You are on page 1of 10



   !" 
#%$'&($')*$,+!-/.+!0 -213&!)5456
738:9 4;<+(=2+(>!0?; 9 4 73@<@38

BDC%EGFIH!J
K
L MONQPSR'TVUXWZY[N]\R_^VNa`5b<^dce`*b
AhgiA jDk2lnmiohprqsprtuj mil
kwv2myxrzprqsprtug/g{g|g/g|g/g|g/g|g{g/g|g/g|g/g|g|g/g{g/g|g/g|g|g/g|g/g{g/g|g|g/g
Ahg~  l prq<myk2zQ
k]g|g/g|g|g/g|g/g{g|g/g|g/g|g/g|g{g/g|g/g|g/g|g|g/g{g/g|g/g|g|g/g|g/g{g/g|g|g/g
c[,^dR'[R'bXY[W`*NQTY[N]\bX`*bsSN
~<giA jDk?szXmyVrx g/g|g/g|g|g/g|g/g{g|g/g|g/g|g/g|g{g/g|g/g|g/g|g|g/g{g/g|g/g|g|g/g|g/g{g/g|g|g/g
R'bXUXW
<giA ekwrlnmyvVpg/g{g/g|g/g|g|g/g|g/g{g|g/g|g/g|g/g|g{g/g|g/g|g/g|g|g/g{g/g|g/g|g|g/g|g/g{g/g|g|g/g
<g~ l *nmyvVpOg/g{g/g|g/g|g|g/g|g/g{g|g/g|g/g|g/g|g{g/g|g/g|g/g|g|g/g{g/g|g/g|g|g/g|g/g{g/g|g|g/g
f \O
%?\dM2

f
}

L3


3
v
p*l(xrza
xhtk?<nl
k2xhtqXk'Xzsw3kwtu{Xmi
xmi(xrln p*za
kap*zsqXx{t kqXkwt
k
p|xrXnmimidp*lIp*ixXg3myt

k2
{Xmi
xhtu2
xaqXxhtVs p*zQ
xqXk2
k2lnmizXytnnmyvwxht vwxrxmi
k2l p*nmioxhtup*l p%l
kwt
xriok2lukwtn
kwtXl
xrXyk2prtVg
tn :zsxkwt
vwxr!xqXkwtn
k
k?<
xx:2
x3qXxqXkwt v2lnmi
x:(xrlsggSep*hl p*zXkhv
p*prqXx]{XinmiXimyvVprqXxrl
kwt
qXkSp*hl p*zrnkhg2
xaqXxqXkep*hl p*zXkkwtn!kwv2vwxp*l pXl
xrXyk2prt{askt
k%vwxrzXskwvwkx:qXxrizXmyxqXk
nl p*p*isxXsxrt
k
p<Xx%Xl
xrXyk2p
k2zXp%'Xzsw3kwtqXk/l
kwtnnlnmyVrxXl
/qXk?szXmyqsprtVg
xrx p*(2Dmi(xrln p*za
k|p*l pxk2za
k2zsq<mik2zQ
xqXxprt
tnXza
xXsx%
k?<
x%p*/XpXl
k2ok/l
k2oamyt rx
qXkDimi
k2l p*nXl pt
xrXl
k{qXk2lnmiorprqsprtq<mil
kwv2myxrzprqsprt kDhl prq<myk2zQ
kwtdg

