=<Q
^xx ~O\~?
QO^ }oH
106.Oè` Ja=$kx îOz# }oH #=<Q ^xx
~O\~?
~^ }oH
107.}oH OO U ~} U~@ K~?
H~x~H L`~ ^~
108.}oH OO K~< Z=~?
^#=Ou
109.}oHO O H~H H `H ` x~OKk Z=~?
}oH OO " K~<
110.}oH P"Ô HH` =OK O Uk?
*fa=$k =O_e
111.*fa=$k =O_e J^_ Z=~?
^#=Ou
112.*fa=$k =O_e U K@O H~O U~_Ok? ZC_ U~@
K~?
ZO\ K@|^` ^. H=O H~x~H
L`~ ^~ 1952 U~_Ok.
S
N
O
I
T
A
C
I
N
U
M
M
O
C
67
113.z`~O[< ~ H~Q~O, On Z~= H~Q~O, ~f

>e< i=# U OK=~ }oH HO U~@
K~?
"^\ OK=~ }oH HO
114.a, ~~, ^~~, L H~Q~# U }oH
HO U~@ K~?
~O_ OK=~ }oH HO
115."^\ OK=~ }oH == ~OQO "\ ZO`?
31%
116."^\ OK=~ }oH "iH Ja=$k H O ZO`?
kOzOk ZO`?
2.1%, 3.6%
117."^\ OK=~ }oH ì PÔ ~Q^ ~@
H O ZO`? kOzOk ZO`?
1.1%, 1.8%
118.}oH Ox ZC_ U~@ K~?
1950
119.~O_ OK=~ }oH HO U O@ kQ|_ Q}hOQ
`yOk?
[#=
120.Ò`#O`~O, U }oH HO * O} ==#
uiy ~OaOK~?
1
121.}oH Ju ~OQ q"# }oH Uk?
3
122.O^ == ^Hx U }oH ~OaOK~?
3
123.~O_ }oH U ~OQxH Z= H\~O [iQ~?
~"}, =K~O
124."^\ }oH HO "@ ~OQO "\ ZO`?
46%
125.~O_ }oH PiH =$k ~@ ZO` ZO`?
3.6%
&
A
I
ED
M
E
E
R
S
"^\ OK=~ }oH:
*fa=$k =O_ex Z_ <H~?

- 1952
7. "^\ OK=~ }oH JOK< =O ZO`?
- ~. 2378 H@
8. "^\ OK=~ }oH "= =O ZO`?
- ~. 1960 H@
9. "^\ OK=~ }oH JÒ` ^#` Ok# PiH
~OQO Uk?
- == ~OQO
10. "^\ OK=~ }oH == ~OQxH ZO^ JkH
^#` xK~?
- }oH ~OO L# P~ H~`# f~@O HO
q+` iqHa=$kH J=~"# P~ ^~, =_
~ Lù OK@O HO.
11. "^\ OK=~ }oH "Ò =O ==O, h\~^
~OQ H\~Oz# "Ò ZO` Ò?
- 31%
12. "^\ OK=~ }oH ==O `~ "` JkH ^#`
aOz# ~OQq?
- ~"}, q^KH
13. "^\ OK=~ }oH ~"}, q^KH ~OQ
H\~Oz# "Ò ZO` Ò?
- 40%
14. "^\ OK=~ }oH =lH = ~OQxH H \~Oz#
"Ò ZO` Ò?
- 23%
15. "^\ OK=~ }oH i=, Q# ~OQxH
H\~Oz# "Ò ZO` Ò?
- 6%
16. "^\ OK=~ }oH ^#OQ
- == }oH
17. "^\ OK=~ }oH ~O O=`~O (195051)
P~ ^< Lù ZO`?
- 50 qe< @#
18. "^\ OK=~ }oHOÒ (195556) P~^<
Lù ZO`?
- 65 qe< @#
19. [gOî == ~^ , H^s O~} U OK=~ }oH
HO [iy#q?
- "^\ OK=~ }oH HO
20. "^\ OK=~ }oH Zx ZH~ h\~^ H~O
HeOK~?
- 16 qe< ZH~
21. "^\ OK=~ }oH HO q^` Lù ZO` iyOk?
- 2.3 qe< H"@ #O_ 3.4 qe< H"@
22. "^\ OK=~ }oH HO *fÔ, ì
PÔ ZO` iy#q?
- *fÔ 18%, ì PÔ 11% iy#q
23. =*a=$k H~H=O Z_, U }oH HO
~O"Ok?
- 1952, "^\ OK=~ }oH HO
S
N
O
I
T
A
C
I
N
U
M
M
O
C
1. "^\ OK=~ }oH HO Uk?

