Mon hoc: MACH IEN T 1

Tn ch: 3
Thi lng: 42 Ly thuyet + 28 Bai tap
1. Muc tieu:
Cung cap cho SV cac kien thc c ban ve mach ien t:
- Gii thieu, tm hieu cac tnh chat, hoat ong cua cac linh kien ien t nh Diode,
Transistor.
- Lam quen vi cac phng phap phan tch, thiet ke mach ien t. Nghien cu cac cau
hnh mach thng gap. Tnh toan, thiet ke cac mach ien t da tren cac yeu cau cho
trc.
- S dung cac phan mem mo phong mach ien t.
2. Giao trnh va Tai lieu tham khao (TLTK):
Giao trnh: 1. Le Tien Thong, Giao Trnh Mach ien T 1, NXB HQG Tp. HCM,
2000.
TLTK: 2. Schilling D. et al., Electronic circuits: Discrete and Integrated, McGraw-
Hill Inc., 1968, 1992.
3. Savant C. et al., Electronic design: Circuits and Systems, Redwood City,
CA, The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Inc., 1987, 1991.
3. Chng trnh:
Chng 1: Diode ban dan
Chng 2: Transistor hai lp tiep giap BJT
Chng 3: On nh phan cc cho BJT (Chng nay SV t xem TLTK)
Chng 4: Phan tch va thiet ke mach tn hieu nho tan so thap
Chng 5: Mach transistor ghep lien tang
Chng 6: Transistor hieu ng trng FET
Chng 7: Mach khuech ai hoi tiep
4. Bai tap, kiem tra va thi:
Bai tap ln cuoi khoa : Thiet ke mot mach cho trc theo yeu cau cua giang vien.
Thi: Gia hoc ky : Chng 1 o 4
Cuoi ky : Chng 1 o 7
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Chng 1 1
KY HIEU
Gia tr tai tnh iem Q (quiescent-point): I
EQ
, V
CEQ
Gia tr mot chieu (DC): I
E
, V
CE
Tong gia tr tc thi: i
E
, v
CE
Gia tr tc thi cua thanh phan thay oi theo thi gian: i
e
, v
ce
e E E
i I i + =
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Chng 1 2
CHNG 1: DIODE BAN DAN
1.1 Gii thieu
1.2 Vat lieu ban dan
1.3 Diode ban dan thong thng
1.4 Chnh lu
1.5 Phan tch mach Diode
1.6 Mach xen (Clippers) va mach ghim ien ap (Clampers)
1.7 Diode Zener
1.8 Cac loai Diode khac
1.9 Anh hng cua nhiet o va cac thong so ky thuat
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Chng 1 3
1.1 GII THIEU
- Diode la mot linh kien ien t phi tuyen n gian nhat.
- Cac loai diode: Diode chan khong, Diode kh, Diode chnh lu
kim loai, Diode ban dan, vv.
- Diode ban dan: Cau tao va tnh chat.
Phng phap phan tch mach.
ng dung.
1.2 VAT LIEU BAN DAN
Cac vat lieu ban dan thng dung:
- Silicon (Si)
- Germanium (Ge)
- Gallium Arsenide (GaAs)
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Chng 1 4
1.2.1 Cau truc nguyen t va cau truc tinh the
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Chng 1 5
1.2.2 S dan ien
- Cac mc nang lng
- S dan ien trong chat ban dan
Dong khuech tan (diffusion current): Khi co s thay oi mat o electron (hole)
Dong chay (drift current): Khi co ien trng ngoai
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Chng 1 6
1.2.3 Ban dan loai p va ban dan loai n
- Doping: La qua trnh a vao chat ban dan cac chat khac can thiet.
- Ban dan loai p
9Chat a vao: Chat nhan (acceptor material). V du: Boron (III)
9Cau truc tinh the va s o mc nang lng
9Phan t mang ien chu yeu: Lo trong (positive): p-type material
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Chng 1 7
- Ban dan loai n
9Chat a vao: Chat cho (donor material). V du: Phosphorus (V)
9Cau truc tinh the va s o mc nang lng
9Phan t mang ien chu yeu: Electron (negative): n-type material
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Chng 1 8
1.3 DIODE BAN DAN THONG THNG
1.3.1 Cau truc cua Diode ban dan
- Cau truc va ky hieu
- Lp tiep xuc pn (pn junction)
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- S phan cc cua Diode (bias)
1.3.2 Quan he gia dong ien va ien ap cua Diode
- Diode ly tng

9v
i
> 0: i
D
> 0 va v
D
= 0 (Diode ngan mach: short circuit)
9v
i
< 0: v
D
< 0 va i
D
= 0 (Diode h mach: open circuit)
v
i
r
i
v
D
i
D
+
_
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Chng 1 10
- ac tuyen Volt-Ampere (VA) cua Diode
) 1 ( ) 1 ( = =
T
D
D
mV
v
o
mkT
qv
o D
e I e I i
I
o
: Dong phan cc nghch bao hoa
(reverse saturation current), A
q = 1,6E-19 C
k = 1,38E-23 J/
o
K: Hang so
Boltzmann
T: Nhiet o tuyet oi,
o
K
m: 1s m s 2: Hang so thc nghiem
q
kT
V
T
= ~ 25 mV, tai nhiet o phong
(27
o
C)
9Phan cc thuan (v
D
> 0): Khi
T D
mV v >> :
T
D
mV
v
o D
e I i ~
9Phan cc nghch (v
D
< 0): Khi
T D
mV v >> :
o D
I i ~
T
D
mV
v
o
e I
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Chng 1 11
- Diode thc te va Xap x tuyen tnh hoa tng oan (piecewise-
linear approximation)
1.3.3 Mach ien tng ng cua Diode
<Xem Giao trnh va TLTK [3]>
1.3.4 Cac phng phap phan tch mach dung Diode
<Xem Giao trnh va TLTK [3]>
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Chng 1 12
1.4 CHNH LU (Rectification)
Chnh lu la qua trnh chuyen oi t tn hieu xoay chieu (ac) thanh tn
hieu mot chieu (dc).
Lu y: Cac v du trong phan nay s dung ac tuyen Diode ly tng.
1.4.1 Chnh lu ban song (Half-wave rectification)
1
9
- nh luat Kirchhoff ve ien ap (KVL):
L i
D i
D
R r
v v
i
+

=
v
i
> 0: v
D
= 0 (Diode ngan mach),
L i
i
D
R r
v
i
+
= ,
L i
L i
D L L
R r
R v
i R v
+
= =
v
i
< 0: Diode h mach: 0 =
D
i , 0 = =
D L L
i R v
v
i
= V
im
cos(e
o
t)
r
i
v
D
i
D
v
L
R
L
+
_
_
+
Ideal diode
Nguon (Source) Tai (Load)
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Chng 1 13
- ien ap tren tai v
L
(Chnh lu ban song):
- Phan tch tn hieu chnh lu ban song:
Gia tr trung bnh:
t
Lm
T
L dc L
V
dt t v
T
V = =
)
) (
1
,
Khai trien Fourier:
|
.
|

\
|
+ + + = ... 4 cos
15
2
2 cos
3
2
cos
2
1 1
) ( t t t V t v
o o o Lm L
e
t
e
t
e
t
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Chng 1 14
- Loc (filter) tn hieu chnh lu ban song:
9Mach loc dung e loc bo cac hai xoay chieu (harmonics) nham gi
lai thanh phan mot chieu cua tn hieu v
L
(t): Loc thong thap (lowpass
filter LPF).
9Cac dang mach loc c ban:
R R R
C
L L
C C C
(a) (b) (c)
9Gia s dung mach loc (a) vi RC = 100/e
o
va R >> R
L
.
Bien o ien ap ngo ra cua mach loc tai tan so ne
o
(n>1) la:
( )
n
V
RC n
V
V
Ln
o
Ln
on
100
1
2
~
+
=
e
vi V
Ln
la bien o ien ap ngo vao cua mach loc tai tan so ne
o
.
S dung nguyen ly chong chap, ien ap ngo ra:
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Chng 1 15
|
.
|

\
|
+ + + ~ ... 4 sin
3000
1
2 sin
300
1
sin
200
1 1
) ( t t t V t v
o o o Lm o
e
t
e
t
e
t
9o gn song (Ripple factor):
Thanh phan DC:
t
Lm
dc L
V
V =
,
Thanh phan gn song:
|
.
|

\
|
+ = ... 2 sin
300
1
sin
200
1
t t V v
o o Lm r
e
t
e
Gia tr hieu dung (rms) cua thanh phan gn song:
| |
280
...
) 300 (
1
) 200 (
1
2
) (
1
) (
2 2
2 / 1
2
Lm Lm
T
r rms r
V V
dt t v
T
v ~ + +
|
.
|

\
|
=
)
`

)
t
o gn song 011 . 0
280
) (
,
= ~
t
dc L
rms r
V
v
Nothing is difficult to those who have the will.
- Dutch Poet's Society
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Chng 1 16
1.4.2 Chnh lu toan song (Full-wave rectification)
- +
1
2
3
4
1
4
5
6
8
Ri
1
Ri
1
9
D1
D2
- Hoat ong va ien ap ra tren tai v
L
(Chnh lu toan song)
v
i v
i
R
L
R
L
v
L
+
_
v
L
+
_
D1
D2
D3
D4
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Chng 1 17
- Phan tch tn hieu chnh lu toan song
Gia tr trung bnh:
t
Lm
dc L
V
V
2
,
=
Khai trien Fourier:
|
.
|

\
|
+ + = ... 4 cos
15
4
2 cos
3
4 2
) ( t t V t v
o o Lm L
e
t
e
t t
- Loc tn hieu chnh lu toan song
Gia s dung mach loc nh phan chnh lu ban song, ien ap ngo ra:
|
.
|

\
|
+ + = ... 4 sin
1500
1
2 sin
300
2 2
) ( t t V t v
o o Lm o
e
t
e
t t
Gia tr hieu dung cua thanh phan gn song:
t 210
) (
Lm
rms r
V
v ~
o gn song 0024 . 0
420
1
= ~
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Chng 1 18
1.4.3 Mach loc (Filtering)
1
4
5
6
8
D1
D2
- Hoat ong
Tu C c nap nhanh en gia tr V
max
cua ien ap v
o
(t).
Khi v
o
(t) giam, tu C phong ien qua R
L
vi quy luat:
C R
t
o
L
e V t v

=
max
) (
Qua trnh tuan hoan vi tan so cua ien ap chnh lu f
p
:
o p
f f 2 = : Chnh lu toan song
o p
f f = : Chnh lu ban song
vi f
o
: Tan so cua nguon v
i
.
C
R
L
v
i
v
o
+
_
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Chng 1 19
- Phan tch va tnh toan mach
Xap x tn hieu ngo ra bang dang song rang ca (sawtooth wave)
Tu C:
L p
R Vf
V
C
A
=
max
ien ap gn song hieu dung:
3 2
) (
min max
V V
v
rms r

=
Chng minh: <Xem Giao trnh va TLTK [3]>
1.4.4 Mach nhan oi ien ap (Voltage-doubling circuit)
- V du 1: (Nhan oi ien ap mot ban chu ky)
1 5
4 8
C1
C2 D1
D2
9Ban ky am cua v
S
: C1 nap ien qua D1 en ien ap V
Smax
9Ban ky dng cua v
S
: ien ap chong chap cua C1 va v
S
nap ien
cho C2 qua D2 en ien ap 2V
Smax
v
S
+
+
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Chng 1 20
- V du 2: (Nhan oi ien ap hai ban chu ky)
D1 D2
C1 C2
1 5
4 8
9Ban ky dng cua v
S
: C2 nap ien qua D1 en ien ap V
Smax
Tong ien ap v
S
va V
Smax
tren C1 (c nap t
ban ky trc) at len tai R
L
thong qua D1
9Ban ky am cua v
S
: C1 nap ien qua D2 en ien ap V
Smax
Tong ien ap v
S
va V
Smax
tren C2 (c nap t
ban ky trc) at len tai R
L
thong qua D2
1.4.5 Nhan tan so (Frequency multiplication)
9Mach chnh lu tao ra tn hieu (hai harmonics) tai cac tan so: ne
o
.
9S dung mach loc thch hp e tach lay thanh phan hai can thiet.
R
L
+ +
+
_
v
S
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Chng 1 21
1.5 PHAN TCH MACH DIODE
Lu y: Cac v du trong phan nay s dung ac tuyen Diode thc
1.5.1 Mach Diode n gian ng tai mot chieu (DC Load Line)
- Phng phap o th
9Phan t phi tuyen c the hien bang ac tuyen VA: ) (
D D
v f i =
9Phan con lai (tuyen tnh) c thay the bang mach tng ng
Thevenin:
T D T D
R i v v = hay:
T
T
D
T
D
R
v
v
R
i + =
1
(DCLL)
- Tm iem hoat ong (tnh iem Q quiescent point)
v
i
r
i
v
D
R
L
v
L
v
T
R
T
v
D
i
D
i
D
+
+
+
_
_
_
Diode hoac
cac phan t
phi tuyen
Mach tng ng Thevenin
cua phan tuyen tnh
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Chng 1 22
- ien ap tng ng Thevenin v
T
thay oi (V du: v
T
= V
Tm
sinet)
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Chng 1 23
1.5.2 Phan tch tn hieu nho ien tr ong (Dynamic resistance)
- Tn hieu nho
Thanh phan thay oi (ac) cua tn hieu la rat nho so vi thanh phan dc.
t V V v V v
im dc i dc T
e sin + = + = vi V
im
<< V
dc
- Phng phap ket hp o th phan tch (graphical-analytical)
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Chng 1 24
Phan tch tn hieu nho:
Chuyen truc toa o ve Q:
DQ D d
I i i =