}
 J
KG Jn H(IC{H!
[ p*l pk2isxrluvwxrXl
kwk2zsqXk2lxhtIXinmiXimyvVprqXxrl
kwtDqXk/Sp*hl p*zXkhkwtn p%t kwVrx%orp*mSp*Xl
kwt
k2za p*l p*ihXzstvwxrz<
vwk2mi
xhtXzsqsp*k2zQ p*mytzskwvwkwt
t *lnmyxhtp*l px% p*g
 sQ(!XS!
j/prqspXp'XzsVrx
(prt qXk2lnmiohprqsprt q<mil
kwv2myxrzprqsprtDqXk l
k2Xl
kwt
k2za p*prtu p5sprtqXk
orp*lnm_prVrxqsp%XzsVrxzpq<mil
kwVrxOqXk/Xok2
xrluXzXmi *lnmyx
qXkq<mik2zst rxmihp*[p g3k
xrlq<mk2l
k2zsv2m_wok2[k2
pqXk2lnmiorprqspq<mil
kwv2myxrzp*e/qXk?szXmyqsp%!k2_pkwaprVrxAhg
Ad
  h
ex3qXk?t
k|kwt v2l
k2ok2lp%kwQprVrxA/zpxrlnpqXx%Xl
xaq<X
xkwt vVp*_p*lxhtnnl prqXxk2~<g
~
ok2
xrlDxrlnprqXx!k2_prt qXk2lnmiohprqsprtDp*l
v2m_p*myt/qXk v
p*prqXxqXk
Dk%qXk2zsxr prqXx!xrl g
ykO(x3qXkOt k2lo3mytn
xvwxrxx]ok2
xrlQskp*!xrzQ p]p*l ppq<mil
kwVrxqXkOp*myt l *XmyqXxv2l
kwt v2mik2zQ
xqXk g
zsqXk p p5spOqXk{v2l
kwt
v2mik2za
x:qXk zprask2_pq<mil
kwVrxXg k?<
k2lnxOqXk k?gut
k2_p<izXmixX
53mixQI/k2zsvwxrzQnl prqXxOzp%vwxrzsq<myVrx
g
mi
k2l
kwt
t p*za
kzsxr p*lask zsxrlnp*sp g xuvVprt
x qXkXzswakwtaskk2l p* tnX!k2l'yv2mykwtddhl prq<myk2za
kwt
(k2ln!k2zsq<myv2X_p*l
kwt rtuv2XlnorprtqXk|zXiok2g
f = f (x1 , x2 , ..., xn )

v(v1 , v2 , ..., vn )

(x1 , x2 , ..., xn )

Dv f (x1 , x2 , ..., xn ) =



f
f
f
v1 +
v2 + ... +
vn
x1
x2
xn



Dv f (x1 , x2 , ..., xn ) =

f f
f
,
, ...,
x1 x2
xn
f

(v1 , v2 , ..., vn )




|f |





f = 0
v




C J
J [ KIH H(
xrzstnmyqXk2l
kXpXzsVrx qXk orp*lnm_Vok2myt
g 3kprt orp*lnm_Vok2mytxrl
k2
mizsqXk2(k2zsqXk2za
kwtVxht(xrza
xhtv2lninmyvwxht vVp*zsq<myqsprqXxhtDp 53mixXsizXmixkD!xrzQ
xqXk|t k2_p?XqXkwtn p XzsVrx
(x3qXk2t
k2lk2zsvwxrzanl prqXxhtumihp*_p*zsqXxp Vk2l
xprtqXk2lnmiohprqsprtp*l
v2m_p*mytp*l pvVprqsp%orp*lnm_Vok2g