- 1951 U 1 #O_ 1956 =i 31 =~
2. "^\ OK=~ }oH `k =~^# ~" O@ Z_
=iOK|_Ok?
- 1952 _O|~
3. q^j ~} = (External debt trap) z# iu
JO> Uq\?
- q^j ~}~O Z"#_ H` ~}
` ~} =_ f~\xH i iu
4. }oH J ^"x Ò U =~O =~O>
PiH == P~Q^HOQ LO@Ok?
- |_\ =#~ ^~
5. }oH =O Z= QO @^s PiH q^#O =
HiOKH=@O = HeQ #+O Uq\?
- @^s PiH q^#O = ^~}OQ ^= iy
^x =O PiH == x ^~ _ Òk. ^x= ^"}
i u U~ _ ` Ok. JO^ = @^s q^ <x
J#iOK@_ ^x i=}x PiH == L# ^~
iux ^$+LOKHx xOuOKe.
6. }oH q^< gH, H~H=# x~OK
68
24. U }oH HO ^~ `Q~? ZO` Ò `Q~?

- "^\ OK=~ }oH HO, 13% `Q~
25. "^\ OK=~ }oH ZO` "Ò @^s q^<x
J#iOz iOK@O [iyOk?
- 17%, ~. 333 H@
26. "^\ OK=~ }oH ZO` "Ò |_\ =#~ ^~
HiOK@O [iyOk?
- 73%, ~. 1438 H@
27. "^\ OK=~ }oH ZO`Ò q^j O ^~
=~H=@O [iyOk?
- 10%, ~. 189 H@
~O_ OK=~ }oH:

1. ~O_ OK=~ }oH HO Uk?
- 1956 U 1 #O_ 1961 =i 31 =~
2. ~O_ OK=~ }oH HO }oH OO J^
Z=~?
- [=~ <
3. ~O_ OK=~ }oH HO }oH OO L^
Z=~?
- =Y PiH"` PK~ =<a
4. PK~ =<a 1955 ~OkOz# }oH #=<
~ Uq\?
- <Q ~OQ #=<
5. ~O_ OK=~ }oH JÒ` ^#` Ok# ~OQO
Uk?
- s i= ~OQO
6. ~O_ OK=~ }oH ~H# U PiH "` #=<
H#Q}OQ [iyOk?
- PK~ =<a
7. ~O_ OK=~ }oH ~H# J#iOz# iqH
q^#O Uk?
- 1956 <\ iqH q^#O
8. ~O_ OK=~ }oH ` =O ZO`?
- ~. 4672 H@
9. ~O_ OK=~ }oH ^# H O Uq\?
-iqHH~ }
10. ~~ , a, ^~ ~ W#=L H~Q~# U OK=~

}oH HO xiOK~?
- ~O_ OK=~ }oH HO
11.~O_ OK=~ }oH "@ ~OQO @|_ ZO`? ~. 3100 H@
12. ~O_ OK=~ }oH == ~OQxH ZO`Ò
H \~OK~?
- 20 Ò
13. ~O_ OK=~ }oH iqH ~OQxH ZO` Ò
H \~OK~?
- 20 Ò
14. OH = ~O_ OK=~ }oH ZO` Ò
H \~OK~?
- 18 Ò
15. ^#`# |\ ~O_ OK=~ }oH# U }oHQ
~#=K?
- i=, ~"} }oH
16. ~O_ OK=~ }oH =O "^\ OK=~ }oH
=xHO> ZO` Z=?
- 2 1/2 ~@
&
A
I
ED
M
E
E
R
S
17. ~O_ OK=~ }oH HO *fÔ ZO` Ò