DQ D d
V v v =
Tn hieu nho: Xem ab la oan thang i qua Q va co phng trnh:
d
d
d
r
v
i =
ien tr ong (dynamic resistance):
Q
D
D
d
i
v
r
A
A
=
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Chng 1 25
- Tnh gia tr ien tr ong
T phng trnh:
T
D
mV
v
o D
e I i ~ , gia tr ien tr ong:
DQ DQ
T
Q
D
D
Q
D
D
d
I
mV m
I
mV
i
v
i
v
r
) ( 25
= =
c
c
~
A
A
=
vi: I
DQ
: Dong ien tnh iem qua Diode
- Mach tng ng
(a) (b)
9Mach (a): Tm tnh iem Q (I
DQ
va V
DQ
), s dung phng phap o th
9Mach (b): Tm ap ng tn hieu nho (i
d
va v
d
), s dung ien tr ong
va cac nh luat Kirchhoff
9Dung nguyen ly xep chong e tm tong ap ng
V
dc
R
T R
T
r
d
v
i
V
DQ
I
DQ
+
_
i
d
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Chng 1 26
- Mach ien co thanh phan ien khang - reactive elements (LC)
V du:
Gia s: 1/Ce << R
L
va V
im
<< V
dc
Mach tng ng:
(a) (b)
V
dc
r
i
v
D
R
1
R
L
C
+
_
v
i
= V
im
sinet
V
dc
r
i
+
_
R
1
V
DQ
I
DQ
v
i
r
i r
d
R
1
R
L
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Chng 1 27
1.5.3 ng tai xoay chieu (AC Load Line - ACLL)
Xet v du tren
Gia s: 1/Ce << R
L
va V
im
<< V
dc
- Tn hieu dc
ien tr mach tng ng Thevenin nhn t Diode: R
Tdc
= r
i
+ R
1
o doc cua DCLL: slope
dc
=
1
1 1
R r R
i Tdc
+
=
- Tn hieu nho (ac)
ien tr mach tng ng Thevenin nhn t Diode: R
Tac
= r
i
+ R
1
//R
L
o doc cua ACLL: slope
ac
=
L i Tac
R R r R //
1 1
1
+
=
V
dc
r
i
v
D
R
1
R
L
C
+
_
v
i
= V
im
sinet
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Chng 1 28
- Phan tch o th
1.5.4 Phan tch tn hieu ln S meo dang va dch chuyen tnh iem
<Xem TLTK [2]>
1.5.5 Phan tch tuyen tnh hoa tng oan va mach tng ng
<Xem TLTK [2]>
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Chng 1 29
1.6 MACH XEN VA MACH GHIM IEN AP
<Xem TLTK [3]>
1.6.1 Mach xen (Clippers)
Mach xen dung e loai bo tn hieu nam di (hay tren) mot mc chuan
(reference level)
- V du 1: (Gia s Diode ly tng)
- V du 2: (Gia s Diode ly tng)
R
v
i
v
o
V
B
R
v
i
v
o
V
B
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Chng 1 30
- V du 3: (Gia s Diode ly tng)
1.6.2 Mach ghim ien ap (Clampers)
Mach ghim ien ap thc hien viec di chuyen tn hieu (shifting operation) theo
truc Y vi o dch chuyen phu thuoc vao dang song ngo vao sao cho tn hieu
ngo ra luon c ghim (clamped) tai mot gia tr co nh.
- V du: Gia s Diode ly tng, RC >> T va V
m
> V
B
R
v
i
v
o
V
B1
V
B2
R
v
i
v
o
V
B
C
V
C
= V
m
-V
B
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Chng 1 31
1.7 DIODE ZENER
- Diode Zener: Hoat ong chu yeu trong vung phan cc nghch
- Ky hieu va ac tuyen VA
9Phan cc thuan: Nh Diode thong thng
9Phan cc nghch:
min max Z Z Z
I i I > > , v
Z
= V
Z
= constant
V
Z
: ien ap Zener
I
Zmax
: Dong phan cc nghch
toi a cua Diode Zener
I
Zmin
: Dong phan cc nghch
toi thieu e v
Z
= V
Z
,
thng I
Zmin
= 0.1 I
Zmax
P
Zmax
= V
Z
I
Zmax
: Cong suat toi
a tieu tan tren Diode Zener
- ng dung: Thng dung e tao ien ap chuan (reference voltage)
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Chng 1 32
1.7.1 Mach on ap dung Diode Zener (Zener regulator)
v
S
va i
L
: Khong on nh
- Muc ch: Thiet ke mach sao cho Diode Zener hoat ong trong vung on
ap (vung gay breakdown region): I
Zmax
> i
Z
> I
Zmin
, v
Z
= V
Z
- Phan tch:
L Z
Z S
R
Z S
i
i i
V v
i
V v
R
+

=
L
i
Z S
Z
i
R
V v
i

=
e I
Zmax
> i
Z
> I
Zmin
vi moi gia tr cua v
S
va i
L
: min(i
Z
) > I
Zmin
va max(i
Z
) s I
Zmax

min max
min
) min(
Z L
i
Z S
Z
I I
R
V V
i >

=
va
max min
max
) max(
Z L
i
Z S
Z
I I
R
V V
i s

=
v
S
R
i
R
L
i
L
i
Z
i
R
V
Z
+
_
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Chng 1 33

max min
max
min max
min
Z L
Z S
i
Z L
Z S
I I
V V
R
I I
V V
+

> >
+

Vi yeu cau ve nguon (v

S
) va tai (i
L
) cho trc, e chon c R
i
can phai co
max min
max
min max
min
Z L
Z S
Z L
Z S
I I
V V
I I
V V
+

>
+

, thng chon I
Zmin
= 0.1 I
Zmax
Chon Diode Zener sao cho:
max min
min min max max
max
1 . 0 9 . 0
) ( ) (
S Z S
Z S L Z S L
Z
V V V
V V I V V I
I


>
va:
max max L Z
I I >
va:
min max min max min
10 1 . 0
L Z L Z Z
I I I I I s s =
- Thiet ke: Lam theo th t ngc lai e xac nh I
Zmax
cua Diode Zener va
R
i
- V du 1: Thiet ke mach on ap dung Diode Zener: V
Z
= 10 V
a) v
S
: 14 20 V va i
L
: 100 200 mA
A
V V V
V V I V V I
I
S Z S
Z S L Z S L
Z
533 . 0
1 . 0 9 . 0
) ( ) (
max min
min min max max
max
=


>
va A I I
L Z
2 . 0
max max
= >
Mch din t 1
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Chng 1 34
va A I I
L Z
1 10
min max
= s
Chon I
Zmax
= 0.533A R
i
= 15.8 O
Can xet en cong suat tieu tan cc ai tren R
i
va Diode Zener:
Tren R
i
: P
Rimax
= (V
Smax
V
Z
)
2
/ R
i
= 6.33 W
Tren Diode Zener: P
Diode
= I
Zmax
V
Z
= 5.33 W
b) v
S
: 10.2 14 V va i
L
: 20 200 mA
A
V V V
V V I V V I
I
S Z S
Z S L Z S L
Z
4
1 . 0 9 . 0
) ( ) (
max min
min min max max
max
=


>
Khong thiet ke c !!!
- V du 2: V
Z
= 7.2 V; v
S
= V
dc
= 12 V; i
L
: 12 100 mA; Tm R
i
V
Smax
= V
Smin
= V
dc
= 12V
mA
V V V
V V I V V I
I
S Z S
Z S L Z S L
Z
8 . 97
1 . 0 9 . 0
) ( ) (
max min
min min max max
max
=


>
va mA I I
L Z
100
max max
= >
va mA I I
L Z
120 10
min max
= s
Chon I
Zmax
= 100 mA
Mch din t 1
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Chng 1 35
43.5O > R
i
> 40O: Chon R
i
= 43.5O
Cong suat tieu tan cc ai:
Tren R
i
: P
Rimax
= (V
dc
V
Z
)
2
/ R
i
= 0.53W
Tren Diode Zener: P
Diode
= I
Zmax
V
Z
= 0.72 W
1.7.2 Diode Zener thc te va o thay oi ien ap (percent regulation)
- Diode Zener thc te: <Xem TLTK [2]>
9ac tuyen VA
9Dung phng phap o th e phan tch mach.
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Chng 1 36
- o thay oi ien ap:
9V du: Xet V du 1a) trong phan trc. Gia s I
Zmin
= 0.1I
Zmax
= 0.053A
Diode Zener thc te co gia tr ien tr ong: r
d
= 2O
Mach tng ng:
ien ap ra: V
omax
= 10 + 0.532 = 11.1V
V
omin
= 10 + 0.0532 = 10.1V
9o thay oi ien ap:
%Reg = (V
omax
V
omin
) / V
o danh nh (nominal)
%Reg = (11.1 10.1) / 10 = 10%
Never, never, never give up.
- Winston Churchill, Sir (1874-1965)
R
i
r
d
i
L
v
o
+
_
V
Z
i
Z
Diode Zener
ly tng
Mch din t 1
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Chng 1 37
1.8 CAC LOAI DIODE KHAC
<Xem Giao trnh va TLTK [3]>
1.9 ANH HNG CUA NHIET O VA CAC THONG SO KY THUAT
1.9.1 Anh hng cua nhiet o
- Anh hng len ac tuyen VA
9ien ap ngng V

(turn-on voltage)
) ( ) ( ) (
1 1 o o
T T k T V T V V = = A

k = 2.5 mV/
o
C
9Dong phan cc ngc bao hoa I
o
) (
1 2
1 2
) ( ) (
T T K
o o
e T I T I

=
K = 0.07 /
o
C
- Quan he gia cong suat va nhiet o cua Diode <Xem TLTK [2]>
9nh luat Ohm
P T T
21 1 2
u =
u
21
: ien tr nhiet (thermal resistance) gia 2 va 1 (
o
C / W)
P: Cong suat tieu tan (power dissipation) tai 2 (W)
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Chng 1 38
j jc c j
P T T u =
j ca a c
P T T u =
T
j
s T
jmax
: Cho trc bi nha san xuat
u
jc
: Hang so, cho trc bi nha san xuat
u
ca
: Co the thay oi c, s dung tan nhiet
(heat sink) e giam u
ca
Giam T
j
vi cung
cong suat P
j
(T
a
= constant)
9ng suy giam cong suat (Derating Curve)
P
j
T
j
T
c
T
a
u
jc
u
c
Mch din t 1
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Chng 1 39
1.9.2 Thong so ky thuat <Xem TLTK [2], [3]>
- Diode thong thng
1. ien ap ngc cc ai (PIV
Peak Inverse Voltage)
2. Dong phan cc nghch cc ai
tai PIV
3. ien ap phan cc thuan cc ai
4. Gia tr trung bnh cua chnh lu
ban song
5. Nhiet o cc ai cho tiep giap
pn T
jmax
6. ng suy giam cong suat
- Diode Zener
1. ien ap danh nh (nominal
reference voltage) V
ZT
2. o thay oi (tolerance) gia cac
Diode
3. Cong suat tieu tan cc ai P
max
4. Dong ien th (test current) I
ZT
5. ien tr ong tai dong th R
ZT
6. Dong ien tai iem goi I
Zk
7. ien tr ong tai iem goi R
Zk
8. Nhiet o cc ai cho tiep giap
pn T
jmax
9. He so nhiet o (temperature
coefficient) TC, the hien s thay
oi cua V
Z
theo nhiet o
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Chng 2 1
CHNG 2: TRANSISTOR HAI LP TIEP GIAP - BJT
2.1 Gii thieu
2.2 Dong chay trong BJT
2.3 Khuech ai dong trong BJT
2.4 Giai tch mach BJT bang o th
2.5 Tnh toan cong suat
2.6 Tu Bypass vo han
2.7 Tu ghep vo han
2.8 Mach Emitter Follower
2.9 M rong
We make a living by what we get, we make a life by what we give.
- Winston Churchill, Sir (1874-1965)
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Chng 2 2
2.1 Gii thieu
- 1948: Transistor au tien (Bell Lab)
- Cac loai transistor (TST): BJT, FET
- BJT: Bipolar Junction Transistor: Transistor hai lp tiep giap
2.2 Dong chay trong BJT
- Cau tao va ky hieu - Dong chay trong BJT
EB: Phan cc thuan
CB: Phan cc nghch
CBO E C
I I I + = o
C B E
I I I + =

CBO E B
I I I = ) 1 ( o
o o
o
CBO
C B
I
I I
|
.
|

\
|

=
1
at:
o
o
|

=
1
Lu y: Cau hnh B chung (CB Common Base configuration)
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Chng 2 3
2.2.1 Moi noi Emitter Base (EB)
Xem moi noi EB nh mot Diode phan cc thuan hoat ong oc lap (i
D
= i
E
; v
D
= v
EB
)
- DCLL va ac tuyen EB
DCLL:
e
EE
EB
e
E
R
V
v
R
i + =
1
- Mach tng ng n gian
v
E
= V
EBQ
= V

(0.7V: Silicon;
0.2V: Germanium)
r
d
= 0
e
EBQ EE
EQ
R
V V
I

=
Mch din t 1
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Chng 2 4
2.2.2 Moi noi Collector Base (CB)
T quan he:
CBO E C
I I I + = o , mach tng ng cua moi noi CB:
V du 1: Cho mach ien nh hnh ve: o ~ 1, I
CBO
~ 0; V
EE
= 2V; R
e
= 1k; V
CC
= 50V; R
c
= 20k; v
i
= 1sinet. Tnh i
E
va v
CB
.
3
2
1
t
R
V v V
i
e
EBQ i EE
E
e sin 0 . 1 3 . 1 + =
+
= (mA)
E c CC C c CC CB
i R V i R V v + = + =
i
e
c
e
EBQ EE
c CC CB
v
R
R
R
V V
R V v +

+ =
t v
CB
e sin 20 24 + = (V)
He so khuech ai tn hieu xoay chieu: A
v
= 20
E E C C
B
B
I
E
I
E I
C
I
C
I
B
I
B
V
EBQ
V
EBQ
Diode ly
tng
oI
E
oI
E I
CBO
R
e
R
e
R
c
R
c
V
EE
V
EE
V
CC
V
CC
V
EBQ
v
i
v
i
E
E
C
C
B
B
i
E
i
C
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Chng 2 5
2.3 Khuech ai dong trong BJT
Quan he gia i
C
va i
B
(bo qua I
CBO
):
B C
i i ~ | vi
o
o
|

=
1
He so khuech ai tn hieu nho:
B B C
i i i A + A = A | |
Suy ra:
fe B
B B
C
h i
i i
i
=
A
A
+ =
A
A |
|
Xem gan ung:
FE fe
h h ~ |
Lu y: | cua cac TST cung loai co the thay oi nhieu theo tng TST.
V du 2: Cho mach ien nh hnh ve. Xac nh he so khuech ai dong tn hieu nho.
9 Cau hnh E chung (CE Common Emitter configuration)
9 Transistor npn
1
2
3
- Ngo vao:
b BQ
b
BEQ i BB
B
i I
R
V v V
i + =
+
=
vi:
b
BEQ BB
BQ
R
V V
I

= va
b
i
b
R
v
i =
- Ngo ra:
c CQ b BQ B C
i I i I i i + = + = ~ ) ( | |
He so khuech ai dong tn hieu nho: | = =
b
c
i
i
i
A
R
b
R
c
v
i
V
BB
V
CC
i
B
i
C
B
E
C
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Chng 2 6
ac tuyen VA ngo ra cau hnh E chung
- Vung bao hoa: v
CE
s V
CEsat
Quan he gia i
C
va i
B
la khong tuyen tnh
- Vung chu ong: V
CEsat
s v
CE
s BV
CEO
Quan he tuyen tnh:
CBO B C
I i i
o
|
| + =
Gii han dong: I
C-cutoff
s i
C
s I
Cmax
V du 3: V
CC
= 10V, R
b
= 10K, R
c
= 1K. TST: | = 100, V
BE
= 0.7V, V
CEsat
= 0.1V. Tm
ieu kien lam viec (I
C
va V
CE
) cua TST khi: a) V
BB
= 1.5V b) V
BB
= 10.7V
3
2
1
b
BE BB
B
R
V V
I

= ;
c C CC CE
R I V V =
a) I
B
= 0.08mA; I
C
= |I
B
= 8mA
V
CE
= 2V: TST hoat ong trong vung tch cc.
b) I
B
= 1mA; Gia s I
C
= |I
B
= 100mA V
CE
= -90 !!!
TST hoat ong trong vung bao hoa: V
CE
= V
CEsat
= 0.1
mA
K R
V V
I
c
CE CC
C
9 . 9
1
1 . 0 10
=

=
V
BB
V
CC
R
b
R
c
Mch din t 1
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Chng 2 7
Mach tng ng
1
1
2.4 Giai tch mach BJT bang o th
Mach khuech ai c ban
1
2
3
RL
Re R1
R2
VCC
Mang phan cc
R2
R1
VCC
VBB
Rb
1
1
VCC
1
2
3
RL
Rb
Re
VBB
E
h
fe
i
b
R
0
i
c
C
v
ce
+
_
i
i
i
i

B
B
Mch din t 1
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Chng 2 8
- Mang phan cc (Mach tng ng Thevenin):
CC BB
V
R R
R
V
2 1
1
+
=
2 1
2 1
R R
R R
R
b
+
=
Thiet ke:
CC BB
b
V V
R
R
/ 1
1

=
BB
CC
b
V
V
R R =
2
- Hoat ong cua mach khuech ai (DC)
9 Ngo ra:
e E L C CE CC
R i R i v V + + =
Vi i
C
= oi
E
~ i
E
, suy ra: ) (
e L C CE CC
R R i v V + + = : DCLL
9 Ngo vao:
e E BE b B BB
R i v R i V + =
Bo qua I
CBO
: i
B
= (1-o)i
E
, suy ra:
b e
BE BB
b e
BE BB
E
R R
v V
R R
v V
i
|
o
+
+

