TI A HO DUNG LNG THNG TIN CHO H THNG OFDM BNG CC GII PHP THCH NGHI PGS TS inh Th Cng,

PGS TS Nguyn Quc Bnh, ThS Cng Hng 1. GII THIU Trong nhng nm gn y, Phng thc ghp knh phn chia theo tn s trc giao OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) khng ngng c nghin cu v m rng phm vi ng dng bi nhng u im ca n trong tit kim bng tn v kh nng chng li pha inh chn lc theo tn s cng nh xuyn nhiu bng hp. Cng vi s tin b ca cng ngh tch hp in t, OFDM c ng dng rng ri trong cc h thng thng tin v tuyn th h mi, tiu biu l h thng DVB-T (1995), chun IEEE 802.11a (1999), HIPERLAN II (2000), ITSI, MMAC, chun IEEE 802.11g... v l ng c vin c trin vng nht cho th h thng tin 4G [13]. Theo nguyn l c bn ca OFDM l chia dng d liu tc cao thnh cc dng d liu tc thp hn v pht ng thi trn mt s cc sng mang, ta thy rng trong mt s iu kin c th, c th tng dung lng ng k cho h thng OFDM bng cch lm thch nghi tc d liu trn mi sng mang tu theo t s tn trn tp SNR ca sng mang . Bi vit ny phn tch c s l thuyt, cc phng n thch nghi v xut hng nghin cu thch nghi cho h thng OFDM trn knh pha inh chn lc theo tn s. 2. Khi nim v OFDM v AOFDM V bn cht, OFDM l mt trng hp c bit ca phng thc pht a sng mang theo nguyn l chia dng d liu tc cao thnh cc dng d liu tc thp hn v pht ng thi trn mt s cc sng mang c phn b mt cch trc giao. Nh thc hin bin i chui d liu t ni tip sang song song nn thi gian symbol tng ln. Do s phn tn theo thi gian gy bi tri tr do truyn dn a ng gim xung. Ph ca tn hiu OFDM c m t hnh 1.

Hnh 1. Ph ca mt sng mang OFDM con v ca tn hiu OFDM Hnh 1 cho thy do tnh trc giao, cc sng mang con khng b xuyn nhiu bi cc sng mang con khc. Thm vo , nh k thut a sng mang da trn FFT v IFFT, h thng OFDM t c hiu qu khng phi bng vic lc gii thng m bng vic x l bng gc. S ca mt khi pht v khi thu tn hiu OFDM bng gc in hnh (theo chun HIPERLAN II) c m t hnh 2 v hnh 3. Trong tuyn pht, chui d liu sau iu ch a mc M-QAM c bin i t ni tip sang song song, ghp vi tn hiu Pilot, bin i IFFT, chn khong phng v CP (Cyclic Prefix) chng li ISI do tri tr ca pha inh a ng v c pht i. Tuyn thu lm vic theo trnh t ngc li [1].

Hnh 2.S khi pht OFDM

Hnh 3. S khi thu OFDM Trong cc knh pha inh chn lc theo tn s, li bit thng tp trung ti mt vi sng mang con b pha inh trm trng, trong khi phn cn li ca ph OFDM thng khng b pha inh. Do cn nhn din cc sng mang con c xc sut li bit cao trong symbol OFDM pht i v loi ra khi vic truyn d liu. Mt khc, pha inh trong min tn s c th lm xu SNR ca mt s sng mang con ny nhng li lm tng SNR ca cc sng mang con khc nn s thit hi v thng lng d liu do vic loi tr cc sng mang b pha inh c th c b li bng cch s dng cc b iu ch bc cao ti cc sng mang c gi tr SNR cao. Ngoi vic loi tr cc tp sng mang b pha inh v thay i cc phng thc iu ch, cc tham s khc ca h thng OFDM nh cc tham s ca b m ho c th thay i thch nghi nhm dung ha gia ch tiu thng lng thng tin v t l li bt ca h thng tu thuc theo hm truyn ca knh nhn bit c. H thng OFDM s dng cc bin php thch nghi c gi l h thng OFDM thch nghi (AOFDM - Adaptive OFDM). 3. Phn tch hot ng ca h thng AOFDM Chu trnh hot ng ca h thng OFDM thch nghi bao gm 3 bc c bn: - c lng cht lng knh - Chn cc tham s cho qu trnh pht tip theo - Bo hiu hay tch sng m v cc tham s c s dng 3.1. c lng cht lng knh c lng cht lng knh l nhim v quan trng u tin quyt nh ti cht lng ca h thng thch nghi. chn c cc tham s pht ph hp cho ln truyn dn tip theo, cn phi c lng tng i chnh xc hm truyn ca knh trong sut khe thi gian truyn tip theo. Mi trng thun tin nht cho h thng AOFDM l mt h thng song cng phn chia

