Chng 1 - Tng quan v my vi tnh

1. Lich s ca my tnh c nhn S ra i ca my tnh c nhn Nm 1975 cng ty MITS ( M ) gii thiu chic my tnh c nhn Altair u tin trn th gii, chic my ny s dng b vi x l 8080 ca Intel, chic my tnh u tin khng c mn hnh m ch hin kt qu thng qua cc n Led

My tnh PC u tin trn th gii Altair Nm 1977 cng ty Apple a ra th trng my tnh AppleII c mn hnh v bn phm

My tnh PC hng Apple sn xut nm 1977 Nm 1981 cng ty IBM sn xut my tnh PC c h thng m, tc l my c nhiu khe cm m rng c th cm thm cc th khc vo , sau ny thit k ny pht trin thnh tiu chun ca my tnh ngy nay. Cng ty IBM ( mt cng ty khng l lc ) tm n mt cng ty nh c tn l Microsoft thu vit phn mm cho my tnh PC ca mnh , l c hi ngn nm c mt cho Microsoft tr thnh cng ty phn mm ln nht th gii hin nay .

My tnh PC ca hng IBM sn xut nm 1981 thu cng ty Microsoft vit h iu hnh MS - DOS Chic my ny c tc 5MHz Sau khi pht minh ra chun PC m rng, IBM cho php cc nh sn xut PC trn th gii nhi theo chun ca IBM v chun my tnh IBM PC nhanh chng pht trin thnh h thng sn xut my PC khng l trn ton th gii . IBM khng c tho thun c quyn vi MS DOS cho nn Microsoft c th bn phn mm MS DOS cho bt c ai, v vy m Microsoft nhanh chng tr thnh mt cng ty ln mnh.

Billgate nm 1981 ng lm vic sut ngy hon thnh h iu hnh MS DOS cho cng ty IBM, hp ng ca ng ch ng gi bng 5 pht thu nhp hin nay, nhng ng mun c th gii bit n sn phm , ri mt ngy khng xa ng s lm ch th gii trong lnh vc phn mm, l tm nhn ca mt ...t ph . Ai kim sot phn mm PC Phn mm my tnh PC c Microsoft kim sot v thng tr trong sut qu trnh pht trin ca my tnh c nhn . + T nm 1981 n 1990 l h iu hnh MS DOS pht trin qua nhiu phin bn v c trn 80% my tnh PC trn th gii s dng h iu hnh ny .

+ Nm 1991 Microsoft cho ra i h iu hnh Window 3.1 v c trn 90% my tnh PC trn Th gii s dng . + Nm 1995 Microsoft cho ra i h iu hnh Window 95 v c khong 95% my tnh PC trn Th gii s dng. + Nm 1998 Microsoft cho ra i h iu hnh Window 98 v c trn 95% my tnh PC trn Th gii s dng. + Nm 2000 Microsoft cho ra i h iu hnh Window 2000 + Nm 2002 Microsoft cho ra i h iu hnh Window XP vi khong 97% my tnh PC s dng .

Billgate ng hong trong th gii phn mm Mt iu c bit quan trng l c trn 95% my tnh PC trn Th gii s dng cc sn phm Windows ca Microsoft, v vy cc cng ty sn xut thit b ngoi vi mun bn c ra th trng th phi c trnh iu khin do Microsoft cung cp hoc mt tho thun vi Microsoft sn phm y c Windows h tr + Mt thit b my tnh m khng c Window h tr th coi nh khng bn cho ai c => l l do lm cho Microsoft tr thnh khng nhng l nh thng tr phn mm m cn ng vai tr iu khin s pht trin phn cng PC . Ai kim sot phn cng PC IBM l nh pht minh v pht trin h thng my tnh PC nhng h ch lm c quyn kim sot trong 7 nm t 1981 n 1987, sau quyn kim sot thuc v cng ty Intel . Intel c thnh lp nm 1968 vi mc tiu sn xut cc chip nh + Nm 1971 Intel pht minh ra Vi x l u tin c tn 4004 c tc l 0,1 MHz

CPU u tin do Intel sn xut nm 1971 c tc 0,1MHz + Nm 1972 Intel gii thiu chp 8008 c tc 0,2 MHz + Nm 1979 Intel gii thiu chp 8088 c tc 5 MHz hng IBM s dng chp 8088 lp cho chic PC u tin ca mnh . + Nm 1988 Intel gii thiu chp 386 c tc 75 MHz + Nm 1990 Intel gii thiu chp 486 c tc 100 -133 MHz + Nm 1993 - 1996 Intel gii thiu chp 586 c tc 166 200MHz + Nm 1997-1998 Intel gii thiu chp Pentiun 2 c tc 233 - 450 MHz + Nm 1999 - 2000 Intel gii thiu chp Pentium 3 c tc 500- 1200 MHz + T nm 2001 - nay Intel gii thiu chp Pentium 4 c tc t 1500 MHz n 3800MHz (v cha c gii hn )

CPU Pentium 4 sn xut nm 2006 vi tc 3,2GHz tc ny nhanh gp 32.000 ln tc CPU ban u Intel khng nhng dn u trong lnh vc sn sut CPU m cn l nh cung cp hng u v Chipset v Mainboard k t nm 1994 n nay .

2. Cc thnh phn trong my vi tnh Bn a tr chut vo s xem ch thch

S h thng my tnh My tnh l mt h thng gm nhiu thit b c lin kt vi nhau thng qua mt bo mch ch, s lin kt ny c iu khin bi CPU v h thng phn mm hng dn, mi thit b trong h thng c mt chc nng ring bit trong c ba thit b quan trng nht l CPU, Mainboard v b nh RAM . 3. Nhim v ca cc thit b trong h thng my tnh . 1) Mainboard ( Bo mch ch )

Mainboard ng vai tr lin kt tt c cc thnh phn ca h thng li vi nhau to thnh mt b my thng nht + Cc thnh phn khc nhau chng c tc lm vic, cch thc hot ng khc nhau nhng chng vn giao tip c vi nhau l nh c h thng Chipset trn Mainboard iu khin . 2) CPU ( Central Processing Unit ) - Vi x l

CPU l thnh phn quan trng nht ca my tnh, thc hin cc lnh ca chng trnh khi phn mm no chy, tc x l ca my tnh ph thuc ch yu vo linh kin ny, CPU l linh kin nh nhng t nht trong my vi tnh . 3) RAM ( Radom Access Memory ) - B nh truy cp ngu nhin

RAM l b nh tm thi, lu cc chng trnh phc v trc tip cho CPU x l, tt c cc chng trnh trc v sau khi x l u c np vo RAM, v vy dung lng v tc truy

cp RAM c nh hng trc tip n tc chung ca my . 4) Case v b ngun

Case : L hp my gn cc thnh phn nh Mainboard, cc a, cc Card m rng . Ngun : Thng i theo Case, c nhim v cung cp in p cho Mainboard v cc a hot ng . 5) a cng HDD ( Hard Disk Drive )

L thit b lu tr chnh ca h thng, cng c dung lng ln v tc truy cp kh nhanh, v vy chng c s dng ci t h iu hnh v cc chng trnh ng dng, ng thi n c s dng lu tr ti liu , tuy nhin cng l c nh, khng thun tin cho vic di chuyn d liu i xa . 6) a CD ROM ( Hard Disk Drive )

L a lu tr quang hc vi dung lng kh ln khong 640MB, a CD Rom gn nh d rng di chuyn i xa, tuy nhin a s cc a CD Rom ch cho php ghi c 1 ln, a CD Rom c s dng ci t phn mm my tnh, nghe nhc, xem phim v v... 7) a mm FDD

a mm c th c v ghi nhiu ln v d rng di chuyn i xa, tuy nhin do dung lng hn ch ch c 1,44MB v nhanh hng nn ngy nay a mm t c s dng m thay vo l cc USB c nhiu u im vt tri . 8) Bn phm - Keyboard .

Bn phm l thit b chnh gip ngi s dng giao tip v iu khin h thng, trnh iu khin bn phm do BIOS trn Mainboard iu khin . 9) Chut - Mouse.

L thit b nhp bng cc giao din ho nh h iu hnh Window v mt s phn mm khc, trnh iu khin chut do h iu hnh Window nm gi . 10) Card Video

Card Video l thit b trung gian gia my tnh v mn hnh, trn Card Video c bn thnh phn chnh . + Ram : Lu d liu video trc khi hin th trn mn hnh, b nh Ram ca Card Video cng ln th cho hnh nh c phn gii cng cao . + IC : DAC ( Digital Analog Conveter ) y l IC i tn hiu nh t dng s ca my tnh sang thnh tn hiu tng t . + IC gii m Video + BIOS : L trnh iu khin Card Video khi Window cha khi ng . Card Video c th c tch hp trc tip trn Mainboard 11) Mn hnh Monitor

Monitor CRT

Monitor LCD

Mn hnh Monitor hin th cc thng tin v hnh nh, k t gip cho ngi s dng nhn c cc kt qu x l ca my tnh , ng thi thng qua mn hnh ngi s dng giao tip vi my tnh a ra cc iu khin tng ng. Hin nay c hai loi mn hnh ph bin l CRT v mn hnh LCD

4. Khi nim v phn mm Phn mm l tp hp ca tt c cc cu lnh do cc nh lp trnh vit ra hng my tnh lm mt s vic c th no , khng nh cc thit b in t khc, my vi tnh m khng c phn mm th n khng hot ng g c . c c phn mm, cc nh lp trnh phi s dng cc ngn ng lp trnh vit, ngn ng lp trnh l ngn ng trung gian gia ngn ng giao tip ca con ngi vi ngn ng my, ngn ng cng gn vi ngn ng con ngi th gi l ngn ng bc cao, cng gn ngn ng my gi l ngn ng bc thp .

S dng ngn ng lp trnh iu khin my tnh Th d : Bn hy lp trnh mt on m to dng ch chy nh sau Bn khi ng Notepad Vo Start / Programs / Accessories / Notepad

Nhp vo on m sau : <html> <body> <p> <marquee style= "font-size : 16pt"> Toi da dieu khien duoc dong chu chay </marquee> </p> </body> </html> Sau Save As vo mt file abc.html Trong mc File name g abc.html Trong mc 'Save as Type' chn kiu 'All files' => Sau khi Save xong bn cho chy th File trn xem kt qu 5. Cc chng trnh phn mm Trong my tnh phn mm c chia thnh nhiu lp Chng trnh iu khin thit b ( Drive ) : y l cc chng trnh lm vic trc tip vi thit b phn cng, chng l lp trung gian gia h iu hnh v thit b phn cng, cc chng trnh ny thng c np vo trong b nh ROM trn Mainboard v trn cc Card m rng, hoc c tch hp trong h iu hnh v c ti vo b nh lc my khi ng . Operation System - H iu hnh L tp hp ca rt nhiu chng trnh c nhim v qun l ti nguyn my tnh, lm cu ni gia ngi s dng vi thit b phn cng, ngoi ra h iu hnh cn cho php cc nh lp trnh xy dng cc chng trnh ng dng chy trn n . Chng trnh ng dng . L cc chng trnh chy trn mt h iu hnh c th, lm cng c cho ngi s dng khai thc ti nguyn my tnh . Th d : Chng trnh Word : gip ta son tho vn bn Chng trnh PhotoShop gip ta s l nh v v...

Cng mt h thng phn cng, cng mt ngi s dng nhng c th chy hai h iu hnh khc nhau vi cc chng trnh ng dng khc nhau v cc trnh iu khin thit b khc nhau 6. Vai tr ca phn mm trong my vi tnh My tnh vi linh kin ch cht l CPU - l mt thit b in t c bit, n lm vic theo cc cu lnh m chng ta lp trnh , v c bn CPU ch lm vic mt cch my mc theo nhng dng lnh c sn vi mt tc cc nhanh khong vi trm triu lnh / giy , v vy s hot ng ca my tnh hon ton ph thuc vo cc cu lnh . Phn mm my tnh l tt c nhng cu lnh ni chung bao gm : + Cc lnh np vo BIOS hng dn my tnh khi ng v kim tra thit b . + H iu hnh c ci t trn cng nh h iu hnh MS DOS, h iu hnh Window + Cc chng trnh ci t trn cng hay trn CD Rom Khi ta kch hot vo mt nt lnh v thc cht ta yu cu CPU thc hin mt on chng trnh ca nt lnh . Virut thc cht l mt on lnh iu khin CPU thc thi cc vic vi su : Th d n lnh cho CPU Copy v Paste nhn bn mt file no ra y cng, hay t ng kch hot mt chng trnh no chy khng theo mun ngi dng . => Virut cng l phn mm nhng n l phn mm c hi do nhng tin tc c su vit ra, nu ta khng hiu c bn cht phn mm th ta cng khng tr c cc bnh v Virut .

7. K thut s trong my tnh : Ngi ta c th ni rng : Th k 21 l k nguyn k thut s, k thut s n su vo mi lnh vc ca i sng x hi, t thit b nh nh chi tr em n nhng thit b ti tn u

c s ho tng phn . Vy k thu s l g ? Cu hi ny xem ra kh c th gii thch trong mt vi dng nhng bn hy tm hiu : => K thut s l s dng h thng s nh phn biu din hay x l d liu, h thng s nh phn n rt n gin v n ch c hai mc 0 v 1 . Nh vy k thut s chnh l k thut x l, lu tr hoc truyn d liu bng cc tn hiu ch c hai mc 0 v 1 ( hay khng c in v c in ) 8. Tn hiu s ( Digital ) v tn hiu tng t ( Alalog ) Tn hiu s ( Digital ) L tn hiu ch c hai mc duy nht l Khng c in v C in , biu din hai trng thi ny ngi ta dng h thng s nh phn tc l ch c hai con s 0 v 1 0 Biu din cho trng thi : Khng c in 1 Biu din cho trng thi : C in

Tn hiu s ch c hai mc in p 0 v 1 Tn hiu tng t ( Analog ) Tn hiu tng t c trng thi bin i dn dn, tng dn hoc gim dn => v vy chng c dng hnh Sin Hu ht cc tn hiu trong t nhin u l tn hiu tng t nh : + Tn hiu m tn ( L tn hiu m thanh i ra tn hiu in ) + Tn hiu Video ( L tn hiu hnh nh i ra tn hiu in

Tn hiu Analog l tn hiu dng hnh Sin + Tn hiu tng t ( Analog ) c v s cc mc in p khc nhau, v vy chng khng th biu din bng hai con s c

m ta phi biu din chng bng c s 10 ( l c s ta ang dng ) 9. Cc h thng s H thp phn : y l h c s 10 m ta vn quen s dng , h ny gm cc con s 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 Th d cc s 40 , 90, 115, 200 v v.. l cc s t nhin c biu din bng c s 10 .

Tn hiu Analog c rt nhiu mc in p nn phi s dng c s 10 mi biu din c n . + Gi s nu ta phi lu tr on tn hiu trn th ta phi lu li tt c cc gi tr ca chng ln lt theo cc im A,B,C,D,E l :

Chng 2 - Case v Ngun

1. Case : Hp my

Case : Hp my - Sn xut nm 2006

Bn trong Case ch c b ngun v cc gi Mainboard, a

B ngun ATX trong Case ca my Pentium 4 2. Case ng b Case ng b l cc my tnh bn sn ra th trng trong c y linh kin v thit b ngoi vi, Vit Nam Case ng b thng xut hin dng cc my tnh c nhp khu t M .

Case ng b IBM nhp khu t M . IBM v Compac l hai nh sn xut my tnh c nhn ln nht th gii trong nhng nm 1981 n 1997, hai cng ty ny cung cp phn ln my tnh c nhn PC cho th trng th gii trong thp nin 90 ca th k trc, cc cng ty ny s dng b x l ca Intel v thu cng ty Microsoft vit h iu hnh. 3. La chn Case khi lp My vi tnh : Khi lp mt b my vi tnh, bn cn phi la chn mt Case ( thng my) cho ph hp, v Case lun i km vi b ngun do bn cn la chn theo cc tiu chun sau : Hnh dng Case hp vi Model mi khng b cho l li thi

Cng sut ca b ngun : Nu nh bn nh s dng cng nhiu a th bn cn phi s dng Case c ngun cho cng sut cng ln, nu bn s dng Case c ngun yu khi chy s b qu cng sut v d gy h hng ngun v Mainboard B ngun phi c rc cm cn thit cho cu hnh my ca bn, Th d : nu bn lp my Pen 4 s dng socket 478 th ngun phi c thm rc 4pin Nu bn lp my c s dng a cng theo chun ATA th rc ngun nn c rc h tr u ni ngun chun ATA Cc qut gi lm Mass : My cng c lm mt tt th chy cng n nh v tui th cng cao .

Cc loi Case mi nht

4. B ngun my vi tnh

B ngun ATX dng cho cc my t Pentium2 n Pentium4

u dy ngun cp in cho Mainboard cc mu dy v in p, chc nng . ngha ca cc chn v mu dy Dy mu cam l chn cp ngun 3,3V Dy mu l chn cp ngun 5V Dy mu vng l chn cp ngun 12V Dy mu xanh da tri l chn cp ngun -12V Dy mu trng l chn cp ngun -5V Dy mu tm l chn cp ngun 5VSB ( y l ngun cp trc )

Dy mu en l Mass Dy mu xanh l cy l chn lnh m ngun chnh PS_ON ( Power Swich On ), khi in p PS_ON = 0V l m , PS_ON > 0V l tt Dy mu xm l chn bo v Mainboard, dy ny bo cho Mainbord bit tnh trng ca ngun tt PWR_OK (Power OK), khi dy ny c in p >3V th Mainboard mi hot ng .

u cm ny ch c trn b ngun ginh cho Mainboard Pentium 4

u cm dy ngun trn Mainboard 5. Kim tra b ngun kim tra mt b ngun c hot ng hay khng ta lm nh sau

Kim tra b ngun ATX Bc 1 : Cp in cho b ngun Bc 2 : u dy PS_ON ( mu xanh l cy ) vo Mass ( u vo mt dy mu en no ) => Quan st qut trn b ngun , nu qut quay tt l ngun chy Nu qut khng quay l ngun b hng . Trng hp ngun vn chy th h hng thng do Mainboard

6. Nguyn l hot ng ca b ngun ATX .

S mch tng qut ca b ngun ATX B ngun c 3 mch chnh l : + Mch chnh lu c nhim v i in p AC 220V u vo thnh DC 300V cung cp cho ngun cp trc v ngun chnh . + Ngun cp trc c nhim v cung cp in p 5V STB cho IC Chipset qun l ngun trn Mainboard v cung cp 12V nui IC to dao ng cho ngun chnh hot ng ( Ngun cp trc hot ng lin tc khi ta cm in .) + Ngun chnh c nhim v cung cp cc in p cho Mainboard, cc a cng, a mm, a CD Rom .. ngun chnh ch hot ng kh c lnh PS_ON iu khin t Mainboard . Bn a tr chut vo xem ch thch .

nh chp bn trong b ngun ATX 1- Mch chnh lu Nhim v ca mch chnh lu l i in p AC thnh in p DC cung cp cho ngun cp trc v ngun xung hot ng . S mch nh sau :

Mch chnh lu trong b ngun ATX Ngun ATX s dng mch chnh lu c 2 t lc mc ni tip to ra in p cn bng in gia. + Cng tc SW1 l cng tc chuyn in 110V/220V b tr ngoi khi ta gt sang nc 110V l khi cng tc ng => khi

in p DC s c nhn 2, tc l ta vn thu c 300V DC + Trong trng hp ta cm 220V m ta gt sang nc 110V th ngun s nhn 2 in p 220V AC v kt qu l ta thu c 600V DC => khi cc t lc ngun s b n v cht cc n cng sut. 2. Ngun cp trc + Nhim v ca ngun cp trc l cung cp in p 5V STB cho IC qun l ngun trn Mainboard v cung cp 12V cho IC dao ng ca ngun chnh . + S mch nh sau : Bn a tr chut vo s xem ch thch

S mch ngun cp trc trong b ngun ATX R1 l in tr mi to dao ng R2 v C3 l in tr v t hi tip duy tr dao ng D5, C4 v Dz l mch hi tip n nh in p ra Q1 l n cng sut 3. Ngun chnh + Nhim v : Ngun chnh c nhim v cung cp cc mc in p cho Mainboard v cc a hot ng + S mch ca ngun chnh nh sau : Bn a tr chut vo s xem ch thch

S mch ngun chnh trong b ngun ATX Q1 v Q2 l hai n cng sut, hai n ny uc mc y ko, trong mt thi im ch c mt n dn n kia tt do s iu khin ca xung dao ng . OSC l IC to dao ng, ngun Vcc cho IC ny l 12V do ngun cp trc cung cp, IC ny hot ng khi c lnh P.ON = 0V , khi IC hot ng s to ra dao ng dng xung hai chn 1, 2 v c khuch i qua hai n Q3 v Q4 sau ghp qua bin p o pha sang iu khin hai n cng sut hot ng . Bin p chnh : Cun s cp c u t im gia hai n cng sut v im gia hai t lc ngun chnh => in p th cp c chnh lu thnh cc mc in p +12V, +5V, +3,3V, -12V, -5V => cung cp cho Mainboard v cc a hot ng . Chn PG l in p bo v Mainboard , khi ngun bnh thng th in p PG > 3V, khi ngun ra sai => in p PG c th b mt, => Mainboard s cn c vo in p PG iu khin cho php Mainboard hot ng hay khng, nu in p PG < 3V th Mainboard s khng hot ng mc d cc in p khc vn c

 Xem s b ngun ATX chi tit

7. Cc bnh ca ngun Bnh 1 : B ngun khng hot ng, th chp chn PS_ON xung Mass ( chp dy xanh l vo dy en ) nhng qut vn khng quay .

Th kim tra theo cc bc trn thy qut ngun khng quay => ngun b hng Nguyn nhn h hng trn c th do : Chp mt trong cc n cng sut => dn n n cu ch , mt ngun 300V u vo . in p 300V u vo vn cn nhng ngun cp trc khng hot ng, khng c in p 5V STB in p 300V c, ngun cp trc vn hot ng nhng ngun chnh khng hot ng . Kim tra : Cp in cho b ngun v kim tra in p 5V STB ( trn dy mu tm) xem c khng ? ( o gi dy tm v dy en ) => Nu c 5V STB ( trn dy mu tm ) => th sa cha nh Trng hp 1 di Nu o dy tm khng c in p 5V, bn cn tho v ngun ra ngoi kim tra . o cc n cng sut xem c b chp khng ? o bng thang

X1 => Nu cc n cng sut khng chp => th sa nh Trng hp 2 di . => Nu c mt hoc nhiu n cng sut b chp => th sa nh Trng hp 3 di Sa cha : Trng hp 1: Vn c in p 5V STB nhng khi u dy PS_ON xung Mass qut khng quay . Phn tch : C in p 5V STB ngha l c in p 300V DC v thng thng cc n cng sut trn ngun chnh khng hng, v vy h hng y l do mt dao ng ca ngun chnh, bn cn kim tra nh sau : Bn a tr chut vo s xem ch thch

S mch ngun chnh trong b ngun ATX o in p Vcc 12V cho IC dao ng ca ngun chnh o kim tra cc n Q3 v Q4 khuch i o pha .