=
+

=
1
1
) 1 (
e loai bo s thay oi cua i
E
do | thay oi, chon R
e
>> R
b
/(1+|).
9 Tnh iem Q (I
CQ
, V
CEQ
):
e
BEQ BB
EQ CQ
R
V V
I I

= ~ ;
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
e
L
BB CC CEQ
R
R
V V V 1 ) 7 . 0 (
Mch din t 1
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Chng 2 9
- Giai tch bang o th
9 Tn hieu nho:
CQ C c
I i i = va:
CEQ CE ce
V v v =
9 Quan he pha: i
b
tang, i
c
, i
e
tang, v
ce
giam
9 ieu kien e i
C
co the dao ong cc ai (max swing): (Gia s V
CEsat
= 0 va
I
C-cutoff
= 0)
e L
CC
CQ
R R
V
I
+
=
2 /
2 /
CC CEQ
V V =
Mch din t 1
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Chng 2 10
V du 4: Tm Q e co max swing:
R1
R2
Re
200
RL
1k
1
DCLL: ) 200 1000 ( 9 + + ~
CQ CEQ
I V
Max swing: I
CEQ
=
e L
CC
R R
V
+
2 /
= 3.75 mA
V
CEQ
= V
CC
/ 2 = 4.5 V
V du 5: Tm R
1
va R
2
trong v du 4 e at c Max Swing
1
Rb
Re
200
RL
1k
VBB
V
BQ
= V
BE
+ V
EQ
= V
BE
+ I
EQ
R
e
~ V
BE
+ I
CQ
R
e
Chon R
e
>> R
b
/(1+|), thng chon: ) 1 (
10
1
| + =
e b
R R = 2K
V
BB
= V
Rb
+ V
BQ
= I
BQ
R
b
+ V
BQ
~ (I
CQ
/|)(0.1|R
e
) + V
BE
+ I
CQ
R
e
V
BB
= V
BE
+ I
CQ
(1.1R
e
) = 0.7 + (3.75E-3)(1.1)(200) = 1.525 V
Suy ra:
CC BB
b
V V
R
R
/ 1
1

= = 2.4K
BB
CC
b
V
V
R R =
2
= 11.8K
| = 100
+9V
| = 100
+9V
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Chng 2 11
2.5 Tnh toan cong suat
- Cong thc tong quat:
)
=
T
dt t I t V
T
P
0
) ( ) (
1
V(t) = V
av
+ v(t)
I(t) = I
av
+ i(t)
Trong o:V
av
, I
av
: Gia tr trung bnh
v(t), i(t): Thanh phan thay oi
theo thi gian co trung bnh bang 0.
)
+ + =
T
av av
dt t i I t v V
T
P
0
)) ( ))( ( (
1
)
+ =
T
av av
dt t i t v
T
I V P
0
) ( ) (
1
- Cong suat trung bnh tieu tan tren tai (Cong suat xoay chieu)
)
=
T
L c ac L
dt R i
T
P
0
2
,
1
Gia s i
c
la tn hieu sin: i
c
= I
cm
sinet
2
2
,
L cm
ac L
R I
P =
MaxSwing: max(I
cm
) = I
CQ
=
) ( 2
e L
CC
R R
V
+
Suy ra: max(P
L,ac
) =
2
2
) ( 8
e L
L CC
R R
R V
+
e cc ai hoa cong suat tieu tan tren tai:
Chon R
L
>> R
e
Suy ra: max(P
L,ac
)
L
CC
R
V
8
2
~
Mch din t 1
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Chng 2 12
- Cong suat nguon cung cap trung bnh
) )
+ = =
T T
c CQ CC C CC CC
dt i I V
T
dt i V
T
P
0 0
) (
1 1
CQ CC CC
I V P =
Max Swing: I
CQ
=
) ( 2
e L
CC
R R
V
+
Suy ra: P
CC
=
) ( 2
2
e L
CC
R R
V
+
Vi R
L
>> R
e
: P
CC
L
CC
R
V
2
2
~
- Cong suat trung bnh tren Transistor
| |
) ) ) )
+ = + = =
T T
C e L C CC C
T
C e L CC
T
C CE C
dt i
T
R R dt i V
T
dt i i R R V
T
dt i v
T
P
0 0
2
0 0
1
) (
1
) (
1 1
E L CC C
P P P P = : Bao toan nang lng
Khai trien: ( )
2
sin
1 1
2
2
0
2
0
2 cm
CQ
T
cm CQ
T
C
I
I dt t I I
T
dt i
T
+ = + =
) )
e
Suy ra:
2
) ( ) (
2
2 cm
e L CQ e L CC C
I
R R I R R P P + + =
TST tieu thu cong suat cc ai khi khong co tn hieu:
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Chng 2 13
max(P
C
) = ( )
2
CQ e L CC
I R R P +
Max Swing: max(P
C
) =
L
CC
e L
CC
R
V
R R
V
4 ) ( 4
2 2
~
+
- Hieu suat
9 Hieu suat:
CC
ac L
P
P
,
= q
Max Swing:
( )
L CC
L cm
R V
R I
2 /
2 /
2
2
= q
Hieu suat cc ai khi I
cm
cc ai: max(I
cm
) = I
CQ
L
CC
R
V
2
~ (Gia s R
L
>> R
e
)
Suy ra: max(q)
L CC
L CC
R V
R V
2 /
8 /
2
2
= 0.25
9 Ty so cong suat tieu tan TST cc ai tren cong suat tai xoay chieu cc ai:
(Thiet ke: Chon TST co ch so cong suat tieu tan cc ai thch hp)
2
8 /
4 /
) max(
) max(
2
2
,
= ~
L CC
L CC
ac L
C
R V
R V
P
P
:
Mch din t 1
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Chng 2 14
2.6 Tu Bypass vo han
R
e
: + Tao dong phan cc I
CQ
va tang o on nh phan cc (C3).
_ Giam hieu suat; Giam he so khuech ai oi vi tn hieu nho xoay chieu (C4)
S dung tu bypass (Gia s C
e
, oi vi tn hieu xoay chieu: Z
C
= 1/(jCe) 0)
VBB
Re
RL
Rb
VCC
Ce
DCLL:
e L DC
R R R + =
DC
CC
CE
DC
C
R
V
V
R
I + =
1
ACLL:
c L ce
i R v =
L ac
R R =

ce
ac
c
v
R
i
1
= (Goc toa o Q)
Destiny is what we make.
- Anonymous
i
i
i
B
i
C
i
E
Mch din t 1
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Chng 2 15
Max Swing: Q trung iem ACLL

ac CQ CEQ
R I V =
Thay vao DCLL:
( )
DC
CC
ac CQ
DC
CQ
R
V
R I
R
I + =
1

ac DC
CC
CQ
R R
V
I
+
=
ac DC
CC
CEQ
R R
V
V
/ 1+
=
2.7 Tu ghep (coupling capacitor) vo han
Tu ghep: Ngan dong DC qua tai.
DCLL: R
DC
= R
e
+ R
c
ACLL: R
ac
= R
c
// R
L
Max Swing:
ac DC
CC
CQ
R R
V
I
+
=
ac DC
CC
CEQ
R R
V
V
/ 1+
=
Dong qua tai (AC):
c
c L
c
L
i
R R
R
i
+
=
Rb
Re
Rc
RL
Ce
Cc
VBB
VCC
1
i
i
i
B
i
C
i
E
i
L
Mch din t 1
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Chng 2 16
2.8 Mach Emitter Follower
Cb
R2
R1 Re
VCC
vi
Rb
Re
VCC
Cb
VBB
vi
a) Mach Emitter Follower b) Mach tng ng
v
B
= v
BE
+ v
E
Xem v
BE
~ V
BE
= 0.7
v
i
= v
b
~ v
e
: Follower
VCC
Cb
Re
Rb
vi
VBB
Ce
RL
c) Mach Emitter Follower vi tai AC
DCLL: R
DC
= R
e
ACLL: R
ac
= R
e
// R
L
v
E
v
E
v
L
Mch din t 1
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Chng 2 17
2.9 M rong
2.9.1 Mach phan cc Base Injection
Xet mach Emitter Follower vi mach phan cc Base Injection sau:
vi
R2
Cb
Re
VCC
RL
Ce
- Tnh toan mach phan cc:
Ngo vao: V
CC
= V
R2
+ V
BEQ
+ V
Re
V
CC
~ R
2
(I
CQ
/|) + V
BEQ
+ R
e
I
CQ
| /
2
R R
V V
I
e
BEQ CC
CQ
+

=
Ngo ra: V
CEQ
= V
CC
- R
e
I
CQ
- Thiet ke mach phan cc:
Chon tnh iem Q
Tnh R
2
=
| /
CQ
CQ e BEQ CC
I
I R V V
v
L
Mch din t 1
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Chng 2 18
2.9.2 Nguon cua mach khuech ai
Co the thay oi ien ap nguon cung cap cho mach khuech ai e thay oi mc DC
cua ngo ra (Van bao am TST phan cc ung).
V du 6: Xet mach CE sau
Cb
R2
R1 Re
+VCC
vi
Rc
-VEE
DCLL: R
DC
= R
c
+ R
e
DC
EE CC
CE
DC
C
R
V V
V
R
I
+
+ =
1
ACLL: R
ac
= R
c
+ R
e
Vi tn hieu ac, cac nguon mot chieu
(V
CC
, V
EE
) ngan mach: Phan tch nh
cac phan trc.
V du: Chon R
C
I
CQ
= V
CC
Mc DC ngo ra: v
0-DC
= 0 (Khong can
dung tu coupling ngo ra)
v
o
Mch din t 1
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Chng 3 1
CHNG 3: ON NH PHAN CC (Bias Stability) CHO BJT
3.1 Gii thieu
3.2 Anh hng cua | len tnh iem Q
3.3 Anh hng cua nhiet o len tnh iem Q
3.4 Phan tch he so on nh
3.5 Bo chnh nhiet dung Diode
3.6 Anh hng cua nhiet o va cac thong so ky thuat
Mch din t 1
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Chng 3 2
3.1 Gii thieu
9 Tnh iem Q
9 S thay oi cua tnh iem Q: Nhiet o, |, nguon cung cap,
3.2 Anh hng cua | len tnh iem Q
Rb
Rc
Re
VBB
VCC
Lu y: Phan tch co the
dung cho CB, CE, CC
- Tong quat:
Khuech ai dong:
CBO E CBO B C
I I I I I + = + + = o | | ) 1 (
KVL moi noi BE:
e E BE b B BB
R I V R I V + + =

b e
b e CBO BE BB
CQ
R R
R R I V V
I
) 1 (
) ( ) (
o
o
+
+ +
=
- Xet anh hng cua | len tnh iem Q:
Xem o ~ 1; V
BE
~ 0.7(Si) va I
CBO
(R
e
+ R
b
) << (V
BB
- V
BE
)

| /
7 . 0
b e
BB
CQ
R R
V
I
+

~
- e giam anh hng cua | len I
CQ
, chon R
e
>> R
b
/ |

e
BB
CQ
R
V
I
7 . 0
~
Thiet ke: 1. Chon tnh iem Q
2. Chon
10
min e
b
R
R
|
= ; tnh toan mach phan cc nh trong chng 2
Mch din t 1
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Chng 3 3
Cac ky thuat phan cc s dung hoi tiep (feedback)
- Khai niem hoi tiep
- Hoi tiep dong (current feedback)
| /
B E
BE CC
CQ
R R
V V
I
+

=
hay
B E
BE CC
BQ
R R
V V
I
+

=
|
- Hoi tiep dong va ap (current & voltage feedback)
E CQ BE F BQ C CQ CC
R I V R I R I V + + + ~

E CQ BE
F CQ
C CQ CC
R I V
R I
R I V + + + =
|

| /
B E C
BE CC
CQ
R R R
V V
I
+ +

=
hay:
B E C
BE CC
BQ
R R R
V V
I
+ +

=
) ( |
Mch din t 1
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Chng 3 4
3.3 Anh hng cua nhiet o len tnh iem Q
- Anh hng cua nhiet o:
9 ien ap ngng: ) (
1 2 1 2
T T k V V V
BE BE BE
= = A vi k = 2.5 mV /
o
C (Si)
9 Dong phan cc nghch bao hoa: ( )
) (
1 2
1 2
T T K
CBO CBO
e I I

= vi K = 0.07 /
o
C

T
e I
T
I I
T
I
T K
CBO CBO CBO CBO
A

=
A

=
A
A
A
) 1 (
1 1 2
- Tnh iem Q: Xem o ~ 1 va R
e
>> R
b
/ |; t cong thc tong quat:
) 1 (
e
b
CBO
e
BE BB
CQ
R
R
I
R
V V
I + +

T
I
R
R
T
V
R T
I
CBO
e
b BE
e
CQ
A
A
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
A
A
=
A
A
1
1

|
|
.
|

\
|
A

|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + =
A
A
A
T
e
I
R
R
R
k
T
I
T K
CBO
e
b
e
CQ
1
1
1
( ) 1 1
1

|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
A
= A
AT K
CBO
e
b
e
CQ
e I
R
R
R
T k
I
- V du: Xet mach ien trong phan (3.2) vi: R
b
= 400; R
e
= 100; I
CQ
= 10 mA tai 25
o
C. Tm
s thay oi cua I
CQ
khi nhiet o len en 55
o
C vi a) Silicon; b) Germanium.
Mch din t 1
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Chng 3 5
Tong quat: ( ) 1
100
400
1
100
) 25 55 ( 10 5 . 2
) 25 55 ( 07 . 0
1
3

|
.
|

\
|
+ +

= A

e I I
CBO CQ
1
3
36 10 75 . 0
CBO CQ
I I + = A

a) Silicon: I
CBO1
= 1 A AI
CQ
= 0.786 mA
b) Germanium: I
CBO1
= 100 A AI
CQ
= 4.35 mA
Nhan xet: i) AI
CQ (Silicon)
<< AI
CQ(Germanium)
ii) Vi Silicon, AI
CQ
chu yeu do AV
BE
3.4 Phan tch he so on nh (stability analysis)
- Bai toan: I
CQ
= I
CQ
(I
CBO
, V
BE
, |, ) se thay oi nh the nao khi cac bien phu thuoc thay oi
- Gia thuyet: Gia s cac bien phu thuoc thay oi mot lng nho, s dung khai trien Taylor:
... +
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
= |
|
d
I
dV
V
I
dI
I
I
dI
CQ
BE
BE
CQ
CBO
CBO
CQ
CQ
- nh ngha: He so on nh (stability factors)
CBO
CQ
CBO
CQ
I
I
I
I
I
S
c
c
~
A
A
= ;
BE
CQ
BE
CQ
V
V
I
V
I
S
c
c
~
A
A
= ;
| |
|
c
c
~
A
A
=
CQ CQ
I I
S
Lu y 1: Cac he so on nh c tnh tai iem Q danh nh (nominal Q)
Vi cac thay oi nho: AI
CQ
~ dI
CQ
; AI
CBO
~ dI
CBO
; AV
BE
~ dV
BE
; A| ~ d|
Suy ra:
AI
CQ
~ S
I
AI
CBO
+ S
V
AV
BE
+ S
|
A| +
Mch din t 1
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Chng 3 6
Lu y 2: Thc te, | thay oi rat nhieu, khi o AI
CQ
van c tnh t cong thc tren vi S
|
c tnh trc tiep theo nh ngha:
|
|
A
A
=
CQ
I
S
- Xet mach trong phan 3.2:
b e
b e CBO BE BB
CQ
R R
R R I V V
I
) 1 (
) ( ) (
o
o
+
+ +
=
Tnh cac he so on nh: (Gia s R
e
>> R
b
/ | ~ (1-o)R
b
)
9
e
b
b e
b e
CBO
CQ
I
R
R
R R
R R
I
I
S + ~
+
+
=
c
c
= 1
) 1 ( o
9
e b e BE
CQ
V
R R R V
I
S
1
) 1 (
~
+