theo thi gian TDD (Time Division Duplex) trong iu kin knh thun nghch bin i chm. iu kin knh nh vy cho php tin hnh phng thc thch nghi theo vng h. Theo phng thc ny, c hai trm ln lt pht i cc symbol OFDM. Ti mi trm, symbol nhn c gn nht c s dng cho vic c lng knh dng thch nghi dng iu ch cho symbol OFDM pht tip theo. Nu knh khng thun nghch, v d trong h thng song cng phn chia theo tn s FDD (Frequency Division Duplex), cc trm khng th t xc nh c cc tham s thch nghi cho cc Symbol OFDM tip theo t cc symbol nhn c. Trong trng hp ny, my thu cn c lng cht lng knh v bo hiu mt cch r rng thng tin cho my pht ca tuyn ngc li. Trong trng hp ny my thu ch dn mt cch chnh xc cho my pht u kia thch nghi cc tham s pht ca n nn ch ny c gi l thch nghi vng kn [1]. 3.2. Chn cc tham s cho qu trnh pht tip theo: Da trn vic d on cht lng ca knh trong khe thi gian tip theo, my pht cn la chn cc phng thc iu ch hay m ho ph hp cho cc sng mang con. Bc tip theo ny ph thuc vo cht lng ca cc b iu ch hay m ho c s dng. 3.3. Bo hiu hay tch sng m v cc tham s c s dng Trong qu trnh thch nghi, my pht v my thu cn phi bo hiu cho nhau v tnh trng knh hay v tham s ca b gii iu ch c s dng cho gi tin nhn c...Thng tin ny c th c ti trong bn thn symbol OFDM nh cc sng mang Pilot hoc cc sng mang d liu. n gin ha nhim v bo hiu, c th tin hnh thch nghi OFDM trn c s bng con hoc chn cc s tch sng m cn rt t hoc khng cn cc thng tin bo hiu. 4. Cc thut ton thch nghi dng iu ch Ta xt trng hp hai trm s dng hm truyn knh c c t symbol OFDM nhn c gn nht theo phng thc vng h n nh dng iu ch ph hp cho cc sng mang. Cc dng iu ch c chn l BPSK, QPSK, 8PSK, 16-QAM hay thm ch khng pht No Transmission " nu khng c d liu no c pht i hay sng mang b pha inh trm trng. Cc dng iu ch ny c k hiu bng Mm, v m(0,1,2,3,4) l s bit d liu c kt hp trn mt symbol d liu ca mi dng iu ch. n gin ho nhim v bo hiu v dng iu ch v c th thc hin k thut tch sng m, chng ta khng thch nghi trn c s tng sng mang m tin hnh thch nghi trn cc bng con. Theo phng php ny, ton b bng thng OFDM c chia thnh cc bng con st nhau. Cc sng mang trong cng bng con c s dng cng bc iu ch. Ba thut ton s dng thch nghi cho cc bng con l: - Thch nghi theo ngng c nh. - Thch nghi theo BER mc tiu. - Thch nghi theo thng lng c nh. 4.1. Thch nghi theo ngng c nh Thut ton thch nghi theo ngng c nh c xut vi gi s l knh bin i chm cht lng knh khng i trn tt c cc symbol trong khe thi gian [9]. Trong iu kin , tt c cc symbol d liu trong khe thi gian pht s dng cng mt dng iu ch c chn theo SNR c lng c (Hnh 4).