Nu vn c Vcc th thay th IC dao ng Bn a tr chut vo xem ch thch .

nh chp bn trong b ngun ATX Trng hp 2 : Cp in cho ngun v o khng c in p 5V STB trn dy mu tm , kim tra bn s cp cc n cng sut khng hng, cp ngun v o vn c 300V u vo. Phn tch : Trng hp ny l do ngun cp trc khng hot ng, mc d c ngun 300V u vo, bn cn kim tra k cc linh kin sau ca ngun cp trc : Bn a tr chut vo s xem ch thch

S mch ngun cp trc trong b ngun ATX Kim tra in tr mi R1 Kim tra R, C hi tip : R2, C3 Kim tra Dz Trng hp 3 : Khng c in p 5V STB, khi tho v mch ra kim tra thy mt hoc nhiu n cng sut b chp . Phn tch : Nu pht hin thy mt hoc nhiu n cng sut b chp th ta cn phi tm hiu v t tr li c cu hi : V sao n cng sut b chp? bi v n cng sut t khi b hng m khng c l do . Mt trong cc nguyn nhn lm n cng sut b chp l 1. Khch hng gt nhm sang in p 110V 2. Khch hng dng qu nhiu a => gy qu ti cho b ngun 3. Mt trong hai t lc ngun b hng => lm cho in p im gia hai n cng sut b lch . Bn cn phi kim tra lm r mt trong cc nguyn nhn trn trc khi thay cc n cng sut . Khi sa cha thay th, ta sa ngun cp trc chy trc => sau ta mi sa ngun chnh . Cn ch cc t lc ngun chnh, nu mt trong hai t b hng s lm cho ngun cht cng sut, nu mt t hng th o in p trn hai t s b lch ( bnh thng st p trn mi t l 150V )

Cn ch cng tc 110V- 220V nu gt nhm sang 110V th in p DC s l 600V v cc n cng sut s hng ngay lp tc . Bnh 2 : Mi khi bt cng tc ngun ca my tnh th qut quay vi vng ri thi Phn tch nguyn nhn : Khi bt cng tc ngun => qut quay c vi vng chng t => Ngun cp trc chy => Ngun chnh chy => Vy th nguyn nhn dn n hin tng trn l g ??? Hin tng trn l do mt trong cc nguyn nhn sau : Kh mt trong cc t lc u ra ca ngun chnh => lm in p ra b sai => dn n mch bo v ct dao ng sau khi chy c vi giy . Kh mt hoc c hai t lc ngun chnh lc in p 300V u vo => lm cho ngun b st p khi c ti => mch bo v ct dao ng Kim tra v sa cha : o in p u vo sau cu i t nu < 300V l b kh cc t lc ngun. o in p trn 2 t lc ngun nu lch nhau l b kh mt trong hai t lc ngun, hoc t cc in tr u song song vi hai t . Cc t u ra ( nm cnh bi dy ) ta hy thay th t khc, v cc t ny b kh ta rt kh pht hin bng phng php o c .

Chc nng ca mainboard

1. Chc nng ca Mainboard Bn a tr chut vo s xem ch thch

.. Mainboard my vi tnh . Mainboard ca my tnh c cc chc nng sau y : L bn mch chnh lin kt tt c cc linh kin v thit b ngoi vi thnh mt b my vi tnh thng nht . iu khin tc v ng i ca lung d liu gia cc thit b trn . iu khin in p cung cp cho cc linh kin gn cht hoc cm ri trn Mainboard . 2. S khi ca Mainboard . Bn a tr chut vo s xem ch thch

S khi Mainboard Pentium 4 3 . Nguyn l hot ng ca Mainboard Mainboard c 2 IC quan trng l Chipset cu bc v Chipset cu nam, chng c nhim v l cu ni gia cc thnh phn cm vo Mainboard nh ni gia CPU vi RAM, gia RAM vi cc khe m rng PCI v v... Gia cc thit b ny thng thng c tc truyn qua li rt khc nhau cn gi l tc Bus. Th d trn mt Mainboard Pentium 4, tc d liu ra vo CPU l 533MHz nhng tc ra vo b nh RAM ch c 266MHz v tc ra vo Card Sound gn trn khe PCI li ch c 66MHz . Gi s ta nghe mt bn nhc MP3, u tin d liu ca bn nhc c np t cng ln b nh RAM sau d liu c x l trn CPU ri li tm thi a kt qu xung b nh RAM trc khi ua qua Card Sound ra ngoi, ton b hnh trnh ca d liu di chuyn nh sau :

+ D liu c trn cng truyn qua cng IDE vi vn tc 33MHz i qua Chipset cu nam i vn tc thnh 133MHz i qua Chipset cu bc vo b nh RAM vi vn tc 266MHz, d liu t Ram c np ln CPU ban u i vo Chipset bc vi tc 266MHz sau i t Chipset bc ln CPU vi tc 533MHz , kt qa x l c np tr li RAM theo hng ngc li , sau d liu c gi ti Card Sound qua Bus 266MHz ca RAM, qua tip Bus 133MHz gia hai Chipset v qua Bus 66MHz ca khe PCI => Nh vy ta thy rng 4 thit b c tc truyn rt khc nhau l + CPU c Bus (tc truyn qua chn) l 533MHz + RAM c Bus l 266MHz + Card Sound c Bus l 66MHz + cng c Bus l 33MHz lm vic c vi nhau thng qua h thng Chipset iu khin tc Bus . Xem chi tit v Mainboard my Pentium 4

CC THNH PHN TRN MAINBOARD 1. Chipset cu bc (North Bridge ) v Chipset cu nam ( Sourth Bridge ) Nhim v ca Chipset : Kt ni cc thnh phn trn Mainboard v cc thit b ngoi vi li vi nhau iu khin tc Bus cho ph hp gia cc thit b Th d : CPU c tc Bus l 400MHz nhng Ram c tc Bus l 266MHz hai thnh phn ny c th giao tip vi nhau th chng phi thng qua Chipset thay i tc Bus

Chipset North Bridge Khi nim v tc Bus : y l tc tryn d liu gia thit b vi cc Chipset Th d : Tc truyn d liu gia CPU vi Chipset cu bc chnh l tc Bus ca CPU, tc truyn gia Ram vi Chipset cu bc gi l tc Bus ca Ram ( thng gi tt l Bus Ram ) v tc truyn gia khe AGP vi Chipset l Bus ca Card Video AGP 3 ng Bus l Bus ca CPU, Bus ca RAM v Bus ca Card

AGP c vai tr c bit quan trng i vi mt Mainboard v n cho bit Mainboard thuc th h no v h tr loi CPU, loi RAM v loi Card Video no ? Bn a tr chut vo s xem ch thch

S minh ho tc Bus ca cc thit b lin lc vi nhau qua Chipset h thng . 2. cm CPU => Ta c th cn c vo cc cm CPU phn bit chng loi Mainboard Khe cm CPU kiu Slot - Cho cc my Pentium 2 : Khe cm ny ch c cc mu Pentium 2 , CPU khng gn trc tip vo Mainboard m gn vo mt v mch sau v mch c gn xung Mainboard thng qua khe Slot nh hnh di y :

Mainboard ca my Pentium 2 cm CPU kiu Socket 370 - Cho cc my Pentium 3 : y l cm trong cc my Pentium 3 , cm ny c 370 chn .

cm CPU - Socket370 trong cc my Pentium 3 cm CPU - Socket 423 - Cho cc my Pentium 4 : y l kiu cm CPU trong cc my Pentium 4 i u ginh cho CPU c 423 chn .

cm CPU - Socket 423 trong cc my Pentium 4 i u cm CPU - Socket 478 - Cho cc my Pentium 4 : y l cm CPU trong cc my Pentium 4 i trung , chp loi ny c 478 chn .

 cm CPU - Socket 478 trong cc my Pentium 4 i trung cm CPU - Socket 775 - Cho cc my Pentium 4 : y l cm CPU trong cc my Pentium 4 i mi .

cm CPU - Socket 775 trong cc my Pentium 4 i mi cm CPU - Socket 939 : y l cm CPU trong cc my s dng chip AMD mi nht gn y.

 cm CPU - Socket 939 trong cc my i mi dng chp AMD 3. Khe cm b nh RAM Khe cm SDRam - Cho my Pentium 2 v Pentium 3 : SDRam (Synchronous Dynamic Ram) => Ram ng c kh nng ng b, tc Ram ny c kh nng theo kp tc ca h thng . SDRam c tc Bus t 66MHz n 133MHz

Khe cm SDRam trong my Pentium 2 v Pentium 3 Khe cm DDRam - Cho my Pentium 4 : DDRam (Double Data Rate Synchronous Dynamic Ram) => Chnh l SDRam c tc d liu nhn 2 . DDRam c tc Bus t 200MHz n 533MHz

Khe cm DDRam trong my Pentium 4 4. Khe cm m rng 1. ISA ISA ( Industry Standar Architecture => Kin trc tiu chun cng ngh ) y l khe cm cho cc Card m rng theo tiu chun c, hin nay khe cm ny ch cn tn ti trn cc my Pentium 2 v Pentium 3 , trn cc my Pentium 4 khe ny khng cn xut hin .

2. PCI PCI ( Peripheral Component Interconnect => Lin kt thit b ngoi vi ) y l khe cm m rng thng dng nht c Bus l 33MHz, cho ti hin nay cc khe cm ny vn c s dng rng ri trong cc my Pentium 4

3. AGP AGP ( Accelerated Graphic Port ) Cng tng tc ho , y l cng ginh ring cho Card Video c h tr ho , tc Bus thp nht ca khe ny t 66MHz <=> 1X, 1X = 66 MHZ ( Cho my Pentium 2 & Pentium 3 ) 2X = 66 MHz x 2 = 133 MHz ( Cho my Pentium 3 ) 4X = 66 MHz x 4 = 266 MHz ( Cho my Pentium 4 ) 8X = 66 MHz x 8 = 533 MHz ( Cho my Pentium 4 ) 16X = 66 MHz x 16 = 1066 MHz ( Cho my Pentium 4 )

5. Cc thnh phn khc 1. B nh Cache : L b nh m nm gia b nh RAM v CPU nhm rt ngn thi gian ly d liu trong lc CPU x l, c hai loi Cache l Cache L1 v Cache L2. Vi cc my Pentium 2 Cache L1 nm trong CPU cn Cache L2 nm ngoi CPU T cc my Pentium 3 v 4 Cache L1 v L2 u c tch hp trong CPU Khng nh b nh RAM, b nh Cache c lm t RAM tnh c tc nhanh v gi thnh t . 2. ROM BIOS ( Read Only Memory Basic Input/Output System => B nh ch c, lu tr cc chng trnh vo ra c s )

=> y l b nh ch c c cc nh sn xut Mainboard np sn cc chng trnh phc v cc cng vic : ** Khi ng my tnh v kim tra b nh Ram, kim tra Card Video, b iu khin a , bn phm ... ** Tm h iu hnh v np chng trnh khi ng h iu hnh . ** Cung cp chng trnh ci t cu hnh my ( CMOS Setup ) Khi bn vo chng trnh CMOS Setup, phin bn Default ca cu hnh my c khi ng t BIOS, sau khi bn thay i cc thng s v Save li th cc thng s mi c lu vo RAM CMOS v c nui bng ngun Pin 3V, RAM CMOS l mt b nh nh c tch hp trong Sourth Bridge

3. Cc cng giao tip Bn a tr chut vo xem ch thch

* u cm ngun

4. Jumper v Switch Trong cc Mainboard Pentium 2 v Pentium 3 c rt nhiu Jumper v Switch, l cc cng tc gip cho ta thit lp cc thng s nh : + Thit lp tc Bus cho CPU + Thit lp s nhn tc ca CPU + Clear ( Xo ) chng trnh trong CMOS ...

Cc Jumper trn Mainboard

Mt bng hng dn thit lp Jumper trn Mainboard Lu : Cc Jumper ch cn xut hin trn cc my Pentium 2 v Pentium 3 , trong cc Mainboard Pentium 4 rt t xut hin cc Jumper hay Switch l v my Pentium 4 cc tin trnh ny c t ng ho

c imcc th h Mainboard

1. Mainboard ca my Pentium 2 Bn a tr chut vo s xem ch thch

Mainboard my Pentium 2 c im : CPU gn vo Mainboard theo kiu khe Slot H tr tc CPU t 233MHz n 450MHz H tr Bus ca CPU ( FSB ) l 66MHz v 100MHz Trn Mainboard c cc Jumper thit lp tc . S dng SDRam c Bus 66MHz hoc 100MHz S dng Card Video AGP 1X 2. Mainboard my Pentium 3 Bn a tr chut vo s xem ch thch

Mainboard my Pentium 3 - Socket 370 c im : CPU gn vo Mainboard theo kiu cm Socket 370 H tr tc CPU t 500MHz n 1,4GHz H tr Bus ca CPU ( FSB ) l 100MHz v 133MHz Trn Mainboard c cc Jumper thit lp tc , cc i v sau khng c . S dng SDRam c Bus 100MHz hoc 133MHz S dng Card Video AGP 2X 3. Mainboard my Pentium 4 soket 423 Bn a tr chut vo s xem ch thch

Mainboard my Pentium 4 ( i u ) - Socket 423 c im : CPU gn vo Mainboard theo kiu cm Socket 423 H tr tc CPU t 1,5GHz n 2,5GHz S dng Card Video AGP 4X => Mainboard ny c thi gian tn ti ngn v hin nay khng thy xut hin trn th trng na .

4. Mainboard my Pentium 4 soket 478 Bn a tr chut vo s xem ch thch

Mainboard my Pentium 4 ( i trung ) - Socket 478 c im : CPU gn vo Mainboard theo kiu cm Socket 478 H tr tc CPU t 1,5GHz n trn 3GHz Tc Bus ca CPU ( FSB ) t 400MHz tr ln S dng Card Video AGP 4X, 8X S dng b nh DDRam c tc Bus Ram t 266MHz tr ln => Mainboard ny tn ti trong thi gian di v hin nay (2006) vn cn ph bin trn th trng . 5. Mainboard my Pentium 4 socket 775 Bn a tr chut vo s xem ch thch

Mainboard my Pentium 4 ( i mi ) - Socket 775 c im : CPU gn vo Mainboard theo kiu cm Socket 775 H tr tc CPU t 2GHz n trn 3,8GHz Tc Bus ca CPU ( FSB ) t 533MHz tr ln S dng Card Video AGP 16X hoc Card Video PCI Express 16X S dng b nh DDRam c tc Bus t 400MHz tr ln => Mainboard ny hin nay(2006) ang c a chung trn th trng . 6. Mainboard Socket 939 cho CPU hng AMD

Mainboard Socket 939 dng CPU hng AMD c im : S dng CPU ca hng AMD gn vo Mainboard theo kiu cm Socket 939 H tr tc CPU t 2GHz n trn 4GHz Tc Bus ca CPU ( FSB ) t 533MHz tr ln S dng b nh DDRam c tc Bus t 400MHz tr ln 7. Mainboard Socket 775 h tr Chip Intel Core 2 Duo Processor! v h tr Dual DDR2 .

Mainboard vi cng ngh mi nht h tr chip 2 nhn v Ram c tc Bus nhn i c 2 Card Video AGP v 2 ROM BIOS Mainboard h tr Dual DDR RAM y l cng ngh cho php nhn i tc RAM khi ta lp t RAM theo mt quy tc nht nh . - Cc Mainboard h tr Dual DDR c hai cp khe cm nh hnh di, mi cp c 2 mu khc nhau v hai cp tng ng vi nhau - Nu bn cm 2 thanh DDR RAM trn hai khe cng mu hai cp khc nhau th tc Ram Bus s c nhn i .

+ V d : Bn cm 2 thanh DDR c BUS 400MHz trn hai khe mu vng hoc hai khe mu th tc BUS s c nhn 2 tc l tng ng vi BUS 800MHz ( Dung lng MB vn bng tng hai thanh cng li ) - Nu bn cm 2 thanh trn hai khe c mu khc nhau th tc BUS ca DDR RAM khng thay i . Mainboard mi c 2 ROM BIOS + Khi BIOS b li phn mm th s lm cho Mainboard t lit khng hot ng c v ton b cc lnh c s phc v cho qu trnh khi ng my u nm trong IC ny, gim thiu s ri do cho khch hng v nng cao cht lng cng nh bn, trong cc Mainboard mi y c thm mt ROM BIOS d tr, khi ROM BIOS chnh b li th n t ng chuyn quyn

iu khin cho BIOS d phng hot ng .

Mainboard mi c hai ROM BIOS H tr 2 khe AGP

Hai khe AGP hai bn v hai khe PCI gia . - Vi cng ngh ny c th cho php ngi s dng c th chy 2 ng dng ng thi trn cng mt my tnh v a ra hai mn hnh khc nhau . - Mi khe AGP s gn mt Card Video AGP v chy mt ng dng c lp hai ng dng chy trn cng mt h iu hnh

Cc mch in c bn trn Mi board

1. Mch iu khin ngun cho CPU my Pentium 3 Mch iu khin ngun cp cho CPU trn Mainboard l mch in c tnh logic cht ch, gm mt IC to xung dao ng m cc n Mosfet cp ngun cho CPU, do tnh cht mt Mainboard phi thch ng vi nhiu loi in p khc nhau v vy in p cung cp cho CPU khng c nh m thay i cho ph hp vi tng loi CPU gn trn n . - V d : Khi gn CPU c ngun nui l 1,5V vo th mch t ng a ra 1,5V cp cho IC . Khi gn CPU c ngun nui l 1,75V th mch cng t ng a ra ng 1,75V cp cho CPU => l tnh cht ca mch n p ngun cho CPU trn cc loi Mainboard hin nay .

 s trn l IC iu khin ngun iu khin 4 in p cp cho CPU, card AGP, Chipset bc, Chipset nam v cho b nh Cache - VOUT1 l in p cp cho CPU , in p ny c th thay i t 1,3V n 3,5V - VOUT2 l in p cp cho Card AGP, in p ny c hai nmc l 1,5 hoc 3,3V - VOUT3 ra 1,5V - VOUT4 ra 1,8V cp ngun cho Chipset bc, Chipset nam v b nh Cache . Xem chi tit

Mch iu khin ngun cho CPU

2. Mch iu khin ngun cho CPU my Pentium 4

Mch n p ngun cp cho CPU trn bao gm : IC dao ng => to xung iu khin cc cp Mosfet m ngun cp cho CPU - ISL6565A l IC dao ng to ra 3 ng xung , dao ng ra cho i qua IC ISL6605 tch lm hai v to in p hi tip a v IC dao ng gip cho IC ny kim sot c in p ra . - Dao ng c a n cc cp n Mosfet m ngun cp cho CPU , Cc cun dy L1, L2 v L3 kt hp vi t lc lc cho in p bng phng .

3. IC to xung nhp cho Mainboard ( to xung Clock cho Main ) ay l IC rt quan trng trn Mainboard, nu IC ny khng hot ng th Mainboard s khng hot ng g c, IC ny s quyt nh tc Bus ca CPU, ca RAM v cc khe m rng nh AGP v PCI .

c im nhn bit ca IC ny l bn cnh lun lun c mt thch anh to dao ng c tn s t 10MHz n 30MHz

Cc chn ca IC

Cc mch Logic trong IC Ch thch cc chn : - CPU_F : Chn to xung Clock cho CPU - PCI 2, PCI3 .. : Cc chn tao xung Clock cho khe PCI - 48MHz : chn iu khin tn s cho cc cng USB

- 24MHz : Chn iu khin tc Bus cho IC giao tip vi cc cng vo ra - SDRAM_F : Chn iu khin Bus cho b nh RAM - SCLK : Trao i xung Clock vi CPU - SDATA : Trao i d liu vi CPU - X1 v X2 : l hai chn thch anh - VDDQ3 : in p nui 3,3V - VDDQ2 : in p nui 2,5V

Bng cho bit tc Bus ca CPU v Bus PCI khi thit lp cc chn FS0 n FS3

4. IC giao tip vi cng COM

Hnh dng v cc chn IC giao tip cng COM

Bn trong IC l cc mch Triger v cc cng Logic

S giao tip gia IC v cng COM

6. Thit lp tc cho CPU trn Mainboard Pentium 2 v Pentium 3 ( Mainboard Pentium 4 khng cn thit lp v chng t ng

ho ) Trong cc my Pentium 2 v Pentium 3 i u th ta phi thit lp tc cho CPU thng qua cc Jumper, nu ta khng thit lp th my c th khng chy ( nh hng Mainboard ) hoc chy sai tc ca CPU . Vy thit lp tc cho CPU nh th no ? Bn hy trn Mainboard c mt bng hng dn v thit lp tc Bus cho CPU nh di y : BUS 66 100 133 Jumper 1 A 1-2 2-3 1-2 B 1-2 1-2 2-3

Bng ch dn thit lp tc BUS cho CPU trn cho thy Mainboard ny h tr CPU c BUS 66, 100 v 133MHz Bn hy tm trn Mainboard v tr Jumper 1

Jumper 1 trn Mainboard thit lp tc BUS cho CPU V ch c mt bng hng dn thit lp s nhn cho CPU SW 1 X x 5,0 x 5,5 x 6,0 x 6,5 x 7,0 x 7,5 x 8,0 x 8,5 1 ON ON ON ON OFF OFF OFF OFF 2 ON ON OFF OFF ON ON OFF OFF 3 ON OFF ON OFF ON OFF ON OFF

Bng ch dn thit lp s nhn cho CPU Bn hy tm trn Mainboard v tr SW1

SW1 trn Mainboard dng thit lp s nhn tc cho CPU Sau khi tm thy 2 bng hng dn v cc Jumper1, SW1 trn ta lm nh sau : + Thit lp tc BUS trn Jumper1 phi bng tc BUS ca CPU m bn nh lp, nu bn thit lp sai tc BUS => my s khng hot ng ( Nh hng Mainboard ) + Thit lp s nhn cho CPU ( S nhn bng tc CPU chia cho tc BUS ca n ) nu thit lp sai s nhn th CPU vn chy nhng b sai tc . Th d : Nu bn lp CPU c tc l 733 MHz v c BUS l 100MHz th bn phi thit lp nh sau : => Thit lp Jumper 1 sao cho c BUS l 100 => Thit lp SW1 sao cho c s nhn l 7,5 => Khi tc CPU s l 100 x 7,5 = 750MHz ( Thc t n s chy tc 733MHz ) Nu bn thit lp Jumper 1 c BUS l 66 hoc 133 th My s khng chy ( Nh hng Mainboard ) Nu bn thit lp ng BUS nhng thit lp s nhn l 6,0 th CPU ca bn chy tc = 100 x 6,0 = 600MHz bn b thit v tc . Nu bn thit lp s nhn l 8,5 th CPU ca bn cng ch chy tc 733MHz nhng CPU li b nng do bn p tc . Bi tp : C mt Mainboard c cc bng hng dn v cc v tr Jumper1, SW1 c thit lp sn nh sau :

BUS 66 100

Jumper 1 A 1-2 2-3

B 1-2 1-2

133

1-2

2-3

---------------------------------------------------------------

SW 1 X x 5,0 x 5,5 x 6,0 x 6,5 x 7,0 x 7,5 x 8,0 x 8,5 1 ON ON ON ON OFF OFF OFF OFF 2 ON ON OFF OFF ON ON OFF OFF 3 ON OFF ON OFF ON OFF ON OFF

Bn hy cho bit CPU ang lp trn Mainboard trn c tc BUS l bao nhiu ?, tc hot ng l bao nhiu ? p n cho bi tp

Nhng biu hin h hng Mainbard

1. Nhng biu hin ca Mainboard hng
Biu hin 1 : Bt cng tc ngun ca My tnh, my khng khi ng, qut ngun khng quay Biu hin 2 : Bt cng tc ngun, qut ngun quay nhng my khng khi ng, khng ln mn hnh . Biu hin 3 : My c biu hin tht thng, khi khi ng vo n Win th Reset li hoc khi ci t Win XP ngang chng th bo li lm bn khng th ci t . Lu :

Cc biu hin khi hng Mainboard rt ging vi biu hin khi hng CPU hoc khi ngun b li , do vy khi gp cc biu hin trn bn cn kim tra ngun v CPU loi tr . loi tr nguyn nhn do ngun bn hy dng mt b ngun tt th . th CPU bn c th cm th sang mt my khc, nu l CPU ca my Pentium2 hoc Pentium3 th bn cn thit lp cho ng tc BUS ca CPU th n mi chy ( Xem li phn thit lp tc cho CPU ) Sau khi bn th v chc chn rng : Ngun v CPU vn tt nhng my vn b cc biu hin trn th chng t => Mainboard ca bn c vn !

