HEART INSPECTION AND PALPATION

1) AORTIC AREA -2nd intercostals space to the right of sternum -find angle of Louis by locating bony ridge near top of the sternum, at the junction of the body and the manubrium 2) PULMONIC AREA 2nd intercostals space to the left of the sternum 3) ERBS POINT 3RD ICS to the left of the sternum 4) TRICUSPID AREA lower half of the sternum along the left parasternal area 5) MITRAL (APICAL) AREA - left 5th ICS at the midclavicular line 6) EPIGASTRIC AREA below the xiphoid process.

your patient started with a fever. If the panel will ask you regarding the fever, you can say that at that time, pneumothorax has already begun. The rupture of blebs (which is a form of trauma) lead to the release pyrogenic cytokines, such as interleukins (IL1), tumor necrosis factor, and interferon-.

costophrenic angles are the places where the diaphragm (-phrenic) meet the ribs (costo-). Each costophrenic angle can normally be seen as on chest x-ray as a sharply-pointed, downward indentation (dark) between each hemi-diaphragm (white) and the adjacent chest wall (white). A small portion of each lung normally reaches into the costophrenic angle. The normal angle usually measures thirty degrees. With pleural effusion, fluid often builds up in the costophrenic angle (due to gravity). This can push the lung upwards, resulting in "blunting" of costophrenic angle. The posterior angle is the deepest. Obtuse angulation is sign of disease