Hnh 4. Minh ho iu ch thch nghi da trn cc mc SNR ngng Cc ngng SNR c th theo BER mc tiu c xc nh bi cn ti u Powell [10]. Torrance gi s t ra hai BER mc tiu nu cha tnh n m ho : 10-2 cho h thng truyn ting ni, v 10-4 cho h thng truyn d liu. Cc mc SNR ngng ln tng ng vi cc dng iu ch Mn trong knh phainh Rayleigh thay i chm cho 2 h thng trn c a ra trong [1,10]. Khi u, thut ton thch nghi ny gi s c mt SNR tc thi khng i trn tt c cc symbol ca khi. Trong knh phainh chn lc theo tn s th cht lng knh thay i qua cc sng mang khc nhau. Vi h thng OFDM c thch nghi theo cc bng con, nu rng bng con rng hn bng thng tng quan ca knh th thut ton chuyn mch khng th s dng c [1]. V th, sng mang c cht lng thp nht trong bng con c dng thch nghi da trn cc ngng thch nghi cho trc. Theo thut ton ny, h thng thch nghi t kt qu BER chung thp hn BER c th t c do thch vic thch nghi d dt theo sng mang c cht lng thp nht trong mi bng con. Do cn phi c cc thut ton thch nghi khc. 4.2. Thch nghi theo BER mc tiu ca bng con Nh nhn xt trn, thut ton chuyn mch c nh dng cho thch nghi bng con OFDM km v hiu sut thng lng thng tin do thch nghi d dt da trn c s sng mang c cht lng km nht trn mi bng con khi cht lng knh khng phi l c nh trong mi bng con. Thut ton theo BER mc tiu c tnh n cc gi tr SNR j khng phi l c nh trn Ns sng mang trong bng con th j, da trn vic tnh ton xc sut li bit cho tt c cc dng iu ch c sn Mn trong mi bng con, k hiu bng: pe(n) = 1/Nspe(j, Mn) (1)

Dng iu ch c thng lng cao nht m c BER d on thp hn ngng cho trc c chn cho mi bng con. So snh vi thut ton 1 ta thy rng thut ton BER mc tiu to ra thng lng BPS cao hn ng k trong khi vn tho mn cc yu cu v BER. 4.3. Thch nghi theo thng lng khng i Vi hai thut ton trn, do thng lng d liu vo ca modem OFDM thay i theo thi gian nn khng ph hp vi cc h thng cn c tc truyn d liu khng i nh truyn dn Audio hay Video hai chiu trong thi gian thc. gii quyt vn ny, Torrance nghin cu v nhn mnh s quan trng ca cc b m d liu ti my pht thch hp vi cc h thng thch nghi c tc d liu thay i [10]. Chiu di yu cu ca b m c lin quan ti tn s Doppler ca knh. Tuy nhin, vi hai thut ton trn, vic truyn dn Audio hay Video hai

chiu trong thi gian thc vn c th b tr; v th cn c thut ton thch nghi khc nhm m bo cho thng lng thng tin ca h thng l khng i . Thut ton thch nghi OFDM theo thng lng khng i cng c thc hin trn c s bng con n gin nhim v bo hiu hoc c th thc hin c c ch tch sng m. Theo thut ton ny, mi bng con c n nh mt bin trng thi sn theo bc ca mi dng iu ch. Mi bin trng thi c bt u bc iu ch thp nht l 0 cho ''no transmission'' v tip n l bc 1 tng ng vi BPSK, bc 2 l QPSK... S bit li d tnh en,s cho mi bng con n v cho mi bc dng iu ch c th s c tnh ton da trn c s ca hm truyn knh c lng H, c tnh n s bit c truyn trn mi bng con v theo dng iu ch bns. Cc gi tr tn hao cn,s c tnh ton cho mi bng con n v trng thi s cho tt c cc bc iu ch theo cng thc : en , s +1 en , s cn ,s = (2) bn , s +1 bn , s Gi tr tn hao ny lin quan n lng tng d tnh ca tng s li bt, gy ra bi lng tng ca thng lng, nu dng iu ch c bc cao hn tip theo c thay cho bc s trong bng con n. Ni cch khc, phng trnh (2) xc nh lng BER c li d tnh khi tng bc iu ch t s ti s+1 trong bng con n. Vic n nh dng iu ch ca cc bng con c thc hin da trn c s ca hm tn hao cn,s, v tng s li bit d tnh trong mi bng con. Vic thch nghi dng iu ch c thc hin bng cch d tm sao cho khi n c gi tr cn,sn thp nht v tng dn trng thi sn ca n. Qu trnh ny c lp li cho n khi tng s bit trong symbol OFDM t ti s bit mc tiu. 5. M phng h thng OFDM thch nghi. 5.1.Chn m hnh v thut ton kho st. Trn c s phn tch l thuyt v OFDM v l thuyt thch nghi, mc ny tin hnh kho st h thng AOFDM trn knh pha inh a ng c chu ng thi tc ng ca nhiu Gauss bng phn mm m phng MATLAB. n gin ho nhim v bo hiu, vic thch nghi trn s c thc hin trn c s cc bng con ch khng thc hin trn c s tng sng mang. H thng OFDM 512 sng mang c th c chia thnh 8 bng con, mi bng con bao gm 64 sng mang v vic thch nghi s c thc hin trn c c tng bng con . lm c s so snh cho cc b m c s dng sau ny, ta s dng m hnh OFDM c s c thch nghi c dng m knh l m xon (7, [133,171]) tng t nh b m dng trong chun HIPERLAN II. Cc mc o mch trong thut ton thch nghi chuyn mch c xc nh bi qu trnh ti u cho truyn dn khng m ho nn n kh c th iu khin c theo cc tc li bit tu . Mt khc v m Turbo v cc m lin kt c c tnh BER phi tuyn i vi SNR [1] nn vic ti u mc chuyn mch l mt nhim v kh khn. V vy ch c thut ton thch nghi theo BER mc tiu ca bng con c th d dng kt hp vi m ho knh. Do thun li v sau, ta tin s dng thut ton ny kho st. S khi ca h thng c m t ti hnh 5.

