61

Solutions - Chapter 3 The z-Transform

63
3.1. (a)

Z
(b)

[(1)"uIn] ] = ~ (1)" z-" = ~ (1)" = 1 '2 2 iz-1

00 00

2z

1_

Izl > '2

==
(c)

L
-1
":-00

(I)" z-" = - ~)2z)" '2

00

n=1

---=

2z 1- 2z

1 1 1- !z-1

Izl < '2

Izi < '2

(d)

Z{6In]] = zO
(e)

=1

all z

Z[6[n (f)

111 = %-1

Izi >

Z[6[n
(g)

+ 111 = Z+1

o::s

Izi < 00

Z 3.2.

[(I)"
2

(uln] - uIn _ 10D

] = ;0 (1)" = 1'" _
9

2z

(2 z )-10 1 - (2%)-1

Izi > 0

z[nJ = {

N,

O<n<N-I N -$ n-

= n urn]
<:;0

- (n - N)u[n - N]

n z[n]
n

<:;0

d -z dzX(z)
%-1

=> n uln]

-z d.z

1- z-1

Izi > 1

urn]

~
4=>

(1X(z)·

Z-I)2,

Izi ~

1 N)u[n - N] ~ (1- z-1)2

z[n - no)
therefore

z-Ao => (n -

-N-l

Izl > 1

64

3.3. (a) 0< ]a] < 1

X.(Z)

-1

CICI

L
a=-CIQ
CIO

a-"z-"
00

+ La"z-"
n=O

= La"z" + La"z-"
n=l

n=O

az --+ 1- az

1 1- az-1

z(l - 0:2) , (1- az)(z - a)

]a1 <

Izl < la1

Xd.z)

1/ex

(b)

%b

I, { 0, 0,

n N $n n <0

s sN -

1
.
=?

X.(z) = L

u-:
z-n
n=O

= 1 _ z-l

1_ z-N

zN _ 1 zN-l(z _ 1)

i: 0

(c)

z -z,,( ) -

(N)2 zN-l(z
z

-lIz - 1)

-_-

z2N-l

(N)2 -1 --z-

oF 0,1

--~~-~~-~~--

__ pole zero cancel

65 3.4. The pole-zero plot of X{z) appears below. X(z}

(a) For the Fourier transform of z[n] to exist, the z-transform of z[n1 must have an ROC which includes the unit circle, therefore,l!1 < Izi < 121. Since this ROC lies outside this pole contributes a right-sided sequence. Since the ROC lies inside 2 and 3, these poles contribute Jeft.-sided sequences. The overall z[n] is therefore two-sided.

J,

(b) Two-sided sequences have ROC's which look like washers. There are two possibilities. corresponding to these are: < Izi < 121 and 121 < Izl < 131·

III

The ROC's

(c) The ROC must be a connected region. For stability, the ROC must contain the unit circle. For causality the ROC must be outside the outermost pole. These conditions cannot be met by any of the possible ROC's of this pole-zero plot.

3.5. X(z)

=
=

(1 + 2z){1 + 3 z -1)(1-

z-l)

= 2z + 5 - 4z-1

3z-2

L z[n]z-n
_-aro

aro

Therefore, 3.6. (a.)

~~=u~+~+u~-u~-~-u~-~
X(z)

= 1+ 1 zZ1

Izi >

1 -2

Partial fractions: one pole ~ inspection, z[n1 = (-l)nu[n] Long division: 1 1 - 2z -1 + 1 -2 + ...

.z

+ 1z-2 ..

1 + iZ -2

+ lz-3 i
=* z[n] = (_~)
n

urn]

66 (b) X(z) Partial Fractions: one pole ~ inspection, Long division: 1 = 1 + 2Z

1 1

Izi < 2

1 -1]

%[n] -(-i)nu[-n =

iz-1 + 1

2z
I

- 4z2

+ 8z3

+ ...

+ 2z
- 2z - 2z - 4z2

+ 4z2
+ 4z2 + 8,r
=> z[n] =
(c) X(z) - 1+ Partial Fractions: X(z)
1-1 1 - -z 2 :!Z-l + 1z-2 4 a

_ (_~)

u[-n -1]

Izl> 2"

Long division: 1 + :!z-l 4

+ a z-2 1

!1

(-136

+ l)z-2

+ ...