2. Cc biu hin sau thng khng phi hng Mainboard

My vi tnh c nhiu bnh khc nhau v bn lu cc bnh sau thng l khng phi hng Mainboard . a. Khi bt cng tc ngun, my khng ln mn hnh nhng c ting bp di . ( Trng hp ny thng do hng RAM hoc Card mn hnh ) b. My c bo phin bn BIOS khi khi ng trn mn hnh nhng khng vo c mn hnh Windows ( Trng hp ny thng do hng a ) c. My hay b treo khi ang s dng . ( Trng hp ny thng do li phn mm hoc a b bad ) d. My t ng chy mt s chng trnh khng theo mun ca ngi s dng . ( Trng hp ny thng do my b nhim Virut )

3. Phng php kim tra Mainboard

Bn hy thc hin theo cc bc nh sau : Tho tt c cc a cng, CD Rom , cc Card m rng v thanh RAM ra khi Mainboard, ch li CPU trn Mainboard . Cp ngun, bt cng tc v quan st cc biu hin sau : Biu hin 1 : Qut ngun quay, qut CPU quay, c cc ting bip di loa => iu ny cho thy Mainboard vn hot ng, CPU vn hot ng, c ting bp di l biu hin Mainboard v CPU hot ng v a ra c thng bo li ca RAM ( V ta cha cm RAM ) Biu hin 2 : Qut ngun v qut CPU khng quay ( m bo chc chn l cng tc CPU u ng ) => iu ny cho thy Chipset iu khin ngun trn Mainboard khng hot ng . Biu hin 3 : Qut ngun v qut CPU c quay nhng khng c ting ku loa . => iu ny cho thy CPU cha hot ng hoc hng ROM BIOS nu bn thay th CPU tt vo th h hng l do ROM BIOS hoc Chipset trn Mainboard

 trn l cc bc gip bn xc nh l h hng do Mainboard hay linh kin khc ca my nhng cha xc nh c l hng ci g trn Mainboard , lm c iu ny bn hy xem tip phn sau : Phng php kim tra Mainboard bng Card Test

Card Test Mainboard

4. Cc bc kim tra Mainboard.

Kim tra li xc nh cho chnh xc h hng l thuc v Mainboard ch khng phi RAM, CPU hay cc Card m rng . Cch xc nh ny lm theo cc bc phn kim tra Mainboard Dng Card Test Main xc nh xem c th l hng ci g trn Mainboard . Cc bc tin hnh sa cha Mainboard Bc 1 : Kim tra xc nh h hng thuc v Mainboard : Chun b Mainboard nghi hng kim tra ,Dng mt b ngun tt th, Dng CPU tt th . Cha cm RAM v bt k mt th g khc ( tr CPU ) vo Mainboard Cm zc cng tc ngun ca Case vo Mainboard Cp in ngun v bt cng tc Power, quan st cc biu hin sau : => Qut ngun v qut CPU c quay, c ting bp di loa . => iu ny l biu hin Mainboard vn bnh thng . => Qut ngun v qut CPU khng quay hoc cc qut quay nhng khng c ting bp loa . => Biu hin ny cho thy h hng thuc v Mainboard, xc nh r hn bn dng Card Test Main kim tra .

Bc 2 : Kim tra Mainboard bng Card Test Main

1 - Gii thiu Card Test Main

Card Test Main : Card Test Main ny bn c th mua t cc Cng ty cung cp thit b tin hc Bn c th cm Card Test Main vo khe PCI hoc ISA ( Main i c mi c khe ISA ) kim tra . Kt qu kim tra s c hin th bi cc n Led hoc ng h bo s theo kiu s Hecxa ( h 16)

Dy n Led v ng h bo kt qu kim tra * Ch thch cc n Led : + 5V : Bo c in p + 5V n ny pht sng khi bt cng tc ngun, nu n ny khng sng th do chp ng ngun +5V trn Mainboard . 3,3V : Bo c in p 3,3V ( Tng t ng 5V ) - 12V : Bo c in p - 12V n ny pht sng khi bt cng tc ngun, nu n ny khng sng th do chp ng ngun - 12V trn Mainboard . + 12V : Bo c in p + 12V ( Tng t ng - 12V ) RST : Bo tn hiu Reset : n ny ch chp sng ri tt khi ta bm nt Reset OSC : Bo tn hiu dao ng ca CPU, nu n ny khng

sng ngha l CPU khng hot ng . BIOS : n bo BIOS : n ny khng sng ngha l CPU khng c d liu trn BIOS hoc BIOS hng . CLK : n bo xung Clock ca Mainboard, n ny sng thng xuyn k c khi khng c RAM v CPU, nu n ny khng sng ngha l Chipset trn Mainboard khng hot ng . 2 - Cc bc thc hin kim tra Mainboard Tho tt c cc thit b ra khi Mainboard k c RAM v CPU . Cm Card Test Main vo khe PCI ( V khe ny c 2 mi nn ta khng th cm ngc )

Gn Card Test Main vo khe PCI Cp in ngun cho Mainboard v bt cng tc Power ( u dy Power vo ng v tr - xem ch dn trn Main ) Lc ny ch c dy n Led sng, da vo cc n Led cho ta bit tnh trng Mainboard nh sau : * Trng thi bnh thng

Cc n ngun bo sng, n CLK bo sng cho thy cc ch in p ca Mainboard c v Chipset hot ng * Trng thi chp ngun hoc Chipset khng hot ng .

Mainboard b mt ng ngun 5V, nu l ngun tt th c th do chp ng 5V trn Mainboard

Mainboard b mt ng ngun 3,3V

Mainboard b mt ng ngun 12V, c th do chp ng 12V tren Mainboard

C cc in p nhng chipset khng hot ng, khng c xung CLK --------------------------------------------* Nu Mainboard kim tra trng thi bnh thng , ta lp CPU v RAM vo v bt ngun kim tra li .

Tt c cc n bo sng, ng h dng li FF cho thy Mainboard v cc linh kin hot ng bnh thng

n BIOS v OSC khng sng cho thy CPU cha

hot ng, nu thay CPU tt th h hng do mch n p ngun cho CPU, hoc thit lp sai tc BUS cho CPU

Cc n bo sng nhng ng h dng li C1 cho bit my b li b nh, c th li b nh RAM hoc li b nh Cache gn trn Mainboard. SA CHA MAINBOARD ( Chng cui )

Chng 4 - CPU
1 . Khi nim v CPU CPU ( Center Processor Unit ) - n v x l trung tm : L mt linh kin quan trng nht ca my tnh, c v nh b lo ca con ngi, ton b qu trnh x l, tnh ton v iu khin u c thc hin ti y.

Trong cc CPU Pentium 4 hin nay c ti hng trm triu con Transistor c tch hp trong mt din tch rt nh khong 2 n 3cm2 CPU l linh kin quyt nh n tc ca my tnh, tc x l ca CPU c tnh bng MHz hoc GHz . 1MHz = 1000.000 Hz 1GHz = 1000.000.000 Hz Hng sn xut CPU ln nht hin nay l Intel ( M ) hng ny chim n 90% th phn v CPU cho my tnh PC, ngoi ra cn c mt s hng cnh tranh nh AMD, Cyrix, Nexgen, Motorola . 2. Cc yu t tc ng n hiu sut ca CPU rng Bus d liu v Bus a ch ( Data Bus v Add Bus ) Tc x l v tc Bus ( tc d liu ra vo chn ) cn gi l FSB Dung lng b nh m Cache Di y l chi tit v cc yu t trn 2.1 rng Bus d liu v Bus a ch (Data Bus v Add Bus)

 rng Bus d liu l ni ti s lng ng truyn d liu bn trong v bn ngoi CPU Nh v d hnh di y th CPU c 12 ng truyn d liu ( ta gi rng Data Bus l 12 bit ), hin nay trong cc CPU t Pentium 2 n Pentium 4 u c rng Data Bus l 64 bit .

Minh ho bn trong CPU c 12 ng truyn d liu gi l Data Bus c 12 bit Tng t nh vy th rng Bus a ch ( Add Bus ) cng l s ng dy truyn cc thng tin v a ch . a ch y c th l cc a ch ca b nh RAM, a ch cc cng vo ra v cc thit b ngoi vi v v .. c th gi hoc nhn d liu t cc thit b ny th CPU phi c a ch ca n v a ch ny c truyn i qua cc Bus a ch. Gi s : Nu s ng a ch l 8 ng th CPU s qun l c 28 = 256 a ch Hin nay trong cc CPU Pentium 4 c 64 bt a ch v nh vy chng qun l c 264 a ch nh . 2.2 Tc x l v tc Bus ca CPU Tc x l ca CPU ( Speed ) : L tc chy bn trong ca CPU, tc ny c tnh bng MHz hoc GHz Th d mt CPU Pentium 3 c tc 800MHz tc l n dao ng tn s 800.000.000 Hz , CPU pentium 4 c tc l 2,4GHz tc l n dao ng tn s 2.400.000.000 Hz Tc Bus ca CPU ( FSB ) : L tc d liu ra vo cc chn ca CPU - cn gi l Bus pha trc : Front Site Bus ( FSB ) Thng thng tc x l ca CPU thng nhanh gp nhiu ln tc Bus ca n, di y l th d minh ho v hai tc ny :

Tc x l nhanh

Tc x l nhanh

Tc Bus (FSB) chm hn

Minh ho v tc x l ( Speed CPU ) v tc Bus ( FSB ) ca CPU 2.3 B nh Cache ( B nh m ) B nh Cache l b nh nm bn trong ca CPU, n c tc truy cp d liu theo kp tc xa l ca CPU, iu ny khin cho CPU trong lc x l khng phi ch d liu t RAM v d liu t RAM phi i qua Bus ca h thng nn mt nhiu thi gian.

Mt d liu trc khi c x l , thng qua cc lnh gi ca ngn ng lp trnh, d liu c np sn ln b nh Cache, v vy khi x l n, CPU khng mt thi gian ch i . Khi x l xong trong lc ng truyn cn bn th CPU li a tm kt qu vo b nh Cache, nh vy CPU khng mt thi gian ch ng truyn c gii phng . B nh Cache l gii php lm cho CPU c iu kin hot ng thng xuyn m khng phi ngt qung ch d liu, v vy nh c b nh Cache m hiu qu x l tng ln rt nhiu, tuy nhin b nh Cache c lm bng Ram tnh do vy gi thnh ca chng rt cao .

3. S cu to ca CPU CPU c 3 khi chnh l

ALU ( Arithmetic Logic Unit ) : n v s hc lo gic : Khi ny thc hin cc php tnh s hc v logic c bn trn c s cc d liu . Control Unit : Khi ny chuyn to ra cc lnh iu khin nh iu khin ghi hay c v v .. Registers : Cc thanh ghi : Ni cha cc lnh trc v sau khi x l Bn a tr chut vo xem ch thch

S cu to bn trong ca CPU Nguyn l hot ng ca CPU CPU hot ng hon ton ph thuc vo cc m lnh , m lnh l tn hiu s dng 0,1 c dch ra t cc cu lnh lp trnh , nh vy CPU s khng lm g c nu khng c cc cu lnh hng dn . Khi chng ta chy mt chng trnh th cc ch lnh ca chng trnh c np ln b nh Ram, cc ch lnh ny c dch thnh ngn ng my v thng tr trn cc ngn nh ca Ram dng 0,1 CPU s c v lm theo cc ch lnh mt cch ln lt.

Trong qu trnh c v thc hin cc ch lnh, cc b gii m s gii m cc ch lnh ny thnh cc tn hiu iu khin . K truyn : My tnh hot ng th no ? C hai ngi bn, mt lm ngh in t, mt l chuyn gia my tnh, Ngi bn ngh in t hi : Ti sa Ti vi nhiu nm nhng sang n my vi tnh ti vn khng hiu n lm vic th no m li k diu th ? Ngi bn chuyn gia my tnh sau mt hi gii thch rng : My tnh lm vic nh c CPU, c b nh RAM, c cng , c h iu hnh v cc chng trnh phn mm ch dn, sau mt hi gii thch m ngi bn in t vn ngn ra chng hiu g . Ngi bn chuyn gia my tnh lin k v von chic my tnh vi mt cu truyn di y : C mt ng th rt cn c c th lm vic c ngy khng bit mt mi, nhng t bn thn ng ta khng bit l g c, ngc li ng ta c th lm c bt c vic g nu c s ch dn tng bc mt. ng c bn giao mt ca hng c cc dng c lm vic, ng thi km theo quyn hng dn chi tit cch thc s dng cc dng c y, tt c nhng th ng ta ct n vo trong t Mt hm c mt chuyn gia in t vit ra mt quyn sch hng dn chi tit cc bc lm ra mt b n nhy ng thi km theo ton b linh kin cn thit ri gi ti ca hng, ng ta ct n vo trong t . Mt ngy khc c mt ngi ho s chun b y giy mc, bt mu cng vi bn hng dn chi tit cc bc lm ra mt bc tranh gi ti cho ca hng, ng ta cng ct n vo trong t. Ni lm vic ca ng ta c mt ci bn ng ngh cch ch ngi khong 2m, mt ci khay ng ngh trc mt cn ci t th cch ch ng ta ngi chng 10m. Bt u mt ngy lm vic mi, theo s ch dn ca t giy treo trn tng, ng ta i kim tra ton b cn phng, thy khng c vn g ng ta sai ngi vo t mang ton b s dng c lm vic ln bn v sn sng lm vic . Khch hng yu cu v mt bc tranh, ng th sai ngi vo t mang ton b dng c v tranh ra ln bn, theo yu cu ca khch v vi quyn ch dn bn cnh ng ta bt u v . ang v tranh khch hng li yu cu ng th lp mch in t, ng th li sai ngi vo t mang ton b ngh lp mch trong t ra trn bn, thy chic bn ht ch ngi gip vic dng li cn ng th gi ln mt thng bo " bn ht ch " cho khch hng bit, lc ny ng ta khng chu lm g na .

ng ta lm vic rt nhanh nhng hon ton ph thuc vo quyn sch hng dn, thnh thong ng ta sai ngi gip vic mang nhng c trn bn t vo ci khay trc mt, sn phm lm xong ng th tm vo khay trc khi n c chuyn ra bn. ng ta ang lm vic khch hng li yu cu ng ta dng li lm mt vic khc, ng ta hi " C ct sn phm ang lm d vo t hay khng " khch hng bo c ng ta sai ngi ct n vo t, nu khch hng bo khng th ng ta lin b i . K n y ngi bn in t hi, cu truyn ca anh c lin quan g n chic my tnh ? anh bn chuyn gia my tnh lin gii thch. Cch thc lm vic ca ca hng ng th ny chnh l cch thc lm vic ca chic my tnh thi - ng th chnh l CPU - Chic bn cch ng ta 2m chnh l b nh RAM - Ci khay trc mt ng ta chnh l b nh Cache - Ci t cch ng ta 10m dng ng mi th chnh l ci cng - Ton b cng c v cc quyn sch hng dn ng ta lm vic chnh l h iu hnh - Mt chuyn gia in t v mt ng ho s chnh l hai nh lp trnh vit ra chng trnh cho ng ta lm vic v s dng cc cng c c sn . - Cc quyn sch hng dn chnh l cc cu lnh sai khin ng ta lm vic - My ngi gip vic chnh l Chipset trn Mainboard - T giy trn tng hng dn ng ta vo u mi phin lm vic chnh l BIOS . - Khch hng chnh l ngi s dng my tnh . Oh !! Tht l tuyt vi, n y th ti hiu .

4. CPU i my 586 ( trc i my Pentium2 )

CPU cho my Pentium Pro cn gi l my 586 , l th h my trc i Pentium 2

Cc thng s k thut : Tc CPU t 150 MHz n 233 MHz Tc Bus l 66MHz B nh Cache 128K Nm sn xut : 1995 - 1996 -------------------------------------------------5. CPU cho cc my Pentium 2

CPU ca my Pentium 2 c hn trn mt v mch Cc thng s k thut Tc CPU t 233 MHz n 450 MHz Tc Bus ( FSB ) l 66 v 100 MHz B nh Cache 128K - 256K Nm sn xut : 1997 - 1998 Mainboard h tr : s dng Mainboard c khe cm Slot

-------------------------------------------------------------6. CPU cho cc my Pentium 3

CPU ca my Pentium 3

Nhn CPU ghi 1000/256/133/1.7V ngha l Tc 1000MHz /Cache L1: 256K / Bus 133 / Vcc 1,7V Cc thng s k thut Tc CPU t 500 MHz n 1.300 MHz Tc Bus ( FSB ) 100 MHz v 133 MHz B nh Cache t 256K- 512K Nm sn xut : 1999 -2000 cm trn Mainboard l Socket 370

cm CPU - Socket 370 trn cc Mainboard Pentium 3

7. CPU cho cc my Pentium 4

7 -1 : CPU Socket 423 CPU Socket 423 sn xut vo u nm 2001 Tc t 1.400 MHz n 2.000 MHz S dng Bus 100 MHz Lai CPU ny c thi gian tn ti ngn --------------------------------------------------------7 -2 : CPU Socket 478

CPU cho my Pentium 4 Socket 478 Cc thng s k thut : Tc x l t 1.400 MHz n 3.800 MHz ( 2006 ) v cha c gii hn cui . Tc Bus ( FSB ) 266, 333, 400, 533, 666, 800 MHz B nh Cache t 256 n 512K Nm sn xut t 2002 n nay ( 2006) vn tip tc sn xut . S dng Mainboard c cm CPU l Socket 478

 cm CPU my Pentium 4 - Socket 478 ----------------------------------------------------------7 -3 : CPU Socket 775

CPU cho cc my Pentium 4 Socket 775 phn bit bng hai khuyt hnh bn ngut cnh v khng c chn Cc thng s k thut : Tc x l t 2.400 MHz n 3.800 MHz ( 2006 ) v cha c gii hn cui . Tc Bus ( FSB ) 533, 666, 800 MHz B nh Cache t 512K n 1MB Nm sn xut t 2004 n nay ( 2006) vn tip tc sn xut . S dng Mainboard c cm CPU l Socket 775

 cm CPU Socket 775

8. CPU hng AMD mi nht cnh tranh vi Intel CPU hng AMD - Socket 939 ( ra i 2006 )

cm Socket 939 dng cho cc CPU AMD 939

Chng 5 - B nh RAM
1. Khi nim v b nh B nh l thnh phn quan trng th hai trong h thng my tnh, khng c b nh th my tnh khng th hot ng c, trong my tnh c hai loi b nh hay dng nht l RAM v ROM B nh RAM ( Random Access Memory - B nh truy cp ngu nhin ) : B nh ny lu cc chng trnh phc v trc tip cho qu trnh x l ca CPU, b nh RAM ch lu tr d liu tm thi v d liu s b xo khi mt in. B nh ROM ( Read Olly Memory - B nh ch c ) : y l b nh c nh, d liu khng b mt khi mt in, b nh ny dng np cc chng trnh BIOS ( Basic Input Output System - Chng trnh vo ra c s ) y l chng trnh phc v cho qu trnh khi ng my tnh v chng trnh qun l cu hnh ca my. 2. ngha ca b nh RAM trong my tnh

B nh RAM l b nh khng th thiu trong bt k h thng my tnh no, CPU ch c th lm vic c vi d liu trn RAM v chng c tc truy cp nhanh, ton b d liu hin th trn mn hnh cng c truy xut t RAM . Khi ta khi ng my tnh bt u mt phin lm vic mi, h iu hnh cng vi cc trnh iu khin phn cng c np ln b nh RAM . Khi ta chy mt chng trnh ng dng : Th d Photo Shop th cng c ca chng trnh ny cng c np ln b nh RAM => Tm li khi ta chy bt k mt chng trnh no, th cng c ca chng trnh u c np ln RAM trc khi c th s dng c chng. Vi mt h thng chy ng tc th khong chng ca RAM phi cn khong 30% tr ln, nu ta s dng ht khong trng ca Ram th my s chy chm hoc b treo . 3. Dung lng b nh Ram Dung lng b nh RAM c tnh bng MB ( Mega Byte ), dung lng RAM cng ln th cha c cng nhiu d liu v cho php ta chy c cng nhiu chng trnh cng lc . Dung lng b nh nhiu hay t khng ph thuc vo Mainboard v CPU m ph thuc vo nhu cu s dng ca

ngi dng. Nu my tnh ci H iu hnh Win XP th dung lng RAM ti thiu phi t 128MB . 4. Tc ca b nh Ram ( RAM BUS ) Tc b nh RAM l tc truy cp d liu vo Ram . => Trong cc my Pentium 2 v Pentium 3 khi lp my ta chn RAM c tc bng tc Bus ca CPU, nu tc ca 2 linh kin ny khc nhau th my s chy tc ca linh kin c tc thp hn, v vy ta ln chn tc ca RAM >= Bus ca CPU => Trong cc my Pentium 4, khi lp my ta chn RAM c tc >= 50% tc Bus ca CPU { Vi my Pentium 4 , khi hot ng th tc Bus ca CPU nhanh gp 2 ln tc ca RAM v n s dng cng ngh (Quad Data Rate) nhn 4 tc Bus cho CPU v cng ngh (Double Data Rate) nhn 2 tc Bus cho RAM } Khi gn mt thanh RAM vo my th phi m bo Mainboard c h tr tc ca RAM m ta nh s dng . Di y l cc loi RAM v tc cng nh CPU tng thch vi n Chng loi v Loi Bus CPU Loi Mainboard i my tc Ram tng thch tng thch SDRam Thit lp 66MHz Pentium 2 66MHz FSB = 66MHz SDRam Thit lp Pentium 2 100MHz 100MHz FSB = 100MHz Pentium 3 SDRam Thit lp 133MHz Pentium 3 133MHz FSB = 133MHz Lu : trong cc My Pentium 2 v Pentium 3 th tc SDRam khi lp vo h thng phi bng hoc cao hn tc FSB ca CPU DDR Mainboard c h tr 400MHz Pentium 4 200MHz DDR = 200MHz DDR 400MHz Mainboard c h tr Pentium 4 266MHz 533MHz DDR = 266MHz DDR 533MHz Mainboard c h tr Pentium 4 333MHz 667MHz DDR = 333MHz DDR 667MHz Mainboard c h tr Pentium 4 DDR = 400MHz 400MHz 800MHz DDR2 800MHz Mainboard c h tr Pentium 4 ( New) 533MHz 1066MHz DDR2 = 533MHz DDR2 1066MHz Mainboard c h tr Pentium 4 667MHz 1334MHz DDR2 = 667MHz ( New) DDR2 1334MHz Mainboard c h tr Pentium 4 800MHz 1600MHz DDR2 = 800MHz ( New) Lu : trong cc My Pentium 4 th tc DDRam khi lp vo h thng phi bng hoc cao hn 50% tc Bus (FSB) ca

CPU v tc DDRam ny phi c Mainboard h tr ( DDR2 l DDR c tc nhn 2 ) 5. Cc loi b nh Ram SDRam ( Synchonous Dynamic Ram - Ram ng theo kp tc ca h thng ) SDRam c s dng trong cc h thng my Pentium 2 v Pentium 3

SDRam s dng trong h thng my Pentium 2 v Pentium 3 chng c hnh dng nh trn, khe cm c chia lm 3 mi v c cc tc 66MHz ,100MHz v 133Mhz

Khe cm SDRam trn Mainboard c chia lm 3 mi DDRam tn y l DDR SDRam ( Double Data Rate SDRam - SDRam c tc d liu nhn 2 )

DDRam s dng trong cc my Pentium 4 Khe cm c chia lm 2 mi , c cc tc Bus l 266MHz, 333MHz v 400MHz

Khe cm SDRam trn Mainboard c chia lm 2 mi DDRam 2 : y l thanh DDR c tc nhn 2 - h tr cho cc CPU i mi nht c tc Bus > 800MHz

DDRam2 s dng cho my Pentium 4 c cc loi tc 533MHz, 667MHz v 800MHz h tr cc CPU c tc Bus > 800MHz 6. Chn RAM cho cc my Pentium 2 v Pentium 3 . Tnh tng thch ca h thng Trong h thng my tnh th 3 linh kin l Mainboard , CPU v RAM lun lun c s rng buc ln nhau hay ni cch khc, khi lp vo h thng chng phi tng thch vi nhau th mi cho ta mt tc ti u. Di y l mt s v d cc bn tham kho . my Pentium 3, do mt s i my khng t ng nhn tc FSB ca CPU v vy ta phi thit lp tc FSB cho CPU thng qua cc Jumper

Hnh nh minh ho => Mainboard thit lp FSB l 133MHz trong khi lp CPU c Bus 100MHz => Trng hp ny my s khng hot ng .