3kprtohp*lnm_wok2mytzrx{xrl
k2 mizsqXk2(k2zsqXk2za
kwtV<prtt p*nmytp*Vk2Xpt
2lnmykuqXk
3(x3qXk?t
kmyt xr_p*lvVprqsp{orp*lnm_Vok2qsprtXzswakwtqXkl
kwtnnlnmyVrx%kprt
tnXstnnminXmilk2 hqXk2!xrmytVk2zsvwxrzanl p*zsqXxxht!xrzQ
xhtv2lninmyvwxhtp*nl pwowtqspDqXk2lnmiorprqsp/Xlnmik2mil p|kp*zp*imyt p*zsqXx
pqXk2lnmiohprqspt
k2hXzsqsp (xht tniok2[k2zsvwxrzanl p*l{xht 53mixht/k izXmixht/qspXzsVrxXg|exrl
2 zsk2 t
k2Xl
k
:!xht
tniok2ul
kwt xriok2l!xrlOkwtn
k2
xaqXxXIk2za rx xht k2X gSp*hl p*zXk]Xl
xr(xhtOX 2
x3qXxXIv
p*prqXx
wg
  !
xrzstnmyqXk2l
k ktnprt l
kwtnnlnmywakwt v2mi prqXxhtprv2mip<g 3k
p* k2_prt qXk2lnmiohwok2mytk2 Xlnmik2mil pxrl
qXk2 k
vwxrzQnizaprtkask
k2 Qp*yask2lv2mil
v2Xzstn *zsv2m_p<g3k nmiok2lXk?<nl
k2x l
k2_p*nmiox/qXk2zQnl
x/qXktnprt
l
kwtnnlnmyw3kwtV<kwtn
kD(xrza
xxavwxrlnl
k/k2X !xrzQ
x
< p*ask !k2ln
k2zsVppXp%tnX!k2l'yv2myk
qXkl
kwtnnlnmyVrx]qXk zpQp*xht{hl prq<myk2za
kwt
k
t rx:p*l p*yk2yxhtVxr
t
k
p<Xk?3mytn
k p*Sask|p%vwxrzsq<myVrx}t
k
p%t p*nmytk2mi p<g
}a


" $#

&%

&'!%

f = f (x) = f (x1 , x2 , ..., xn )

f
f
= ... =
=0
x1
xn

m ()

g1 (x1 , ..., xn ) = 0, ..., gm (x1 , ..., xn ) = 0

)76

298

;:$  4< /. 1= >



71

@?

ACB

g 6= 0
f

ED

P (x1 , x2 , ..., xn )
f (x1 , x2 , ..., xn )

g(x1 , x2 , ..., xn )

f (x1 , x2 , ..., xn ) = g(x1 , x2 , ..., xn )

+*-,-/.0 1 $/.2 2*-34

J [ euK
 Q <
j/prqsppXzsVrx
mihXl p<giAd?eimimi prqsp!k2_pl
kwtnnlnmyVrx

prt
t
xDp*l p/k2zsvwxrzanl p*lxht53mixhtkizXmixhtqXkI'XzsVrx|prv
p*lxDhl prq<myk2za
kqXk
" $#

&H

LK

f (x, y) = x2 y

x2 + y 2 = 8

2M

mihXl p:A

<N

f (x, y)

f (x, y) = x2 y

(x y), (x2 y) = (2xy, x2 )


x
y


2
2
(x + y 2 8),
(x + y 2 8) = (2x, 2y)
g =
x
y
f =

t k2hXmyqspp%kwQprVrx

f (x, y) = g(x, y)

qXk2ok|t
k2lt
xrisv2myxrzprqsp%p*l p g

(2xy, x2 ) = (2x, 2y)


x2
2xy
=
=
2x
2y

g:Xlnmik2mil
x
kqXk g

g(x, y)

x2
y=
2y

[ xrl Xinmixmyt
xr_p5t k k p*l ptnXst
nminXmilOk2 k2zsvwxrzanl p*lO
x3qXxhtxhtp*l
kwtxrl
qXk2zprqXxhtaskp
mip*k2 l
kwtnXi pzQX k?3nl
k2xXg [xrl Xinmixprtn ptnXstnnminXmilkwt

kwt%(xrza
xhtk2 kvwxrzsv2iXmilt k
53mixxr:izXmixXg
PO

QO

p
32 (6)
4 3 2 6
f
=
,
max.
3
3
9

!
p
4 3 2 6
32 (6)
f
,
min.
=
3
3
9

!
p
4 3 2 6
32 (6)
f
=
,
max.
3
3
9
!