Hnh 5. S khi m phng ca h thng OFDM dng m xon 5.2.Kt qu kho st h thng OFDM thch nghi dng m xon (7, [133,171]) Kt qu kho st t l li bt ca h thng OFDM dng m xon (7, [133,171]) vi cc mc iu ch BPSK, QPSK, 8PSK v 16QAM, 32QAM khi truyn trong mi trng pha inh a ng phn b Rice c h s k=32 v dch tn Doppler 40 Hz chu tc ng ng thi ca nhiu Gauss c trnh by hnh 6 (a) v h thng AOFDM s dng thut ton thch nghi theo BER mc tiu 10-4c trnh by hnh 6 (b):

(a) (b) Hnh 6. Kt qu BER ca h thng A OFDM s dng m xon (7 [133,171]) vi BER mc tiu l 10-4 khi truyn knh pha inh Rice c h s k=32 , D=40 . Cc kt qu v s bt trung bnh trn 1 sng mang con BPSc v s bt d liu trn mt bng con BPS c trnh by ti hnh 7:

KET QUA THONG LUONG BPS HE THONG AOFDM 120 110 100 90 80 BPS 70 60 50 40 30 20 0 K=32 D=40Hz

10 SNR

15

20

25

(a) (b) Hnh 7. Kt qu s bt trong bnh trn 1 sng mang con BPSc (a) v s bt d liu trn mt bng con BPS (b) ca h thng AOFDM s dng m xon (7 [133,171]) vi BER mc tiu 10-4 khi truyn knh pha inh Rice c h s k=32 , D=40 .
Cc kt qu trn cho thy rng nu s dng m xon (7, [133,171]), nh thut ton c thch nghi theo BER mc tiu, chng ta c th t c thng lng thng tin l 4 bt trn 1 sng mang hay 96 bt thng tin trn 1 bng con OFDM ti SNR trn 17 dB vi BER yu cu l 10-4 trong iu kin knh pha inh a ng phn b Rice c h s k=32v dch tn Doppler D=40Hz. Vic s dng cc b m tt hn s ci thin ng k cht lng BER ca h thng thch nghi trn. 6. xut phng hng nghin cu thch nghi OFDM Cc nghin cu v AOFDM cho n nay c tin hnh theo cc hng sau: - iu ch thch nghi BPSK, QPSK, 16 QAM cho OFDM theo iu kin ca knh truyn nhm nng cao hiu sut v thng lng thng tin, c nghin cu bi nhm nghin cu ca L. Hanzo [1]. - Thay i thch nghi cc tham s trong h thng OFDM nh s sng mang, khong cch sng mang, s sng mang Pilot [1,3]. Thay i thch nghi khong cch CP gia cc symbol OFDM [13]. - Thit k cc m thch nghi dng cho OFDM nh m xon, m RSC, m Turbo... [3]. Do qu trnh thch nghi a mc b gii hn bi ngng SNR m ti cc b gii m vn lm vic tt, v vy vic nghin cu thit k cc b m tt thch hp i vi h thng OFDM iu ch a mc trong iu kin pha inh l mt cng vic c ngha quan trng. Xut pht t i hi khng ngng v cht lng truyn dn a dch v trong cc mng v tuyn v thng tin di ng, nng cao kh nng ng dng ca h thng OFDM, b m c dng cn c kt cu b m n gin m vn m bo c ch tiu v t l li bt BER v thng lng thng tin BPS ca ton b h thng. Sau m Turbo, m BICM-ID c xut nghin cu t nhng nm 1990 bi nhm nghin cu X.Li v Ritcey l b m tt cho truyn dn trn knh a ng [14] do tha hng u im ca cc m xon c s, phng php xo trn bt, gii m lp v cc phng php dn nhn tn hiu iu ch. Vic ng dng b m ny kt hp vi OFDM thch nghi s mang li cho chng ta mt h thng mm do, c hiu qu cao trong iu kin truyn dn a ng. KT LUN Vi mc tiu khai thc ti a dung lng knh Shanon bin i theo thi gian ca cc knh
7