iyOk?
- 19.5%
18. ~O_ OK=~ }oH HO ì PÔ ZO`
iyOk?
- 8%
19. ~ O_ OK=~ }oHO`xH (196061) P~ ^< Lù
ZO` [iyOk?
- 76 qe< @#
20. ~O_ OK=~ }oH HO iqHa=$k zH ZO`
Ò iyOk?
- 40%
21. ~O_ OK=~ }oH HO ^~ ZO` Ò
iQ~?
- 30%
22. ~O_ OK=~ }oH |_\ =#~ ^~ ZO` Ò
=~|_Ok?
- 57%
23. ~O_ OK=~ }oH @^s PiH q^#O ^~ ZO`
=~@O [iyOk?
- ~. 954 H@ 20.4%
24. ~O_ OK=~ }oH# ~OkOz# PiH"` Z=~?
=<a
S
N
=_ OK=~ }oH: O
I
T
A
C
I
N
U
M
M
O
C
69
1. =_ OK=~ }oH HO Uk?

- 1961 U 1 #O_ 1966 =i 31 =~
2. ==O, i=# O`# ^$HÔ` Kz# }oH
Uk?
- =_ OK=~ }oH
3. =_ OK=~ }oH ^# PO Uk?
- O =$k, =O|#
4. =_ OK=~ }oH HO ` ~OQ =O ZO`?
- ~. 8577 H@
5. =_ OK=~ }oH == ~OQO H\~O
ZO`?
- 23%
6. =_ OK=~ }oH i=, Q# "\ ZO`?
- 20%
7. =_ OK=~ }oH q^KH ~OQO "\ ZO`?
- 13%
8. =_ OK=~ }oH HO i =$k~@ ZO`?
- 2.2%
9. =_ OK=~ }oH HO \ ^~ z ZO`
iyOk?
- 36.4%
10. =_ OK=~ }oH @^s PiH q^#O ^~
ZO` "Ò =~|_Ok?
- ~. 1133 H@, 13.2%
11. =_ OK=~ }oH HO q^j ~} "\ ZO`?
- ~. 2423 H@, 28.2%
12. 196465 P~ ^< Lù?
- 89 qe< @#
13. n~HeH }oHQ ~OkOz# }oH Uk?
- =_ OK=~ }oH
14. =_ OK=~ }oH# Zx O=`~ Hx ^$+

LOKHx ~OkOK~
- 1961 #O_ 1976 =~ 15 O=`~ Hx
"iH }oH:
1. "iH }oH# U U O=`~ J= K~?
- 196667, 196768, 196869 O=`~
2. "iH }oH# U OK=~ }oH `~"` J= K~?
- =_ OK=~ }oH
3. =_ "iH }oH `~OQO ZO` "Ò Y~
K~?
- ~. 6625 H@
4. 196768 "iH }oH HO *fÔ ZO` iyOk?
- 9%, == Lù JkHOQ LO_@O =
5. 196869 "iH }oH HO *fÔ ZO` Ò
iyOk?
- 1.1 Ò
6. ^=OQ ~~ =~HO q= Z_ `yOK~?
- 1966 E<
7. ~~ =~HO q= `Q@O = [iy# [#O Uq\?
- ZQ=` iy, kQ=` `y q^j
"~ KeO "~Q_#q.
8. == ~OQO ~Q^ ~@ D }oH ~}`HOQ
LOk?
3= }oH
<Q OK=~ }oH:
S
N
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U
M
M
O
C
1. <Q OK=~ }oH HO Uk?