1 (_:_~)Z-l (_~ _ ~)z-l

(d) X(z) Partial Fractions: X(z) [s]

== 1_1% 2

l_1z-1

Izl> 2"

> 2"

Long division; see part (i) above. (e)

Partial Fractions; X(z) =

-0 _ 0-I{l-

1-

2 ()

4-1Z-1

Izl > la-II

:In] = -d[n] - (1- (2)a-(Il+llu[nJ

Long division:
-4+Z-1

- (II II"-O)Z1 1 4Z-1

-1

+ ...

(0-1 - O)z-1

3.7.

(a)

:[n] = u[-n - 1] +
~ -1 X(z) - 1 - Z-1

(D
1 z 2 i.e.,

uln1

+ --.-~ -1 1- 1

2 < Izi < 1

Now to find H(z) we simply use H(z)

= Y(z)/X(z);

Y(z) _lz-1 H (z) - __ - -:----:-~2~---:-:- X(z) - (1- z-1)(1 +%-1)

H{z) causal ~ ROC 1%1

> 1.

(b) Since one of the poles of X(z), which limited the ROC of X(z) to be less thaD 1, is cancelled by the zero of H{z), the ROC of Y(%) is the region in the z-plane that satisfies the remaining two constraints Izl > aDd Izi > 1. Hence Y(z) converges 011 1%1 1. > (c)

Y(z) = Therefore,

1 - 1Z-1 2

-3

1 + z-1

Izl> 1

yIn] == -- 1 3

(I)1l urn] + -(-l)ftu{n)

2 1 3

3.8. The causal system has system function B (z)

aad the input is :inJ

= -1-+"""'j_=-Z---1

1- Z-1

= (Ir' uin) + u[-n - IJ. Therefore the z-traDsform of the input is

1 _ 1

"

X(z) _

- 1 - !z-l

1-

==

Z-1

(1~ 1z-I)(1-

_;z-1

z-l)

'3 < 1:1 < 1

68

(a) h[nJ causal ~ h(nl

(b) Y(z}

3)" 3) = ( -4 urn] - ( -4 ,,-I urn -1)

:( < Izi
3

Therefore the output is

!I[n} = -13

8 (1)" uln) + 13 ( -4"3)" urn} 8 3

< Izl which
2 (1- i-z-l) includes the unit circle. Therefore,

(e) For hIn] to be causal the ROC of H(z) must be ~ . h[n] absolutely sun:unable.

3.9. H(z)
(a.) h[n}

1 + z-1 (1- !z-l)(1 + 1Z-I)

1 (1 + z-1)

causal =>

ROC outside

(b) ROC includes (e)

Izi =

IzI = ! lzl>!. =>

1 => stable.

y{n] Y(z)

1(1)" = -3 -4
=
=
_1

u[nl- 3(2)"u[-n - 1]

1 + z-1 = (1 + 1z-I)(I- 2z-1) X(z) Y(z) _ (1- 1Z-1) B(z) - (1- 2z-1)

1. 4 + 1z-

1 - 2z-1

4 < Izi < 2

Izi

<2

z[n]
(d)

-(2)"u[-n

- 1]+ !(2)"-lu[-nJ
2

hin] = 2 (~)"
3.10. (a)

urn] -

(-i)" u{n]

%[n]

=
==

(~r
_ [( (~)

or

urn - 10]+

(~)" urn -10]

u[n] +
R

(i)" uln] + (i)') (u[n] - urn - 11])]

= O.

The last term is finite length and converges everywhere except at z Therefore, ROC outside largest pole ~ < IzI-

69
(b)

z[n] = { 1, -10:5.n:5 10
0, othervnse Finite length but has positive and negative powers at z in its X(z). Iz[ < 00. (e) Therefore the ROC is 0

<

z[n] z[-n]

= 2"u[-n]
H

= c)-n '2
[zl>

u{-n] 1

X(l/z) ROC is ROC is

(~) n urn]

=> =>

'2

c)-n u[-n) '2

(d)

Izi < 2

%[n] =
x[nJ is right-sided, (e)

[(~)

n+4 _ (e'' /3)nj

u[n -

IJ
But since it is

non-zero at n::: -1, the ROC does not include

so its ROC extends outward from the outermost pole eJ,,/3. 00. So the ROC is 1 < lzl < 00.

%[n]

urn + 10]- urn + 5)

{I,

0,

otherwise

-105n5-6

x[n] is finite-length (f)

and has only positive powers of

z in its

X{z).