pha inh bng hp. Bi vit ny phn tch c s l thuyt h thng OFDM v OFDM thch nghi; phn tch chu trnh lm vic ca h thng OFDM thch nghi bao gm c lng cht lng knh, thch nghi tham s v bo hiu cc tham s; lm r tng c th tng dung lng ng k cho h thng OFDM bng cch lm thch nghi tc d liu trn mi sng mang tu theo SNR ca sng mang trong iu kin cc knh bin i theo thi gian tng i chm. Cc kt qu m phng h thng AOFDM trn MATLAB cho chng ta tng minh hn v hot ng ca h thng AOFDM trn knh phainh a ng c chu ng thi tc ng ca nhiu Gauss vi b m knh l m xon (7, [133,171]) tng t vi b m dng trong chun HIPERLAN II. Mt kt lun quan trng c rt ra l qu trnh thch nghi ch c ngha v b gii hn ti mt mc BER m cc b gii m knh vn c th hot ng tt. chnh l hng m nghin cu m BICM-ID, mt gii php gp phn hon thin h thng AOFDM v m rng cc ng dng ca n trong tng lai cho th h thng tin v tuyn 4G. TI LIU THAM KHO: [1]. L. HANZO, W. WEBB, and T. KELLER, Single-and Multi-Carrier Quadrature Amplitude Modulation. New York: IEEE Press/Wiley, Apr. 2000. [2]. R. STEELE and W. WEBB, Variable rate QAM for data transmission over Rayleigh fading channels, in Proceeedings of Wireless 91, (Calgary, Alberta), pp. 114, IEEE, 1991. [3]. H. MATSUOKA, S. SAMPEI, N. MORINAGA, and Y. KAMIO, Adaptive modulation system with variable coding rate concatenated code for high quality multi-media communications systems, in Proceedings of IEEE VTC 96,(Atlanta, GA, USA), pp. 487 491, IEEE, 1996. [4]. S. CHUA and A. GOLDSMITH, Variable-rate variable-power mQAM for fading channels, in Proceedings of IEEE VTC 96, (Atlanta, GA, USA), pp. 815819, IEEE, 1996. [5]. D. A. PEARCE, A. G. BURR, and T. C. TOZER, Comparison of counter-measures against slow Rayleigh fading for TDMA systems, in IEE Colloquium on Advanced TDMA Techniques and Applications, (London, UK), pp. 9/19/6, IEE, 28 October 1996. digest 1996/234. [6]. V. K. N. LAU and M. D. MACLEOD, Variable rate adaptive trellis coded QAM for high bandwidth efficiency applications in rayleigh fading channels, in Proceedings of IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC98), (Ottawa, Canada), pp. 348352, IEEE, May 1998. [7]. J. M. TORRANCE and L. HANZO, Latency and networking aspects of adaptive modems over slow indoors rayleigh fading channels, IEEE Tr. on Veh. Techn., vol. 48, no. 4, pp. 12371251, 1998. [8]. J. M. TORRANCE, L. HANZO, and T. KELLER, Interference aspects of adaptive modems over slow rayleigh fading channels, IEEE Tr.onVeh.Techn., vol. 48, pp. 15271545, Sept 1999. [9]. J. Torrance, Adaptive Full Response Digital Modulation for Wireless Communications Systems. PhD thesis, Dept. of Electronics and Computer Science, Univ. of Southampton, UK, 1997. [10]. J. M. Torrance and L. Hanzo, Optimisation of switching levels for adaptive modulation in a slow Rayleigh fading channel, Electronics Letters, vol. 32, pp. 11671169, 20 June 1996. [11]. W. T. Webb and L. Hanzo, Modern Quadrature Amplitude Modulation: Principles and Applications for Wireless Communications, IEEE Press-Pentech Press, 1994. ISBN 0-72731701-6. [12] ZHANG ZHAO-YANG, LAI LI-FENG, A novel OFDM transmission scheme with lengadptive Cyclic Prefix, Journalof Zhejiang University Science ISSN 1009-3095, 2003

[13]. S.HARA, R.PRASAD, Multicarier Techniques for 4G Mobile Communication. Artech House, Boston, London, 2003 [14]. X. LI and J. A. RITCEY, Bit-interleaved coded modulation with iterative decoding, IEEE Commun. Lett., vol. 1, pp. 169171, Nov. 1997.