Mainboard thit lp FSB l 133MHz bng vi tc Bus ca CPU v vy my c hot ng, nhng s dng RAM c Bus 100MHz do h thng s chy tc l 100MHz

Thit lp tc trn Mainboard l 100MHz b sai so vi tc Bus ca CPU l 133MHz nn my s khng chy

My c hot ng v thit lp ng tc Bus cho CPU Tuy my s dng RAM tc 133MHz nhng chng ch chy tc 100MHz theo CPU

Vi cc my Pentium2 v Pentium 3 m thit lp v s dng linh kin nh trn l chnh xc v s cho tc ti u .

7. Vn chn RAM, CPU v Mainboard cho my Pentium 4 Trong cc My Pentium 4 khng c Jumper thit lp tc Bus cho CPU m chng c t ng ho . Mi loi Mainboard thng thng ch h tr 2 loi tc Bus cho CPU v 2 loi tc Bus cho RAM, do vy khi mua Mainboard, CPU v RAM ta phi ch iu ny . C 3 yu t rng buc nh sau m ta phi tun th khi lp My

Pentium 4 : + Bus ( FSB) ca CPU phi c Mainboard h tr + Tc Bus ca RAM phi c Mainboard h tr + Tc Bus ca RAM >= 50% tc Bus ca CPU ( khai thc c tc ti a ca CPU ) Lu : Nu hai RAM c Bus khc nhau chnh lch l 1USD, th hai CPU tng ng s chnh lch l 10USD, v vy ta c th chp nhn thit tc RAM khai thc ti a tc CPU Ghi ch : Ta nn dng RAM c tc Bus > 50% tc Bus ca CPU l 1 nc Ta tham kho cc trng hp sau y

Lp CPU c Bus (FSB) 800MHz vo Mainboard ch h tr FSB 400 v 533MHz v vy my s khng chy .

Lp RAM c tc Bus 400 vo Mainboard ch h tr RAM tc 266 v 333MHz v vy my s khng nhn RAM

C RAM v CPU u c Mainboard h tr v vy my chy bnh thng v chy tc Bus 400MHz ( Trng hp ny hay dng v tc Bus RAM > 50% Bus CPU 1 nc )

C RAM v CPU u c Mainboard h tr v vy my chy bnh thng v chy tc Bus 533MHz

C RAM v CPU u c Mainboard h tr v vy my chy bnh thng, tuy nhin trng hp ny t dng v tc RAM = 50% tc Bus ca CPU

C RAM v CPU u c Mainboard h tr v vy my chy bnh thng, tuy nhin trng hp ny t dng v tc RAM >> 50% tc Bus ca CPU Ghi ch : Ta nn dng RAM c tc Bus > 50% tc Bus ca CPU l 1 nc

8. Khi nim v ROM BIOS ROM BIOS ( Read Olly Memory Base Input Output System B nh ch c Lu cc chng trnh vo ra c s ) + ROM BIOS l mt IC c gn c nh trn Mainboard (thng gn nhng khng hn ), v thng giao tip trc tip

vi Sourth Bridge . + L b nh ch c nn ta khng th ghi d liu vo ROM c, tuy nhin khi np li ROM ta vn c th ghi vo ROM bng cc thit b c bit . D liu trong ROM c cc nh sn xut Mainboard np sn, d liu ny khng b mt khi mt in, n bao gm : + Cc cu lnh hng dn cho CPU thc hin qu trnh POST my ( Power On Self Test - Bt ngun v kim tra ) + Cc thng bo li bng ting bp hay bng k t trn mn hnh khi n kim tra v pht hin li . + Bn ( Default) thit lp cu hnh my - CMOS Setup + Trnh iu khin bn phm v cc cng vo ra .

ROM BIOS l IC c gn trn Mainboard ROM BIOS l IC vung chn cm gn chipset cu nam 9. iu g sy ra khi hng ROM BIOS Khi hng ROM BIOS th CPU khng th ly c d liu thc hin qu trnh POST my v cng khng a ra c thng bo g v nh vy biu hin s l => My khng c ting bp cng khng ln mn hnh . Nu ta dng Card Test Main kim ta th thy n BOIS s khng sng .

Dng Card Test Main kim tra thy n BIOS khng sng l biu hin ca hng BIOS 10. RAM CMOS Khi nim v RAM CMOS L mt chp rt nh nm tch hp trong Chipset cu nam, RAM CMOS c nui bng ngun Pin 3V v vy d liu trong RAM CMOS khng b mt khi tt my . Nhim v ca RAM CMOS

+ Nhim v chnh ca RAM CMOS l lu bng thit lp cu hnh ca my, cung cp cho CPU trong qu trnh khi ng . + Khi ta bt my tnh, qu trnh POST my bt u, CPU s c v lm theo cc hng dn trong RAM CMOS, nu RAM CMOS b mt d liu ( v d khi ta tho Pin ra ) th CPU s c bn CMOS mc nh c ghi trn ROM BIOS Qu trnh thit lp cu hnh my - CMOS SETUP + Thit lp cu hnh my l qu trnh bt buc khi ta thc hin lp rp 1 b my tnh ( s ni chi tit phn lp my ) + vo chng trnh CMOS SETUP ta bm lin tc phm Delete hoc phm F2 hoc phm F10 ( Tu hiu my ) trong lc my ang khi ng . + Chng trnh CMOS s c v hin th ni dung c trong RAM CMOS cho ta thit lp li, trong trng hp l Mainboard hon ton mi (Cha c d liu trong RAM CMOS ) th chng trnh s c v hin th bn Default c ghi c nh trong ROM BIOS . 11. Biu hin khi hng RAM Khi RAM hng thng c biu hin l : Bt my tnh c 3 ting bt di , khng ln mn hnh l Lu : Li Card Video cng c cc ting bp nhng thng thng mt ting bp di ba ting bp ngn . Nguyn nhn : RAM b hng RAM cm vo Mainboard tip xc khng tt RAM khng c Mainboard h tr v tc Bus Kim tra RAM Tho RAM ra ngoi , v sinh chn sch s bng xng sau lp li Thay th mt thanh RAM mi ( lu phi thanh RAM c Bus c Main h tr ) Trng hp sau khi thay RAM m vn cn ting ku nhng ting ku khc i th ta cn kim tra Card Video hoc thay th Card Video khc . Lu : Trong tt c cc trng hp my ln c phin bn BIOS trn mn hnh l RAM v Card Video bnh thng .

Chng 6 - cng HDD

1. Gii thiu v cng HDD ( Hard Disk Drive ) cng l mt thit b lu tr c dung lng ln dng lu tr ton b phn mm ca my tnh bao gm . + Cc h iu hnh + Cc chng trnh ng dng + Cc File vn bn v v ... Cng vi s ra i ca my tnh c nhn nm 1981, nm 1982 hng IBM gii thiu chic cng u tin dnh cho my PC ch c 10MB nhng bn vi gi 1500USD, cho n nm 2000 th gii sn xut c cng c dung lng trn 40GB ( gp 4000 ln ) v gi th gim xung cn 75USD, v ngy nay (2006) xut hin trn 300GB , trong tng lai s xut hin nhng cng hng nghn GB . Nu nh my tnh khng c cng th ta ch c th chy c h iu hnh MS DOS xa kia m thi .

Mt cng ngy nay ( 2006 ) c th lu tr thng tin bng c hng trm hiu sch 2. Cu to ca cng

Cu to bn trong cng a t : Bn trong a gm nhiu a t c lm bng nhm hoc hp cht gm thu tinh, a c ph mt lp t v lp bo v c 2 mt, cc a c xp chng v cng gn vi mt trc m t quay nn tt c cc a u quay cng tc , cc a quay nhanh trong sut phin dng my .

Cu to a v cc u t u t c - ghi : Mi mt a c mt u c & ghi v vy nu mt c 2 a th c 4 u c & ghi M t hoc cun dy iu khin cc u t : gip cc u t dch chuyn ngang trn b mt a chng c th ghi hay c d liu . Mch iu khin : L mch in nm pha sau cng , mch ny c cc chc nng : + iu khin tc quay a

+ iu khin dch chuyn cc u t + M ho v gii m cc tn hiu ghi v c

Mch iu khin nm pha sau cng

nh chp bn trong a cng

3. Cu trc b mt a : a cng gm nhiu a quay vi vn tc 5400 n 7200vng / pht , trn cc b mt a l cc u t di chuyn c v ghi d liu.

Cc a ghi d liu v u t ghi - c D liu c ghi trn cc ng trn ng tm gi l Track hoc Cylinder, mi Track li chia thnh nhiu cung - gi l Sector v mi cung ghi c 512 Byte d liu . + Track v Sector c c l do cc nh sn xut a cng s dng mt chng trnh c bit nh dng vt l hay nh dng cp thp cho a.

B mt ca a cng, tn hiu ghi trn cc ng trn ng tm gi l Track, mi Track c chia lm nhiu Sector Vi a cng khong 10G => c khong gn 7000 ng Track trn mi b mt a v mi Track c chia thnh khong 200 Sector . tng dung lng ca a th trong cc a cng ngy nay, cc Track ngoi c chia thnh nhiu Sector hn v mi mt a cng c chia thnh nhiu Track hn v nh vy i hi thit b phi c chnh xc rt cao . 4. Nguyn tc lu tr t trn a cng

Trn b mt a ngi ta ph mt lp mng cht c t tnh, ban u cc ht t tnh khng c hng , khi chng b nh hng bi t trng ca u t lt qua , cc ht c t tnh c sp xp thnh cc ht c hng. u t ghi - c c cu to bi mt li thp nh hnh ch U, mt cun dy qun trn li thp a dng in vo (khi ghi) hay ly ra (khi c), khe h gi l khe t lt trn b mt a vi khong cch rt gn, bng 1/10 si tc .

u t ghi - c v lp t tnh trn a Trong qu trnh ghi, tn hiu in dng tn hiu s 0,1 c a vo u t ghi ln b mt a thnh cc nam chm rt nh v o chiu tu theo tn hiu a vo l 0 hay 1 . Trong qu trnh pht, u t c lt qua b mt a dc theo cc ng Track c ghi tn hiu, ti im giao nhau ca cc nam chm c t trng bin i v cm ng ln cun dy to thnh mt xung in, xung in ny rt yu c a vo khuch i ly ra tn hiu 0,1 ban u . Ghi ch : Tn hiu 0 , 1 l tn hiu s ( Digital ) - Xem phn Tn hiu s . Ch : a cng c ghi theo nguyn tc cm ng t , v vy nu ta cc a cng gn cc vt c t tnh mnh nh Nam chm th c th d liu trong a cng s b hng ! u t

Cn mang u t v IC khuch i tn hiu u t

5. Khi nim v nh dng a : Cc a cng khi xut xng th b mt a vn l lp t tnh ng nht, c th ghi d liu ln a ta phi thc hin qua ba bc : nh dng vt l hay nh dng cp thp Phn vng nh dng cp cao Trong nh dng cp thp l cng vic ca nh sn xut a cn phn vng v nh dng cp cao l cng vic ca K thut vin ci t my tnh . 6. nh dng vt l ( Hay nh dng cp thp ) y l cng vic ca nh sn xut a, qu trnh c thc hin nh sau : + S dng chng trnh nh dng to cc ng Track + Chia cc Track thnh cc Sector v in cc thng tin bt u v kt thc cho mi Sector

a cha nh dng cp thp

a nh dng cp thp do nh sn xut tin hnh

7. Phn vng a ( cn gi l chia ) - Cng vic ca cc k thut vin lp rp my tnh Phn vng l qu trnh chia a vt l thnh nhiu Logic khc nhau v trn mi logic ta c th ci mt h iu hnh, v vy mt cng ta c th ci c nhiu h iu hnh . Nu my tnh c ci t h iu hnh Window 98 th phn vng l vic lm u tin trc khi ci t, trng hp ny ta s dng chng trnh FDISK phn vng cho a ( Chng trnh FDISK s c cp chi tit trong phn ci t Window 98 ) Trng hp my ci t H iu hnh Window2000 hoc WindowXP th ta c th thc hin to phn vng v chia trong lc ci t , Chng trnh ci t Win2000 hoc WinXP c h tr chng trnh chia . Ngoi ra ta c th s dng chng trnh Partition Magic chia v to cc phn vng, trng hp ny thng s dng khi ta chia li trong khi ang c h iu hnh .

a cha phn vng

a c chia lm 2 phn vng

8. nh dng cp cao ( FORMAT ) Sau khi chia , trc khi ci t h iu hnh hay lu d liu vo th ta phi nh dng cp cao ( tc l Format ) Thc cht ca qu trnh FORMAT l nhm cc Sector li thnh cc Cluster sau nh a ch cho cc Cluster ny, mi Cluster c t 8 n 64 Sector ( tu theo la chn ) hay tng ng vi 4 n 32KB Cc kiu nh dng FAT, FAT32 v NTFS . FAT ( File Allocation Table - Bng phn phi File ) y l bng a ch gip cho h iu hnh qun l c cc File hoc th mc trn a, trng hng bng FAT th d liu trn coi nh b mt . Trong qu trnh Format thng c cc la chn l Format vi FAT , FAT32 hay l NTFS Vi la chn FAT th a s c nh a ch bi 16 bt nh phn v nh vy bng FAT ny s qun l c 216 a ch Cluster tng ng vi a ti a l 2GB Vi la chn FAT32 th a s c nh a ch bi 32 bt nh phn v nh vy bng FAT32 s qun l c 232 a ch Cluster tng ng vi dung lng ti a l 2048GB La chn NTFS ( Win NT File System ) y l h File ca WinNT h File ny h tr tn file di ti 256 k t, khi nh dng NTFS th cc File lu trong ny c th khng c c trn cc h iu hnh c .

9. My khng tm thy a Biu hin : Khi ta khi ng my tnh, sau khi bo phin bn BIOS th qu trnh khi ng dng li dng ch : Detecting IDE Secondary Slave ... None ang d tm a trn khe IDE th nh ....bo None

Biu hin my tnh khng tm thy a khi khi ng. Kim tra : Kim tra li u cm dy cp ngun cho a Nu c 2 a cm chung dy cp tn hiu th tm tho dy cp tn hiu ra khi a CD Rom hoc a cng cn li => sau th li => Lu : nu c 2 a cm chung mt dy cp tn hiu th ch Jumper ta phi thit lp mt l Master (MS) v mt l Slave (SL)

Jumper thit lp cho l Master (MS) hay Slave (SL) nm gia Zc cm ngun v Zc tn hiu Thay th dy cp tn hiu => sau th li.

Chiu u dy cp tn hiu gia v my => Nu lm cc thao tc trn m khng c th ta phi thay mt cng khc . 10. My khng tm thy h iu hnh Biu hin : Trong qu trnh khi ng, my dng li v a ra thng bo li nh sau : Invalid System Disk Replace the disk, and then press any key ( H thng a b hng Thay a khc, sau bm phm bt k )

Invalid System Disk Replace the disk, and then press any key

Thng bo li trong qu trnh khi ng my Nguyn nhn : a b li h iu hnh a b hng cc Sector khi ng trn track s 1(ngoi cng) a b bad ( sc trn b mt a )

Sector khi ng trn Track s 1(ngoi cng) l ni lu on chng trnh mi c nhim v tm v np h iu hnh Kim tra v khc phc : Vi my cn s dng Win 98 th Format li C sau ci t li (xem phn ci t Win 98 ) Vi my ci Win XP th dng a ci t li, trong qu trnh ci t ta chia li a v Format vi nh dng FAT32 ( Xem phn ci t Win XP ) Nu trong qu trnh ci t bo li v khng th ci t c th bn dng chng trnh SCANDISK ( Xem phn sau ) trong DOS kim tra b mt a xem c b Bad khng ? 11. Khi ci h iu hnh th bo li v qu trnh ci t b gin on Nguyn nhn : a cng b Bad CD Rom mt c km hoc a ci t b sc . Lp 2 thanh RAM khng cng chng loi , gy xung t . Cc Card m rng cm thm gy xung t phn cng . Khc phc : Dng mt CD Rom tt v mt a CD mi ci t Chy chng trnh SCANDISK ( nh cc bc phn sau ) kim tra b mt a .

Nu b mt a khng c vn th bn cn kim tra li RAM v cc Card m rng . 12. My chy thng xuyn b treo trong qu trnh s dng Nguyn nhn a cng b Bad Do RAM hay cc Card m rng ho cp cng tip xc km Do thit b phn cng b xung t nh lp 2 thanh RAM khc loi, lp thm Card Vdeo khi Mainboard c Card Onboard v v.. CPU b nng do qut hng hoc quay qu chm . Khc phc Cm li cc dy cp cho a, cm li thanh RAM v cc Card m rng ( nu c ) Kim tra qut CPU xem tc quay c bnh thng khng ? Chy SCANDISK ( xem phn sau ) kim tra b mt a , nu a b Bad nng th thay a . Cc bc chy SCANDISK kim tra b mt a Bc 1 : Vo CMOS SETUP thit lp cho CD Rom khi ng trc Bm lin tc phm Delete hoc F10 trong lc my ang khi ng mn hnh CMOS xut hin nh sau :

Mn hnh CMOS SETUP => M trong mc c thit lp First Boot, Second Boot .... sau thit lp : First Boot l CD ROM

Thit lp First Boot l CD Rom Bc 2 : Cho my khi ng t a Boot CD t a Boot CD vo v khi ng li my , my khi ng t a Boot CD vi A o v du nhc :

A :\ >_

Mn hnh khi ng t a Boot CD Bc 3 : G lnh SCANDISK chy chng trnh kim tra a

A :\ > SCANDISK C :

T du nhc g SCANDISK C: (Enter) chy SCANDISK C i cho mn hnh SCANDISK qut a xut hin nh di

Mn hnh SCANDISK kim tra b mt a

Nu xut hin cc ch BBB l a b Bad ( a b try sc mt kh nng ghi v c d liu ) Cc im b Bad BBB trn a c th gy ra cc hin tng sau : + a khng khi ng c H iu hnh + Khi ci h iu hnh b bo li v qu trnh ci t b gin on + My ang chy hay b treo . Khc phc khi a b Bad : S dng chng trnh Partition Magic ( cp phn sau ) ct on Bad ( khng to phn vng trn on Bad ny na ) Nu nh im Bad nm di rc hoc a b Bad nng th bn cn thay a mi .

Chng 7 - CD ROM
1. Tng qut v a CD Rom a CD Rom l thit b c trong hu ht cc my tnh hin nay, n c u im l lu tr c dung lng ln, gi thnh a CD r, c th di chuyn i ni khc d dng, CD Rom l a khng th thiu trong qu trnh ci t phn mm cho my tnh Phn ny tc gi s trnh by cc nguyn tc ghi v c a CD Rom, cu to ca a CD Rom v cui cng l mt s bnh thng gp ca a CD Rom cng nh phng php sa cha khc phc

a CD Rom CD ROM ( Compac Disk Read Olly Memory ) V tiu chun nh gi cht lng ca CD Rom da vo cc yu t + Chng loi CD Rom + Tc c d liu ca CD Rom : Tc c d liu ca CD Rom c tnh bng s X 1X c tc truy cp d liu l 150KB => 10X s c tc truy cp l 10 x 150K = 1.500KB => 48X c tc truy cp l 48 x 150K = 7200KB => 52X c tc truy cp l 52 x 150K = 7800KB 2. Cu to ca a CD Rom

a CD Rom a CD Rom trng c ph mt lp ho hc ln b mt sau

ca a ( b mt dn giy ) , lp ho hc ny c tnh cht phn x nh sng nh lp bc a CD c tn hiu th tn hiu c ghi ln a thnh cc ng Track hnh xoy chn c, tn hiu ghi l cc im ho cht b t chy mt kh nng phn x, xen k vi cc im c kh nng phn x .