So the ROC is

Izl < 00.

x[n]

= '2

(l)n-l

urn]

+ (2 + 3j)n-2U[_A -

I]

x[n) is two--sided, with two poles. Its ROC is the ring between the two poles:

i < [z[
3.11.

<

*.

i < lzl < t

2';3j

I,

or

00

%[n]

causa]

=> X(z) == L%[n]z-n

>=0

. which means this summation will include no positive powers of z: This means that the closed form of X(z) must converge at z = 00, Le., Z = co must be in the ROC of X{z), or lim~~oo X{z) # co. (a) (1-,1:-1)2 lim 00(1 - !z-l)

1.....

=1

could be

causal

70
(b)

. (z _1)2 lim Z-+oo (z -1)

(c)

=00

could

DOt

be ca.usa1

lim 4 =0 Hoo(Z _ i)6 (d) (Z - 1)6 lim ~ .....oo(Z - i)l'>

3.12. (a) X1(z) The pole is at -2, and the zero is at 1/2. (b)
=00

(z _ 1)5

could be causal

could. not be causal

= 1 + ~z-l

1- 1Z-1

1- 1z-1

X2(Z) = (1 + ~z-l

)(1 -

iZ-1)

The poles are at -1/2 and 2/3, and the zero is at 1/3. Since %2[nl is uusal, the ROC is extends from the outermost pole: [a] > 2/3.

XI

(z)

(c) l+z-1 -2z-2 X3(z) = 1- Uri + %-2

6

The poles are at 3/2 aod 2/3, aad the :zeros are at 1 and -2. Since %3[nl is absolutely the ROC must include the unit circle: 2/3 < Izl < 3/2.

summable,

71

3.13.

G(z)

= =

sin(Z-l)(l (z
-1

+ 3z-2 + 2z-4)
z-~
%-7 -2-4

-+ - - -)(1+3z 3! 5! 7!

Z-3

+2z

= Lg[n]Z-n

"
gIll]
is simply the coefficient

in front of

Z-l1

in this power series expansion

of

G(z):

g[ll} = -11! + 9! - 111"

3.14. B(z}

1 1. (1- !z-1){1+ iz-1)

=
=
Taking the inverse z- Transform:

0.5 1-1z-l 2

+ ---;---,11
1+
.12

0.5

hln] So,
At

11 =2 2 -(-)"u[n]

+ _(--)nufnJ
2 2

=-j

1 2

A2

= 2;
ro;4z
1 -10

3.15.

Using long division, we get

H(z)

1"",9

1 _ ~=-i

=
Taking the inverse z-transform,

n=02

L(~}"z-·

h[n] == {
Since h[nJ is 0 for n
3.16.

U)",
0,

otherwise

n ==

0,1,2, ... ,9

< 0, the

system is causal.

(a) To determine

8(z). we first find X(z) aDd Y{z): X(z)

1
1- 2z-1

3 < Iz\ < 2

72 Y(z)

= =

5 1_!z-1
3

1-1,:-1

1Z-1

(1- iz-1)(1 -

iz-

1)'

Izl> 3

Now H(z) =
Y(z) X(z) 1 - 2z-1 The pole-zero plot of H(z) is plotted below.

Izl > 3

(b) Taking the inverse z-transform

of H(z),

we get

h[n1

(c) Since H(z) :::::Y{z) :::::1X(z) 1we can write Y(z)(lwhose inverse z-transform leads to ~z-l)

2Z-1, iZ-1
2z-1},

= X(z)(l-

yIn] - -y[n

2 3

-11 = :tIn] -

2:t[n -

IJ

(d) The system is stable because the ROC includes the unit circle. It is also c:a.usal since the impulse response h[n] 0 for n < O.

3.17. We solve this problem by finding the system function H(z) of the system, and then' looking at the different impulse responses which can result from our choice of the ROC. Taking the z-transform of the diJference equa.tioD. we get

Y(z)(l- 2"z-1
and thus

+ z-') = X(z)(1

- %-1),

H(z)

Y(z) 1- Z-1 ::::: X(.;:) = 1- i.;:-1 + .;:-2

73 =
=
1%-1

(1- 2z-1)(1- jz-1)

1- 2z-1

2/3

1- 1Z-1
:2

1/3

lithe ROC is (a)

1.:1 < j:

(b)

j < lzl < 2:

(c)

1.:1>

2: h[n]

2 = 32nu[n]
===?