- 1969 U 1 #Oz 1974 =i 31 =~
2. <Q OK=~ }oH "iH =$k~@ H O?
- 5.5%
3. <Q OK=~ }oH HO ` ~OQO "=OQ
J~# Y~ ZO`?
- ~. 15779 H@
4. <Q }oH "Ò =O ==O, h\~^
K# =O ZO`?
- 23.3%
5. <Q OK=~ }oH q^KH Ja=$kH K# =O
ZO` Ò?
- 18.6%
6. <Q OK=~ }oH ~"}, H=xH+# K# =O
ZO` Ò?
- 19.5%
7. <Q OK=~ }oH == ~OQ =$k~@ H O
ZO`? "= =$k~@ ZO`?
- H O 5%, "=O 2%
8. 197374 O=`~O P~ ^< Lù ZO`?
- 105 qe< @#
9. <Q OK=~ }oH iqH ~OQO i =$k~@
H O ZO`?
- 8 #O_ 10%
10. <Q OK=~ }oH HO "=OQ *fÔ
b< =$k~@ ZO`?
- 3.4%
11. <Q OK=~ }oH HO "=OQ ì PÔ
=$k~@ ZO`?
- 1.1%
12. <Q OK=~ }oH HO i \ ^~ z
ZO` Ò iyOk?
- 12%
&
A
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ED
M
E
E
R
S
13. <Q OK=~ }oH @^s |_\ q^#O =

ZO` "Ò HiOK~?
- ~. 12013 H@, 74.3%
14. <Q OK=~ }oH @^s |_\ q^#O = ZO`
"Ò =~~?
- ~. 2060 H@ 12.8%
15. O~}# U }oH HO J= K~?
- <Q OK=~ }oH HO
16. <Q OK=~ }oH `k =~^ Z_ ` ~ O k?
- 1970 =i
17. <Q OK=~ }oH HO }oH O O L^
Z=~?
- _.P~. Q_
18. HO^ ~ =^ }oH =#~ O} <Q }oH
U~@ K# Hq\ Uk?
Q_ Hq\
19. i` q"x "^@ U }oH JOwHiOK~?
4= }oH
70
S^ OK=~ }oH:
1. S^ OK=~ }oH HO Uk?

- 1974 U 1 #O_ 1979 =i 31 =~
2. S^ OK=~ }oH HO (1977) H OÔ JkH~OH
=z# HOQ`~ s Uk?
- [#` s
3. 1977 JkH~OH =z# [#` s S^ OK=~ }oH#
Z_ xe"Ok?
- 1978 =i 31#
4. S^ OK=~ }oH 1974 U 1 #O_ ~O"#\H,
nx `k =~^ Z_ `~Ok?-1976 O|~
5. S^ OK=~ }oH ^< Uq?
- îH x~#, =O|#
6. [#`s ~OaOz# x~O`~ }oH# HOQ s Z_
xe"Ok?
- 1980
7. S^ OK=~ }oH "Ò =O ZO`?
- ~. 39,426 H@
8. S^ OK=~ }oH =O i= "\ ZO`?
- 23%
9. S^ OK=~ }oH ==O, h\~^ ~OQ "\
ZO`?
- 22%
10. 20 ` H~H=O Z_ ~O"Ok?
- 1975 O|~
11. *f Hh=~ H~H=O, z#H~ ~ ` Ja=$k ^H O ,
#H~, == Hi Ja=$k ^H O , H~= O` Ja=$k
^HO "^# ^H ^~ îH x~< H~H=O U
}oH HO ~O"Ok?
- S^ OK=~ }oH HO
12. S^ OK=~ }oH HO == ~OQO i
=$k~@ ZO`?
- 4.58%
13. S^ OK=~ }oH HO P~^< i Lù
ZO`?
- 132 qe< @#
14. S^ OK=~ }oH HO *fÔ "= =$k~@
ZO`?
- 5.2%
15. S^ OK=~ }oH HO ì PÔ i