=
c
c
=
o
o
9 Tnh S
|
: Tnh trc tiep t nh ngha, s dung
|
|
o
+
=
1
va gia s bo qua I
CBO

e b
EE BB
CQ
R R
V V
I
) 1 (
) (
+ +

~
|
|

e b
e b
CQ
CQ
R R
R R
I
I
) 1 (
) 1 (
2
1
1
2
1
2
+ +
+ +
=
|
|
|
|

| |
e b
e b
CQ
CQ
CQ
CQ CQ
R R
R R
I
I
I
I I
) 1 (
) (
2 1 1 1
1 2
+ +
+ A
=
A
=

| |
|

+ +
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
A
A

e b
e b
CQ CQ
R R
R R
I I
S
) 1 (
2 1
1
| | |
|
Mch din t 1
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Chng 3 7
Suy ra: ...
) 1 (
1
1
2 1
1
+ A
(

+ +
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ A
|
|
.
|

\
|
A
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ ~ A |
| |
e b
e b
CQ
BE
e
CBO
e
b
CQ
R R
R R
I
V
R
I
R
R
I
Trong o: ) 1 (
1
= A
AT K
CBO CBO
e I I
T k V
BE
A = A
1 2
| | | = A
- M rong:
e R CC V BE V CBO I CQ
R S V S S V S I S I
e CC
A + A + A + A + A = A |
|
Vi
CC
CQ
V
V
I
S
CC
c
c
~ ;
e
CQ
R
R
I
S
e
c
c
~
- V du: a) Tm I
CQ
tai nhiet o phong, s dung cac gia tr danh nh
b) Tnh AI
CQ
vi cac thay oi tren V
CC
, R
e
, |; nhiet o thay oi t 25 125
o
C.
a)
2 1
1
R R
R
V V
CC BB
+
= ; R
b
= R
1
// R
2
Dung cong thc tong quat:
b e
b e CBO BE BB
CQ
R R
R R I V V
I
) 1 (
) ( ) (
o
o
+
+ +
= = 10.6 mA
b) + Tnh cac he so on nh:
Mch din t 1
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Chng 3 8
b e
b e
I
R R
R R
S
) 1 ( o +
+
= = 5.25 mA/mA
e
V
R
S
1
~ = - 10 mA/V
(

+ +
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
~
e b
e b
CQ
R R
R R
I
S
) 1 (
2 1
1
| |
|
= 0.0116 mA
Tnh S
Vcc
va S
Re
, t cong thc tong quat:
b e
b e CBO BE BB
CQ
R R
R R I V V
I
) 1 (
) ( ) (
o
o
+
+ +
= , suy ra:
2 1
1
) 1 ( ) 1 ( R R
R
R R V
V
R R V
I
S
b e CC
BB
b e CC
CQ
V
CC
+ +
=
c
c
+
=
c
c
=
o
o
o
o
= 0.91 mA/V
| |
2
) 1 (
) (
b e
BE BB
e
CQ
R
R R
V V
R
I
S
e
o
o
+

~
c
c
= = - 0.1 mA/O
+ Xac nh cac ai lng bien thien:
) 1 (
1
= A
AT K
CBO CBO
e I I = 0.11 mA
T k V
BE
A = A = -250 mV
1 2
| | | = A = 50
CC
V A = 4V
e
R A = 20 O
+ Suy ra o dch tnh iem Q nhieu nhat
e R CC V BE V CBO I CQ
R S V S S V S I S I
e CC
A + A + A + A + A = A |
|
= 9.3 mA
o dch tnh iem Q xung quanh gia tr danh nh ~ 9.3 / 2 = 4.65 mA
Mch din t 1
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Chng 3 9
3.5 Bo chnh nhiet dung Diode
- Nhan xet: Thay o nhiet o anh hng len dong phan cc I
CQ
chu yeu do AV
BE
.
Giam S
V
: Tang R
e
, tuy nhien lam giam dong phan cc.
Giam AV
BE
: Bo chnh nhiet
- Bo chnh nhiet dung Diode:
Chon Diode sao cho:
T
V
T
V
BE D
A
A
=
A
A
Nguon dong:
1 +
+ = + =
|
EQ
D BQ D BB
I
I I I I
Mat khac:
e EQ BEQ d D D B
R I V R I V V + = + =
Suy ra:
)] 1 /( [ + +
+
=
|
d e
d BB BEQ D
EQ
R R
R I V V
I
)] 1 /( [
/ /
+ +
A A A A
=
A
A
|
d e
BE D
EQ
R R
T V T V
T
I
= 0
- Cau hnh thc te:
- Giai quyet c bai toan la chon Diode
thch hp (matching) vi TST
- S dung trong cac mach tch hp
(Integrated Circuit)
Mch din t 1
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Chng 3 10
- V du: Xac nh anh hng cua nhiet o len tnh iem Q
Mach tng ng:
BQ
d
D B
b
B
BB
I
R
V V
R
V
I +

+ = ; gia s
b
B
BQ
R
V
I << va
d
D B
B
R
V V
I

<<

d
D B
b
B
BB
R
V V
R
V
I

+ ~
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
d b
d b
d
D
BB B
R R
R R
R
V
I V

|
|
.
|

\
|

+
+
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
=

=
BEQ
d b
b D
d b
d CC
e e
BEQ B
EQ
V
R R
R V
R R
R V
R R
V V
I
1
Bien thien theo nhiet o:
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c

c
c
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
c
c
T
V
T
V
R R
R
R T
I
BEQ
D
d b
b
e
EQ
1
V hai TST la giong nhau: k
T
V
T
V
BEQ
D
=
c
c
=
c
c
, suy ra:
d b e
EQ
R R R
k
T
I
/ 1
1
+
=
c
c
Mch din t 1
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Chng 3 11
3.6 Anh hng cua nhiet o va cac thong so ky thuat
V du: Transistor 2N1016, Silicon npn
1. ien tr nhiet toi a: u
jc
= 0.7
o
C/W
2. Cong suat tieu tan toi a vi bo tan nhiet ly tng tai 25
o
C: P
C
= 150 W
3. Nhiet o moi noi toi a: T
j,max
= 140
o
C
4. Cac thong so cc ai tuyet oi tai 25
o
C:
1) I
C
= 7.5 A
2) I
B
= 5 A
3) Breakdown voltage:
a) BV
CBO
= 30 V
b) BV
EBO
= 25 V
c) BV
CEO
= 30 V
5. Dong I
CBO
cc ai tai ien ap V
CB
cc ai tai 25
o
C = 10 mA
6. He so khuech ai dong | tai V
CE
= 4V, I
C
= 5A: 10 s | s 18
7. Tan so cat CE (cutoff frequency): f
|
= 30 kHz
Mch din t 1
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Chng 4 1
Chng 4: PHAN TCH & THIET KE MACH TN HIEU NHO TAN SO THAP
4.1 Gii thieu
4.2 Cac thong so Hybrid
4.3 Cau hnh E chung (Common Emitter CE)
4.4 Cau hnh B chung (Common Base CB)
4.5 Cau hnh C chung (Common Collector CC)
4.6 Tom tat cac thong so c ban trong ba cach mac BJT
Mch din t 1
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Chng 4 2
4.1 Gii thieu
9 Phng phap o th
9 Tn hieu nho
9 Mo hnh mach tng ng tn hieu nho
4.2 Cac thong so Hybrid
- Mang hai ca: v
1
, i
1
, v
2
, i
2
- Cac thong so ac trng: Tr khang (impedance); dan nap (admittance), hybrid,
- Cac thong so hybrid:
2 12 1 11 1
v h i h v + =
2 22 1 21 2
v h i h i + =
Vi TST:
2 1 1
v h i h v
r i
+ =
2 1 2
v h i h i
o f
+ =
nh ngha:
0
2 1
1
=
=
v i
v
h
i
= Tr khang ngo vao khi ngo ra ngan mach
Mch din t 1
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Chng 4 3
0
1 2
1
=
=
i v
v
h
r
= o li ien ap ngc (reverse voltage gain) khi ngo vao h mach
0
2 1
2
=
=
v i
i
h
f
= o li dong thuan (forward current gain) khi ngo ra ngan mach
0
1 2
2
=
=
i v
i
h
o
= Dan nap ngo ra khi ngo vao h mach
Lu y: - v
1
, i
1
, v
2
, i
2
, la cac ai lng tn hieu nho
- Cac thong so hybrid h phu thuoc vao tnh iem Q cua TST
- Cac thong so hybrid h cho cac cau hnh khac nhau (CE, CB, CC) c ky hieu bang
cach them vao cac ch so thch hp (e, b, c): V du: h
fe
la h
f
cho cau hnh CE,
4.3 Cau hnh E chung (Common Emitter CE)
S dung nguyen ly xep chong
(Superposition):
- DC: Chng 2
- AC: Tn hieu nho: Bien oi mach
tng ng
Mch din t 1
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Chng 4 4
Xac nh cac he so hybrid cho cau hnh CE:
- o li ien ap ngc h
re
: Thng rat nho, bo qua.
- Dan nap ngo ra h
oe
:
Q i
i
i v
i
h
B
C
b ce
c
oe
A
A
=
=
=
0
: He so goc cua ac tuyen (i
C
,v
CE
) tai Q.
Thng h
oe
s 10
- 4
S, va (1/h
oe
) // R
L
(~ 1 2K) Bo qua h
oe
.
- o li dong thuan h
fe
: | = ~
A
A
= =
FE
B
C
b
c
fe
h
Q i
i
Q i
i
h
- Tr khang ngo vao h
ie
:
CQ
T
fe
E
BE
fe
B
BE
b
be
ie
I
V
mh
Q i
v
h
Q i
v
Q i
v
h ~
A
A
~
A
A
= =
Mach tng ng cua TST:
Mch din t 1
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Chng 4 5
Mach tng ng cua cau hnh CE:
Xac nh cac tham so cua cau hnh CE:
o li dong: ( )
ie b
b
fe
i
b
b
L
i
L
i
h R
R
h
i
i
i
i
i
i
A
+
= = =
Tr khang ngo vao:
ie b i
h R Z // =
Tr khang ngo ra:
oe
o
h
Z
1
= (Neu bo qua h
oe
, Z
o
)
V du 1: Cho mach sau, gia s h
fe
= h
FE
= 50. Xac nh:
a) Tnh iem Q
b) Mach tng ng tn hieu nho, gia s bo
qua h
oe
va h
re
c) o li dong A
i
= i
L
/ i
i
d) Tr khang ngo vao nhn t nguon dong
e) Tr khang ngo ra nhn t tai 1K
Mch din t 1
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Chng 4 6
a) Tnh iem Q:
4 24
50 10
10
=
+
=
BB
V V;
50 10
50 10
+

=
b
R = 8.3K
2 . 2
7 . 4
/

~
+

=
e
BE BB
b e
BE BB
CQ
R
V V
R R
V V
I
|
= 1.5mA;
CQ e c CC CEQ
I R R V V ) ( + = = 15V
b) Mach tng ng tn hieu nho:
5 . 1
25
50
25
= =
CQ
fe ie
I
mV
h h = 833O
Bo qua h
oe
va h
re
, mach tng
ng tn hieu nho:
c) o li dong A
i
:
i
b
b
L
i
L
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
A = = ;
L c
c
b
L
R R
R
i
i
+
= ) 50 ( = - 39.6;
ie i b
i b
i
b
h r R
r R
i
i
+
=
) // (
) // (
= 0.85 A
i
= (0.85)(-39.6) = - 34
d) Tr khang ngo vao:
ie b i i
h R r Z // // = = 700O
e) Tr khang ngo ra:
Z
o
= R
C
= 3.8K
Mch din t 1
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Chng 4 7
V du 2: Tm o li dong cua mach khuech ai trong v du 1, gia s: h
re
= 10
-4
va h
0e
= 10
-4
mho
Mach tng ng:
Ngo ra:
b
L c oe
c oe
fe L
i
R R h
R h
h i
+
=
] // ) / 1 [(
] // ) / 1 [(
= - 36.7i
b
v
ce
= R
L
i
L
= - 36.710
3
i
b
S dung KVL ngo vao: v
b
= 830i
b
+ 10
-4
v
ce
= (830 3.67)i
b
~ 830i
b
Nhan xet 1: Anh hng cua h
re
la khong ang ke
S dung KCL ngo vao:
b b b b b i
i i i i
K K
v i 183 . 1
8300
1
10000
1
830
3 . 8
1
10
1
= +
|
.
|

\
|
+ = +
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
Suy ra: = = = = ) 183 . 1 / 1 )( 7 . 36 (
i
b
b
L
i
L
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
A -31
Nhan xet 2: So sanh vi v du 1 (A
i
= -34), anh hng cua h
oe
len A
i
la khong ang ke.
Mch din t 1
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Chng 4 8
4.4 Cau hnh B chung (Common Base CB)
- Cac thong so hybrid:
v
eb
= h
ib
(-i
e
) + h
rb
v
cb
i
c
= h
fb
i
e
+ h
oe
v
cb
Lu y: Chieu qui c cua i
e
, i
c
.
- Xac nh cac thong so hybrid: Dung mach tng ng CE
ie
eb
fe b fe c b e
h
v
h i h i i i

+ = + = + = ) 1 ( ) 1 ( , suy ra:
9 Tr khang ngo vao h
ib
:
EQ
T
fe
ie
cb e
eb
i
eb
ib
I
V
h
h
v i
v
i
v
h =
+
=
=
= =
1 0
Mch din t 1
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Chng 4 9
9 o li ien ap ngc h
rb
: h
rb
~ 10
4
: Thng bo qua.
9 o li dong thuan h
fb
:
1 0 +
=
=
=
fe
fe
cb e
c
fb
h
h
v i
i
h
9 Dan nap ngo ra h
ob
: S dung mach tng ng CE co h
oe
:
Theo nh ngha:
0 =
=
e cb
c
ob
i v
i
h
T mach CE: i
c
= - i
b
; i
hoe
= (h
fe
+1)i
b
v
cb
= v
ce
+ v
eb
= (-i
b
)(h
fe
+ 1)(1/h
oe
) + (-i
b
)(h
ie
)
v
cb
~ (-i
b
)(h
fe
+ 1)(1/h
oe
) = (i
c
)(h
fe
+ 1)(1/h
oe
)

fe
oe
e cb
c
ob
h
h
i v
i
h
+
=
=
=
1 0
Nhan xet: i) h
rb
va h
ob
thng rat nho: Bo qua
ii) Cac thong so hybrid CB (h
ib
, h
fb
, h
ob
) co c bang cach lay cac thong so CE
tng ng chia cho (1+h
fe
)
V du 3: a) Xac nh cac thong so CB cua v du 1, cho 1/h
oe
= 10K.
b) TST tren c s dung trong cau hnh CB vi r
i
= 100; R
L
= 5K. Xac nh o li
dong A
i
; ap A
v
, tr khang vao Z
i
; ra Z
o
a) T v du 1: h
fe
= 50; h
ie
= 0.83K; h
oe
= 10
4
mho; h
re
= 0.
Suy ra: 98 . 0
1
=
+
=
fe
fe
fb
h
h
h ;
fe
ie
ib
h
h
h
+
=
1
= 16O;
fe
oe
ob
h
h
h
+
=
1
= 210
-6
; h
rb
= 0.
Mch din t 1
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Chng 4 10
b) Mach tng ng:
|
.
|

