....

2009

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

...

....

H2, 2

....

....

:
1.
2.

: 70 250 oC

: 500 1000 oC
nel,high > nel,low

....

PEMFC

AFC

MCFC

SOFC

PAFC

DMFC

Nafion

Li2CO3 -K2CO3
Na2CO3

ZrO2

H3PO4

(C)

60 - 80

90

600 - 700

600 - 1000

170 - 200

70 - 100

H2, ..,
,
HC

H2

CH3OH

H2

H2

H2, ..,
,
HC

/ 2

/ 2

/ 2

/ 2

/ 2

/ 2

OH-

CO3-2

-2

H. (%)

40

50

50

50

40

40

.
.

MW

micro

CO2
Pt

.
CO

Pt

....

: > 40%
MCFC SOFC: 80%

-45% CO2, -90% NOx


...

....

3000 / kW >> 400 / kW

LHV ..:
:

119,93 MJ / kg
83,76 gr / m3

..:
20 oC, 200 bar:

10,05 MJ / m3
1825 MJ / m3 (x181)

-253 oC, 1 bar:

8491 MJ / m3 (x 845)

, ,
Hydrogen Embrittlement

....

(NG)

(LPG)

H2

CH4

C3H8

2,016

16,043

44,1

83,8

717

1880

(MJ / kg )

119,93

50,02

45,6

(% .)

4 - 75

5.3 - 15

2.1 9.5

(mJ)

0.017

0.29

0.26

18,3 - 59

6,3 13,5

3,1 - 7

(C)

585

540

487

(C)

2045

1875

1925

(m/s)

2.5

0.43

0.47

(C)

-253

-162

-42,09

(g / m3) ..

(% .)

....

4%

18%

NG steam reforming

48%

Oil partial oxidation

Coal gasification
Water electrolysis

30%

....

($ / H2)

SMR

2,5 3

5,4

...

6,9
5

....

,
40%
,

: +30%

:
CGH2

< 700 bar

-10%

LH2

-273oC, +$2/Kg, -30%

4,5

max: 2% .. 2 (10% )
max: 1% .. 2 (50% )

....

5000 psi 350 bar

....

:
Pipelines $ 500 / m
. > 300 km LH2
....

....

....

...

(,
)

:

GHG

....

()
(, )
()

2020 2050

Cost and life cycle threshold

...

, ,

.
....

after-sales

(US Fuel Cell Council)
50000

40000

30000

20000

10000

0
2005
.

....

2006

2007
.

2008

:
2020:

55% PEMFC / 45% DMFC

> 80% PEMFC

2008: Honda FCX Clarity

. PEMFC 100kW (= 134hp) Plug Power.
: 280 km 4kg 2 345 bar (=5000 psi)
: $600 / (leasing)
:

2012: Hyundai Kia Borrego

115kW, 510 km
2012: GM?
2015: Nissan, Toyota, VW, Mitsubishi, Fiat, Ford .
: Ballard (75 kW), Plug Power (100 kW), Nuvera (82
kW 95 kW)
....

PEMFC :

( 400 km)

(> 5000 h)
: < $300/kW

2009 :

..: 1,5
:
- Tata Motors: 1 . 2020

:
Li- ion
....

. PEMFC

117,
.. 37 2011
85.
2008 8 2009 2.
: 2010 -
20 New Flyer HD 6 Ballard 150 kW, 12000h
:

UTC - VanHool: 12 PureMotion

Ballard Citaro New Flyer (150 kW)
Proton Motor (200 kW)

....

:
(PEMFC):

.

Plug Power (11 kW), Nuvera (35 kW), Hydrogenics (65 kW)

Scooters (PEMFC, DMFC):

Intelligent Energy (1 kW) - Suzuki

(DMFC):
Smart Fuel Cells
4/2008: (Boeing Plug Power)
PEMFC
....

CGH2
350 700 bar.
2008 200 2 .
.

: Shell, BP, Linde, Total, Praxair, Air Liquid.

2
:
Honda Home Energy Station NG Plug Power

2010: Horizon
2015: VW

....

.
:

(Smart Fuel Cells, DMFCC)

2007
DMFC

....

DMFC / PEMFC

67% (Toshiba, Antig, MTI, Horizon)

2008 9000
. 2009
10000.
Toshiba 2009
$300.
.
Motorola Samsung.
....

:
Smart FCs (DMFC):

Horizon (PEMFC):

DC (25W, 50W, 65W)

: ~ $550/W. : 910Wh/l

Antig (DMFC):
MTI (DMFC):
Idatech (PEMFC):

50 W
DC Mobion (95 Wh, 25h)
250 W

Laptop 20 (Panasonic)

Laptop 8 (IBM Sanyo)

DOE: 2010 50W

1000Wh/l.
....

MCFC Fuel Cell Today (H..).

43 W ...

: 300 kWe, 1,5 MWe 2,8 MWe,

ne= 47% ntot >70%.
50 We.
: Ansaldo, POSCO, Harima Heavy Industries, Marubeni,
Enbridge, Caterpillar, PPL Energy Plus

, .
NG: $2500 / kW, : $4500 / kW
....

