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(
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ = (1)
Where
k k
y x x
k
sin cos + =
k k
y x x
k
cos sin + =
f is the frequency of the sinusoidal plane
is the orientation of the Gabor filter
x
and
y
are the standard deviations of the Gaussian envelope along the x and y
axes
The next step is to specify the values of the filters parameters; the frequency is calculated
as the inverse of the distance between two successive ridges. The number of orientation is
specified by m where m k
k
/ ) 1 ( = , k = 1, 2, ., m. The standard deviations
x
and
y
are determined empirically. In [7]
x
=
y
= 2 was used, it is advisable to try other
values also.
Equation (1) can be written in the complex form giving:
) 2 sin(
2
1
exp ) , (
) 2 cos(
2
1
exp ) , (
. ) , (
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
k
k k
k
k k
fx
y x
y x h
fx
y x
y x h
h i h y x h
y x
odd
y x
even
odd even
(
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
(
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
+ =
(2)
Figure 7 shows the filter response in spatial and frequency domain for a zero orientation.
Figure 7. Gabor filter response
Table 1 extracted from [8] described the filter properties in space and spectral domains.
2D Space Domain 2D Frequency Domain
Table 1. Filter properties
The fingerprint print image will be scanned by a 8x8 window; for each block the magnitude
of the Gabor filter is extracted with different values of m (m = 4 and m = 8). The features
extracted (new reduced size image) will be used as the input to the classifier.
b) Classifier
The classifier is based on the k-nearest neighborhood algorithm KNN. Training
of the KNN consists simply of collecting k images per individual as the training set. The
remaining images consists the testing set.
The classifier finds the k points in the training set that are the closest to x (relative to the
Euclidean distance) and assigns x the label shared by the majority of these k nearest
neighbors. Note that k is a parameter of the classifier; it is typically set to an odd value in
order to prevent ties.
Figure 8 shows how the KNN algorithm works for a two class problem. The KNN query
starts at the test point x and grows a spherical region until it encloses k training samples,
and it labels the test point by a majority vote of these samples. In this k = 5 case, the test
point x would be labeled in the category of the red points [9].
Figure 8. The KNN algorithm
The last phase is the verification phase where the testing fingerprint image:
1) is inputted to the system
2) magnitude features are extracted
3) perform the KNN algorithm
4) Identify the person
State the recognition rate obtained.
c) Suggested enhancement
In order to enhance the performance of the 2
nd
approach below is a list of proposed ideas:
X
Instead of using only the magnitude Gabor filter features, try to use also the phase
of the filter [10].
Try to use the Mahalanobis distance given by: ) ( ) (
1
m x C m x D
T
=
where m is
the mean and C is the covariance matrix. Appendix A provides an example of
Mahalanobis distance.
Try to other classifiers such as backpropagation and ALBP. Indicate the number of
layers used as well as the number of neurons.
The Gabor filter assumes a sinusoidal plane wave which is not always the case as
depicted in figure 9. Try to use the modified Gabor filter described in [11].
Figure 9. A fingerprint with corresponding ridges and valleys.
References
[1] W.F. Leung, S.H. Leung, W.H. Lau and A. Luk, "Fingerprint Recognition Using
Neural Network", proc. of the IEEE workshop Neural Network for Signal Processing, pp.
226-235, 1991.
[2] A. Jain, L. Hong and R. Boler, Online Fingerprint Verification, IEEE trans, 1997,
PAMI-19, (4), pp. 302-314
[3] L. Hong, Y. Wan, A.K. Jain, Fingerprint image enhancement: Algorithm and
performance evaluation, IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Machine Intell, 1998, 20 (8), 777
789.
[4] Q. Zhang and K. Huang, Fingerprint classification based on extaction and analysis of
singularities and pseudoridges, 2002
[5] http://www.owlnet.rice.edu/~elec301/Projects00/roshankg/elec301.htm
[6] A. Luk, S.H. Leung,A Two Level Classifier For Fingerprint Recognition, in Proc.
IEEE 1991 International Symposium on CAS, Singapore, 1991, pp. 2625-2628.
[7] C.J. Lee and S.D. Wang, Fingerprint feature extraction using Gabor Filters, IEE
Electronics Letters, vol.35, 1999, pp. 288-290
[8] J.G Daugman, Uncertainty relation for resolution in space, spatial frequency, and
orientation optimized by two-dimensional visual cortical filters. J. Optical Soc. Amer. 2
(7), 1985, pp. 11601169.
[9] R. Duda and P. Hart, Pattern Classification, Wiley publisher, 2
nd
edition, 2001.
[10] M.T. Leung, W.E. Engeler and P. Frank, Fingerprint Image Processing Using Neural
Network, proc. 10th conf. on Computer and Communication Systems, pp.
582-586, Hong Kong 1990.
[11] J. Yang , L. Liu and alt., A Modified Gabor Filter Design Method for Fingerprint
Image Enhancement, to be published in the Pattern Recognition Letters
Appendix A