\
|
+

+
= =
16 100
100
5 500
500
) 98 . 0 (
i
L
i
i
i
A = 0.83
i
L
i
L
i
L
v
i
i
r
R
v
v
A = = = 41.5
Z
i
= 16O
Z
0
= 500K
4.5 Cau hnh C chung (Common Collector CC) (Mach Emitter Follower - EF)
- Tnh chat: - o li ap A
v
~ 1
- Tr khang ngo vao ln, tr khang ngo ra nho: Impedance transformer
- Phan tch: - Mach tng ng dung thong so hybrid cau hnh CC.
- Bien oi tng ng s dung thong so hybrid cau hnh CE.
Thay TST bang mach tng ng cau hnh CE:
Mch din t 1
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Chng 4 11
9 Nhn t cc B:
v
b
= v
be
+ i
e
R
e
. Do v
be
= i
b
h
ie
va i
e
R
e
= (h
fe
+ 1)i
b
R
e
| |
e fe b ie b b
R h i h i v ) 1 ( + + = Mach tng ng (chuan i
b
)

| |
| |
(

+ + +
+ +
(

+ +
+
= =
e fe ie b i
e fe ie b
e fe ie
e fe
i
e
v
R h h R r
R h h R
R h h
R h
v
v
A
) 1 ( //
) 1 ( //
) 1 (
) 1 (
va
e fe ie i
R h h Z ) 1 ( + + =
9 Nhn t cc E:
Bien oi tng ng Thevenin ngo vao: Thay TST bang mach tng ng cau hnh CE:
KVL:
e be b i i
v v i r v + + =
, ,
Do
1 +
=
fe
e
b
h
i
i va
e ib
fe
e
ie b ie be
i h
h
i
h i h v =
+
= =
1

e e ib e
fe
i
i
v i h i
h
r
v + +
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
1
,
,
Mach tng ng (chuan i
e
)
Mch din t 1
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Chng 4 12

1
,
+
+ =
fe
i
ib o
h
r
h Z
Phan anh tr khang:
Phan anh t Emitter Base (chuan i
b
)
Dong / (h
fe
+ 1) (V du: i
e
i
e
/(h
fe
+ 1))
Tr khang (h
fe
+ 1) (V du: R
e
R
e
(h
fe
+ 1))
Ap: Khong oi (V du: v
e
v
e
)
Phan anh t Base Emitter (chuan i
e
)
Dong (h
fe
+ 1) (V du: i
b
i
b
(h
fe
+ 1))
Tr khang / (h
fe
+ 1) (V du: r
i
r
i
/ (h
fe
+ 1))
Ap: Khong oi
V du 4: Phan tch mach sau dung phan anh
tr khang
Bien oi mach tng ng:
| |
e fe ie i
i
L c
c
fe i
R h h r
r
R R
R
h A
) 1 (
,
,
+ + +
+
=
Mch din t 1
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Chng 4 13
V du 5: Tnh v
1
va v
2
cua mach ao pha (phase inverter) sau:
Phan anh tr khang cc E len mach cc B Mach tng ng (b)

) 1 ( ) // (
) 1 (
1
+ + +
+
+
=
fe e ie b i
fe e
i b
b
i
h R h R r
h R
r R
R
v v
Dong i
e
:
e
e
R
v
i
1
=
e
fb e fb c
R
v
h i h i
1
= =
Ngo ra cc C:
1 2
v
R
R
h R i v
e
c
fb c c
= =
Neu chon h
fb
R
c
(~ R
c
) = R
e
v
2
= - v
1
: ao pha.
4.6 Tom tat cac thong so c ban trong ba cach mac BJT
<Xem TLTK [1], [2]>
Mch din t 1
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Chng 5 1
Chng 5: MACH TRANSISTOR GHEP LIEN TANG
5.1 Gii thieu
5.2 Ghep Cascade cac mach khuech ai
5.3 Mach khuech ai vi sai (difference amplifier)
5.4 Cau hnh Darlington
5.5 Mach khuech ai ghep Cascode
Mch din t 1
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Chng 5 2
5.1 Gii thieu
Yeu cau thiet ke: o li (gain), cong suat ra, ap ng tan so, S dung nhieu hn mot TST.
- Mach khuech ai DC: Ghep trc tiep (direct coupling)
- Mach khuech ai AC: Ghep ien dung (capacitive coupling)
5.2 Ghep Cascade cac mach khuech ai
Ghep Cascade: - Ngo ra cua tang 1 la ngo vao cua tang 2,
- Mach co the gom nhieu cau hnh ghep cascade (vd: CE-CC, CE-CE, )
Phan tch: - Xac nh tnh iem
- Phan tch mach tng ng tn hieu nho
Xet mach ghep AC (ac-coupling) sau:
- Phan tch DC, xac nh tnh iem: Hai tang oc lap (do ghep AC): Chng 2, 3.
- Phan tch AC (tn hieu nho): Mach tng ng: Chng 4
Mch din t 1
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Chng 5 3
o li dong:
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

|
|
.
|

\
|
+

= = =
1
'
1
'
1
2
'
2
'
2 1
2
2 2
1
1
2
2
ie b
b
ie b
b fe
L C
C fe
i
b
b
b
b
L
i
L
i
h R
R
h R
R h
R R
R h
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
A
Gia s: h
ie1
<< R
b1
; h
ie2
<< R
b2
; R
L
<< R
C2
: A
i
~ (-h
fe1
)(-h
fe2
) N tang ???
V du 1: Xac nh o li ap va bien o dao ong cc ai ien ap ngo ra. Gia s h
fe
= 100.
- Xac nh tnh iem:
Tang 2: mA
h R R
V V
I
fe b e
BEQ CC
CQ
65 . 9
/
2 2 2
2
~
+

=
Mch din t 1
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Chng 5 4
Tang 1: R
b1
= R
1
// R
2
= 9.09K; V
BB
= V
CC
R
1
/(R
1
+ R
2
) = 1.82V mA
h R R
V V
I
fe b e
BEQ BB
CQ
3 . 1
/
1 1 1
1
~
+

=
- Mach tng ng tn hieu nho: O ~ = 1920
1
1 1
CQ
T
fe ie
I
V
h h ; O ~ = 260
2
2 2
CQ
T
fe ie
I
V
h h
- o li ap:
( ) | |
(

+
+
(

+
= = =
9 . 1 ) 9 // 1 (
) 9 // 1 (
1
1
) 50 //( 100 // 1 100
50
50
2
2
1
1
2
2
K
K h K K
h K
K
v
i
i
v
v
v
v
v
A
ie
ie i
b
b
b
b
L
i
L
v
~ -32
- Bien o dao ong cc ai ien ap ngo ra:
MaxSwing = min(MaxSwing
2
, A
v2
MaxSwing
1
) vi A
v2
: o li ien ap tang 2.
Mch din t 1
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Chng 5 5
9 Tang 2:
R
DC1
= 1K; R
ac1
= 1K // 1K = 0.5K
T DCLL va ACLL cua tang 2
MaxSwing
2
= 5V
9 Tang 1:
Tang 2 mac CC: Z
in2
= R
b2
// [h
ie2
+
(h
fe2
+ 1)(R
e2
//R
L
) ~ 33K
R
DC1
= 1K + 1K = 2K; R
ac1
= 1K //
33K ~ 0.97K
T DCLL va ACLL cua tang 1
MaxSwing
1
= 2.6V
Tang 2 mac CC: A
v2
=
2 2 2
2 2
1 2
2
) // )( 1 (
) // )( 1 (
ie L e fe
L e fe
out in
in
h R R h
R R h
Z Z
Z
+ +
+
+
~ 1 vi Z
out1
= R
C1
= 1K
9 Suy ra: MaxSwing = 2.6V
Mch din t 1
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Chng 5 6
V du 2: Cho mach khuech ai ghep trc tiep sau. Xac nh tnh iem, o li ap, maxswing ngo ra
- Xac nh tnh iem:
e n gian, xem I
B
= 0 trong cac tnh toan
tnh iem.
V
BE1
= 0.7V I
3
= 0.7/600 = 1.17 mA
I
C2
= I
E2
= I
3
= 1.17 mA V
CE2
= 9
(1.17mA)(1.3K + 1.8K + 0.6K) = 4.7V
V
E2
= (1.17mA)(1.8K + 0.6K) = 2.8V
V
C1
= V
B2
= V
BE
+ V
E2
= 0.7 + 2.8 = 3.5V =
V
CE1
I
C1
= (9 3.5)/2.2K = 2.5 mA
- Xac nh MaxSwing:
V tang 2 mac CE (A
v
thng >> 1) MaxSwing = MaxSwing
2
.
Xet tang 2:
R
DC
= 1.3K + 1.8K + 0.6K = 3.7K
R
ac
= 1.3K
T DCLL va ACLL cua tang 2 MaxSwing =
MaxSwing
2
= 1.5V
Mch din t 1
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Chng 5 7
- Mach tng ng tn hieu nho: K
I
V
h h
CQ
T
fe ie
1
1
1 1
~ = ; K
I
V
h h
CQ
T
fe ie
14 . 2
2
2 2
~ =
Suy ra: | |
(

+ +
(

+

= = =
1 ) 8 . 0 // 6 . 0 (
) 8 . 0 // 6 . 0 (
) // 8 . 1 // 6 . 0 ( 2 . 0
1
2 . 2
2 . 2 100
3 . 1 100
1 2
1
1
2
2
K h K h
K
v
i
i
i
i
v
v
v
A
ie ie i
b
b
b
b
L
i
L
v
A
v
= 4000 (~ 72dB)
On nh phan cc: Mach khuech ai AC: Cac tang oc lap DC: Chng 3
Mach khuech ai DC: Big problem !!!
V du 3: Xac nh thay oi cua dong tnh gay ra do anh hng cua nhiet o len V
BE
trong v du 2.
- Hoi tiep:
- Xac nh o on nh: AI
C1
/AT va AI
C2
/AT:
V
B2
= 9V 2.2K(I
C1
+ I
B2
) = 9 2.2K(I
C1
+ I
C2
/ h
fe2
)
V
E2
= V
B2
V
BE2
= 9 2.2K(I
C1
+ I
C2
/ h
fe2
) V
BE2
Mat khac: V
E2
= 1.8KI
E2
+ V
BE1
~ 1.8KI
C2
+ V
BE1
I
C2
(1.8K + 2.2K / h
fe2
) = 9 2.2KI
C1
V
BE1
V
BE2
Tai B1: I
C2
~ I
E2
= I
B1
+ V
BE1
/ 0.6K ~ I
C1
/ h
fe1
+ V
BE1
/ 0.6K
Mch din t 1
http://www.khvt.com
Chng 5 8
I
C1
(2.2K + 1.8K / h
fe1
+ 2.2K / (h
fe1
h
fe2
)) = 9 - V
BE1
(1 + 1.8K / 0.6K + 2.2K / (h
fe2
0.6K)) - V
BE2
I
C1
~
K
V V
BE BE
2 . 2
4 9
2 1

Khi nhiet o thay oi: AV
BE
/ AT = -k = -2.5 mV/
0
C
K
C mV
T
I
C
2 . 2
/ 5 . 2 5
0
1

=
A
A
= 5.7 A/
0
C
Tai B1:I
C2
= I
C1
/ h
fe1
+ V
BE1
/ 0.6K
K
C mV
T
V
K T
I
h T
I
BE C
fe
C
6 . 0
/ 5 . 2
6 . 0
1 1
0
1 1
1
2

~
A
A
+
A
A
=
A
A
= -4.2 A/
0
C
5.3 Mach khuech ai vi sai (difference amplifier)
S dung:
Phan tch: Gia s mach oi xng, cac TST giong nhau, mach cc B giong nhau
Mch din t 1
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Chng 5 9
Phan tch tnh iem:
V
E1
= V
E2
= (I
E1
+ I
E2
)R
e
V
EE
= 2I
E1
R
e
V
EE
= 2I
E2
R
e
V
EE
Do tnh oi xng, tach thanh 2 mach (R
e
2R
e
):
I
EQ1
= I
EQ2
=
fe b e
EE
h R R
V
/ 2
7 . 0
+

V
CEQ1
= V
CEQ2
= V
CC
+ V
EE
I
CQ
(R
c
+ 2R
e
)
V du 4: Trong mach tren, cho V
CC
= V
EE
= 10V; R
b
= 0.2K; R
e
= 0.9K; R
c
= 0.2K; R
L
= 10O. Tnh
dao ong cc ai dong tai. Xem 2R
e
>> R
b
/ h
fe
Theo phan tch tnh iem: I
CQ
= (10 0.7) / (20.9) = 5.17 mA
V
CEQ
= 10 + 10 5.17(0.2 + 20.9) = 9.66V
DCLL: R
DC
= R
c
+ 2R
e
= 2K
ACLL: R
ac
= R
c
// R
L
~ 10O (???)
Da vao o th: I
C2max
= 5.17 mA I
Lmax
~ 5.17 mA
Mch din t 1
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Chng 5 10
Phan tch tn hieu nho:
Phan anh mach cc B (nguon i
1
va i
2
) ve cc E:
at i
0
= (i
1
+ i
2
)/2 va Ai = i
2
i
1
i
1
= i
0
(Ai/2) va i
2
= i
0
+ (Ai/2)
Dung phng phap chong trap cho mach tng ng tn hieu nho, tach thanh 2 mode:
- Mode chung (common mode): i
1
= i
2
= i
0
Do oi xng: i
e1c
= i
e2c
i
Re
= 2i
e1c
= 2i
e2c
v
e
= (2R
e
)i
e2c
Tach oi: R
e
2R
e
i
e2c
=
fe b ib e
b
h R h R
i R
/ 2
0
+ +
Mch din t 1
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Chng 5 11
- Mode vi sai (differential mode): i
2
= - i
1
= Ai/2
i
e1d
= - i
e2d
i
Re
= 0 v
e
= 0.
Ngan mach R
e
i
e2d
=
) / ( 2
fe b ib
b
h R h
i R
+
A
- Chong trap (superposition):
i
e2
= i
e2c
+ i
e2d
= i
h R h
R
i
h R h R
R
fe b ib
b
fe b ib e
b
A
+
+
+ + ) / ( 2 / 2
0
i
L
=
2 ie
L c
c
i
R R
R
+

= A
c
i
0
+ A
d
i
d
trong o: A
c
=
fe b ib e
b
L c
c
h R h R
R
R R
R
/ 2 + + +

: o li dong mode chung

A
d
=
) / ( 2
fe b ib
b
L c
c
h R h
R
R R
R
+ +

: o li dong mode vi sai

5.3.1 Ty so triet tn hieu ong pha CMRR (Common Mode Rejection Ratio):
Mach khuech ai vi sai ly tng: A
c
= 0: i
L
= A
d
Ai
Mach thc te: nh ngha: CMRR =
c
d
A
A
CMRR =
fe b ib
e
fe b ib
fe b ib e
h R h
R
h R h
h R h R
/ ) / ( 2
/ 2
+
~
+
+ +
(Gia s R
e
>> h
ib
+ R
b
/h
fe
)
Mch din t 1
http://www.khvt.com
Chng 5 12
V du 5: Cho mach trong v du 4. Tnh CMRR. Gia s i
0
= 1A, xac nh gia tr tn hieu ngo vao
mode vi sai e ngo ra mode vi sai toi thieu ln hn 100 lan ngo ra mode chung.
A
c
~ - 0.1
A
d
~ - 14
i
L
= -0.1i
0
14Ai
CMRR = A
d
/ A
c
= 140 (43dB)
e ngo ra mode vi sai > 100ngo ra mode chung: 14Ai > 100(0.1i
0
)
Ai > 100(i
0
/ CMRR) = 0.7 A
5.3.2 Nguon dong cc phat (Emitter)
e tang CMRR: Tang R
e
: S dung nguon dong tai cc E.
Dung TST T3 tai cc E:
i
C3
=
e
BB EE
R
V V 7 . 0
= const.
Xem T3 la nguon dong
- Phan tch tnh iem:
I
CQ3
=
e
BB EE
R
V V 7 . 0
Mch din t 1
http://www.khvt.com
Chng 5 13
Do tnh oi xng: I
CQ1
= I
CQ2
=
e
BB EE
CQ
R
V V
I
2
7 . 0
2
3

