is characterised in practice by high power distance and ingroup loyalty and humanity.

In this circumstance, leaders are representatives of the higher classes of society who are charged with looking after the interests of their (lower caste) subordinates.

values power distance and practices relatively high levels of societal collectivism. In this culture, a leader is trusted to get on with the job on behalf of (usually) his subordinates.

is that, despite a pattern of strong cultural differences, Asian cultural clusters endorse leadership that is charismatic (or values-based), Humane team orientated Eschew leadership that is self-protective or autonomous

participation may well prove to be a critical sticking point for cross-cultural leadership in the Asian Century. Clearly, the three clusters see leadership as a phenomenon that is based on team performance, rather than any notion of personal aggrandisement.