....

PAFC (UTC ..., Fuji - ):

UTC: 200 kWe ( 264 kWth) 400 kWe ( 496 kWth)

Fuji:

12x400 kW = 4.8 MW (World Trade Center, Verizon)

100 kW supermarkets

PEMFC :

50 kW NedStack . Nuvera
.
SOFC 2 W:
(Siemens Westinghouse, Rolls Royce)

....

.

4000 ,
$3000 /kW.

2008 4000 ,
79% .
Japanese Residential
FC Program 2400
PEMFC 1 kW NG LPG.
Ebara Ballard
Toshiba, Panasonic, Toyota Sanyo.
....

PEMFC :
.
1 100 kW, ne30% ntot 80%.

: Nuvera, Plug Power, Nedstack, Kyocera

SOFC: ,

SECA.


.
.

....

SOFC : .
. BlueGen Ceramic Fuel Cells
Ltd (). 2009,
2 kWe nel60%.

:
Sulzer Hexis (1 kW), Wartsila (18,2 kW), Webasto (1 kW)
:

British Gas Ceres Power

Nuon - Ceramic FC

35000
50000

:
axi (PEMFC), Ceres Power (SOFC)
....

:

.
PEMFC.

:
Altergy:
1 30 kW
ReliOn:
Hydrogenics:

1,2 12 kW
4, 8 12 kW

Plug Power:
Idatech:

5 kW
3 15 kW

....

MCFC: 300 kW 2,5 MW 50 MW

PAFC: < 400 kW 4,8 MW.

SOFC: 1 kW 20 kW
W
: tubular
~ 500 oC
....

PEMFC: , 5W 150 kW
.

~ 200 oC (Plug Power 160oC)

DMFC:

AFC:

ASA.

,
Microbial FC
0,25 V

....

Small Stationary

Large Stationary

Portable

Transportation

0%

10%

20%

30%
PEM

....

40%
MCFC

50%
PAFC

DMFC

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

SOFC

Small Stationary

Large Stationary

Portable

Transportation

0%

10%

20%

30%
PEM

....

40%
MCFC

50%
PAFC

DMFC

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

SOFC

Codes & Standards

....

Codes & Standards

....

 C&S

:
2
-


:

:


....

C&S

....

:
ISO

- 1947

ISO TC 197: Hydrogen Technologies

I.E.C.
1906 / - 1946
IEC TC 105: Fuel Cell Technologies

I.E.E.E.

1963

CENELEC

- 1973

....

..:
A.S.M.E. (American Society of Mechanical Engineers)

N.F.P.A. (National Fire Protection Association)

N.I.S.T. (National Institute of Standards & Technology)

A.N.S.I. (American National Standards Institute)

UL (Underwriters Laboratories Inc.)

C.G.A. (Compressed Gas Association)

S.A.E. (Society of Automotive Engineers)
I.C.C. (International Code Council)
N.A.S.A.

....

:
B.S.I. (British Standard Institution)
J.I.S. (Japanese Industrial Standards Committee)
D.V.G.W. (Deutsche Vereinigung des Gas und
Wasserfaches)
C.S.A. (Canadian Standards Association)

....

C&S

IEC 62282-3: Stationary fuel cell power plants

1- Safety, 2- Test method, 3-Installation
NFPA 853: Standard for the Installation of Stationary Fuel
Cell Power Plants

pr EN 50465:2007: Fuel Cell Gas Heating Appliances

JIS C 8821: General Rules for Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell
Power Systems
NASA Safety Standard for Hydrogen And Hydrogen Systems
ISO/TR 15916:2004: Basic considerations for the safety of
hydrogen systems
IEC 61779: Electrical Apparatus for the Detection and
Measurement of Flammable Gases

....

C&S

UL 2075: Standard for Safety Gas and Vapor Detectors

and Sensors
NFPA 70: National Electric Code
IEEE P1547: Standard for Interconnecting Distributed
Resources with Electric Power Systems
CSA/ANSI FC 1: Fuel Cell Power Plants

UL 2266: Electromagnetic Compatibility, Electrical

Safety, And Physical Protection of Stationary and Portable
Fuel Cell Power Systems for Use with Commercial Network
Telecommunications Equipment
ISO 22734-1: Hydrogen generators using water
electrolysis process
ISO 16110:2007: Hydrogen generators using fuel
processing techniques
....

C&S

ISO 14687: Hydrogen Fuel Product Specification

ASME PTC 50: Performance Test Code For Fuel Cell
Power System Performance
NIST IR 7131: Proposed Test Methodology and
Performance Rating Standard for Residential Fuel Cell
Systems
ASME B31.12 ()

....

C&S

,
, , , ,
, , ,

, , ,

, ,
C&S:
-

: ,
2

....

C&S

(
)

....

...

: 40% - 80% ,
:
2:
:
(, , )
:
,

....