p
32 (6)
4 3 2 6
,
min.
=
f
3
3
9

 <
XinmiXimyvVprqXxrl
kwtSp*hl p*zXk!x3qXk2t
k2lXnimidprqXxhtp*l p/mizXmimidp*ltnX!k2l'yv2mykwtVQvwxrx/zsx|vVprt
x /t k2hXmilVg
 p*zsaskqXk%rykwxask{
k2 pxrlnpqXk{XGp*l p*yk2yk2Xi!kwqXx t
k2Gx
k2iprqXxQ qXk%~ t k2l
vwxrzstnnlnXyqXxk/qXkwt
k
p5t
k/l
kwq<Xwmilx%p*
k2lnm_p*SQprtn
x%p*l pk2lnhsk?yxXg
3xrisVrx
tnX(k2lyv2myk//qsprqsp%!xrl

'XzsVrxqXk/l
kwt
nlnmyVrx/xoxriXk
h
lnmik2mil
xXl
kwv2myt p*xhtprv p*luxhtIhl prq<myk2zQ
kwt k/myt
xr_p*l g
I

ST

0

<V<V<V

@N

A(x, y, z) = xy + 2xy + 2yz


<N

V (x, y, z) = xyz 2000 = 0

A = (y + 2z, x + 2z, 2x + 2y)


V = (yz, xz, xy)
V (x, y, z) = A(x, y, z)

xrx

(y + 2z, x + 2z, 2x + 2y) = (yz, xz, xy)

g 6= 0

!xaqXk?t
k/qXk2msp*lzrx Xl
xrXyk2pk2
k2luprtIohp*lnm_wok2mytuzsxqXk2zsxrmizprqXxrl

>N

1 2
+
z y

m3

1 2
+
z x
22
=
yx

Sk2xht

y=x

qsp%Xlnmik2mil pk/
k2l
vwk2mil pkwaprw3kwtk

z = 12 x

gaXstnnminXizsqXxzp%l
kwtnnlnmyVrx

V (x, y, z)

1
1
f (x, x, x) = x3 = 2000
2
2

aXstnnminXizsqXxOkDl
kVp*imidp*zsqXxOprtxr!k2l prwakwtuxrX
2%t
k

x = 15.874m, y = 15.874m, z = 7.937m

B
!kwt p*lqXkk?3mytnnmil
k2 xrXnl
xht2
x3qXxhtp*l p|l
kwt
xriok2lXl
xrXyk2prtqXkxrnmimidprVrx xhtXinmiXimyvVprqXxrl
kwtIqXk
Sp*hl p*zXk|p*l
kwvwk2 l
kwt
xriok?yxhtuqXk/p*zsk2mil pp*mytl *Xmyqsp<g
!xht
tniok2X p*{!2Qp*nl pVokwtqXkSp*hl p*zXkhal
kwt
xriok2lXl
xrXyk2prtaskp*zQ
kwtk2l p* Xmi
x/vwxrXyk?<xht
xrp*
/mi!xht
tniok2mytVXqXk2!k2zsqXk2zsqXxqXx%2
x3qXxXg
Y

A

M ann d'p<g mng stng Xl k2mizX 5_p*hl p*zXk 5zsxaqXk2}sg an vwkwt
t
x ~h~ 3A r~ h
M ann |g kwxrg Xmisvhgkwq< *kwq<svdp*nmyxrz p*yv 3A *} hansqXk2zQ
[p*st *ep*hl p*zk rp*s
vwkwt
t x ~<A 3A r~ h
M ann 5l ag sxrkhgvwk2lnzgv 5l a AV*X 5zsx3qXkhA2}a3g 3n vwkwt t
x ~<A 3A r~ h
% :W bX`*Y e /  D  Ig xr~<gIq<mi
xrl p xax 3p*zghpOkwq<m
VrxXg[xrln
x yk2hl
k D(s~

w
w
w
O

^]

G^_

a`0b

ab`Qc

dNfe<e

a`0b

ab`Qc

dNfe<ejikiki

@N

a`0b

q`

/ehg

7e

+e

-e

+e


@N

ml

ne

e >Ve <V<V

>o$o$o e >X<X 7e

/e

-e >Ve <V<V

ab`Qc

srut

>V

wv

dNfe<e p

+e p +e

mx

n}

T

<V<V<V

zy

|{

+e

}o~

@N



Ly

-e >Ve <V<V

-e

You might also like