P'5'CR'E~TF' TRANSFOR~

..... VeALPRIMARIL.Y
OF

WITH

'ffc

'P.ANSFO~/YV}TlON
AN
I>

DOMAI1-JS.
-

DISc RF-rE"

p .....A

BFT WE"E"....

'-/Me:

Ff<!FQ"€"NC),

EXAMPLF:S: --. - .:
-I

DT,Fr O,FT

( DIScR~T,e-T'ME

"

FOV,R,IE"R

TllAt.JS'FO.RM)

~
-JI.

C t>1,,$(..RI!:TE"
('FAST

'FOv rtl£R

TRANJF'OIZM)

FFT

rOUR 1.'E"R.

rR A.NS FORM)

FOu RJt: R.
----

<:;;: c'R, IE'S

-_ -_J

f(t.);:;::

a. of L ,a't1I cos~ri,wt}
,-cIO' . 'r'

+' L 'b,; Sin,

n= 1
I

'

00'

_ • _ , ",

(nw()

-::-1

* ANY
\-"nTH

'PE"RlvO r"c'" . 'W Av,r; FO~M

AS TH'E

f' Ct)

CAN
A-~

E"

tz£PR~SENT,e-l>

SUM

OF'
I

I~F I N_ITF; Gs-rH,ER

1"·l\fMBt.n~. OF:'
A

SIt-4USOrDAL

-rt=~MS

TC

CON $1""ANT

TERM.

W;

.2.1Tf ,=

'.'

211"

Tp

where

q,c _.' , .'.

Tr
'""\

, ,J
,

-rr ~'REreTTTION
\VAYE'F,OR..M

"PE."f'!OD OF
,.

THE'

Tp/2

-Jp/z.

f(t) dt,

.'

Q'h-

,_

If. /2- 'P/.,

f(t)

COS

(!"wt)dt

bn ~"To:

2J
'

Yrii

,F ...Trl

.f{t)SI n(flwt)dt

... , . .',

US1INlCi F)(PO,rJS'1'J',l:AL

,NO~ArIIOf'J W ~ I

H-AVe

f(t) -=

L
co'

d h ,eJr.cot

IEXAM'LE:

CoiN'S' Pe-r<:T

f-te

'N AVE

Fa R. WI.

'BE"l.O'IN:

T
1

J
/
0

f(t)
XT"_

Ie--~-

1lt.... ,1

I
Ii

r;
-

1
'"

..
t

t=-("-XT)
'DE'T~~M H..J e

t::x1"

ITS

FOUR 'ISR,

St ~,~ s

P:e!R 'E" SE"N i/'rTJON' iii ...

SOLurrO(J .:

2A
tHAtTp

n IN

,..

e J" w ( ",/2. - x-r)

j"c.u, (0.$ ~)().,..,

S'ft~, (nl w "t/2.)

l

hw~h

A"'r s.' 'a,l .. -r,I

P'

(nlw")-I,e. 2.

S a,-,('

It\I~,''~)'' --

s-;in

(""'''''/2. 2.
,n fAJ~/2..

'1,.;0'

FRQ,1'f\

FoU1l(e,f2" SEiRfES
-o

WE"

'~ -jncut fft) ,= ,L d" e

In; ..

d =. =F' Tr/l,. f· (-.,........jnColJt Q't 1 .. _, J te In. I'p -TpIZC, ,

I ..
I

i·

HAVE
(~

THE

'FOU~I'FR

T«AN'SFORM

of

Po
IS'

'FU'.LI'f"E-ENE'.R"S:~

PIISCP;,ETE -T"Mf

X(w)

-=

SrG NAL
,00

X' (n)

"DEfU·,J£I>

BY

X(n)

e -Jr ...m
Co,NTE:NT

nl=-OO
WHE"~E"; "X(w):: r,F-E"GU~NCY
l

OF
C'

X(n)

~, Ff<i"G. {{,ANGE ==U"~! E R VAll T

(-'IT
J

11") or
_ -

0, 2.1'r)
I _

~ X.(IW) IS

PE"R~OD'tC

wI

PE"PdOf)

=2.11'

_,,'

X(n)::

-", 2'ff

r'

1t,

-u

X< 'w', - ,) "I..

e'-

'wn J

du.)