=$k~@ ZO`?
- 2.9%
16. S^ OK=~ }oH "Ò =O |_@s =#~ ^~
=i# "Ò ZO`?- ~. 31.943H@, 78.47%
17. S^ OK=~ }oH "Ò =O q^j O "\
ZO`?
- ~. 5209 H@, 12.8%
18. îH x~# ^# ÔQ QiOz# }oH Uk?
S^ }oH
19. "^\ P~ OK=~ }oH |_@s =#~ ^~ J`kH
"Ò =#~ HiOz# }oH Uk?
- S^ OK=~ }oH, 78.4%
19.
20.
21.
P~ OK=~ }oH:
1. P~ OK=~ }oH HO Uk?
- 1980 U 1 #O_ 1985 =i 31 =~
2. P~ OK=~ }oH `k =~^ Z_ `~Ok?
- 1981 |=i
3. P~ OK=~ }oH "Ò =O ZO`?
- ~. 1,09,292 H@
4. P~ OK=~ }oH "Ò =O ==O, h\~^
~OQ Y~ \#k ZO`?
- ~. 26131 H@, 23.9 Ò
5. P~ OK=~ }oH i=, Q# ~OQ ZO` =O
K~?
- ~. 15,018 H@, 15.4 Ò
6. P~ OK=~ }oH J`kH Ò =#~ H\~Oz#
~OQO Uk?
- H=#~ ~OQO
7. P~ OK=~ }oH H= #~ ~OQxH ZO` H \~OK~?
- ~. 26535 H@, 27.2 Ò
8. P~ OK=~ }oH Lù ~Q^ ~@ ZO`?
- b< 4.3%
9. 198384 P~^< Lù ZO`?
- 152 qe< @#
10. 198485 P~^< Lù ZO`?
- 145.5 qe< @#
11. P~ OK=~ }oH HO J^#OQ ZO` Ò qH
h\~^ =u HeOK~?
- 11 qe< H~
12. P~ OK=~ }oH HO J^#OQ ZO` Ò Q=
q^` H~x O^~?
- 64%
13. P~ OK=~ }oH HO i PiH= $k ~ @ ZO`?
- 5.2%
14. P~ OK=~ }oH HO \ ^~ z ZO` Ò
iyOk?
- i 8%
15. 197778 îHO L# [< ZO`?
- 307 qe#, 48%
16.P~ }oHO`xH (198485) îHO L# [< ZO`?
- 273 qe#, 37%
17. x~^y`, îH x~# HO P~ OK=~ }oH
`HOQ K\ # H~H=q?
&
A
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M
E
E
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S
18.
22.
- =Q Qg}a=$k ^HO , *f Qg} O Lk

^HO, Qg} qx "i Lk ^` ^HO, O
Lk HO Qg} = tH} ^H O , *f Hh=~
^HO "^#q.
P~ OK=~ }oH =O |_@s =#~ ^~ ZO`
"`x =~~?
- ~. 86,608 H@, 77.6%
P~ OK=~ }oH =O @^s PiH q^#O
^~ ZO` "Ò =~~?
- ~. 15684 H@, 14.1%
P~ OK=~ }oH =O q^j O ^~ ZO`
"Ò =~|_Ok?
- ~. 8529 H@, 7.7%
"^\ P~ OK=~ }oH q^j O JÒ` ` =Q
Ok# }oH Uk?
- P~ OK=~ }oH
"^\ P~ OK=~ }oH @^s PiH q^#O
^~ JÒ` `=Q =#~# HiOz# }oH Uk?
- S^ OK=~ }oH, 8.8%
"^\ P~ OK=~ }oH |_@s =#~ ^~ JÒ`
`=Q =#~# HiOz# }oH Uk?
- ~O_ OK=~ }oH, 57.1%
Qg} q x Hi L^y` g ^HO ~OaK|_#
}oH Uk?
- P~= OK=~ }oH
S
N
O
I
T
A
U_ OK=~ IC
}oH:
N
U
M
M
O
C
71
23.
24.
1. U_ OK=~ }oH HO Uk?