B mt a CD Rom, tn hiu c ghi theo cc ng Track Cc ng track ca a CD Rom c mt rt dy khong 6000 Track / 1cm v vy kch thc ca chng rt nh. 3. Nguyn l ghi d liu ln a CD Rom D liu ghi ln a CD Rom l dng tn hiu s 0, 1 u ghi, ngi ta s dng sng Lazer ghi d liu ln a

a quay vi tc cao v sng Lazer s chiu tia lazer ln b mt a, tia lazer c iu khin tt sng theo tn hiu 0 hay 1 a vo . => ng vi tn hiu 0 => tia lazer tt => ng vi tn hiu 1 => tia lazer sng t chy b mt a thnh 1 im lm mt kh nng phn x . Mch Servo s iu khin tc quay a cng nh iu khin cho tia lazer hi t trn a v ghi tn hiu thnh cc ng trc

hnh son chn c . 4. Nguyn l c tn hiu t a CD Rom a c d liu c quay vi tc cao, mt c s c d liu ghi trn a theo nguyn tc : S dng tia lazer ( yu hn lc ghi ) chiu ln b mt a dc theo cc ng track c d liu , sau hng ly tia phn x quay li ri i chng thnh tn hiu in . Khi tia lazer chiu qua cc im trn b mt a b t chy s khng c tia phn x => v tn hiu thu c l 0 Khi tia lazer chiu qua cc im trn b mt a khng b t chy s c tia phn x => v tn hiu thu c l 1 Tia phn x s c Ma trn Diode i thnh tn hiu in, sau khi khuch i v x l ta thu c tn hiu ban u .

a quay v khi tia lazer chiu qua im b chy s mt tia phn x => cho ta tn hiu 0, qua im bnh thng c tia phn x cho ta tn hiu 1 Tn hiu khi c nu ngc vi khi ghi th ch vic cho qua cng o tn hiu s c o li . 101 => Cng o => 010

5. S khi ca a CD Rom

S khi ca a CD Rom Lazer pickup : L mt c, c nhim v c d liu ghi trn a v i ra tn hiu in dng tn hiu s 0,1 . Mch tch tn hiu : khuch i tn hiu t mt c sau tch ra hai thnh phn => Tn hiu iu khin : L cc tn hiu sai lch c cc tia lazer ph pht hin cung cp cho mch to p iu khin => Tn hiu s : L tn hiu chnh ta cn thu c, tn hiu ny c ua sang IC s l tn hiu s trc khi chuyn v b nh my tnh Mch to p iu khin : To in p iu khin iu khin mt c hng tia lazer c ng ng track v hi t ng trn b mt a, ngoi ra mch iu khin cn iu khin tc quay ca a . Mch khuch i thc Moto : Khuch i tn hiu iu khin cung cp cho Moto v cc cun dy trn mt c . IC x l tn hiu s : X l tn hiu thu c t mt c sau gi theo ng Bus v b nh chnh ca my . Bn a tr chut vo nh xem ch thch

Mch in trn CD Rom 6. Cu to ca mt c

Cm mt c ca a CD Rom

Cu to bn trong ca mt c

Cun Tracking : iu khin im hi t lch theo phng ngang c ng tm ng

track Cun Focus : iu khin im hi t ln xung theo phng ng hi t ng trn mt a . A,B,C,D L cc Diode i nh sng lazer thnh dng in, 4 diode ny c ra tn hiu chnh v pht hin sai lch hi t E,F l hai Diode pht hin sai lch tracking LD ( Lazer Diode ) l Diode pht ra tia lazer MD (Monitor Diode ) l Diode gim st bo v cho mch t ng iu khin cng sut tia lazer Bin tr : Chnh kch mt khi tia lazer b yu

Mch nguyn l ca mt c 7. B c Bn a tr chut vo xem ch thch

B c ca CD Rom B c ca a CD Rom c cc b phn chnh nh sau : B phn ra vo ca a - Bao gm : + M t Loading + Dy cu loa + H bnh rng truyn ng + Khay a

B phn dch chuyn cm mt c - Bao gm + M t Sleed + H bnh rng + Thanh trt M t quay a : M t Spind Cm mt c : Lazer Pickup

Bn phm

Chng 8 - Thit b vo ra
1. Gii thiu bn phm Bn phm l thit b nhp thng tin vo cho my tnh x l, thng tin t bn phm l cc k t, s v cc ln iu khin.

Bn phm 2. Cu to ca bn phm

S mch in ca bn phm Mi phm bm trn bn phm tng ng vi mt cng tc u chp gia mt chn hng A v chn ct B , nh vy mi phm c mt a ch hng v ct duy nht, ngi ta lp trnh cho cc phm ny to ra cc m nh phn 11 bt gi v my tnh khi phm c nhn . Trong d liu 11 bit gi v c 8 bt mang thng tin nh phn (gi l m qut bn phm ) v 3 bit mang thng tin iu khin . 8 bt mang thng tin nh phn c quy c theo tiu chun quc t thng nht cho cc nh sn xut bn phm . Bng sau l th d khi ta nhn mt s phm, bn phm s gi m qut dng nh phn v my tnh nh sau :

Tn phm A S D F G H

M qut nh phn 0001 1110 0001 1111 0010 0000 0010 0001 0010 0010 0010 0011

M ASCII tng ng 0100 0001 0101 0011 0100 0100 0100 0110 0100 0111 0100 1000

M qut bn phm c np vo b nh m trn RAM sau h iu hnh s dch cc m nh phn thnh k t theo bng m ASCII

Khi bm phm A => bn phm gi m nh phn cho b nh m sau h iu hnh s i sang m ASC II v hiv th k t trn mn hnh 3. Sa cha h hng ca bn phm H hng thng gp ca bn phm l t dy tn hiu v kt phm 1. Bn phm b t dy tn hiu Biu hin : My khng nhn bn phm, hoc c cc thng bo li bn phm Keyboard Erro trn mn hnh khi khi ng Kim tra : Bn hy tho cc c pha sau bn phm v m lp sau bn phm ra

Tho lp sau bn phm kim tra + Dng ng h vn nng thang x 1 o cc si dy trong cp tn hiu t mi hn trn bn phm n cc chn u ni ,

ta o t mt mi hn tt c cc chn phi c mt chn thng mch .

+ Nu pht hin thy cp tn hiu t th bn thay mt cp tn hiu khc .

2. Bn phm b chp phm Biu hin : My c ting bp lin tc khng dt . Kim tra : + Kim tra cc phm xem c phm no b kt, bm xung nhng khng t ny ln c khng ? + Bo dng bn phm bng cch dng kh nn thi mnh vo cc khe ca bn phm cho bi bn bt ra + Trng hp cc phm hay b kt do bi bn ta c th tho bn phm ra, tch phn mch in ra khi cc phm bm, c th dng nc x phng ra sch cc phm bm sau phi kho ri lp li . ++ Ch : Trnh khng nc giy vo phn mch in . 3. thay bn phm mi nhng my vn khng dng c bn phm Nguyn nhn : Biu hin trn l do hng IC giao tip vi bn phm trn Mainboard Khc phc : + Dng ng h vn nng d t chn cm PS/2 ca bn phm trn Mainboard xem thng mch vi IC no gn => IC thng mch vi u cm PS2 l IC giao tip bn phm .

IC giao tip nm gn khu vc cc cng giao tip + S dng m hn kh thay IC

MOUSE Chut l thit b tr trn mn hnh, chut xut hin trong mn hnh Windows vi giao din hoa, Cc trnh iu khin chut thng c tch hp trong cc h iu hnh, hin nay th trng c 2 loi chut ph bin l chut bi v chut quang .

CHUT BI 1. Cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca chut bi.

Cu to bn trong ca chut bi Cu to : Bn trong chut bi c mt vin bi cao su t vo hai trc bng nha c t vung gc vi nhau, khi ta di chut th vin bi quay => lm cho hai trc xoay theo, hai trc nha c gn vi bnh rng nha c c l, mi bnh rng c t lng vo trong mt cm bin bao gm mt Diode pht quang v mt n thu quang.

B cm bin trong chut bi Diode pht quang pht ra nh sng hng ngoi chiu qua bnh rng nha c l chiu vo n thu quang, khi bnh rng xoay th nh sng chiu vo n thu quang b ngt qung , n thu quang i nh sng ny thnh tn hiu in a v IC gii m => to thnh tn hiu iu khin cho con tr dch chuyn trn mn hnh.

B cm bin i chuyn ng c hc ca vin bi thnh tn hiu in Trong chut bi c hai b cm bin , mt b iu khin cho chut dch chuyn theo phng ngang, mt b iu khin dch chuyn theo phng dc mn hnh .

Hai b cm bin a tn hiu v IC gii m , gii m thnh tn hiu nh phn a v my tnh Bn cnh cc b cm bin l cc cng tc nhn phm chut tri hay phm chut phi

Cng tc nhn tri chui hai nhn phi chut 2. H hng thng gp ca chut bi 1. Khi di chuyn chut thy con tr di chuyn git cc v rt kh khn Nguyn nhn : Trng hp trn thng do hai trc ln p vo vin bi b bn v vy chng khng xoay c

Khc phc : + Tho vin bi ra , v sinh sch s vin bi v hai trc ln p vo vin bi , sau lp li . 2. Chut ch di chuyn theo mt hng ngang hoc dc Nguyn nhn : + Do mt trc ln khng quay , c th do bi bn . + Do hng mt b cm bin Khc phc : + V sinh cc trc ln bn trong + Tho vin bi ra v dng tay xoay th hai trc, khi xoay trc no m khng thy con tr dch chuyn l hng cm bin n vo trc => Ta c th s dng b cm bin t mt con chut khc lp

sang thay th .

3. My khng nhn chut, di chut trn bn con tr khng dch chuyn Nguyn nhn : + Trng hp ny thng do t cp tn hiu + Mt s trng hp l do hng IC gii m bn trong chut. Khc phc : + Kim tra s thng mch ca cp tn hiu bng ng h vn nng thang x1 , nu c mt si dy t th cn thay dy cp . + Nu khng phi do cp th bn hy thay th IC trong chut.

4. Bm cng tc chut tri hoc chut phi mt tc dng . Nguyn nhn : + Nguyn nhn thng do cng tc khng tip xc, bn tho chut ra v kim tra s tip xc ca cng tc khi bm, nu cng tc khng tip xc th thay cng tc + Nu cng tc vn tip xc tt th nguyn nhn l do hng IC, bn cn thay mt IC mi .

CHUT QUANG 1. Cu to ca chut quang Chut quang hot ng theo nguyn tc quang hc, chut khng c bi m thay vo l mt l chiu v phn chiu nh sng .

Chut quang Cu to bn trong chut quang + B phn quan trng nht ca chut quang l h thng pht quang v cm quang, Diode pht ra nh sng chiu ln b mt bn, nh b mt s c thu knh hi t, hi t trn b phn cm quang . + Bn cnh b phn quang hc l bi xoay v cc cng tc nh chut thng thng . Bn a tr chut vo nh xem ch thch

Bn trong chut quang Nguyn tc hot ng ca chut quang

B phn quang hc trong chut quang

Diode pht quang pht ra nh sng chiu ln b mt ca tm di chut , nh ca b mt tm di chut c thu knh hi t ln b mt ca b phn cm quang, b phn cm quang s phn tch s dch chuyn ca bc nh => to thnh tn hiu in gi v my tnh. + Diode pht quang c hai ch sng, ch sng yu Diode c cung cp khong 0,3V . Ch sng mnh Diode c cung cp khong 2,2V . + Khi ta khng di chuyn chut th sau khong 3 giy Diode s t chuyn sang ch ti gim cng pht x lm tng tui th ca Diode . 2. H hng thng gp ca chut quang 1. My khng nhn chut Nguyn nhn + Trng hp ny thng do chut b t cp tn hiu + Mt s trng hp do hng IC giao tip trn chut Khc phc + Dng ng h vn nng thang 1 o s thng mch ca cp tn hiu, nu thy t mt si th bn cn thay cp tn hiu khc . + Nu cp tn hiu bnh thng th cn thay th C giao tip ( l IC cnh gn bi dy cp tn hiu) 2. Chut khng pht ra nh sng , khng hot ng c . Nguyn nhn + t cp tn hiu lm mt Vcc cho chut + Hng Diode pht quang Khc phc + Kim tra v thay cp tn hiu nu t + Kim tra Diode pht quang ( o nh Diode thng) nu t th thay mt Diode khc

Chng 9 - Card m rng

1. Nhim v ca Card Video Bn a tr chut vo s xem ch thch

Nhim v ca Card Video l i d liu s ca my tnh thnh tn hiu Analog cung cp cho mn hnh. D liu trong my tnh c tn ti di dng nh phn 0,1 khi ta m mt chng trnh , d liu ca chng trnh c np ln b nh RAM CPU c th x l, n thi ni dung ca n cng c sao chp sang b nh RAM ca Card Video hin th ln mn hnh . IC - DAC trn Card Video s i cc bt nh phn thnh tn hiu v cng sng ca cc im nh trn mn hnh .

Qu trnh a d liu ra mn hnh thng qua Card Video B nh ROM trn Card Video lu trnh iu khin gip cho Card video c th hot ng c khi my cha np h iu hnh Window, trnh iu khin ny c np khi my khi ng, a s cc trng hp Card video b li l do chng khng np c trnh iu khin t ROM trn Card video .

Khi h iu hnh Windows c khi ng , my s tm v np trnh iu khin cho Card Video trong h iu hnh vi mt phin bn chi tit v y hn . 2. ngha ca b nh RAM trn Card Video . Tn hiu a ra mn hnh phi l lin tc khng c ngt qung vi mt tc ln, v l IC i DAC khng th ly d liu trc tip t RAM ca my c (V tc ny chm) m chng phi ly d liu t RAM t ngay trn Card Video. Mi im nh trn mn hnh cn phi c mt v tr nh trn RAM ca Card Video, mt im nh c t 4 bt n 32 bt lu thng tin v mu sc . Th d : Trong Window nu ta chn phn gii cho mn hnh l 1024 x 768 cht lng mu l 32 bit th cn mt b nh nh sau : + Mn hnh c phn gii 1024 x 768 ngha l c 1024 x 768 = 786.432 im nh + Cht lng mu 32 bit ngha l mi im nh cn 32 bit nh phn (tng ng 4 byte) lu tr mu sc . + Lng thng tin cho c mn hnh s l 786.432 x 4 byte = 3.145.728 byte 3 MB => 3 MB l dung lng cn thit lu tr mt mn hnh c phn gii 1024 x 768 v cht lng mu l 32bit . + Ghi ch : mu 32 bit l biu din c 232 = 4.294.967.296 mu . Trong qu trnh x l nh ng, mi giy c khong 30 bc nh c thay th, nu b nh RAM trn Card Video khng cha s bc nh cn thit th chng s phi i ng truyn, v vy hnh nh s b git cc khi pht .

Card Video thiu b nh RAM cho hnh nh ng git cc nh trn 3. Tc Card Video Tc ca Card Video c nh hng n cht lng ca hnh nh c bit l cc bc nh c phn gii cao, tc ca

Card chnh l tc np d liu t RAM h thng ln RAM trn Card Video thng qua Chipset, tc ny tnh bng s xung nhp / giy Card Video c tc 66MHz trong 1 giy n thc hin c 64 triu xung nhp . Card Video h tr ho AGP c tc t 66MHz n 533MHz v tc c tnh theo bi s ca tc 66MHz + Card 1X c tc 66 MHz + Card 2X c tc 133 MHz + Card 4X c tc 266 MHz + Card 8X c tc 533 MHz + Card 16X c tc 1066 MHz 4.Cc loi Card Video 1. Card Video PCI

Card PCI l Card theo chun c cm trn khe m rng PCI Tc Card PCI ch t 33MHz Card PCI c s dng trong cc th h my c trc my Pentium 2 2. Card Video AGP 1X

Card Video AGP 1X Tc 1 x 66MHz = 66Mhz S dng cho th h my Pentium 2 3. Card Video AGP 2X

Card Video AGP 2X Tc 2 x 66MHz = 133Mhz S dng cho th h my Pentium 3 4. Card Video AGP 4X

Card Video AGP 4X Tc 4 x 66MHz = 266Mhz S dng cho th h my Pentium 4 5. Card Video AGP 8X

Card Video AGP 8X Tc 8 x 64MHz = 533Mhz S dng cho th h my Pentium 4 6. Card Video PCI Express 16X

Card Video PCI Express 16X Tc 16 x 66MHz = 1066 MHz S dng trong cc my Pentium 4 i mi nht . 7. Card Video on board L Card Video c tch hp trn Mainboard, thng thng cc loi card onboard khng c RAM m s dng mt phn RAM ca h thng do vy b nh dnh cho card on board thng gii hn khong 8MB n 16MB Card onboard l gii php nhm gim chi ph cho cc my t c nhu cu x l ho . 5. H hng Card Video Cc my c Card onboard thng t b li Card Cc my c Card video ri c t l hng cao hn, khi hng Card Video chng thng c biu hin :

=> Khi bt ngun, my ku mt ting bp di v ba ting bp ngn , khng ln mn hnh . ( Bp......................Bp.Bp.Bp. ) Kim tra : + Bn hy thay th mt thanh RAM loi tr , v hng RAM cng pht ra cc ting ku tng t loa , tuy nhin hng RAM thng c 3 ting Bp di . + Tho Card Video ra khi Mainboard, dng xng v sinh sch s chn cm, sau th li . + Nu hin tng khng i th bn cn thay mt Card Video khc 6 . Nguyn tc ghi hnh v pht hnh trong my tnh nh th no ?

Gi s bc nh ca bn gi c chp bng my nh s vi phn gii 200 x 300 Pixels Chp nh vy ngha l my nh chia nh bc hnh trn thnh 200 x 300 = 60.000 im nh Trong mi im nh ( t 60.000 im trn ) li c ba cm bin rt nh (Sensor) o li cng sng ca 3 mu c bn l - Mu (R) - Mu xanh l cy ( G ) - Mu xanh da tri ( B ) Cng sng thu c c gi tr t Min = 0 n Max = 255

Cng sng thu c t cc Sensor c a vo mch i ADC ( Analog - Digital Conveter ) y gi tr sng ca cc im mu c i thnh dy nh phn 0,1 ( gi l tn hiu s ca nh ) Tn hiu s ca bc nh c ghi vo th nh hoc c truyn v my tnh . Khi ti cm th nh qua cng USB m bc nh ra => d liu s ca bc nh c np vo b nh RAM v hin th ln mn hnh m ti c th cm nhn c .

7. Ci trnh iu khin cho Card Video V sao phi ci trnh iu khin ? Gi s c hai ngi hai nc khc nhau, khng hiu ting ca nhau, khi ni chuyn h cn c phin dch : => Tng t nh vy th trnh iu khin chnh l phin dch cho hai i tng : + Mt l h iu hnh + Hai l thit b phn cng (c th l Card Video lp trn my ) Nu khng c trnh iu khin th thit b khng hiu v khng thc thi c cc lnh ca h iu hnh, do chng khng lm vic c vi nhau : Trn Card Video thng c mt ROM c np sn trnh iu khin gip cho Card Video c th hot ng c trong mi trng DOS Khi ta ci h iu hnh Windows th trnh iu khin trong ROM trn Card khng h tr, v vy ta phi ci trnh iu khin cho Card sau khi ci t h iu hnh Windows, trnh iu khin thng i km thit b bng mt a CD Rom . + Mt s loi Card c trnh iu khin c tch hp ngay trong h iu hnh Window XP , v vy khi ci Window XP chng t nhn c mt s loi Card trn . Kim tra trnh iu khin cho cc thit b kim tra xem mt thit b nh Card Video hay Card Sound c ci trnh iu khin hay cha bn lm nh sau : * Kch phi chut vo My Computer / Chn Properties / Chn lp Hardware / kch vo Device Manager / Mn hnh Device Manager xut hin nh sau :

Mn hnh Device Manager ( qun l thit b ), cc thit b c trong danh sch ny tc l chng c ci t trnh iu khin trn ta thy mc Display adapters c trong danh sch v c tn trnh iu khin => nh vy l my ci t Drive cho Card Video Nu nh danh sch trn cha c mc Display adapters th trnh iu khin ca Card video cha c ci t . 8 . Cc bc ci t trnh iu khin cho Card Video Chun b mt a CD Rom c trnh iu khin ca Card Video ang lp trong my . ( tm mua Drive cho Card theo nhn in trn Card hoc theo s hiu IC x l trn Card Video ), sau khi c a ta thc hin ci t nh sau : Vo Start / Settings / Control panel => ra mn hnh

Kch p vo biu tng Add Hardware => ra mn hnh

Kch Next v i mt lt => ra mn hnh

Chn Yes, I have ... / Kch Next => ra mn hnh

Ko xung di cng v chn dng Add new hardware device Kch Next => ra mn hnh sau vi hai la chn

=> Chn dng trn th my s t ng tm Drive v ci t cho thit b , trng hp khng tm thy th my yu cu ta tm thit b t danh sch ( Bn hy thc hin la chn ny trc nu khng c mi la chn theo dng di ) => Chn dng di ch nh thit b cn ci t danh sch .

Chn dng

Display adapters

/ Kch Next => ra mn hnh sau

Kch tip vo nt

Have Disk => ra mn hnh sau

Kch tip nt Browse

=> hp thoi sau xut hin

Tm trn CD Rom ni c th mc cha trnh iu khin ca Card Video ang ci ( tm ng tn th mc ) ri bm Open => ng dn n File cn tm hin th trn thanh trng thi hnh di .

Tip tc bm OK => qu trnh ci t s din ra / Chn tip Next thng bo sau xut hin

Tip tc kch Next i vi giy => hp thoai kt thc xut hin.

Chn Finish kt thc qu trnh ci t Sau khi ci t xong, bn cn khi ng li my, sau vo mn hnh Device Manager kim tra li

Nu xut hin Card mn hnh nh trn l qu trnh ci t thnh cng

Chng 10 - Lp rp my tnh
Chn thit b Chn thit b l vic lm cn thit khi lp mt b my vi tnh, nu thit b chn khng ng cch c th lm cho my chy khng n inh, khng ti u v tc hoc khng p ng c cng vic . Chn tc cn da trn cc yu t Mc ch s dng my tnh Tnh tng thch ca thit b 1. Chn thit b theo mc ch s dng My tnh s dng cho cc cng vic ho nh + V thit k + X l nh + Chi Game 3D + To phim hot hnh. Cn thit phi s dng cu hnh + Chp Pentium tc t 1,8 GHz tr ln . + B nh RAM t 512MB tr ln + Mainboard c Card video ri + Card video 8x vi b nh 32MB tr ln. + cng t 40GB tr ln . Nu cu hnh thp hn th my s chm v khng m bo cho cng vic, nu cu hnh cao hn th cng tt . My tnh s dng cho cc cng vic vn phng nh + Son tho vn bn + Hc tp + Truy cp Internet + Nghe nhc, xem phim . + Cc cng vic khc C th s dng cu hnh + Chp Celeron + B nh RAM t 512MB tr xung + Mainboard c Card video Onboard + cng t 40G tr xung . Vi cu hnh nh vy th bn c th tit kim c khong 40% chi ph so vi b my cu hnh cao m vn m bo cho cng vic .