=
V
C3
= V
E1
= V
E2
= - R
b
I
b
V
BE
=
fe
CQ b
h
I R
1
7 . 0
V
CEQ1
= V
CEQ2
= V
C1
V
E1
= (V
CC
R
c
I
CQ1
) (
fe
CQ b
h
I R
1
7 . 0 )
V
CEQ3
= V
C3
V
E3
= (
fe
CQ b
h
I R
1
7 . 0 ) - (-V
EE
+ R
e
I
CQ3
)
- Phan tch tn hieu nho:
Tng t phan tren, thay R
e
bang 1/h
oe
.
Nhan xet: 1/h
oe
rat ln: CMRR c tang ang ke.
Chnh can bang: (Balance control)
Thc te: T1 va T2 khac nhau
Dung bien tr R
v
gia E1 va E2 e
chnh can bang.
Mch din t 1
http://www.khvt.com
Chng 5 14
ieu kien can bang: I
CQ1
= I
CQ2
KVL: R
b
I
B1
+ V
BE1
+ R
1
I
EQ1
= R
b
I
B2
+ V
BE2
+ R
2
I
EQ2
(R
b
/ h
fe1
+ R
1
)I
EQ1
+ V
BE1
= (R
b
/ h
fe2
+ R
2
)I
EQ2
+ V
BE2
Gia s V
BE1
= V
BE2
, can bang R
b
/ h
fe1
+ R
1
= R
b
/ h
fe2
+ R
2
Mat khac: R
1
+ R
2
= R
v
R
1
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

2 1
1 1
2 2
fe fe
b v
h h
R R
va R
2
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
2 1
1 1
2 2
fe fe
b v
h h
R R
Phan tch tn hieu nho:
Khi can bang: I
CQ1
= I
CQ2
h
ib1
= h
ib2
= h
ib
Mach tng ng tn hieu nho: Giong trng hp oi xng, trong o
h
ib1
+ R
b1
/ h
fe1
h
ib1
+ R
b1
/ h
fe1
+ R
1
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + +
2 1
1 1
2 2
fe fe
b v
ib
h h
R R
h
h
ib2
+ R
b2
/ h
fe2
h
ib2
+ R
b2
/ h
fe2
+ R
2
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + +
2 1
1 1
2 2
fe fe
b v
ib
h h
R R
h
A
d
=
)] / 1 / 1 )( 2 / ( 2 / [ 2
2 1 fe fe b v ib
b
L c
c
h h R R h
R
R R
R
+ + + +

: Giam so vi trng hp khong dung R

v
A
c
=
)] / 1 / 1 )( 2 / ( 2 / [ ) / 1 ( 2
2 1 3 fe fe b v ib oe
b
L c
c
h h R R h h
R
R R
R
+ + + + +

Mch din t 1
http://www.khvt.com
Chng 5 15
V du 6: Thiet ke mach sau e co CMRR = 100 (40dB). Tai 1K ghep AC. TST co h
fe
= 100.
Theo hnh ve: R
1
= R
2
= 50 O; h
fe1
= h
fe2
=
100.
S dung cong thc tnh A
d
va A
c
phan chnh can bang, thay 1/h
oe
bang R
e
, suy ra:
CMRR =
ib
e
ib
ib e
c
d
h
R
h
h R
A
A
+
~
+ +
+ + +
=
60 100 / 2000 100 2
100 / 1000 50 2
Yeu cau: CMRR > 100 R
e
> 100(60 + h
ib
)
Gia s I
CQ1
= I
CQ2
= 1mA h
ib
= 25 O R
e
> 8.5K. Chon R
e
= 10K.
Tnh V
EE
: V
EE
= R
b1
I
B1
+ V
BE1
+ R
1
I
E1
+ R
e
(2I
1
) = 20.8V
DCLL: R
DC
= R
c
+ R
2
+ 2R
e
ACLL: R
ac
= R
c
// R
L
Mch din t 1
http://www.khvt.com
Chng 5 16
5.4 Cau hnh Darlington
Phan tch tnh iem:
9 DCLL cho T
2
: V
CC
= V
CE2
+ R
c
(I
C1
+ I
C2
) + R
e
I
E2
Do I
C1
~ I
E1
= I
B2
= I
C2
/ h
fe2
<< I
C2
I
C1
+ I
C2
~ I
C2
~ I
E2
V
CC
= V
CE2
+ (R
c
+ R
e
)I
C2
DCLL: I
C2
=
c e
CC
CE
c e
R R
V
V
R R +
+
+

2
1
9 ACLL cho T
2
: R
ac
= (R
L
// R
c
)
9 Tnh tnh iem Q:
TST T
2
: V
BB
= V
CC
R
1
/ (R
1
+ R
2
); R
b
= R
1
// R
2

) /(
4 . 1
2 1
2
fe fe b e
BB
CQ
h h R R
V
I
+

= V
CEQ2
tnh t DCLL
TST T
1
: V
CEQ1
= V
CEQ2
0.7; I
CQ1
= I
CQ2
/ h
fe2
Mch din t 1
http://www.khvt.com
Chng 5 17
Phan tch tn hieu nho:
Phan anh mach cc B
1
cua T
1
Cc E
1
va mach cc E
2
cua T
2
Cc B
2
Tnh iem: I
CQ2
= h
fe2
I
CQ1
h
ie2
=
1 1 2
2
2
2
CQ
T
CQ fe
T
fe
CQ
T
fe
I
V
I h
V
h
I
V
h = = = h
ib1
Suy ra: A
i
=
2 1 1
1 1 2
) / (
) / (
ie ib fe b
fe b fe
L c
c fe
i
L
h h h R
h R h
R R
R h
i
i
+ + +

~ =
1 1
1 2
2
ib fe b
b fe
L c
C fe
h h R
R h
R R
R h
+ +

A
i
=
1
2 1
2
) (
ie b
b
L c
c
fe fe
h R
R
R R
R
h h
+ +

Xem 2TST ghep Darlington 1 TST co: h

e
= 2h
ie1
va h
fe
= h
fe1
h
fe2
Mch din t 1
http://www.khvt.com
Chng 5 18
V du 7: Xac nh tnh iem cua mach sau. Gia s h
fe
= 100.
Nguon dong T
5
: V
B5
=
3 . 1 9 . 2
9 . 2
6
+
= -4.14V
Gia s I
B5
<< I
C5
I
C5
=
K 3 . 1
) 6 ( ) 7 . 0 14 . 4 (
= 0.9 mA
Mach oi xng: I
C3
= I
C4
= I
C5
/ 2 = 0.45 mA
I
C1
= I
C2
= I
C3
/ h
fe
= 4.5 A
I
B1
= I
B2
= I
C1
/ h
fe
= 45 nA
KVL: V
C1
= V
C2
= V
C3
= V
C4
= V
CC
10K(I
C3
+
I
C1
) ~ 7.5V
V
E1
= V
E2
= 0 (10
5
)(4510
-9
) 0.7 ~ -0.7V
V
E3
= V
E4
= V
E1
0.7 = -1.4V
V
C5
= V
E3
50I
C3
= -1.4 50(0.4510
-3
) ~ -
1.4V
Mch din t 1
http://www.khvt.com
Chng 5 19
5.5 Mach khuech ai ghep Cascode
MACH 1:
Cau hnh: CE CB: Thng dung trong cac mach tan so cao.
Phan tch tn hieu nho:
o li truyen at (Transfer gain):
1 2 1
2 1
1 2
1
1
2
2
//
//
) (
ie
fe L fb
i
b
b
e
e
L
i
L
T
h R R
R R
h R h
i
i
i
i
i
v
i
v
A
+
= = =
Mch din t 1
http://www.khvt.com
Chng 5 20
Phan tch DC:
Gia s bo qua I
B1
va I
B2
:
V
B1
= V
CC
R
1
/ (R
1
+ R
2
+ R
3
)
V
E1
= V
B1
- V
BE1
= V
B1
0.7
I
C1
=
e
B
R
V 7 . 0
1

= I
C2
V
B2
= V
CC
(R
1
+ R
2
) / (R
1
+ R
2
+ R
3
)
V
E2
= V
B2
- V
BE2
= V
B2
0.7
V
CE1
= V
C1
- V
E1
= (V
E2
R
c
I
C1
) V
E1
V
CE2
= V
C2
V
E2
= (V
CC
R
L
I
C2
) V
E2
MACH 2:
T
1
: CE
T
2
va T
3
: Mach Cascode, dung e chuyen mc
DC cua (v
L
) en 0 (level shifting) dung trong cac
mach K ghep trc tiep (direct coupled
amplifiers).
Mch din t 1
http://www.khvt.com
Chng 5 21
Phan tch tnh iem:
Gia s bo qua I
B2
, I
B3
.
V
B3
= (-6)(2.3K) / (2.3K + 3.7K) = -2.3V
V
E3
= V
B3
- V
BE3
= -2.3 0.7 = -3V
I
C3
= 3V / 3K = 1 mA
Can phai xac nh R
b
sao cho V
LDC
= 0.
I
B1
= (12 0.7) / R
b
V
C1
= 12 8KI
C1
= 12 8K[h
fe1
(12 0.7) / R
b
] = V
B2
V
LDC
= V
E2
3.3KI
C2
= (V
B2
0.7) 3.3 = V
B2
4
e V
LDC
= 0 V
B2
= 12 8K[h
fe1
(12 0.7) / R
b
] = 4
R
b
= h
fe1
(12 0.7) / 1mA
Phan tch tn hieu nho:
T
1
: Mac CE.
T
2
: Mac CC.
T
3
: Mac CB.
Xac nh v
L
/ v
c1
: Mach tng ng tn hieu nho cua T
2
: Phan anh tr khang E
2
B
2
, trong o
R
03
= 1/h
ob3
la tong tr nhn vao cc C cua T
3
(CB).
) / 1 ( 3 . 3
) / 1 (
3 2 2 2
3 2
1 ob fe fe ie
ob fe
C
L
h h K h h
h h
v
v
+ +
= ~ 1
Mach Cascode (T
2
, T
3
) ch lam thay oi mc DC ngo ra ma khong thay oi o li ap cua mach
K T
1
(CE).
Mch din t 1
http://www.khvt.com
Chng 6 1

CHNG 6: TRANSISTOR HIEU NG TRNG FET

6.1 Gii thieu
6.2 Ly thuyet hoat ong cua JFET
6.3 Ly thuyet hoat ong cua MOSFET
6.4 Giai tch o th va phan cc
6.5 Giai tch tn hieu ln S sai dang
6.6 Giai tch tn hieu nho
6.7 M rong



Chng 6 2

6.1 Gii thieu
Transistor hieu ng trng (Field Effect Transistor FET):
9 JFET: Junction FET
9 MOSFET: Metal-Oxid Semiconductor FET (Insulated-Gate IGFET)
Tnh chat (Phan biet vi BJT)
9 Nhay vi ien ap (voltage-sensitive)
9 Tr khang vao rat cao


6.2 Ly thuyet hoat ong cua JFET
6.2.1 Cau tao (n-channel JFET):





Chng 6 3

6.2.2 Hoat ong:
Gia s S va G noi at; v
DS
> 0:
Dong i
D
: D S: Phu thuoc vao v
DS
va ien tr kenh n (R
n-Channel
)
Dong i
Channel Gate
0: Do Diode tao bi tiep xuc pn Channel-Gate phan cc nghch
(a) Khi v
DS
tang: Vung khuyet (depletion region vung gach cheo) tang R
n-Channel
tang

(b) v
DS
= V
po
(ien ap nghen: pinch-off voltage): Hai vung khuyet cham nhau: i
D
= I
po




Chng 6 4

(c) v
DS
> V
po
: V
a
= V
po
= const i
D
= I
po
= const

(d) v
DS
= BV
DSS
: ien ap anh thung.
o th:


Gia s v
DS
= const; v
GS
thay oi:
v
GS
< 0: Tang vung khuyet i) R
Channel
tang i
D
giam
ii) V
po
giam
v
GS
> 0: Giam vung khuyet i) R
Channel
giam i
D
tang
ii) V
po
tang
Chng 6 5

Voltage-Sensitive Device
o th:

Lu y: n-JFET: Phan cc sao cho khong co dong I
Channel-Gate
(v
GS
0 hoac v
GS
nho > 0)

6.2.3 ac tuyen:
ien ap v
DS
tai iem nghen: v
DS-Pinch Off
= V
p
= V
po
+ v
GS

ien ap anh thung: BV
DSX
BV
DSS
+ v
GS

ac tuyen VA trong vung bao hoa (Gia ien ap nghen va anh thung: V
p
< v
DS
< BV
DSX
)
i
D
=

+ +
2 / 3
2
3
1
po
GS
po
GS
po
V
v
V
v
I vi v
GS
< 0
Nhan xet: v
GS
= 0: i
D
= I
po

Chng 6 6

V
GS
= - V
po
: i
D
= 0
Trong vung bao hoa: i
D
khong phu thuoc v
DS

Anh hng nhiet o:
i
D
=

+ +

2 / 3
2 / 3
0
2
3
1 '
po
GS
po
GS
po
V
v
V
v
T
T
I
trong o: I
po
= i
D
khi v
GS
= 0 tai nhiet o T
0
.