DISCRETE

fOURllER

T~.AN'S'fo~M

(DFT)
OF pTFT

_" T·HE, COMPuTER

,GIVc,N

IMPLEMENTATION
WAVE"FORM,)

{x(nT)
THE'

1=

SAM PLED

X(O)

x (T),x (ZT), ... " , X [CN-'1)T J

X(K)
NI-I _ Or X(YlIT)

DFT
BY·

VAl...U~~

A·R'c

(Q,tVEN

X(K)

= 'fD[X(nT)J = L X(I~T)e
~-:::o

-jk:nnT

X(t<) \X(~)'

f«t<)

+ j'ICt<)

tR~{I') -t I'l-(l<)fl2

¢(K) .: tan-II [1(1<)/ R( 1<)1

-rHe

fouR\EIZ. ·""''''AN 5 F01ZN1 COM PO,N~ M TS

·'REL.ATS"D
'R>'L..L,OWS:

A\\~
AS

~O

TH~

DfT

GOMPON'IE"NT,S'

F ljw) :: T' X (It<)

IDFT
I X (nT)

rs DE F'NED'
~51

[x(~)]= =

t !I
)(=0

g"y

X(I<)ej~"T,

n·::: 0, 1" Z" • ,.,.,(N,_,)

EXAMPLE

:a., ~VA

l,UA,':TE

TH-e

'OFT

OF
I

X{nT)= [1, 0

0,1]
AND

b.

G'~INle\<AI'TE

THE

MAGN 1ITU'De"
II F

'P H- A'S :E"'

PiLOTS'

13' *
Or

8,1( H' z THFl

c.) EVA,LU'ATf
1 fJ (a.)

THE"

TJ)FT

F=2E""S'UL.,T

x(nT):: { 1, 0 , 0 I 1

X (I<) = FD
II'X(I<)I
2.._,-

X(n T }] s:

f 2., 1+j , 0, ,- j }
I

U . _,'..-~ .... .... -_._ ..

_OP

....- ... -"'-

.---I

EXAMPLE.:

PROVE THAT

r, [X(n)] =L_ )(.(n) cos (t::.n.nT) '. n=o

N-'

fO~ EVEN FUNCTIONS,

DERIV~ THE" TIME SERIES

FROM f 1l
I

[1,0,0,1]

ITS

DF'T
I

COMiPON:E"NTS

1+J.. n ,

10', 1-J'1

I•

S_O'Lu'T 'OH !

APPLY

ItJVE~SE

. x(nT):::
.
--....iiiio. ,

t~
K"'O

"DfT tJ-,·

(rDFT)

X(I<.) eit::!tnT

, WlT,H n=o

. N-'li

X(nT)-;:: X(O)::. ~

I )(.(1<)
~'=o

dt

~((») f 2.

X(1)

X (2.) + )«(3)J

f[ =lI7
=

+ (ttjl) + 0 + (1- jl)]

'W~Tttn

X(nT) ::: X (T)

1 "'-\,

_.

-}

1
.

= N L X (I<) e
"'''I _

'f

i,I<A T

1<=0
J'1<211'/ ' N

= N 2. X (I<) e
'<=0

~ 4" L
'1<=0
=: '~

1, ~-.

X{I<)

J 1t<1T/2.

1 [,

=
=

t~+ (ttj)j +
2

~ '( 2 + ,1t,J.) ej ~/2. tOt

"'-J·)e J 5"/.2.J 1

(1-j)(-j)]

t(lt-j -l-j-

1)

=l§J
WITH
--J'

'n::

x (nT) = X,(2.T)=

=t(2.. t (t+j)ej1T + (t-j) ej 3tr]

=lfZ-(lt.\)(1-i)1

-h-Ix(l<)e k=o

IN-I

"k"IT

-m:

FINA, LLY/' WITH'

'.

X(~T) = ~

= t [l + (1tj_) e
k=O

f'x(I<) ej I< 31f/2.

j 301Tfo_

n = 3,J

t[2 + (ltj)(-j) + (1-j)(j)]

1+ j

+ (1-j) e j 90/2. J

.=t(2-j+
THOS, X(nT)::

+ 1) =jIJ
0,

11/0,

1]

,AS E)(PECTED.