Nu cu hnh cao hn th cng tt nhng s khng cn thit nu bn mun tit kim kinh ph . 2. Tnh tng thch khi chn thit b Trong my tnh c 3 thit b c tnh tng thch , bn phi chn ng b nu khng c th chng s khng hot ng hoc khng pht huy ht tc dng, ba thit b l + Mainboard + CPU + B nh RAM Ba thit b ny rng buc tc Bus, bn hy chn theo nguyn tc sau : => Chn Mainboard trc, Mainboard phi p ng c cc yu cu ca cng vic s dng . => Chn CPU c tc Bus ( FSB ) nm trong phm vi Mainboard h tr . => Chn RAM c tc Bus > = 50% tc Bus ca CPU Theo bng di dy l tc tng thch tt nht Tc FSB ca CPU 400 MHz 533 MHz 667 MHz 800 MHz Tc Bus ca RAM DDR 266 MHz DDR 333 MHz DDR 400 MHz DDR 400 MHz Loi Mainboard C h tr hai tc trn -

3. Kho st bo gi t cc cng ty Cc thng s CPU Intel Celeron 2.53 GHz (SK 478/ 256KB/ Bus 533) - Tray Intel Pentium 4 2.4E GHz (SK 478 / 1.0MB/ FSB 533) Tray Intel Pentium 4 - 2.66E GHz (SK 775/ 1.0MB/ FSB 533/ Box Gii thch Chip Intel Celeron / Tc 2,53GHz / Socket 478 / B nh Cache 256KB / Tc Bus 533 hng tray ( l hng khng i theo qut ) Chip Intel Pentium4 / Tc 2,4GHz / Socket 478 / B nh Cache 1MB / Tc Bus 533 - hng Tray ( l hng khng i theo qut ) Chip Intel Pentium4 / Tc 2,66GHz / Socket 775 / B nh Cache 1MB / Tc Bus 533 - hng Hp( l hng ng hp c km theo qut )

Gii thch Main ASUS P4RD1 -MX Socket 478 / Card mn hnh, Card sound, Card mng tch hp trn Main / H tr Bus CPU 800MHz Main ASUS P5P800-MX ASUS P5P800-MX Chipset Intel 865GV / Socket 775 / (Intel 865GV/SK 775/VGA & Card Video, Card sound, Card net Sound & NIC/ 800 FSB) tch hp trn Main / H tr Bus CPU 800MHz

Cc thng s Mainboard ASUS P4RD1-MX (ATIS200/SK 478/VGA & Sound & NIC onboard/800 FSB)

Cc thng s RAM DDR 512MB bus 400 Kingston DDR II 256MB bus 533 SamSung, KingMax

Gii thch Thanh DDRam dung lng 512MB / tc Bus 400MHz / hng Kingston DDRII 256MB / tc Bus 533MHz / hng Samsung DDRII c tc t 533 MHz tr ln v chng khng thay th cho DDR c v c in p khc nhau

4. Chun b thit b cho mt b my tnh Mt b my tnh ti thiu cn nhng thit b sau 1. Case ( Hp my ) Case l v my, hy chn case sao cho m bo c thong mt cho my, b ngun thng i theo case hoc bn ri, hin nay ta nn dng ngun c cng sut > = 350W

2. Mainboard Mainboard l thit b quan trng nht m bn cn quan tm, Mainboard n quyt nh trc tip n tc v bn ca my, nn chn mainboard ca cc hng uy tn nh Intel, Gigaby, Asus, v mt s hng khc v c s dng chipset ca Intel Khi chn Mainboard cn quan tm n Socket v FSB ca CPU v Bus ca RAM

3. CPU Phi chn CPU thch hp vi Mainboard m bn chn v CPU phi c tc m bo vi yu cu cng vic ca khch hng .

4. RAM Bn phi ch RAM c dung lng m bo cho yu cu cng vic ca khch hng, cn tc Bus th ph thuc vo Bus ca CPU

5. Card Video ( Nu Mainboard cha c ) Nu nh Mainboard cha c Card Video on board th bn cn phi lp thm Card Video ri, dung lng RAM trn Card video cng ln th cho php bn x l c cc bc nh p hn v khi chi Game nh khng b git , cn tc bao nhiu "x" ca Card phi ph thuc vo Mainboard

6. cng HDD Bn c th mua cng t 10GB tr ln l my c th chy bnh thng vi Win XP, tuy nhin bn nn chn dung lng gp 2 ln dung lng bn s s dng l tt nht, khng nn dng qu ln trong khi dung lng s dng qu t .

7. Keyboard Bn c th ch mt bn phm bt k theo s thch

8. Mouse Bn c th ch mt con chut bt k theo s thch

----------------------------------------------------------V b my tnh y cn b xung cc thit b sau : 9. a CD Rom Bn c th lp hay khng lp CD Rom u c, nhng khi mun ci t phn mm ta phi cn n n, bn c th dng CD Rom c hay mi u c m khng nh hng n tng thch ca my .

10. Card Sound ( Nu Mainboard cha c ) Nu Mainboard bn chn m khng c Card sound on board th bn s khng nghe c nhc, c th nghe nhc bn cn lp thm Card sound ri .

11. Speaker Bn c th mua mt b loa bt k ty theo s thch min l loa c b khuch i cng sut m tn trong .

12. FDD Bn c th lp hay khng lp mm u c, xu hng ngy nay t s dng mm m thay vo l cc di ng USB c bn cao hn v dung lng ln hn.

13. Card Net ( Nu Mainboard cha c ) Khi bn c nhu cu ni mng LAN hay mng Internet th cn phi lp Card net nu nh Mainboard cha c Card on board .

=> Nh vy b my tnh ti thiu c th hot ng c cn c 8 thit b v b my tnh tng i y c ti 13 thit b .

5. Cc bc tin hnh lp rp Lp CPU, qut CPU v thanh RAM vo Mainboard

Lp CPU v RAM vo Mainboard t bn ngoi Lp Mainboard ( c CPU v RAM ) vo hp my, cn ch cc chn c nu bt sai cc chn c c th lm chp in hng Mainboard hoc t mch in trn Mainboard .

Khi lp vo Case cn lu cc chn c bt Mainboard u dy cp ngun cho Mainboard, u cc dy cng tc ngun, cng tc Reset, n bo ngun, bo cng v loa vo Mainboard theo hng dn trn Mainboard hoc trn quyn hng dn i theo Mainboard . Gn Card Video vo ( nu Mainboard cha c Card onboard ) Cm dy tn hiu mn hnh, bn phm, chut vo my , cp in ngun v bt cng tc => Nu sau vi giy bt cng tc c mt ting bp v mn hnh xut hin cc dng ch ( phin bn BIOS - nh hnh di ) l qu trnh lp t trn ng v my chy .

Sau khi lp xong Mainboard, CPU, RAM vo Case ta cp in v bt ngun th , nu c mn hnh nh trn l qu trnh lp trn OK => Nu m hnh khng ln, c cc ting bp di loa th bn cn cm li RAM v Card Video . Sau khi bo ln phin bn BIOS bn tt in v lp tip cng v CD ROM vo my, khi lp cng v CD Rom bn lu : + Nn lp mi trn mt si cp ring => my cho tc tt hn, khi lp nh vy ta khng cn thit lp Jumper + Trng hp bt buc phi lp 2 trn mt cp th bn cn thit lp Jumper cho mt l Master kia l Slave, bn c th lp mt cng v mt CD Rom trn cng mt cp hoc 2 cng trn cng mt cp . + Cp tn hiu chia lm 2 on th lp on di hn v pha Mainboard

Nu cc lp chung cp th thit lp mt l Master v mt l Slave, nu bn khng thit lp nh vy c th my s khng nhn a 6. Thit lp cu hnh cho my . ( CMOS SETUP )

y l vic lm bt buc sau khi lp rp v trc khi ci t h iu hnh, qu trnh ny cho php ta thit lp cu hnh ca my , trong c mt s thit lp cn thit ta phi thc hin trc khi ci t l : Thit lp CMOS v ch mc nh (Default ) Kim tra xem my nhn cng cha ? Khai bo a mm . Thit lp CD-ROM khi ng trc . Cc bc thit lp CMOS c cp bi sau : 7. V sao phi thit lp cu hnh cho my ? Khi ta bt my tnh, u tin BIOS s cung cp chng trnh khi ng my, tip sau l qu trnh kim tra thit b cn gi l POST ( Power On Seft Test - Bt ngun v kim tra ), qu trnh POST c thc thi theo ni dung np trong RAM CMOS. Cu hnh mc nh (Default) ca my c nh sn xut np trong BIOS, khi ta kch hot chng trnh CMOS SETUP th phin bn mc nh c np ln b nh v hin th ln mn hnh cho php ta c th thay i cc la chn . Sau khi thay i xong, nu ta bm SAVE th bn CMOS ta va thay i c nh vo b nh RAM CMOS, nu RAM CMOS c ni dung th mi ln khi ng CMOS SETUP n s ly ni dung t y. RAM CMOS l mt loi b nh tiu th rt t in nng, RAM CMOS hin nay c tch hp trong Chipset Sourth Bridge v c nui bng Pin 3V trn Mainboard, mt qu Pin c th s dng c khong 5 nm. Trong qu trnh POST my th CPU s ly thng tin trong RAM CMOS thc thi, trng hp d liu trong RAM CMOS b xo hoc ht Pin th my s chy tm bng chng trnh mc nh c trong ROM, nu chng trnh mc nh m khng ph hp vi cu hnh ca my hin ti th my s b bo li trong khi khi ng .

Bc 1 : Vo mn hnh CMOS Khi ng li my, trong lc my khi ng => bm lin tip vo phm Delete i vo mn hnh CMOS ( Ch nu bm Delete khng c th bm F2 hoc F10 ) => Mn hnh CMOS s c hin th nh sau : Bn a tr chut vo xem chi tit

Mn hnh thit lp CMOS SETUP * m mt mc, bn di vt sng vo mc v Enter di chuyn vt sng ta dng cc phm mi tn

Di chuyn vt sng bng cc phm mi tn * thay i la chn ta s dng phm PageUp hoc PageDow * Cc la chn Enabled : l cho php Disabled : l khng cho php Bc 2 . Thit lp CMOS v ch mc nh Thit lp CMOS v ch mc nh l tr v trng thi ban u ca my, thng thng trng thi ban u l trng thi chun . Di vt sng xung dng LOAD BIOS DEFAULTS Hp thoi sau xut hin Load Option Settings (Y/N)? N Bn chn phm Y v ( Enter ) ( Enter )

Di tip vt sng xung dng LOAD SETUP DEFAULTS V cng lm tng t nh trn

Bc 3 : Kim tra xem my nhn cng cha ? Vo mc STANDARD CMOS SETUP cc dng Primary Master Primary Slave Secondary Master Seconmary Slave Nu nh cc dng trn c hin th cc thng s ca a nh SIZE, CYLS, HEAD v v.. th a my nhn . Ngc li nu cc thng s bng 0 th a cha c nhn

Nh hnh trn ta thy dng Primary Master v dng Secondary Master ta thy xut hin cc thng s ca a => Nh vy l my nhn cc a trn . Nu nh thng s ca c 4 dng trn u l s 0 th ngha l my cha nhn cc a . => Trng hp my cha nhn a, bn cn kim tra li cp tn hiu, dy cp ngun v c bit l cc Jumper nu nh bn u 2 a chung 1 cp tn hiu th phi thit lp mt l Master kia l Slave .

Jumper thit lp cho a Bc 4 : Thit lp a mm FDD

Vn trong mc STANDARD CMOS SETUP Trong phn thit lp a mm

Trng hp c lp mm th ta khai bo nh trn my mi s dng c mm . Trng hp my khng lp mm th ta phi khai bo nh sau : Drive A : None Drive B : None Ch : Nu khng c mm trong my m ta thit lp l c mm th my s bo li v dng li trong qu trnh khi ng .

Bc 5 : Thit lp cho CD ROM khi ng trc Vo mc BIOS FEATURES SETUP

Di vt sng xung mc Boot Sequence : CDROM, C, A Thit lp cho CDROM ng trc .

Hoc mt s my c cc tu chn khc : CDROM First Boot : HDD1 Second Boot : FDD Third Boot

Th bn chn mc First Boot l CDROM Bc 6 : Lu li v thot Bm phm F10 sau chn Y ( Enter ) Hoc di vt sng xung dng ( Enter ) => Ra bng la chn SAVE & EXIT SETUP SAVE TO CMOS and EXIT (Y/N)?N Chn Y v (Enter)

lp

Lu : trn l cc thay i cn thit chun b cho qu trnh ci t tip theo, cc la chn khc khi ta a v ch mc nh l my thit lp v ch ti u, v vy ta khng cn phi thit trn cc mc khc . Sau khi thit lp CMOS xong, lc ny bn bt tay vo ci t H iu hnh cho my ( Xem trong phn ci t )

Chng 12 - Ci h iu hnh Window XP

1. Cc bc ci t Windows XP ln mt cng mi ( hoc cng cha phn vng ) Chun b : Mt my tnh lp rp hon chnh Mt a ci t Windows XP : SP1 hoc SP2 Vo CMOS SETUP thit lp cu hnh cho my v thit lp cho CD ROM khi ng trc ( Xem li chng lp my ) Bt u ci t :

Cho a ci Windows XP vo v khi ng li my, qu trnh ci t s bt u vi mn hnh mu xanh nh sau :

i trong t pht n khi dng li mn hnh nh sau

Bm ENTER ci t , sau vi pht my dng li mn hnh sau :

Bm phm F8 ng ci t, sau mt lt my dng li mn hnh sau :

Bm phm C to phn vng cho a, mn hnh sau hin th :

trn hin th dung lng ca ton b a, Bn nhp li dung lng nh hn cho C, ( Nu bn ly ton b dung lng th a cng ch to ra mt Logic )

Sau khi to C vi dung lng nh hn dung lng a, khong trng cn li c yu cu to phn vng tip, bn hy chuyn vt trng xung dng di .

Chuyn vt sng xung dng di to phn vng tip theo, nhn phm C to phn vng , nhp ton b dung lng cn li lm D, nu mun to tip E th nhp li dung lng nh hn

t vt sng ln C, nhn Enter thc hin ci t, mn hnh sau xut hin yu cu bn chn kiu Format nh hnh di .

Bn hy chn kiu Format l FAT file system (Quick) sau nhn Enter tip tc .

Mn hnh trn xut hin bn nhn ENTER ng Format , mn hnh s tin hnh Format trong khong vi chc giy .

Tip theo l qu trnh Copy cc File ca h thng, i cho n khi mu vng chy ht 100%

Sau khi Copy xong my ra thng bo s khi ng li sau 7 giy khi chy ht vch , bn c th Enter khi ng li my .

Khi my khi ng li, bn khng ng ti bn phm th my s t khi ng vo Windows XP v tip tc ci t . ( nu bn ng vo bn phm my s khi ng t a CD Rom v n li ci t li t u )

Khi mn hnh trn xut hin bn Click Next tip tc

Khi mn hnh trn xut hin bn nhp tn my vo Name : Th d MAY1 sau Click Next tip tc .

Khi mn hnh trn xut hin bn b trng cc mc yu cu nhp Password, sau Click Next tip tc .

Khi mn hnh trn xut hin, hy nhp mi gi l GMT + 07.001 Bangkock, Hanoi, Jakata Sau Clk Next tip tc

Khi mn hnh trn xut hin bn chn kiu ci t l Typical settings sau Click Next tip tc.

Khi mn hnh trn xut hin, bn Clk Next tip tc.

i n khi mn hnh trn xut hin, Click Next tip tc

Khi mn hnh trn xut hin, bn chn Local area netword LAN sau Click Next tip tc .

Mn hnh trn xut hin bn nh du vo hai Check box Automatic bn trn sau Click Next tip tc .

Mn hnh trn xut hin bn nh du vo No not at this time sau Click Next tip tc

Mn hnh trn xut hin bn nhp tn cho ngi s dng my tnh sau Enter kt thc ci t .

Chng 13 - Tin ch Ghost

1. Gii thiu v Ghost ci t h iu hnh Windows v cc chng trnh ng dng bn phi mt khong 60 pht , nhng bn c th dng chng trnh Ghost sao chp ton b a v ch mt khong 10 pht Mt dn Game hoc dn Net thng b li h iu hnh hoc li cc phn mm, bn c th Ghost ton b a vo mt File d phng, khi cn thit bn s Ghost tr li v bn li c mt b my nh lc mi ci t . 2. Cc tin ch ca Ghost Bn c th Ghost t mt a cng c chng trnh c ci t ( gi l a ngun ) sang mt a cng khc ( gi l a ch )

Ghost t a 1 sang a 2 c dung lng bng nhau sau khi Ghost xong, a 2 s ging ht a 1 Ghi ch : Phn m trong C l phn c d liu .

Ghost t a 1 sang a 2 c dung lng nh hn sau khi Ghost xong, dung lng cc thay i nhng t l % ca cc khng thay i Lu : Nu ch qu nh so vi ngun s b li v bn khng th Ghost c Bn c th Ghost ton b a vo mt File Image ca mt khc d phng, khi cn thit th bn Ghost ngc li .

Ghost a 1 vo File Image trn a 2 d phng

Ghost ngc li t File Image trn a 2 v a 1 khi a 1 b li h iu hnh Bn c th Ghost ton b mt logic sang mt logic khc Th d Ghost ton b C a 1 sang C a 2

Ghost t Partition sang Partition khc Bn cng c th Ghost ton b logic C thnh mt File nh trn mt Logic khc cng a hoc khc a d phng, khi cn thit bn Ghost ngc tr li t File nh v Logic ban u .

Ghost t logic C a 1 thnh mt File Image trn D a 2 Ghost ngc li t File Image v C trong trng hp C b li h iu hnh .

Ghost ngc li t File Image d phng trn D a 2 v C a 1 khi a 1 b hng h iu hnh .

Bn cng c th Ghost t C thnh mt File Image trong D trn cng mt a cng 3. Cc im cn lu khi Ghost Nu bn ci Windos XP vo a ngun th sau khi Ghost sang a ch bn ch dng c trn my c cng chng loi Mainboard . Trng hp khc loi Mainbord th t nht hai loi Mainboard phi c cng tn Chipset chnh ( North Bridge ) Khi Ghost t a sang a, nu a ch c d liu th ton b d liu c s b xo v c thay th bng d liu mi nh a ngun . 4. Mc ch Ghost t a sang a Khi bn cn lp nhanh mt b my tnh trong khong 15 n 20 pht, bn cn s dng chng trnh Ghost sao chp ton b ni dung v cc phn vng ca a ngun ( l c ci t chun ) sang a ch ( l lp mi trong my ), so vi thi gian lp rp v ci t hon chnh cho mt b my mt khong

80 pht th chng trnh Ghost tit kim cho bn c 60 pht lm vic .

Dng a 1 c d liu lm a ngun Ghost sang a 2 ( a ch ) l a cn ci t . 5. Cc bc tin hnh Chun b mt a ngun ( c ci t chun ) Lp a ngun chung cp tn hiu vi a cng trong my, thit lp Jumper cho a ngun l Master v a ch l Slave

Thit lp Jumper cho a ngun ( c d liu ) l Master a ch ( cha c d liu) l Slave Vo CMOS SETUP thit lp cho CD ROM l First Boot Cho a Boot CD c chng trnh Ghost vo v khi ng li my, my s khi ng vo mn hnh MS-DOS vi du nhc t A A:\> _ G lnh Ghost <Enter> A:\> Ghost <Enter>

Mn hnh Ghost xut hin

Chn Local => Disk

=>

To Disk

Chn

To Disk

<Enter>

Chng trnh yu cu bn chn a ngun, bn hy chn dng s 1 ( Dng s1 l vi thit lp Master ) nhn <Enter>

Chng trnh s mc nh chn ch l Drive 2 cho bn bn nhn <Enter>

Chng trnh cho php bn c th thay i kch thc cc logic trn a ch mc New site, nu bn khng mun thay i th gi nguyn kch thc mc nh Sau nhn phm Tab chuyn mc chn xung OK v nhn <Enter>

Chng trnh hi bn c ng Ghost vi cc la chn trn hay khng? bn chnh Yes ri nhn <Enter>

Chng trnh bt u Ghost trong khong 5 pht ( tu theo tc my, tc my cng cao th thi gian ny cng ngn ) Thanh trng thi bn trn cho ta thy % d liu hon thnh .

Khi qu trnh Ghost hon thnh 100%, bn cn chn Reset Computer khi ng li my . => Qu trnh Ghost hon thnh .

6. Ghost t a vo File Image . Tin ch ny gip bn Ghost d phng a cng vo mt File nh, v nh vy vi mt a d tr bn c th lu c nhiu File nh Ghost t nhiu a cng ci t trn cc Mainbord khc nhau.

Ghost ton b a 1 thnh File Image trn a cng th 2

File Image d tr c th c Ghost ra mt cng mi Cc bc thc hin : Chun b mt cng c ci t lm ngun . Mt cng khc dng lu File Image, cng ny cn c phn vng v Format trc bng chng trnh FDISK v lnh Format . Hai cng trn u chung mt cp tn hiu, thit lp cho ngun l Master, cn lu File Image l Slave .

Cho a Boot CD c chng trnh Ghost vo v khi ng li my. T du nhc g lnh Ghost <Enter> A:\> Ghost <Enter>

Mn hnh Ghost xut hin

Chn Local =>

Disk

=>

To Image

T To Image

nhn <Enter>

Chn a ngun l Drive 1 nhn <Enter> Giao din sau xut hin .

Bn chn Logic ni t File Image, bn bm phm Tab a la chn v mc Look in dng phm mi tn tri xung .

Chn Logic t File Image ( v d trn ang chn F ) ri nhn <Enter>

t tn cho File Image trong File name (v d trn t tn l LUUTRU) sau dng phm Tab a mc chn sang phm Save ri nhn <Enter>

Giao din trn yu cu bn chn t s nn cho File Image - Nu bn chn l khng nn . No - Nu bn chn - Nu bn chn Fast High l nn li cn khong 80% l nn li cn khong 60% High

Thng thng ta chn t s nn cao nht l sau khi chn t s nn bn nhn <Enter>

Chn

Yes

ng vi cc la chn trn .

Qu trnh Ghost c thc thi trong khong 5 pht ( tu tc my ) sau khi thanh trng thi t 100% l xong .

Bn chn

Continue

sau thot khi chng trnh Ghost

Qu trnh Ghost hon thnh .

7. Ghost t File Image ra a . Bn c th s dng File Image trn Ghost ra mt a cng mi khi lp my, hay Ghost ra a b li h iu hnh sa cha .

Ghost t File Image ra a cng Cc bc tin hnh Chun b mt cng c cha File Image lm File ngun .

Mt cng mi m bn cn ci t u hai chung cp tn hiu, thit lp cho c File ngun l Master, mi cha c d liu l Slave . Cho a Boot CD c chng trnh Ghost vo v khi ng li my. T du nhc g lnh Ghost <Enter> A:\> Ghost <Enter>

Mn hnh Ghost xut hin

Chn Local =>

Disk

=>

From Image

Chn From Image nhn <Enter>

Bn dng phm Tab a la chn vo mc Look in, sau m a c cha File Image .

Chn File Image cn Ghost ri nhn <Enter>

Chng trnh s t chn a ch cho bn, bn nhn <Enter>

Bn c th thay i li kch thc cc Logic trong mc New size, hoc nguyn kch thc mc nh

Dng phm Tab chuyn mc chn xung OK ri nhn <Enter>

Bn chn

Yes

ng vi cc la chn trn .

Qu trnh Ghost thc thi trong khong 5 pht ( tu theo tc my )

Khi kt thc bn chn

Reset Computer

khi ng li my

=> Qu trnh Ghost hon thnh

8. Ghost t Partition sang Partition Bn c th Ghost ton b d liu ca C a 1 sang C hoc D trn a 2, qu trnh l Ghost t Partition sang Partition, trng hp ny thng c s dng cho cc a c phn vng sn .

Cc bc tin hnh Chun b mt a c ci t chun lm a ngun . a ch phi l a c phn vng hoc mt a ang s

dng b li phn mm . Lp 2 a chung cp, thit lp mt l Master mt l Slave, Master s c hin th v tr Drive 1 khi Ghost . Thit lp trong CMOS SETUP cho CD ROM khi ng trc Cho a Boot CD c chng trnh Ghost vo v khi ng li my T du nhc g lnh Ghost <Enter> A:\> Ghost <Enter>

Mn hnh Ghost xut hin

Chn Local => Partition => To Partition

Chn To Partition

nhn <Enter>

Bn hy chn a ngun, trn a Drive1 l a bn thit lp l Master, sau khi chn a ngun bn nhn <Enter>

Chng trnh tip tc yu cu bn chn phn vng trn a ngun, thng thng bn chn dng Primary l cha h iu hnh .