- 1985 U 1 #O_ 1990 =i 31 =~
2. U_ OK=~ }oH =eH ^#` (basic priorities)
Uq?
- P~O, L^QO, L`^H`
3. U_ OK=~ }oH HO " \# Qg} Lk ^H O
Uk?
- [=~ ~*Q~ [#
4. [=~ ~*Q~ [# Z_ ~OaOK|_Ok?
-1989
5. [=~ ~*Q~ [# UU ^H # qb#O K ~OaOK~?
- *f Qg} Lk ^HO , Qg} qx "i
Lk ^` ^H
6. *fa=$k =O_e U_ OK=~ }oH# Z_
P"kOzOk?
- 1985 #=O|~ 9#
7. U_= }oH "Ò =O ZO`?
- ~. 3,48,148 H@
8. U_= OK=~ }oH ` ~OQ "\ ZO`?
- ~. 1,80,000 H@
9. U_= OK=~ }oH "@ ~OQ @|_ ZO`?
- ~. 1,68,148 H@
10. U_ OK=~ }oH ` ~OQO J`kH "Ò
H\~O [iy# ~OQO Uk?
- H =#~ ~OQO, 30.45%, ~. 54,821.26 H@
11. U_ OK=~ }oH OH = ~OQxH ZO`
H \~OK~?
- 16.3%
12. U_ OK=~ }oH HO i PiH =$k~ @ ZO`?
- 5.2%, H O 5.0%
13. U_ OK=~ }oH HO ì PÔ i =$k~ @

ZO`?
- 3%
14. 198586 P~^< Lù ZO`?
- 150 qe< @#
15. 198990 P~^< Lù ZO`?
- 175 qe< @#
16. U_ OK=~ }oH HO qxQ^~ ^~ z ZO`
iyOk?
- b< 8.1%
17. =# OK=~ }oH O H=@O ^ qO H=@O
^#OQ U ~OQO P^~_ LO@Ok?
- ==~OQO
18. PiH ~mH~} U }oH HO ~O"Ok?
- U_ OK=~ }oH HO
19. U_ }oH "Ò `~OQ @|_ ~. 180000 H@ |_@ s
=#~ ^~ ZO` HiOKx x~~ OK~?
- ~. 1,48,000 H@, 82.2%
20. U_ OK=~ }oH "Ò ` ~OQ =O q^j
O ^~ ZO` HiOKx x~~OK~?
- ~. 18,000 H@, 10%
Zxq^ OK=~ }oH:
1. `q^ OK=~ }oH HO?

- 1997 U 1 #O_ 2002 =i 31 =~
2. `q^ OK=~ }oH *fù "iH PiH
Ja=$k ~@ H O ZO`?
- 6.5%
3. `q^ OK=~ }oH ^# H O?
- =lH <O` _# Ja=$k, =#Ò
4. `q^ OK=~ }oH "iH == Ja=$k ~@
H O ZO`?
- 4.5%
5. 199697 <\H L# q^` H~` ZO`?
-11.5%
6. 9= }oHOÒ (200102) <\H q^` _=O_ ZO`?
- 496.1 ae< H"\ J=~
7. Ò Ô Lù J=`# q^` ZO`?
- 85,019 "Q"@
8. 200102 <\H L# q^` _=O_ f~\xH <\H Lù
K=# q^` ZO`?
- 1,30,763 "Q"@
9. Zxq^ OK=~ }oH H< `q^ OK=~ }oH
` ~OQ "Ò Ò ZO` iyOk?
- 33%
10. 201112 <\H Zx @# P~ ^< J=~= x JOK<
"~?
- 298.38 qe< @#
11. 201112 <\H P~^ < Lù ZO` kOKx `q^
}oH x~~OK|_Ok?
- 337.3 qe< @#
12. `q^ }oH *fù ^j ^ ~@
H O ZO`?
- 26.1%
13. 9= }oH ì PÔ "iH =$k~@ H O ZO`?
- 5%
14. =# Ô 9= }oH# D qÔQ Qi~?
B`H }oH
15. Ô qHOnH~} }oH# ZC_ J= iK~?
- 9= OK=~ }oH
S
N
O
I
T
A
C
I
N
U
M
M
O
C
1. Zxq^ OK=~ }oH HO Uk?