6.3 Ly thuyet hoat ong cua MOSFET
6.3.1 Cau tao (n-channel MOSFET):

Nhan xet: Ban au cha co kenh dan gia D va S (enhancement mode)
Cc cong Gate: Metal Oxide Semiconductor (MOS)

Chng 6 7

6.3.2 Hoat ong:
Hoat ong loai tang (enhancement mode): v
GS
> 0:
Hnh thanh kenh dan cam ng: v
GS
> V
TN
: ien ap ngng
Tao kenh dan n cam ng gia S va D

v
GS
tang Be rong va ien dan (conductivity) kenh dan tang
Thay oi v
DS
: Tng t JFET:
(a) Khi v
DS
tang Tang vung khuyet R
n-Channel
tang: Vung tuyen tnh
Chng 6 8


(b) v
DS
= V
p
= v
GS
- V
TN
: ien ap nghen: R
n-Channel
(100 K)


Chng 6 9

(c) v
DS
> V
p
: i
D
const: Vung bao hoa

o th:

Lu y: enhancement mode n-MOSFET: Phan cc v
GS
V
TN

Chng 6 10

6.3.3 ac tuyen:
ien ap v
DS
tai iem nghen: v
DS Pinch Off
= V
p
= v
GS
V
TN
= v
GS
+ V
po
(Vi V
po
= - V
TN
< 0)
ac tuyen VA trong vung tuyen tnh (v
DS
< v
GS
- V
TN
= V
p
):
] ) ( 2 [
2
DS TN GS n DS
v V v k i =
ac tuyen VA trong vung bao hoa (v
DS
v
GS
- V
TN
= V
p
):

2
2
1 ] [

+ = =
po
GS
po TN GS n DS
V
v
I V v k i vi I
po
= k
n
V
TN
2
va V
po
= - V
TN

Nhan xet: n-JFET: v
GS
0, V
po
> 0; Enhancement mode n-MOSFET: v
GS
> 0, V
po
< 0
ac tuyen VA: JFET: Bac 3/2 MOSFET: Bac 2
Xem gan ung cho ca hai loai FET:
2
2
1 ] [

+ = =
po
GS
po TN GS n DS
V
v
I V v k i
Anh hng nhiet o:

2 / 3
'

=
T
T
I I
o
po po








Chng 6 11

6.4 Giai tch o th va phan cc
6.4.1 Phan cc JFET:

9 DCLL: V
DD
= v
DS
+ i
D
(R
d
+ R
s
)
9 Phng trnh phan cc: v
GS
= - i
D
R
s
(Xem i
G
0)
Nhan xet: Mach t phan cc (self-bias): Do v
GS
< 0 tao ra bi R
s

V du: Thiet ke mach vi tnh iem Q: V
DSQ
= 15V; I
DQ
= 3,5 mA
Thay vao DCLL: R
d
+R
s
= (V
DD
V
DSQ
) / I
DQ
= (30 15) / 3,5 = 4,3 K
T ac tuyen VA: V
GSQ
= -1 V R
s
= - V
DSQ
/ I
DQ
= 1V / 3,5 mA = 286
R
d
4 K
Chon R
s
= 270 va R
d
= 3,9 K



Chng 6 12

6.4.2 Phan cc MOSFET:
Cong phan cc thuan (forward-biased gate) s dung mach phan cc ngoai (tng t BJT):

9 DCLL: V
DD
= v
DS
+ i
D
(R
d
+ R
s
)
9 Phng trnh phan cc: v
GS
=
S D DD
R i V
R R
R

+
2 1
1
= V
GG
i
D
R
s

trong o: V
GG
=
DD
V
R R
R

+
2 1
1
: ien ap cung cap cho cc cong
Nhan xet: R
s
: Cai thien s on nh tnh iem Q bang dong DC hoi tiep.
R
3
: Khong co tac dung DC, dung e tang tr khang ngo vao AC.
Bai toan: Xac nh mach phan cc (V
GG
, R
s
, R
d
) e cc tieu hoa s thay oi Q theo t
0

Chng 6 13

T phng trnh:
2
2 / 3
0 '
1

=
po
GS
po D
V
v
T
T
I i
o nhay:
po
S
po
D S GG
o po
D D
i
T
V
R
V
i R V
T T I
T dT
i di
S
D

+ +

= =
1 ) / ( 2 1
2 / 3
/
/
2 / 3 '

Nhan xet: R
s
0 lam giam o nhay i
D
theo t
0
Cai thien o on nh
e cc tieu
D
i
T
S :
V
GG
= 2V
GSQ
+ V
po

R
s
=
DQ
po GSQ
I
V V +



6.5 Giai tch tn hieu ln S sai dang
<Xem TLTK>







Chng 6 14

6.6 Giai tch tn hieu nho
6.6.1 Mach tng ng tn hieu nho:
Mach tng ng tn hieu nho (tan so dai gia):

ien tr gate-source:
h
i
= r
gs
=

Q
G
GS
i
v
: H mach
He so khuech ai ap ngc: h
r
0
Chng 6 15

o xuyen dan (transconductance):
g
m
=
Q
GS
DS
v
i

(S)
T cong thc:
2
2
1 ] [

+ = =
po
GS
po TN GS n DS
V
v
I V v k i
g
m
=
DSQ n
I k 2
ien tr drain-source:
r
ds
=
Q
DS
DS
i
v

Ly thuyet: r
ds

Thc te: r
ds
20 500 K; r
ds
1/I
DQ

He so khuech ai:

Q
GS
DS
v
v

= = g
m
r
ds


6.6.2 Mach khuech ai ap cc nguon chung (CS):
Mach CS:
Chng 6 16


Mach tng ng tn hieu nho:

Tr khang vao nhn t nguon: Z
i
= R
3
+ (R
1
// R
2
)
Tr khang ra nhn t tai: Z
o
= R
d
// r
ds

He so khuech ai ap:
i i
i
o L m
i
L
v
r Z
Z
Z R g
v
v
A
+
= = ) // (
Chng 6 17

V du: Xac nh A
v
, Z
i
, Z
o
cua mach K dung MOSFET sau:


Mach tng ng tn hieu nho:

Tai D:
L ds
ds
gs m
f
ds gs
R r
v
v g
R
v v
i
//
+ =

=
Chng 6 18

Vi v
gs
= v
i
) // (
1
//
1
) / 1 (
1
L ds m
f L ds
f m
i
ds
v
R r g
R R r
R g
v
v
A

+ = =

= - 12
Z
i
=
v
f
f ds i
i i
A
R
R v v
v
i
v

=
1 / ) (
= 7,7 K
Z
o
=
ds f
v
o
ds
r R
i
v
i
//
0
=
=
= 13 K

6.6.3 Mach theo nguon (Source follower CD):
Mach CD:

DCLL: V
DD
= v
DS
+ i
DS
(R
s1
+ R
s2
)
ien ap phan cc: V
GSQ
= - I
DSQ
R
s1

Thong thng, e Q nam gia DCLL: v
DS
(V
DD
/ 2) >> V
GSQ
R
s1
<< R
s2

Chng 6 19

Mach tng ng tn hieu nho: (Gia s bo qua R
1
rat ln)

Tr khang ngo ra (nhn t R
s
):
0 =
=
i
v
o
s
o
i
v
Z
Ngo ra: v
s
= v
gs
+ i
o
r
ds

Do v
i
= 0 v
gs
= - v
s

v
s
= - v
s
+ i
o
r
ds

Z
o
=
1 +
ds
r

m
g
1
(Gia s >> 1)
o li ap h mach (khong co R
s
):
g
s
R
v
v
v
A
s
=

'

Ngo ra: v
s
= v
gs
= (v
g
v
s
)

1
'
+
=

v
A 1 (Gia s >> 1)
Chng 6 20

Tr khang ngo vao:
i
g
i
i
v
Z =
e xac nh Z
i
, s dung nguon tng ng Thevenin ngo ra:


s m
s m
s m
s v
g
s
i
s
v
R g
R g
R g
R A
v
v
v
v
A
+

+
=
+
= = =
1 1 / 1
'

Vi gia s R
1
>> R
s2
: i
i
R
1
= v
g
v
a
v
g
-
s
s s
s
v
R R
R
1 2
2
+
= v
g
-
g v
s s
s
v A
R R
R
1 2
2
+


i
g
i
i
v
Z =
2 1
2
1
1
1
s s
s
R R
R
R
+

( + 1)R
1
(Gia s R
s2
>> R
s1
)
Nhan xet: Giong nh mach Emitter Follower (BJT): Z
i
ln; Z
o
nho; A
v
1




Chng 6 21

6.6.4 Phan anh tr khang:
Xet mach sau:

Mach tng ng tin hieu nho:
Chng 6 22



d ds s
gs
ds
R r R
v v v
i
+ +
+
=
2 3

trong o: v
gs
= v
1
v
2
i
ds
R
s


d ds s
ds
R r R
v v v
i
+ + +
+ +
=
) 1 (
) 1 (
2 3 1

Mach tng ng khi phan anh vao cc D:
Chng 6 23


Viet lai:
) 1 /( ) 1 /(
) 1 /( ) 1 /(
2 3 1
+ + + +
+ + +
=


d ds s
ds
R r R
v v v
i Mach tng ng khi phan anh vao cc S:

Chng 6 24

Cac bc thc hien phan anh tr khang:
1) Tng ng oan DS cua FET bang ien tr r
ds
noi tiep nguon ap (v
1
) [cc
dng S]. Xem oan mach nay gan lien vi phan mach cc D
2) Phan anh vao D:
Gi nguyen phan mach cc D va oan tng ng DS
Phan mach cc S ( + 1)
3) Phan anh vao S:
Gi nguyen phan mach cc S
Phan mach cc D va oan tng ng DS : ( + 1)
V du: Phan tch lai mach CD bang cach phan anh tr khang vao phan mach cc S
Mach tng ng:
Chng 6 25


Phan tch mach: KVL, KCL
Chng 6 26

6.6.5 Mach tach pha (phase-splitting circuit):

Tn hieu nho: i
ds
=
s
o
d
o
R
v
R
v
2 1
=
1 2 o
d
s
o
v
R
R
v =
Neu R
s
= R
d
v
o2
= - v
o1
: Mach tach pha
e xac nh A
v1
, A
v2
, Z
o1
, Z
o2
: S dung pp phan anh tr khang vi v
2
= v
3
= 0

d ds s
d
i
o
v
R r R
R
v
v
A
+ + +
= =
) 1 (
1
1

d ds s
s
i
o
v
R r R
R
v
v
A
+ + +
= =
) 1 (
2
2

] ) 1 ( //[
1 s ds d o
R r R Z + + =
]
1 1
//[
2
+
+
+
=

d ds
s o
R r
R Z

Chng 6 27

6.6.6 Mach khuech ai cc cong chung (CG):
Mach CG:

Tr khang ngo vao:
Phan anh vao mach cc S:

Z
i
= R
sg
=
1 +
+

d ds
R r

Tr khang ngo ra:
Phan anh vao mach cc D:
Chng 6 28


Z
o
= r
ds
+ ( + 1)r
i

He so khuech ai:
i ds d
d
i
d
v
r r R
R
v
v
A
) 1 (
) 1 (
+ + +
+
= =

Chng 6 29

6.7 M rong
6.7.1 FET kenh p:
p-channel JFET
Cau tao:

ac tuyen VA:

Chng 6 30

p-channel MOSFET
Cau tao:

ac tuyen VA:

Chng 6 31


Nhan xet: p-channel FET (i
SD
, v
SD
, v
SG
) tng t n-channel FET (i
DS
, v
DS
, v
GS
)

6.7.2 Depletion-mode MOSFET:
So sanh:
Khi v
GS
= 0: Enhancement-mode: Khong co kenh dan gia D va S
Depletion-mode: Co kenh dan gia D va S
Enhancement-mode: V
TN
> 0: ien ap ngng hnh thanh kenh dan.
Depletion-mode: V
TN
< 0: ien ap ngng tat kenh dan.

ac tuyen:

Chng 7 1
Chng 7: MACH KHUECH AI HOI TIEP
7.1 Gii thieu
7.2 Khai niem c ban ve mach hoi tiep
7.3 o li cua mach khuech ai hoi tiep ien ap
7.4 Tr khang ngo vao va ngo ra
7.5 V du ve phan tch mach khuech ai hoi tiep
7.6 Mach khuech ai hoi tiep va cac ham o nhay
7.7 Ky thuat thiet ke mach khuech ai hoi tiep
7.8 Cac ng dung khac cua ky thuat hoi tiep
Mch din t 1
http://www.khvt.com
Chng 7 2
7.1 Gii thieu
Mach khuech ai ly thuyet
Mach khuech ai thc te
Ky thuat hoi tiep
7.2 Khai niem c ban ve mach hoi tiep
4 cau hnh mach hoi tiep c ban:
Hoi tep ien ap, sai lech dong ien (voltage feedback and current error)
Mch din t 1
http://www.khvt.com
Chng 7 3
Hoi tiep ien ap, sai lech ien ap (voltage feedback and voltage error)
Hoi tiep dong ien, sai lech dong ien (current feedback and current error)
Mch din t 1
http://www.khvt.com
Chng 7 4
Hoi tiep dong ien, sai lech ien ap (current feedback and voltage error)
Thanh phan chung:
1. Bo khuech ai: R
i
, r
o
, A
i
(hoac A
v
)
2. Mach hoi tiep |: R
|
, R
f
, nguon dong (ap) phu thuoc
3. Mach cong hay tr ie n ap (hoac dong ien)
nh ngha:
1. o li toan bo (overall) hay ngoai (external) cua mach khuech ai co hoi tiep:
o li dong: A
if
= i
L
/ i
i
(hnh a va c)
o li ap: A
vf
= v
L
/ v
i
(hnh b va d)
2. o li thuan (forward) hay trong (internal) cua mach khuech ai khong hoi tiep:
o li dong:
0 0 = =
=
i i
if i
K or G
A A (hnh a va c)
Mch din t 1
http://www.khvt.com
Chng 7 5
o li ap:
0 0 = =
=
|
K or K
A A
v
vf v
(hnh b va d)
7.3 o li cua mach khuech ai hoi tiep ien ap
7.3.1 Hoi tep ien ap, sai lech dong ien
Mach hoi tiep: R
|
>> R
L
Mach tng ng: (Vi mach hoi tiep, thay v
L
bang v
L
)
Mch din t 1
http://www.khvt.com
Chng 7 6
Gia s tr khang nhn t mach hoi tiep vao mach tr rat nho so vi R
f
, suy ra: i
f
= G
i
v
L

Dong sai lech (Gia s R

f
>> R
i
): i
e
= i
i
i
f
= i
i
G
i
v
L

Dong tai (Gia s R

L
<< r
o
): i
L
= A
i
i
e
= A
i
(i
i
G
i
v
L
)
e tnh o li toan bo, thay v
L
bang v
L
, suy ra: v
L
= i
L
R
L
= R
L
A
i
(i
i
G
i
v
L
)
o li dong toan bo: A
if
= i
L
/ i
i
=
L i i
i
R G A
A
' 1
'
+
Nhan xet: A
i
u ln: A
if
~ 1 / (G
i
R
L
) khong phu thuoc vao mach khuech ai (A
i
).
- Theo nh ngha, o li dong thuan cua mach khuech ai khong co hoi tiep:
'
0
i
i
if i
A
G
A A =
=
=
- o li vong T (loop gain):
0
'
=
=
i
L
L
i
v
v
T
Theo nh ngha tren, khi i
i
= 0 va gia s R
f
rat ln: i
e
= -i
f
= -G
i
v
L

ngo ra: v
L
= i
L
R
L
= A
i
i
e
R
L
= -A
i
G
i
R
L
v
L

T = -A
i
G
i
R
L
9 T<0: Hoi tiep am (negative feedback)
9 T>0: Hoi tiep dng (positive feedback)
Overall gain:
T
A
A
i
if

=
1
Mch din t 1
http://www.khvt.com
Chng 7 7
V du 1: Xac nh A
if
cua mach khuech ai hoi tiep ap sai lech dong sau:
a ien tr R
f
ve ngo vao va ra, mach tng ng (Chu y: Thay v
L
bang v
L
ngo vao)
Mch din t 1
http://www.khvt.com
Chng 7 8
Bien oi tng ng Norton Thevenin:
Thong thng: A
i
>> R
i
/ R
f
va R
f
>> R
L
Ngo ra: R
f
xem nh khong anh hng
- o li dong thuan khi khong co hoi tiep (v
L
= 0):
(
(

+
=
=
=
i f i
f i
i
L i
L
i
R R r
R r
A
v i
i
A
) // (
) // (
0
'
'
- o li vong T:
f
L
i f i
f i
i
i
L
L
R
R
R R r
R r
A
i
v
v
T
+
=
=
=
) // (
) // (
0
'
'
- o li toan mach:
T
A
A
i
if

=
1
(Kiem chng: Xem TLTK [2])
- Nhan xet: Neu T >> 1 A
if
~ A
i
/ (-T) = - R
f
/ R
L
Neu T u ln:
9 A
if
ch phu thuoc vao ty so cua ien tr mach hoi tiep (R
f
) va ien tr tai (R
L
)
9 A
vr
ch phu thuoc vao ty so cua ien tr mach hoi tiep (R
f
) va ien tr nguon (R
L
) [2]
Mch din t 1
http://www.khvt.com
Chng 7 9
V du 2: Tnh o li dong thuan khong co hoi tiep va o li vong cua mach khuech ai sau.
- Tnh o li dong thuan khong co hoi tiep A
i
:
Mach tng ng (v
L
= 0):