Chng trnh yu cu bn chn phn vng trn a ch, bn c th chn Primary hoc Logical sau <Enter>

Ca s trn hi bn c ng vi cc la chn trn khng ? bn chn Yes ri nhn <Enter>

Qu trnh sao chp bt u v ko di trong khong 5 pht th kt thc

Qu trnh sao chp kt thc, giao din trn xut hin, bn hy chn Reset Computer khi ng li my . => Qa trnh Ghost hon thnh

9. Ghost t Partition n File Image Bn c th Ghost t Partition sang mt File nh d phng, khi hng bn s Ghost ngc tr li t File Image v phn vng ban u .

Ghost t Partition thnh File Image

Ghost t Partition thnh File Image trn cng mt a cng . Cc bc tin hnh . Chun b mt a c ci t chun lm a ngun . a ch phi l a c phn vng hoc mt a ang s dng . Lp 2 a chung cp, thit lp mt l Master mt l Slave, Master s c hin th v tr Drive 1 khi Ghost . Thit lp trong CMOS SETUP cho CD ROM khi ng trc Cho a Boot CD c chng trnh Ghost vo v khi ng li my T du nhc g lnh Ghost <Enter> A:\> Ghost <Enter>

Mn hnh Ghost xut hin

Chn Local => Partition

=> To Image

Chn To Image

<Enter>

Bn hy chn a ngun, Drive1 l c thit lp l Master

Tip theo bn cn chn phn vng trn a ngun m bn cn Ghost d phng, thng thng l phn vng chnh Primary .

Chng trnh yu cu bn chn phn vng ch ni t File Image Ghost ti, bn c th chn mt trong cc a trong mc Look in

Bn nhp tn cho File Image vo mc File name, th d trn t tn l LUU_C sau dng phm Tab chuyn mc chn sang phm Save v nhn <Enter>

Chng trnh s yu cu bn chn t s nn, bn nn chn t s nn cao nht l High sau nhn <Enter>

Mt giao din hi bn c ng vi cc la chn trn khng ? bn chn Yes ri nhn <Enter>

Chng trnh tin hnh Ghost trong khong 5 pht ( tu tc my )

Khi kt thc bn chn Continue Ghost v khi ng li my . => Qu trnh Ghost hon thnh .

sau thot khi chng trnh

10. Ghost t File Image v Partition Bn c th s dng File Image d phng Ghost ngc tr v phn vng tu .

Ghost ngc li t File Image v Partition

Ghost t Partition thnh File Image trn cng mt a cng . Cc bc tin hnh . Chun b mt a c File Image lm a ngun . a ch phi l a c phn vng hoc mt a ang s dng . Lp 2 a chung cp, thit lp mt l Master mt l Slave, Master s c hin th v tr Drive 1 khi Ghost . Thit lp trong CMOS SETUP cho CD ROM khi ng trc Cho a Boot CD c chng trnh Ghost vo v khi ng li my T du nhc g lnh Ghost <Enter> A:\> Ghost <Enter>

Mn hnh Ghost xut hin

Chn Local => Partition

=> From Image

Chn From Image

<Enter>

Dng phm Tab a mc chn v mc Look in, sau chn phn vng cha File Image, nu khng nh bn hy lc tm trong cc logic C, D, E, F trn

Nu c File Image th chng s c hin th trong khung ca s, chn ng tn File ri nhn <Enter>

Tip theo bn cn chn a ch , bn lu khi cm hai trn 1 cp, th thit lp l Master s c hin th dng s 1 nh trn .

Tip theo bn cn chn phn vng ch Ghost ti, nu bn chn Primary th bn s Ghost ti C, nu chn l Logical th bn s Ghost ti D .

Tip theo l ca s hi bn c ng vi cc la chn trn khng,

bn chn Yes ri nhn <Enter>

Chng trnh bt u sao chp trong khong 5 pht, cho n khi thanh trng thi chy ht 100% .

Kt thc bn hy chn Continue ri thot khi chng trnh Ghost, sau khi ng li my . => Qu trnh Ghost hon thnh .

Chng 14 - Partition Magic

1. Gii thiu v Partition Magic My tnh bn ang s dng, nu bn mun to thm mt a hoc thay i kch thc cc a m khng mun ci t li Window hoc mun bo ton d liu th hy dng Partition Magic a b hng ( b Bad) mt s ni lm cho my chy hay b treo bn c th dng Partition Magic ct on a Bad i . Nh vy Partition Magic l chng trnh gip bn phn vng li a cng, thay i kch thc cc a nhng vn bo ton d liu cho bn, khc vi chng trnh FDISK l khi phn vng a cng th ton b d liu b xo ht . 2. Ci t v s dng Partition Magic Partition Magic l chng trnh chy trn nn Windows, c th s dng bn phi ci chng trnh Partition Magic sau chy chng . Bn tm mua a CD Rom c b ci Partition Magic ( khong 38MB ) Hoc bn c th Download phn mm Partition Magic xung sau ci t .
Vo trang ny Download Partition Magic 8.0

M th mc Partition Magic 8.01 Full trn ra v kch vo biu tng Setup ci t .

Nu qu trnh ci t yu cu m Serial th bn m file Serial ly m Serial .

Sau khi ci t xong bn c th chy chng trnh PartitonMagic

Chy chng trnh PartitionMagic : Vo Start / Programs / PowerQuest PartitionMagic 8.0 / kch vo PartitionMagic8.0 Ca s Partition Magic xut hin nh sau

Ca s PartitionMagic

Thanh trng thi hin th kch thc cc a v phn c d liu (mu vng)

Thanh cng c Cc cng c thng s dng l To phn vng Create partition Delete partition Xo phn vng Resize/Move partition Thay i kch thc phn vng Convert partition Chuyn i nh dng phn vng 3. Cc chc nng thng s dng ca Partition Magic

a) Thay i kch thc cc a : Th d : Gim kch thc E sau tng kch thc cho F ta lm nh sau : Clch chut phi vo E / chn lp Resize/Move

Ca s sau xut hin

trn hin th thng tin v ia E phn mu xanh en l phn c d liu, phn mu xanh nht l khng c d liu .

a tr chut vo u thanh trng thi trn, tr chut i thnh mi tn <=> , bm gi chut tri v d vo trong thu hp a li, to ra vng khong trng mu xm => sau nhn OK

Ta thy E co li v ra mt khong trng mu xm Tng kch thc cho F Kch chut phi vo a F trn thanh trng thi, chn lp Resize/Move ca s sau xut hin

a tr chut vo cui mu xanh, tr chut i thnh mi tn, bn hy ko phn mu xanh trm vo phn mu xm ri nhn OK

Kch thc ca hai thay i, by gi bn Click chut vo nt Apply trn thanh cng c chng trnh thc thi cc thay i cho bn

Nt

Apply

trn thanh cng c .

b) Xo phn vng v to phn vng mi . Bn c th xo cc to sau to li cc Logic mi . Th d : xo F i v to li thnh 2 khc ta lm nh sau :

Click chut phi vo F sau chn Delete...

Bm OK xo

F b xo ra mt khong trng mu xm To phn vng mi : Clck chut phi vo khong trng mu xm, chn dng Create...

Hp thoi sau s xut hin

Bn chn kiu phn vng trong Partition Type l FAT32 V nhp kch thc cho vo Size ( nu bn mun chia nhiu th nhp kch thc nh hn kch thc ang hin th trong )

trn l to kch thc cho F bng 50% khong trng Tip tc lm nh trn cho phn khong trng cn li v ly ton b dung lng khong trng cn li lm mt .

mi to c l I By gi bn Click chut vo nt Apply trn thanh cng c chng trnh thc thi cc thay i cho bn

Nt

Apply

trn thanh cng c .

c) Chuyn i nh dng ca phn vng Khi bn s dng mt a c dng lng ln hng trm GB th qu trnh ci t Windows XP ch cho bn mt la chn duy nht l Format vi NTFS , bn khng th s dng c nh dng FAT32 , v vy sau khi ci t bn c th s dng Partition Magic Convert li thnh FAT32 . thay i nh dng mt a no bn lm nh sau :

Kch chut phi vo a cn thay i, chn dng Convert...

Ca s sau xut hin

nh du vo mc chn FAT sau OK 4. Dng Partition ct Bad 1. Biu hin a b Bad ( hng) Khi s dng my tnh c cc du hiu : My hay b treo M file hoc ghi d liu hay c thng bo li. => l nhng du hiu ca b mt a b Bad ( b hng khng ghi c d liu ) Khi a b Bad bn c th dng chng trnh Partition Magic ct on Bad i bng cch khng to phn vng trn on a b Bad . 2. Kim tra a cng bng chng trnh SCANDISK bit a cng ca bn c b Bad hay khng bn s dng chng trnh Scandisk, y l chng trnh chy trn nn MSDOS v khng c trong Window XP v vy chy SCANDISK bn cn chy t a Boot CD . Bn chun b mt a Boot CD ( nh a ci Win98 ) Vo CMOS SETUP v thit lp cho CD Rom khi ng trc ( Xem li bi thit lp cu hnh CMOS SETUP cho my trong chng Lp rp my tnh ) Cho a Boot CD vo v khi ng li my , mn hnh MS

DOS xut hin vi A:\> _ Bn g lnh SCANDISK C nh sau :

A:\> SCANDISK C:

<Enter>

Chng trnh SCANDISK hin th b mt a

Cc vng c ch B l a b Bad 3. Ct Bad bng chng trnh Partition Magic Gi s khi bn SCANDISK E thy rt nhiu im b Bad tp trung na u ca E, khi bn lm nh sau :

Khi ng chng trnh Partition Magic

Click chut phi vo E / chn dng Resize / Move ... sau ko cho kch thc E thu hp li nh sau

Sau b trng v khng to phn vng cho phn a b Bad trn u im : Khi c d liu, u t s khng c n khu vc a b Bad ( do ta khng phn vng ) v nh vy my khng cn b treo hay sinh li ghi, c . Nhc im : a cng b mt dung lng cc khong trng khng c phn vng . 4. Cnh gic khi mua a c Vi tin ch ca Partition Magic trn, mt s a hng c th b ct Bad v bn cho bn vi gi ca a cn tt, v vy khi mua a c bn cn lu mt s im sau : + Dung lng ca tt c cc a logic C, D, E .. cng li phi bng vi dung lng ghi trn nhn ca a cng, nu tng dung lng cc a logic m thp hn hng trm MB th c th a b ct Bad . + Nu c th c bn yu cu cho chy th chng trnh Partition Magic th s bit ngay . + Dng chng trnh SCANDISK kim tra b mt a nh trn cp .

Chng 15 - Ni mng LAN

1. Mng LAN ( Local Area Network - Mng cc b ) Mng LAN l mng cho php kt ni nhiu my tnh li vi nhau trong phm vi mt phng, mt t chc, mt c quan vi mc ch : - Lin lc cc my vi nhau - Chia s thng tin - Chia s ti nguyn

Mng LAN kt ni nhiu thit b . 2. Cc kiu u mng LAN a) Mng LAN u kiu BUS

Mng LAN u kiu BUS

Vi kiu BUS cc my tnh c ni vi nhau thng qua mt trc cp, hai u trc cp c cc Terminador nh du im kt thc ng trc, mi my tnh c ni vi ng trc thng qua mt Transceptor . u im : + u im ca cch u mng ny l tit kim c dy cp Nhc im : + Nhc im ca u mng kiu ny l tc chm + Khi trn ng cp c s c th ton b mng s b ngng hot ng . + Khi mng c s c rt kh kim tra pht hin ra v tr b li . => V cc nhc im trn nn mng ny t c s dng . b) Mng LAN u kiu RING ( Kiu vng )

Mng LAN u kiu RING (vng) Vi kiu RING cc my tnh c ni vi nhau trm mt trc khp kn, mi my tnh c ni vi ng trc thng qua mt Transceptor . u im : + u im ca cch u mng ny l tit kim c dy cp, tc c nhanh hn kiu BUS . Nhc im : + Nhc im ca u mng kiu ny l tc vn b chm + Khi trn ng cp c s c th ton b mng s b ngng hot ng . + Khi mng c s c rt kh kim tra pht hin ra v tr b li . => V cc nhc im trn nn mng ny cng t c s dng . c) Mng LAN u kiu hnh sao STAR

Mng LAN u theo kiu STAR Mng LAN u kiu hnh sao cn c mt thit b trung gian nh Hub hoc Switch, cc my tnh c ni vi thit b trung gian ny. u im : + u im ca kiu u mng ny l tc nhanh . + Khi mt my trn mng c s c th khng lm nh hng n cc my khc . + D dng tm ra v tr li khc phc sa cha . Nhc im : + Tn nhiu dy cp mng, do chi ph tng . => V c nhiu u im hn v vy mng ny c s dng rng di trong thc t . 3. Cp mng . Trong thc t ta thng s dng kiu u mang hnh sao s dng Hub hoc Switch lm thit b trung gian, trong trng hp ny ta s dng cp mng 8 si . Trng hp ta u hai my vi nhau ta cng dng cp mng 8 si

Dy cp mng 8 si . Khi u my tnh vi Modem ADSL ta cng s dng cp 8 si .

Dy cp mng 8 si dng u ni 2 my tnh hoc u gia my tnh vi Modem ADSL 4. Card mng - Card Net cc my tnh c th giao tip c vi nhau cn phi c mt Card mng ( Card Net ), Card Net c cm vo my tnh thng qua khe PCI .

Card Net Card Net c th c tch hp Onboard trn mt s Mainboard Card mng c nhim v m ho d liu truyn i v gii m d liu nhn c thng qua mi trng mng . Card mng c th hot ng c th chng cn c trnh iu khin ( Drive ), trnh iu khin c trn a CD km theo

Card mng hoc trn a ci t Mainboard nu card mng Onboard . Nu bn ci t Window XP th h iu hnh ny t ng ci t Drive cho hu ht cc Card Net c trn th trng . 5. Cc bc thit lp mng LAN .

Ni mng c nhiu my tnh . Cc bc cn thc hin Ci t Card mng cho cc my Chun b mt Switch t 8 n 24 cng . u dy cp tn hiu t Switch ra cc my t li tn cho cc my . Thit lp a ch IP cho cc my Kim tra s thng mng . B ch Password trn cc my Chia s quyn truy cp . a) Ci t Card mng cho cc my . Nu my tnh ca bn c sn Card mng th qu trnh ci t Window XP, a s cc trng hp h iu hnh s ci sn trnh iu khin cho bn . Nu bn lp Card mng mi th bn cn ci t trnh iu khin cho Card => Bn lp Card mi vo my, bt khi ng my tnh, trong qu trnh khi ng h iu hnh s t nhn ra Card mi v yu cu bn ci t Drive, bn cho a Drive ( km theo Card khi mua ) vo my v ci t theo cc hng dn trong qu trnh ci t.

Ci t xong bn khi ng li my sau vo mn hnh Device Manager kim tra . + Kch phi chut vo My Computer / Chn Properties / Chn Hardware / Chn Device Manager => Mn hnh Device Manager xut hin :

Nu bn nhn thy c tn Card mng trong danh sch trn l Card mng c ci t, nh trn ta thy c Network adapters tc l Card mng c ci t . b) Chun b mt Switch 8 cng hoc 16 hoc 24 cng tu theo nhu cu s dng .

Switch 8 cng

Switch 16 cng

Switch 24 cng c) u dy cp t Switch n cc my .

Chun b mt km bm dy mng . Ct dy mng t Switch n my, chiu di ti thiu l 2,5m chiu di ti a l 100m . + Hai u dy ct v bc nha h cc si dy khong 1 cm

+ La cc si dy vo trong Zc cm Sau khi bn la dy vo zc, cho Zc mng vo km v bp mnh tay

Cp u t Switch n cc my cn c u song song nh hnh di y .

Cp t Switch n my c du song song nh trn th t cc mu dy c th thay i, nhng bn u theo th t trn l tt nht . Ch : Cp mng t Switch n cc my l cp c u song song, tc l v tr cc si dy hai u zc cm l nh nhau

d ) t li tn cho cc my trong mng cc my trong mng c th lin lc c vi nhau th mi my cn c mt tn v tn ca cc my trong mng khng c trng nhau , bn cn t li tn cho cc my nh sau : + Kch phi chut vo My Computer / chn Propeties / chn Computer Name mn hnh sau xut hin :

Kch vo phm

Change...

hp thoi sau xut hin

Nhp tn my vo Computer name Kch chn mc Workgroup : v nguyn ch MSHOME ( Mc Workgroup cc my phi nh nhau ) => Sau nhn OK e ) Thit lp a ch IP cho cc my .

Bn c th chn mt trong hai cch sau : Cch 1 : Thit lp a ch IP ng . cc my c th gi v nhn d liu th chng cn c mt a ch IP, bn c th thit lp a ch IP ng cho cc my nh sau : T mn hnh Desktop

Kch phi chut ln biu tng Network / chn Properties

Kch phi chut ln biu tng Local Area Connection / chn Properties

Kch p vo dng Internet Protocol ( TCP/IP )

nh du vo dng Obtain an IP address automaticaly v dng Obtain DNS server address automaticaly => Sau Click OK Ch : nu thit lp a ch IP t ng th ton b cc my trong mng u phi thit lp a ch IP l t ng . Cch 2 : Thit lp a ch IP tnh Bn thc hin cc bc nh trn, n bc cui cng sau :

Bn nhp a ch IP nh trn cho my s 1

Bn nhp a ch IP nh trn cho my s 2 Nh vy gia cc my trong mng ch cc nhau s cui

cng ca dng u tin, y chnh l s IP tnh gn cho mi my, s ny c th nh t s 1 n 254 v khng c trng nhau trong mt mng . Cc s pha trc l 192.168.1. l nh nhau trong mt mng Cc s dng Subnet mask c my t ng in vo nh trn Trong mc thit lp bn di bn hy trng .

Lu : Nu mng thit lp IP tnh th phi thit lp cho tt c cc my trong mng l IP tnh . f ) Kim tra s thng mng Bn khi ng li cc my tnh trong mng, i sau khong 5 pht sau bn lm theo cc bc sau : Kch p vo biu tng Network trn mn hnh Desktop

=> Kch vo dng View workgroup computers mn hnh sau xut hin :

Cc my xut hin trong ca s ny l cc my c thng mng, tuy nhin cng c trng hp my thng mng nhng khng xut hin trn ca s, khi bn cn kim tra t ca s cmd Kim tra s thng mng thng qua ca s cmd + Vo Start / kch vo Run...

G cmd

trong ca s ri nhn OK ca s cmd xut hin

Gi s bn ang ng trn My 1, bn kim tra xem c thng vi My 4 khng ta lm nh sau : T du nhc trn g lnh : PING MAY4 <Enter>

Thng bo trn cho bit khng tm thy my 4

Lm cc bc tng t vi my 3

Kt qu trn cho thy my 3 c thng mng khi my no c thng mng th chng trnh cmd s lit k ch IP ca my cng vi thi gian truy cp nh trn . Sau khi thit lp a ch IP cho cc my l bn c th s dng mng truy cp Internet ch cn bn yu cu mt thu bao ADSL v mt Modem ADSL c nh cung cp thit lp sn cc thng s cho bn => Bn u cp tn hiu t Modem ADSL vo mt cng bt k trn Switch l s dng c Lu : on cp t Modem ADSL n Switch phi l cp tn hiu u cho, cp ny thng i theo Modem ADSL . Tuy nhin nu dng li bc ny th bn cha s dng c ti nguyn trn mng ni b ca nhau, v vy bn cn phi b ch Password trn cc my v ci t chia s ti nguyn cho my khc c th truy cp vo cc a, cc bc ny s cp bi tip theo .

Tip theo - Cc bc thit lp mng LAN g ) B ch Password trn cc my . Nu bn ang ngi trn MAY1 m bn Click vo biu tng MAY3 hoc cc my khc th bn s nhn c mt thng bo li, nguyn nhn l do bn cha b ch Password trn MAY3 hoc trn cc my khc .

Bn cn phi b ch Password trn tt c cc my trong mng, cc bc thc hin nh sau : Vo Start / Settings / Control panel

Kch p vo biu tng Administrative Tools

trn

Kch p tip vo biu tng Computer Management trn M mc Local Users and Groups Kch vo User bn s thy mn hnh User nh sau :

Ta thy cc biu tng User b nh du , bn hy b cc du trn i bng cch Kch chut phi vo cc biu tng User / chn Properties

Ban u ta thy c 3 mc nh hnh di b nh du => Hy kch b nh du cc mc User cannot change password ( b nh du ) Account is disabled ( b nh du ) Ch li nh du mc Password never expires ( nh du )

=> Sau Click OK Bn hy b nh du cho tt c cc mc User trn, kt qu nhn c nh hnh di

Sau bn thot ra ngoi v khi ng li my . L : a s cc my sau khi b ch Pasword nh trn l cho php my khc c th truy cp vo my ca mnh, tuy nhin trong mt s trng hp bn vn thy thng bo li, trong trng hp bn lm nh sau :

Vo Start / Settings / Control panel

Kch p vo biu tng : Administrative Tool

Kch p vo biu tng Local Security Policy

M th mc Local Policies Kch vo th mc User Rights Assignmen

Sau kch p vo dng Access this computer from the net...

Kch vo

Add User or Group

Kch vo

Advanced

Kch vo

Find Now

Kch vo dng biu tng c ch Guest sau Click OK sau Click OK tip

Lc ny bn nhn thy dng Guest sau Click OK

trong ca s trn

v thot khi cc ch thit lp .

h ) Ci t v thit lp chia s mng . Sau khi b ch Password trn cc my, bn c th kch vo biu tng cc my trn mng s khng cn b bo li nhng bn vn cha thy xut hin cc a

Kch vo biu tng cc my th d MAY2 bn ch nhn thy nh sau :

V bn khng thy cc a ca MAY2 xut hin v vy bn vn cha th s dng c cc d liu ca MAY2 c th s dng c cc a ca my 2, bn cn ci t chia s mng trn MAY2 , cc bc thc hin nh sau : Kch p vo My Computer trn mn hnh Desktop

Kch chut phi vo mt a bt k, chn dng Sharing and Securty...

Kch p vo dng ch If you understand the risk but stiil want to share the root of the drive, click here

Kch p vo dng Network Setup Wizard .

Click

Next

Gi nguyn nh du nh trn v Click

Next

Click

Next

tip tc

Click

Next

tip tc

Chn nh trn ri Click

Next

tip tc

Bn s nhn thy mn hnh trn, mt mn hnh bay t mn hnh bn tri sang hai mn hnh bn phi .

Click mc chn di cng nh trn sau Click

Next

Click Finish

kt thc ci t

Sau khi ci t xong , by gi bn hy thit lp quyn chia s cho cc a * Bn kch p vo My Computer trn mn hnh Desktop

Kch chut phi vo E chn dng Sharing and Securty...

Kch p vo dng ch If you understand the risk but stiil want to share the root of the drive, click here

nh du vo dng Share this folder on the network sau Click OK

Ta thy E xut hin hnh bn tay, v nh vy l bn cho php cc my khc c th truy cp vo E Bn thit lp tng t cho cc a m bn mun chia s qua mng

6. Kt ni Internet ADSL cho mng my tnh .

Sau khi bn thit lp c h thng mng LAN c nhiu my u chung vo Switch, bn ch vic cm dy cp ca Modem ADSL vo mt cng bt k trn Switch l bn c th s dng c Internet . Dy ni t Modem ADSL n Switch bn phi s dng dy i theo Modem, y l dy cp mng u cho ( Xem dy u cho mc sau ) . Cc thit lp thng s cho Modem ADSL l do nh cung cp thc hin, v iu ny phi ph thuc vo ic ch IP ca my ch .