+ 3(2)nu[n]

11

(d) 1.:1> 2 or Izi

<

t:

hlOJ

= 1.

3.1S.

(a)

H(.:)

=
=

1 + 2z-1 + Z-2 (1 +

tz- )(1 1

z-1)

-2+

!
3

1+1z-11-z2

+1

!
3:

Taking the inverse z....transform:

h[n]

= -2o[n]

+ 3{-2)nu[n]

+ 3u[n]-

(b) We use the eigenfunction property of the input:

yin] = H(e',,/2)z[n],
where

-2+

= -2+~1

1+ 1

!e3'

j·/2

+
1 +J

'3 1- e-1•j2

- IJ

1·+--L-1.

=~.
Putting it togetber,

-2j

2+t

74
3.19. The ROC{Y(z» (a) Y(z) The intersection includes the intersection of ROC{H(z» and ROC(X(z)).

= (1+ iz-1)(1- tz-1)

Izi > i. So the ROC of Y(z} is 1%1 > i. (b) The ROC of Y(z) is exACtly the intersection of ROCs of H{z) and X(z): 1< Izi < 2.
of ROC, of H(z) and X(%) is (e) Y (z) The ROC is

= ~(I--~i z--~1~)(:-I-+-;i~z--:-:'"I)
includes the intersection of

1%1 >

i.
has to be chosen such that ROC(Y(z»

3.20', In both cases, the ROC of H(z) ROC{H{z)} and ROC(X{z». (a)

H(z) The ROC is (b)

1- ~z-1
<I

- 1 + lz-1
3

Izi > j.
H(z)
1_ !z-l
6

:=

3.21.

(a) The ROC is

Izi >

i·
n
n

yIn]

=
=

<0

Yin]
yin]
(b)

E:r[k}h!n - k}
1:=0 N-l J:=O

= La..
..

.=0

-1:

= aft 1 _

1_

a-(n+1}

a-I

1 _ on+l 1_ a I-N

0 :::; < N - 1 n

= L:r[klh[n - k]

= Laft
1:=0

N-1

-1:

= aftl-a-1

1- a-N

= a"+1 : ~ i :

n~N

H(z)
X(z) Therefore, 1- z-N Y (z) - (1- az-1 )(1Now, (1 - az-1)(1 - Z-1)

1 = Laftz-ft = 1 - az00

n=O

Izi > la! Izi >0

N-l

Lz-n-

l-z-N
- 1- %-1

n=O

Z-I)

1
(1- cu1 )(1-

z-1)

~--;"7"=--= (1- u-1)(1 - Z-1)

z.-N

1- arl

+ 1 - z-1

=~

(1)(

1- z-1 - 1- (1Z-1

a)

7& So

yIn]

= =

[u[n]- an+1u[n] - urn - N] - an-.N'+1u[n I-a 1- 0"+1 1_ an-N+1 a u[n1a urn - N]

(_1_)
1_
0

N]l

1_

n<O

yin]

1-.... 1 +

1- ..

OSnSN-l
H )

an+1 3.22. (a) yIn]

(I_ ....-I

n?, N

L h[k]:r[n ,,=-""

""

=
=
=
(b) Y(z)

"1;",, (3 ( n L3 (Ir -1:=0

-~r
-

kJ

U[k1) urn - k]

{ t (10,

(_l)n+l),

n?,O otherwise

=
=
=

H(z)X(z)
3

1 3 1+ 1z-1 1- z-1 1 ! ! + .. 1+ 1z-1 1- z-1

3( l)ft 9 yIn] = - - - urn} + -urn] 4 3 4

= =
3.23. (a)

~ (1 + 3 (- 3) ft) u[n1

9( (1) -3
11- 1 2

ft+l) urn]

H(z) =

z-

(l-lz-1){1 5+

-lz-1)

= -4+ 1- 1Z-1+ 1z-2 ..

Iz-1

=
h[n]
::

-4-

2
2

1-

!,%-1

+ 1- 1 -1 z .. u[n1 + 7 (~)" urn]

-4J[n] - 2 (~)"

76 (b)

311 yIn] - -yIn - 1]+ -yIn -

482

21 = z{n]

-zIn -

2]

3.24. The plots of the sequences are shown below. (a) Let

a[n] =
Then A(z) (b)

L
1=-00

00

6[n - 4k),
00

L
11=-00

z-ft\

bIn)

B(z)

lzl > 1

..
C 2i

co.. ....
0.'
0.2

...
~ ~ ... -2

o~~~~~~~~~=
_.0

10

u
I

...
-to

... ... ...