- 1992 U 1 #O_ 1997 =i 31 =~
2. K<`H }oH q^#O U OK=~ }oH #O_
~O"Ok?
- Zxq^ OK=~ }oH #O_
3. Zxq^ OK=~ }oH ^#` ~OQO Uk?
- q^`, ~"}, H=xH+< =O\
=eH ^ ~OQO
4. Zxq^ OK=~ }oH "Ò @|_ ZO`?
- ~. 8,71,100 H@
5. Zxq^ OK=~ }oH ` ~OQO @|_ ZO`? - ~.
4,34,100 H@
6. Zxq^ OK=~ }oH "@ ~OQ @|_ ZO`?
- ~. 4,37,000 H@
7. Zxq^ OK=~ }oH == h\~^ ~OQ
ZO` "Ò H\~OK~?
- ~.93,682 H@, 21.6%
8. Zxq^ OK=~ }oH i=, Yx[ ~OQxH ZO`
H \~OK~?
- ~. 46,889 H@, 10.8%
9. Zxq^ OK=~ }oH H=xH+< ~OQxH ZO`
H \~OK~?
- ~. 26,832 H@, 6.2%
10. Zxq^ OK=~ }oH GOHuH ~OQ ZO`
H \~OK~?
- ~. 6,287 H@, 1.4%
11. Zxq^ OK=~ }oH O H = ZO` H \~OK~?
- ~. 77,952 H@, 18%
12. Zxq^ OK=~ }oH ZQ=` ~Q^ H O ZO`?
- 13.6%
&
A
I
ED
M
E
E
R
S
`q^ OK=~ }oH:
72
^= OK=~ }oH:
1. Ò (2007) }oH OO J^0 Z=~?
- =<< OQ
2. Ò (2007) }oH OO L^ Z=~?
- =O>H OQ J"e
3. 2005 <\H ~`Ô U K@O JO`~f =}#
K~ H"e?
H~\, >O\ ~\, >_ =~
4. 2007 O=`~O <\H OK =~HO ~` Ô "\ D
`xH ~Qx x~~OK~?
1.0%
5. 200207 ^= OK=~ }oH Zx qe# qH H
~QÒ^x JOK<?
35 qe#
6. ^ OK=~ }oH ^ H "O`?

29.8 Ò
7. 10= }oH x~iOz# Ja=$k ~@ Ò ZO`?
8%
8. ^ OK=~ }oH H~O 2007 @} îHx ZO`
=~ `yOKe?
23.6 Ò #Oz 17.1 Ò =~
9. ^= OK=~ }oH HO Uk?
200207
10. ^= OK=~ }oH =$k~@ H O ZO`?
8.0 Ò
11. ^= OK=~ }oH ` ~OQ @|_ ZO`?
9,21,291 H@ ~.
12. ^= OK=~ }oH iqH =$k~@ H O ZO`?
10.0Ò
13. ^= OK=~ }oH kOz# =$k~@ ZO`?
7.8 Ò
14. ^ OK=~ }oH # == O~} xqOz#
Hq\ Uk?
~~k Hq\
11= OK=~ }oH:
S
N
O
I
T
A
C
I
N
U
M
M
O
C
1. 11= OK=~ }oH =$k~@# ZO`Ò kOKx

H OQ x~~OK~?
- 9%
2. 11= OK=~ }oH QOQ HO^Ò q^~OQO
ZO` Ò x^# ("Ò H\~O) H\~OKx
H OQ f~xOK~?
- 19%
3. 11= }oH HO ==O, ^x J#|O^ ~OQ
ZO` Ò =$k~@# kOKx H OQ x~~OKe?
- 4%
4. 11= OK=~ }oH HO == ~OQO ZO` Ò
=$k~@# kOKx H OQ x~~OK~?
- 5.5%
5. 11= }oH HO iqH ~OQO (kf ~OQO)
ZO` Ò =$kx kOKx H OQ x~~OK~?
- 9.5%
6. 200607 O=`~xH l_ == ~OQO "\ ZO`?
- 18.5%
7. 11= OK=~ }oH JO`xH qq^ Q
Z<~"O\ ~+# ZO` OKx H OQ @<~?
- 15%
8. 11= OK=~ }oH HO D HOk "x U ~OQO
J`kHOQ x^ Y~ Kx x~~OK~?
- q^~OQO
9. 11= OK=~ }oH HO q^~OQO HO HO^ `
Q |_@s ~ ZO` Ò H\~OK~?
- 19.36%
10. 11= OK=~ }oH HO J`kH ^#` ^xH WK~?
- ==O
&
A
I
ED
M
E
E
R
S
73

Appsc Group-Iv: Basic Objective Study Material

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