Kt ni Internet ADSL cho my tnh c nhn .

Bn khng phi lm g c, nh cung cp s thit lp cho bn ch vic s dng, bi v cc thng s thit lp cho Modem ADSL l ph thuc vo pha Server Cp mng t Modem ADSL n my tnh l cp i theo Modem , y l cp mng c u cho . Ni mng ch c 2 my tnh .

Trong trng hp bn ch u 2 my tnh vi nhau, bn c th u trc tip v s dng cp u cho, cc thit lp hon ton tng t nh mng c nhiu my . Bn u cho dy cp theo s nh sau :

Cp mng u cho V tr dy s 1 o cho dy s 3 V tr dy s 2 o cho dy s 6 Cc v tr dy khc gi nguyn Cp u cho s dng cho cc trng hp u t Modem ADSL n my tnh u t Modem ADSL n Switch u t my n my khng thng qua Switch Cp song song s dng trong cc trng hp u t Switch n cc my trong mng LAN .

Dng c sa cha my tnh

Dng c sa cha my tnh

1 . ng h vn nng

ng h vn nng ( gi khong 70.000 )

ng h s c thanh o tn s ( gi khang 130.000 ) 2. M hn sng v m hn hi

M hn sng ( gi khong 150.000 )

M hn hi ( gi khong 1.500.000 ) 3. Card Test Main

Card Test Main ( gi khong 80.000 ) 4. Km v T vt cc loi

Km bm dy mng ( gi khong 100.000 )

Km ct 5. Mt b my tnh

Mt b my tnh 6. Mt a CD ROM

a CD ROM 7. Monitor

Monitor th 8. Mt s lnh kin my tnh khc v a phn mm ci t, a dit Virus

Chun b mt s a phn mm nh a Boot CD a ci Win XP (SP1, SP2) v a ci t cc chng trnh ng dng khc

Sa cha cc h hng ca my tnh

- My tnh l mt b my gm nhiu thit b kt hp li cng vi phn mm iu khin to ln mt b my tinh vi v phc tp, bt k h hng mt thit b phn cng no hay li do phn mm u lm cho my tnh b trc trc - sa cha tt bn cn c c kin thc v phn cng v phn mm ca my tnh, cc kin thc c trnh by trong cc chng trn. - Sau y l cc bnh h hng lin quan n phn hp my, nguyn nhn v phng php kim tra sa cha .

Cc bnh thng gp ca my tnh

1. Bnh 1 : My khng vo in, khng c n bo ngun, qut ngun khng quay . 2. Bnh 2 : My c n bo ngun khi bt cng tc nhng khng

ln mn hnh, khng c ting ku li Ram hay li Card Video . 3. Bnh 3 : Bt ngun my tnh thy c ting Bp...... Bp......Bp........ c nhng ting Bp di trong my pht ra, khng c g trn mn hnh . 4. Bnh 4 : My tnh khi ng, c ln mn hnh nhng thng bo khng tm thy a khi ng , hoc thng bo h thng a b hng . DISK BOOT FAILURE , INSERT SYSTEM DISK AND PRESS ENTER 5. Bnh 5 : Khi khi ng my tnh thng bo trn mn hnh l khng tm thy A hoc A hng : Boot Failure Insert BOOT Diskete in A Press any key when ready 6. Bnh 6 : My khi ng vo n Win XP th Reset li, ci li h iu hnh Win XP th thng bo li v khng th ci t . 7. Bnh 7 : My chy thng xuyn b treo hoc chy chm so vi tc thc . Trong cc bnh trn th Bnh 1, Bnh 2 v Bnh 6 thng thng do hng Mainboard cn cc bnh khc thng do hng RAM, Card Video, cng hoc li phn mm

Nguyn nhn v phng php kim tra sa cha

Bnh 1 : My khng vo in, khng c n bo ngun, qut ngun khng quay .

Nguyn nhn : ( do mt trong cc nguyn nhn sau ) Hng b ngun ATX Hng mch iu khin ngun trn Mainboard Hng cng tc tt m Power On Kim tra :

S dng mt b ngun tt th, nu my hot ng c th do hng b ngun trn my => Phng php sa ngun c cp chng CASE v NGUN . Kim tra cng tc tt m hoc dng T vt u chp trc tip hai chn P.ON trn Mainboard => Nu my hot ng l do cng tc khng tip xc . Cc bin php trn vn khng c l do hng mch iu khin ngun trn Mainboard .

Mch iu khin ngun trn Mainboard => Bn hy d ngc t chn P.ON ( chn cp ngun cp 20 chn, chn c dy mu xanh l l P.ON ) v bit IC khuch i m Damper, d mch iu khin ngun theo s trn, kim tra Transistor trn ng P.ON trn , kim tra in p nui (5V) cp cho IC Damper, thay th IC Damper . - Nu mch hot ng th sau khi bt cng tc, chn P.ON ang t 3V gim xung 0V . => Dng my hn kh hn li IC Chipset nam Sourth Bridge Phng php s dng my hn kh

My hn kh c 2 trit p l - Trit p chnh nhit l HEAT

- Trit p chnh gi l AIR - Nt chnh nhit bn chng 30 n 40% , hoc khong 400o C ( nu my c ng h o nhit ) - Nt chnh gi bn 40% .

S dng my hn hi

- Hn li Chipset Sourth Bridge - Khi hn bn pha nha thng vo nc ra mch in ri qut ln lng IC . - a m hn u khp trn lng IC, khi cm gic ti nhit nng chy ca thic th dng Panh n nh IC xung mi hn tip xc, Chipset l IC chn gm .

Chipset Sourth Bridge l IC chn gm

Bnh 2 : My c n bo ngun, qut ngun quay khi bt cng

li

tc nhng khng ln mn hnh, khng c ting ku Ram hay li Card Video .

Nguyn nhn : Ngun mt in p P.G Hng CPU Hng Mainboard Li phn mm trn ROM BIOS Hng loa bn trong my v Ram hoc Card video ng thi => Nu cc thit b trn tt m li Ram hay Card Video th c ting ku khi khi ng . => Nu hng cc a th vn ln mn hnh, vn bo phin bn Bios Kim tra : Bn cn kim tra kt lun xem c phi do Mainboard hoc CPU hay khng ? Trc tin hy thay mt b ngun ATX tt loi tr , nu thay ngun khc m my chy c th do hng ngun trn my => Bn sa b ngun trn my => lu chn PG ( mu xm ) khi qut ngun quay chn ny phi c in p khong 3V n 4V, nu chn ny khng c in th my khng khi ng c . PG ( Power Good = Ngun tt ) Kim tra loa bn trong my v chc chn rng loa bn trong my vn tt .

Loa bo s c cho my tnh Tho RAM, Card Video v cc a ra khi my ch li CPU gn trn Mainboard ri bt cng tc ngun kim tra . => Nu khng c ting ku loa th => Mainboard hoc CPU cha hot ng .

=> Thit lp li Jumper cho ng tc BUS ca CPU ( vi Mainboard Pentium 2 v Pentium 3 ) => Nu thao tc nh trn nhng my vn khng c cc ting bp di loa l hng Mainboard hoc hng CPU => Sa cha Mainboard c cp phn sau

Bnh 3 : Bt ngun my tnh thy c ting Bp.....Bp......Bp...... c nhng ting Bp di trong my pht ra, khng c g trn mn hnh . Nguyn nhn : My b li RAM => Li RAM thng pht ra nhng ting Bp....... di lin tc . My b hng Card Video => Hng Card Video thng pht ra mt ting Bp.......di v ba ting Bip Bip Bip ngn .

Kim tra & Sa cha : Nu my c nhng ting Bp........Bp.......Bp....... di lin tc th thng thng do li RAM, bn hy tho RAM ra khi Mainboard , dng du RP7 lm v sinh sch s chn tip xc trn RAM v khe cm sau gn vo v th li .

V sinh sch khe cm RAM bng du RP7 hoc bng xng

V sinh sch chn RAM cho kh nng tip xc tt nht Nu khng c th bn hy thay mt thanh RAM mi ri th li Nu my c mt ting Bp di v nhiu ting bp ngn th thng thng l do li Card Video . => Bn hy v sinh chn Card Video v khe cm Card Video tng t chn RAM .

V sinh khe cm AGP

V sinh chn cm Card video => Nu khng c bn hy thay mt Card Video tt cng loi ri th li .

Bnh 4 : My tnh khi ng, c ln mn hnh nhng thng bo khng tm thy a khi ng , hoc thng bo h thng a b hng . DISK BOOT FAILURE , INSERT SYSTEM DISK AND PRESS ENTER ( A KHI NG B HNG, CHO A H THNG VO V BM PHM BT K )

Nguyn nhn : Hng cp tn hiu ca cng Cp ngun ca cng khng tip xc Hng h iu hnh trn cng u sai Jumper trn cng Hng cng Kim tra & Sa cha : Cm li cp tn hiu v cp ngun ca cng cho tip xc tt

Cp cng Nu my c hai cng th tm thi tho mt ra v th li Nu hai cm trn mt dy cp th cn thit lp mt l MS (Master - chnh) v mt l SL (Slaver- ph)

Hai cng u chung cp

V tr thit lp Jumper trn Vo mn hnh CMOS kim tra xem my nhn cng cha ? => Khi khi ng bm lin tip vo phm Delete vo mn hnh CMOS . - Bm vo dng Standard CMOS Feature xut hin nh sau :

trn cho thy dng IDE Channel 0 Master nhn c [Memorex DVD +/-RW Tru] v dng IDE Channel 2 Master nhn c [WDC WD800JD-00HKA0]

=> Nu nh tt c cc dng trn u bo [ None ] th ngha l my cha nhn c cng no c => Bn cn kim tra cp tn hiu hoc thay cp ri th li => Nu kt qu my vn khng nhn c a th bn cn thay cng mi . => Nu my nhn c cng nh trn th bn hy ci t li h iu hnh cho my .

Bnh 5 : Khi khi ng my tnh thng bo trn mn hnh l khng tm thy A hoc A hng : Boot Failure Insert BOOT Diskete in A Press any key when ready Nguyn nhn : Khi khi ng my, trong A vn c a qun cha b ra . A b hng My ht Pin CMOS My khng lp A nhng trong CMOS li khai bo A l [1,44M 3,5 in ] Kim tra & Sa cha : Tho ht a ra khi A khi m my Kim tra Pin CMOS nu < 3V th thay Pin mi sau thit lp li CMOS . - Khi my ht Pin CMOS => cu hnh my c thit lp trong RAM CMOS s b xo ht, khi my s s dng bn Default trong BIOS kim tra thit b, trong bn Default lun lun khai bo A l [ 1.44M 3,5in ] v vy nu my khng lp A n s b bo li khi khi ng . Nu my khng lp A th phi khai bo trong mn hnh CMOS A l [ None ], B l [ None ]

Phin bn Default lun lun khai bo A nh trn

Nu bn khng lp A vo my th cn khai bo A l [None] , B l [None] nh hnh trn

Bnh 6 : My khi ng vo n Win XP th Reset li, ci li h iu hnh Win XP th thng bo li v khng th ci t . Nguyn nhn : My b li RAM ( dng nh ) My gn 2 thanh RAM khc chng loi hoc khc tc Bus Trn Mainboard b kh hoc b phng lng cc t ho lc ngun . My b xung t thit b, gn nhiu Card ln khe PCI Kim tra & Sa cha : Kim tra RAM, nu trn my gn 2 thanh th hy tho th mt thanh ra ngoi ri th li, khi gn 2 thanh vo my th phi cng Bus, cng chng loi v nn c dung lng bng nhau .

Thay th thanh RAM khc ri th li . Tho ht cc Card m rng ra, ch li Card Video trn my ri th li => nu my chy c l do li Card hoc my xung t thit b . Quan st cc t ho lc ngun trn Mainboard nu thy c hin tng phng lng th bn cn thay th t mi .

C dy t bn trn b phng lng => cn thay mi

Ch : - Khi thay t ho trn Mainboard bn phi cho tht nhiu nha thng sao cho khi tho t ra th mi m hn phi chm bn trong nha thng, nu bn tho khan c th s lm hng mch in ca Mainboard . - Bn c th thay t mi c in p bng hoc cao hn t hng v in dung c th thay sai s n 20% .

Bnh 7 : My chy thng xuyn b treo hoc chy chm so vi tc thc . Nguyn nhn : Hng qut CPU Cp tn hiu v cp ngun ca cng tip xc chp chn My b nhim Virus Li h iu hnh cng b Bad phn vng cha h iu hnh . Kim tra & Sa cha Kim tra xem qut CPU c quay bnh thng khng ?

Nu qut CPU khng quay th my s b treo sau khi chy c vi pht Thay th cp tn hiu ca cng v lm v sinh chn cm dy ngun ln cng ri th li .

Nu cp tn hiu ca cng tip xc chp chn s lm cho my b treo S dng cc phn mm mi nht qut Virus cho my, phn mm qut Virus cn phi cp nht mi thng xuyn th qut mi c hiu qu . Ci li h iu hnh cho my ( xem li phn ci t ) . Sau khi lm cc bin php trn vn khng c th c th cng b Bad, nu cng Bad nng th khi ci h iu hnh s b li, nu Bad nh th bn vn ci t bnh thng nhng khi s dng my hay b treo . => Kim tra a c Bad khng bn lm nh sau : - Vo mn hnh CMOS thit lp cho CD ROM khi ng trc - Cho a Boot CD vo v khi ng my t a Boot CD s xut hin mn hnh sau :

A:\>_

T mn hnh trn bn g SCANDISK C : < Enter > => i cho my t qut kim tra , bn bm Enter khi my dng li sau s xut hin mn hnh SCANDISK nh sau :

Mn hnh trn cho thy trn C c mt s im b Bad ( cc v tr c ch B mu l b Bad " a hng " )

Phng php sa cha Mainboard

Khi hng Mainboard tu theo mc nng nh m sinh ra nhng hin tng sau : 1. My khng vo in, qut ngun khng quay . 2. My c vo in, qut ngun quay nhng khng ln mn hnh, khng c m thanh bo s c . 3. My khi ng b Reset li khi vo n mn hnh Win XP hoc ci t Win XP b bo li . 4. Mt trong cc cng chut, bn phm hoc cng USB b mt tc dng . Bnh 1 v 3 trn c cp bi trc, phn ny chng ti s cp n phng php kim tra sa cha cc bnh 2 v 4 trn . Bnh 2 : My c vo in, qut ngun quay nhng khng ln mn hnh, khng c m thanh bo s c . Kim tra kt lun l Mainbord hng .

Dng mt b ngun tt th v loi tr c nguyn nhn do ngun . C th gn CPU sang mt Mainboard ang chy tt loi tr kh nng hng CPU . Ch gn CPU vo Mainboard, kim tra loa bo s c v chc chn l tt, cp ngun vo Mainboard v bt cng tc P.ON Khi ngun tt v CPU tt gn trn Mainboard, bt cng tc m khng c tn hiu g loa bo s c l Mainboard khng hot ng Nguyn nhn lm Mainboard khng hot ng Chp mt trong cc ng ti tiu th Hng mch dao ng to xung CLK trn Mainboard Hng mch n p ngun cho CPU Hng North Bridge hoc Sourth Bridge Li phn mm trong ROM BIOS

Mainboard v cc linh kin lin quan n s hot ng ca Mainboard Cc bc kim tra Tho tt c cc linh kin ra khi Mainboard - Gn Card Test Main vo khe PCI

- Cp ngun cho Main board - M ngun ( dng t vt u chp chn PWR - chn cng tc m ngun cho qut ngun quay ) => Quan st dy n Led trn Mainboard

Ch thch : - Cc n +5V, 3,3V, +12V, -12V sng ngha l c cc in p +5V, 3,3V, +12V, -12V hay cc ng p bnh thng - n CLK sng l IC dao ng to xung CLK trn Mainboard tt - n RST sng ( sau tt ) cho bit Mainboard to xung Reset khi ng CPU . - n OSC sng cho bit CPU hot ng - n BIOS sng cho bit CPU ang truy cp vo BIOS . Khi cha gn CPU vo Mainboard th n OSC v n BIOS s khng sng cn li tt c cc n khc u pht sng l Mainboard bnh thng ( ring n RST sng ri tt ) Khi gn CPU vo, nu tt c cc n Led trn u sng l c Mainboard v CPU hot ng .

Mainboard v CPU hot ng th tt c n Led u sng Mt s trng hp h hng Mainboard b chp mt trong cc ng in p

Mainboard b chp ng ngun 5V biu hin l n 5V tt

Mainboard b chp ng ngun 3,3V biu hin l n 3,3V tt

Mainboard b chp ng ngun 12V biu hin l n 12V tt Mch dao ng to xung CLK trn Mainboard khng hot ng

Mch to xung CLK ( xung Clock ) khng hot ng biu hin l n CLK khng sng Xem chi tit v mch to xung CLK Kim tra mch to xung CLK - o kim tra Vcc 3,3 V cp cho IC dao ng to dung - Ra bng nc ra mch in khu vc IC dao ng ri sy kh - Thay th IC dao ng to xung CLK t Mainboard khc --------------Cc ng in p u tt, c tn hiu xung CLK nhng khi gn CPU vo Mainboard khng sng n OSC

Khi gn CPU vo nhng n OSC v n BIOS vn khng sng, hin tng trn chng t CPU cha hot ng Vi trng hp trn bn cn kim tra mch n p cp ngun cho CPU

Cc n Mosfet ( trong vng xanh ) iu khin cp ngun cho CPU

Ba cp Mosfet ( trong xanh ) iu khin cp ngun cho CPU

IC to dao ng iu khin cc n Mosfet cp ngun cho CPU Xem s nguyn l mch cp ngun cho CPU Kim tra mch cp ngun cho CPU nh sau :

Khi cha gn CPU th o ti chn ra cp ngun cho CPU ( o trn cc cun dy L1, L2, L3 s trn ) phi l 0 V Khi gn CPU ( tt ) vo th chn cp ngun cho CPU ra ng vi in p ghi trn CPU => Tho mn hai iu khin trn l mch iu khin ngun cho CPU hot ng tt . Cc trng hp sau l hng mch iu khin ngun cho CPU Cha lp CPU vo Mainboard nhng c in p ra trn cc cun dy L1, L2, L3 . Khi lp CPU vo th in p ra cp cho CPU sai so vi in p ghi trn thn CPU . => Cc trng hp trn l do hng mt trong cc n Mosfet hoc hng IC to dao ng , Bn cn kim tra theo hng nh sau : => o ngun cp cho IC, IC c cp ngun l 5V (Main Pen 4) hoc cp hai ngun l 5V v 12V (Main Pen 3).

IC dao ng iu khin ngun cp cho CPU trn Mainboard Pentium 4 Kim tra cc n Mosfet iu khin ngun

n Mosfet iu khin ngun kim tra bn cn g mi hn chn G v chn S ra sau o kim tra . Sau y l mt s kin thc v n Mosfet Mosfet ( Transistor trng ) - Cu to v phng php kim tra

Hnh dng Mosfet 1. Mosfet l Transistor trng c cu to khc vi Transistor thng thng , chng c nhy cao hn v c s dng trong hu ht cc b ngun Monitor , mch iu khin ngun trn Mainboard 2. Cu to .

Mosfet

Transistor

Mosfet c 3 cc l G ( cc cng ) , D ( cc thot ), S ( cc ngun )

v nguyn l hot ng chng tng t vi 3 cc B, C , E ca Transistor thng thng , nhng v cu to chng khc vi n BCE .

+ Cc ngun ( S ) v cc thot ( D ) c ni vi hai cht bn dn N t trn nn c tnh cch in, khong gia hai cc l vng ngho in tch t do . + Cc cng ( G ) c t bn trn khong trng gia hai cc N v cc ly bng mt lp cch in l SiO2 , cc G cch in hon ton vi cc D v cc S . + Khi cho mt in p chnh lch vo hai cc D v S th khng c dng in chy qua nhng khi ta a mt in p dng vo cc G, in p ny sinh ra hiu ng trng trong khong trng gia hai lp bn dn N, v di tc dng ca t trng th xut hin dng in chy qua t cc D sang cc S . in p t vo chn G khng to ra dng in GS m ch to ra hiu ng trng trong Mosfet v vy mt tn hiu c cng rt yu cng c th lm cho Mosfet m rt mnh . Dng in chy qua hai cc D - S ch ph thuc vo in p chn G m khng ph thuc vo cng ca tn hiu => V vy Mosfet c coi l linh kin c nhy rt cao v chng c s dng trong cc b ngun Monitor v cc b ngun ca nhiu thit b in t cao cp ngy nay . 3. Th nghim v s hot ng ca Mosfet .

Th nghim v s hot ng ca Mosfet Khi K1 ng in tch np vo t C1 lm cho n Mosfet dn,

khi K1 m, in tch trn t C1 vn tn ti do khng c dng GS do n Mosfet vn duy tr s dn in cho n khi cng tc K2 ng, in p trn t C1 thot = 0V th n mi tt . 4. K hiu ca Mosfet Mosfet thng c k hiu l K... , 2SK... , IRF... Th d K3240 , IRF630 v v.. trong n K c cng sut ln hn v thng s dng trong mch ngun, cc n IRF c cng sut nh hn nn s dng trong mch cng tc, mch Regu v t s dng trong mch ngun .

K hiu ca Mosfet Quy nh v cc cc : - Cc G - bn tri - Cc D - gia - Cc S - bn phi . 5. o kim tra Mosfet Chun b : ng h thang x 1K Nu l Mosfet cn tt th kt qu o s nh sau :

o gia G v S c hai chiu kim khng ln

o gia G v D c hai chiu kim khng ln

Dng Tvt chp G vo D thot in trn cc G

Sau khi G thot in cc G th o gia D v S c mt chiu kim khng ln ( chiu que en vo D que vo S kim khng ln ) ----------------------------------------------------------Cc trng hp sau l Mosfet b hng

o gia G v S kim ln => l chp G S

o gia G v D kim ln l chp G D

Hoc mc d thot in chn G

o gia D v S kim vn ln sau khi thot in cc G l b chp DS ---------------------------------------------------------nh minh ho

Kim tra thy Mosfet hng Trng hp kim tra in p cp cho CPU bnh thng, Mainboard c dao ng nhng vn khng sng cc n OSC v BIOS

=> Trng hp ny c th do Chipset b li => Dng my hn kh kh li Chipset nam

Kh li chipset nam bng my hn kh CPU hot ng nhng khng truy cp BIOS

Biu hin : n BIOS trn Card Test Mainboard khng sng => Trng hp trn thng thng do li BIOS => Thay BIOS ly t Mainboard cng chng loi sang th Lu : Nu BIOS ( cng s ) nhng ly t Mainboard khc loi s khng chy c v phn mm bn trong BIOS chng

khc nhau .

Bnh 4 : Mt trong cc cng chut, bn phm hoc cng USB b mt tc dng . Nguyn nhn mt tc dng chut, bn phm . Hng IC giao tip chut, bn phm .

nhn bit IC giao tip bn c th d ngc t cc cng chut bn phm v ( s dng thang x1 o thng mch ) Nguyn nhn mt tc dng cng USB Vi cng USB khng hot ng bn cn hn li Chipset nam ( dng my hn kh li ) v tn hiu a ra cng ny c ly t Chipset nam .

Cng USB ly tn hiu t Chipset nam v ra ngun 5V ly t ngun 5V chnh ca Mainboard