(
(

+ +

+
=
=
=
T ie f i
f i
L c
c
fe i
L i
L
i
R h R r
R r
R R
R
h A
v i
i
A
2 ) // (
) // (
) (
0
'
'
- Tnh o li vong T: Mach tng ng (i
i
= 0):
Mch din t 1
http://www.khvt.com
Chng 7 10
(
(

+ +

+

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
=
=
T ie f i
f i
i c
c
fe i
f
L
i
L
L
R h R r
R r
R R
R
h A
R
R
i
v
v
T
2 ) // (
) // (
) (
0
'
'
- o li toan mach:
T
A
A
i
if

=
1
Nhan xet: -T >> 1, A
if
~ A
i
/ (-T) = - R
f
/ R
L
:khong phu thuoc h
fe
va A
i

7.3.2 Hoi tiep ien ap, sai lech ien ap

Mach hoi tiep:
Mch din t 1
http://www.khvt.com
Chng 7 11
Mach tng ng: (Gia s mach hoi tiep khong anh hng en ngo ra)
Chu y: Thay v
L
bang v
L

Gia s R
f
khong anh hng mach tr v
f
= K
v
v
L

Ap sai lech: v
e
= v
i
v
f
= v
i
- K
v
v
L

ien ap ngo ra: (gia s r

o
<< R
L
): v
L
= A
v
v
e
= A
v
(v
i
- K
v
v
L
)
e tnh o li ap toan bo, thay v
L
bang v
L

'
'
1
v v
v
i
L
vf
A K
A
v
v
A
+
= =
Neu tnh theo o li ap thuan khi khong co hoi tiep (A
v
) va o li vong T:
- o li ap thuan khi khong co hoi tiep
'
0
v
v
vf v
A
K
A A =
=
=
- o li vong:
'
'
0
v v
i
L
L
A K
v
v
v
T =
=
=
Mch din t 1
http://www.khvt.com
Chng 7 12
Overall gain:
T
A
A
v
vf

=
1
V du 3: Tnh A
vf
cua mach khuech ai hoi tiep sau. Gia s r
o
<< R
2
.
Mach tng ng:
Mch din t 1
http://www.khvt.com
Chng 7 13
Mach tng ng tn hieu nho:
o li ap thuan khi khong co hoi tiep:
| |
(
(

+ +

+
=
=
=
f ie i
i c fe
o L
L
v
L i
L
v
R h r
R R h
r R
R
A
v v
v
A
2
1
) // (
0
'
'
o li vong T:
| |
(
(

+ + +

+
=
=
=
f ie i
i c fe
o L
L
v
i
L
L
R h r R R
R
R R h
r R
R
A
v
v
v
T
2
1
) // (
0
2 1
1 '
'
o li ap toan bo:
T
A
A
v
vf

=
1
Mch din t 1
http://www.khvt.com
Chng 7 14
7.4 Tr khang ngo vao va ngo ra
7.4.1 Tr khang ngo vao (input impedance)
i) Sai lech dong
Xet mach sau:
Theo nh ngha, tr khang ngo vao nhn t nguon dong:
i
if
i
v
Z
1
=
Gia s R
f
>> R
L
, t mach tng ng : v
1
= i
e
R
i
Vi
(
(

+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
f i i
f i
f
L
i e
R r R
R r
R
v
i i
//
//
Mat khac: v
L
= -A
i
i
e
R
L

T
R r R
Z
f i i
if

=
1
// //
vi o li vong
(
(

+
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
f i i
f i
f
L
i
R r R
R r
R
R
A T
//
//
'
Tr khang ngo vao khi khong co hoi tiep (v
L
= 0): Z
i
= R
i
// r
i
// R
f
Mch din t 1
http://www.khvt.com
Chng 7 15
Tong quat: Tr khang ngo vao nhn t nguon dong:
T
Z
Z
i
if

=
1
Vi Z
i
: Tr khang ngo vao khi khong co hoi tiep
T: o li vong
Chu y: Cong thc tren ch ung trong trng hp r
i
mac song song. Trong trng hp r
i
mac noi tiep nh hnh ve di, tr khang ngo vao c tnh theo cac bc sau:
a) Bien oi tng ng Thevenin Norton, khi nay r
i
se mac song song
b) Tnh Z
if
theo cong thc hoi tiep tren
c) Z
if
gom r
i
mac song song vi Z
if

'
1 1 1
if
i if
Z
r Z
+ = Tnh Z
if

d) Vi mach ban au: Z

ifv
= r
i
+ Z
if

Mch din t 1
http://www.khvt.com
Chng 7 16
ii) Sai lech ap
Xet mach trong v du 3:
Theo nh ngha, tr khang ngo vao:
1 b
i
ifv
i
v
Z = , t mach tng ng tn hieu nho:

ie f i
L i
b
h R r
v R R R v
i
2
)] /( [
2 1 1
1
+ +
+
= . Do A
vf
= v
L
/v
i

vf
ie f i
ifv
A R R R
h R r
Z
)] /( [ 1
2
2 1 1
+
+ +
=
Mat khac:
T
A
A
v
vf

=
1
vi
v
A
R R
R
T
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
2 1
1

T
T R R R
A
vf

+
=
1
] / ) [(
1 2 1
) 2 )( 1 (
)] 1 /( [ 1
2
ie f i
ie f i
ifv
h R r T
T T
h R r
Z + + =
+
+ +
=
Khi khong co hoi tiep (v
L
= 0) : Z
i
= r
i
+ R
f
+ 2h
ie
Tong quat: Tr khang ngo vao nhn t nguon ap: Z
ifv
= (1-T)Z
i
Vi: Z
i
: Tr khang ngo vao khi khong co hoi tiep
Mch din t 1
http://www.khvt.com
Chng 7 17
T: o li vong
Chu y: Cong thc tren ch ung trong trng hp r
i
mac noi tiep.
7.4.2 Tr khang ngo ra (output impedance)
i) Hoi tiep ap Sai lech dong
Xet mach hoi tiep ap Sai lech dong sau:
Theo nh ngha, tr khang ngo ra:
0 =
=
i o
L
of
v i
v
Z
Gia s R
f
khong anh hng en ngo ra i
o
= i
L
+ A
i
i
e
Tren tai: i
L
= v
L
/ R
L
ngo vao:
f i i
f i
f
L
e
R r R
R r
R
v
i
//
//
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
Dan nap ngo ra (output admittance):
L f i i
f i
f
i
L of
of
R
T
R r R
R r
R
A
R Z
Y

=
(
(

+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ = =
1
//
//
1 1
'
Mch din t 1
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Chng 7 18
Tr khang ngo ra:
T
R
Z
L
of

=
1
Khi khong co hoi tiep: Z
o
= R
L
Tong quat: Tr khang ngo ra:
T
Z
Z
o
of

=
1
Vi: Z
o
: Tr khang ngo ra khi khong co hoi tiep
T: o li vong
ii) Hoi tiep ap Sai lech ap
Xet mach hoi tiep ap sai lech ap sau:
Tr khang ngo ra:
0 =
=
i o
L
of
v i
v
Z vi
o
e v L
L
L
o
r
v A v
R
v
i
'

+ =
Mch din t 1
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Chng 7 19
ngo vao: ( )
i c
ie i f
L
fe
e
R R
h r R
v
R R
R h
v //
2
1
2 1
1
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
Mat khac, o li vong T: ( )
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
L o
L
v i c
ie i f
fe
R r
R
A R R
h r R R R
R h
T
'
2 1
1
//
2
1

L
L o L v
e
v
R r R A
T
v
)
`

+
=
)] /( [
'
) 1 (
1 1
) /(
1 1 1
T
r R R r R r
T
r R Z
Y
o L L o L o o L of
of

|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
+
+ = =
Khi khong co hoi tiep: Z
o
= R
L
// r
o
Tong quat: Tr khang ngo ra:
T
Z
Z
o
of

=
1
Vi: Z
o
: Tr khang ngo ra khi khong co hoi tiep
T: o li vong
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Chng 7 20
7.5 V du ve phan tch mach khuech ai hoi tiep
V du 4: Xac nh A
vf
, A
if
, T, Z
if
, Z
of
cua mach K hoi tiep sau, gia s cac TST giong nhau co
h
re
= h
oe
= 0.
V R
f
>> R
L
, chuyen R
f
ve ngo vao, mach tng ng: Mach hoi tiep ap sai lech ap
Mch din t 1
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Chng 7 21
- Mach tng ng tn hieu nho e tnh o li vong T (v
i
= 0):
( ) | |
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

+ =
=
=
1
2
'
2
1
1
0
ie i f A c
c fe
L fe
i
L
L
h r R R R
R h
R h
v
v
v
T vi R
A
= (h
fe
+1)
2
R
L
+ 2h
ie3
- Mach tng ng tn hieu nho e tnh o li ap thuan A
v
(v
L
= 0):
T
v v
v
A
L i
L
v
=
=
=
0
'
- o li ap:
T
A
A
v
vf

=
1
- o li dong:
vf
L
i
if
A
R
r
A
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
Mch din t 1
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Chng 7 22
- Tr khang ngo vao: Xet mach tng ng tn hieu nho, tr khang ngo vao khi khong
co hoi tiep nhn t nguon ap: Z
iv
= r
i
+ R
f
+ 2h
ie1
Hoi tiep ap sai lech ap Tr khang ngo vao nhn t nguon ap: Z
ifv
= Z
iv
(1-T)
Tr khang ngo vao nhn t nguon dong: Z
ifi
= r
i
// (Z
ifv
r
i
)
- Tr khang ngo ra:
Tr khang ngo ra khi khong co hoi tiep:
(
(

+
+ =
2
4
) 1 (
2 //
fe
c
ib L o
h
R
h R Z
Tr khang ngo ra:
T
Z
Z
o
of

=
1
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Chng 7 23
V du 5: Xac nh T, A
if
, Z
if
, Z
of
cua mach sau.
Chuyen R
f
ve ngo vao, mach tng ng: Mach hoi tiep ap sai lech ap:
Mch din t 1
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Chng 7 24
- Mach tng ng tn hieu nho e tnh o li vong T (v
i
= 0):
| |
(
(

+ +

+
+ =
=
=
f ie i ie c
c
fe L c fe fe
i
L
L
R h r h R
R
h R R h h
v
v
v
T
1 3 1
1
2
'
2
1
2
) // )( 1 (
0
- Mach tng ng tn hieu nho e tnh o li ap thuan A
v
(v
L
=0):
T
v v
v
A
L i
L
v
=
=
=
0
'
- Tr khang ngo vao:
Tr khang ngo vao khi khong co hoi tiep nhn t nguon ap: Z
i
= r
i
+ R
f
+ 2h
ie
Mach hoi tiep ap sai lech ap Tr khang ngo vao: Z
if
= Z
i
(1-T)
Mch din t 1
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Chng 7 25
- Tr khang ngo ra:
Tr khang ngo ra khi khong co hoi tiep: Z
o
= R
c2
// R
L
Tr khang ngo ra:
T
Z
Z
o
of

=
1
V du 6: Xac nh o li ap A
vf1
= v
o1
/ v
i
; A
vf2
= v
o2
/ v
i
; tr khang ngo vao Z
if
va tr khang ngo
ra Z
of1
va Z
of2
cua mach K hoi tiep sau:
Mch din t 1
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Chng 7 26
Mach tng ng tn hieu nho: Mach hoi tiep ap sai lech dong
- o li vong T: Khong phu thuoc ngo ra la v
L1
hay v
L2
| |
f ie f b i
f b i
ie b c
b c
fe L c fe
i
L
L
R h R R r
R R r
h R R
R R
h R R h
v
v
v
T
1
// //
// //
//
//
) // (
0
2
'
1
1
(
(

+
(

+
=
=
=
- o li ap:
o li ap thuan:
9 Ngo ra la v
L1
:
i
f
L i
L
v
r
T R
v v
v
A =
=
=
0
'
1
1
1
9 Ngo ra la v
L2
: Mach tng ng tn hieu nho (a nguon v
L2
vao mach hoi tiep)
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Chng 7 27
Bien oi tng ng Norton Thevenin:
| |
i ie b f i
b f i
ie b c fe
L i
L
v
r h R R r
R R r
h R R h
v v
v
A
1
// //
// //
) // // (
0
'
2
2
2
(
(

+
=
=
=
o li ap:
T
A
A
v
vf

=
1
1
1
va
T
A
A
v
vf

=
1
2
2
Mch din t 1
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Chng 7 28
- Tr khang ngo vao:
Mach hoi tiep ap sai lech dong Bien oi Thevenin Norton nguon ap v
i
r
i
Tr khang ngo vao nhn t nguon dong khi khong co hoi tiep: Z
i
= r
i
//R
b
//R
f
//h
ie
Tr khang ngo vao nhn t nguon dong:
T
Z
Z
i
if

=
1
Do Z
if
= r
i
// Z
if

if i
i if
if
Z r
r Z
Z

=
'
Tr khang ngo vao nhn t nguon ap: Z
ifv
= r
i
+ Z
if

- Tr khang ngo ra:

9 Nhn t v
L1
: Tr khang ngo ra khi khong co hoi tiep: Z
o1
= R
L
// R
C

T
Z
Z
o
of

=
1
1
1
9 Nhn t v
L2
: Tr khang ngo ra khi khong co hoi tiep: Z
o2
= R
c
// R
b
// h
ie

T
Z
Z
o
of

=
1
2
2
7.6 Mach khuech ai hoi tiep va cac ham o nhay
Thc te: A
i
(A
v
) rat ln o li toan mach ch phu thuoc vao mach hoi tiep.
- o nhay cua s thay oi o li (sensitivity to gain variations):
nh ngha:
i i
if if
A
A
A dA
A dA
S
if
i
/
/
=
Mch din t 1
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Chng 7 29
T cong thc:
T
A
A
i
if

=
1

T
S
if
i
A
A

=
1
1
- Giam nhieu noi (reduction of internal disturbances):
Xet s o khoi cua mach hoi tiep vi nhieu noi i
d
nh sau: Gia s mach hoi tiep co R
f
;
R
|
.
ien ap ngo ra:
d L L i i L L
i R A v G i A A R v
2 2 1
) ( + =
Vi A
i
= A
1
A
2
va T = - A
i
G
i
R
L

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
.
|

\
|

=
1
1 A
i
i
T
R A
v
d
i
L i
L
Mach tng ng
ien ap ngo ra gay ra do nhieu noi:
d
L d L i
i
L
i
T
R A
A
i
T
R A
i
v

=
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
= 1 1 0
2
1
o ln cua nhieu noi ngo ra phu thuoc vao v tr cua i
d
trong mach K (A
2
):
9 i
d
xuat hien tang cuoi: A
2
= 1 i
d
b giam (1-T) ngo ra
9 i
d
xuat hien ngo vao: A
2
= A
i
: Nhieu va tn hieu vao cung c khuech ai
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Chng 7 30
V du 7: o dn song (ripple voltage) cua nguon la v
cc
, tnh o dn song ngo ra.
Mach tng ng tn hieu nho (Gia s r
i
>> R
f
>> R
L
): Mach hoi tiep ap sai lech dong
Khi khong co hoi tiep (v
L
= 0): Superposition:
i
ie f
f
L fe cc L
i
h R
R
R h v v
+
=
o li vong:
ie f
L fe
L
L
h R
R h
v
v
T
+
= =
'

i
ie f f L fe
cc
L
i
T
h R R R h
T
v
v

=
1
) /(
1
Gia s T >> 1
i f
cc
L
i R
T
v
v

~
o dn song ngo ra do v
cc
:
T
v
v
cc
ripple L

: B suy hao bi o li vong T.

7.7 Ky thuat thiet ke mach khuech ai hoi tiep
7.8 Cac ng dung khac cua ky thuat hoi tiep
Xem TLTK [1], [2]
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