%2

r
-2

r,

1
10

00

3.25. X (z) -

- (z - 12Hz - b) -

....,.....----:----:<":""""---:
%2 -

(a

z2 + b)z + ab

Obtain a proper fraction:

77

Z2 -

(4

+ b)z + ab

z2
z2 - (4

+ b)z

+ ab
- ab

(4+ b)z

X(z)

=
=

1+

(4

(z - a)(z - b)
Z4 Z-

+ b) z

_I.
lUI

(ca+.) .. -d
0-.

(oH) ......

z- a

+-.;;.......;;;~
.- ..

z- b

a' .'. ~ ii=i 1+-----=

b a2

1 ( a2 -1 +-- 1- z 1 4- b az~

L2 u-Z -1
-~~"7

1-

bz-1

:tIn]

!S[n}+ __ an-1u[n - 1] - __

a-b

= 6In]
3.26. (a) z[n] is right-sided and

(_1_) a-b

a-b

bft-1u[n - 11

(4n+1 _

bn+1)u[n -

1]

1- 1Z-1 X(z) it - 1 + jz-l Long division: 1

1+

~Z-l

11

i Z-2
9

+ ...

1 - 9z
2 -2

+
Therefore, z[n1 = 2(-j)nuln1(b) X(Z}

:z-:I
6[n) _ 3z-1 _ 4 _ 4 - (1-1z-1)(1+ tZ-1) - 1- jz-l 1- tz-1

3 - z - i -iz-1
_ stable, :}

Poles at Therefore,

!, and -i. z[n]

Izi >!

:} causal.
n

z[n]
(c)

= 4 (~)

u[n]- 4 (_~)

ft

u[n]

X{z}

In(l- 4%)

Izi <:4
=-1

=Therefore,

(4%)' L-'
OCI

i=1'

1 L _(4z)-t l=_ool

78
(d) X(z)

1
1- fZ1

By long division:
1
11z-3 3 1 1

+ iz-3 + jz-'

+ ...

:t[nJ = { H)I, 0,
3.27. (a) X(z)

= 0,3,6,

...

otherwise

'2 < Izi

<2

Therefore, xln] (b)

= ~5(n+l)"2

( -1)

n+l

uln+l]+

(35)2

58 ( -1)

u[n] + (35p(2)"'ul-n-l]-

1568

(35P{3)"'u[-n-l]

2700

1 Therefore, :t[n] = n! u[n]. (e) X(z)=~=z Therefore, 3.28. (a)

Z3 -

2z

2 +2%+1_2z-1

Jzl < 2

:t[n] = 6[n + 2] + U[n

+ 11- 2(2)nu[-n - 1]
d

n:t[n] ¢> -z d:l X(z)

:tIn - no]
3
¢>

z" ....X(z)

3z-2 [ d( 1 )] X(z) = (1- tz-l)2 = 12z -z dz 1- t.:-l :t[n] is left-sided. Therefore, X(z) correspoDds to:
:tIn]

= -12(n - 2) 4"

(1)"'-2

u[-n

+ 1]

79
(b)
X(z)

= sin(z) = L (2k + I)! ~Hl

00

(_1)1:

ROC includes 1%1

k=O

=1

Therefore,

:&:[n]= ~
Which is stable. (e)
X(

00

{-I)1!: (2k + 1)!6[n+

2k+ 1]

z) _ Z7 - 2 _ - 1_ z-7 X(z)

z7 _

1 1_ z-7

1%

>1

==

Z7 -

L
-=0

co

z-7n

Therefore,

:r[n1 == 6[n
3.29.

+ 7)-

L 6[n n.=O

co

7kl

3.30.
X(z)
:=:

1 log2( - - z) 2

Izi < 2

(a)
X(z)

== log(l- 2z) = -

(2z)' L:-,-.
00

=-

1 L _l(2%)-t
-1 1:'-00

==

1 1: 1 (l)t 2"
1

-I %

i::l

t=-co

Therefore, 1 :&:[n]=;; (b)

c)n u[-n "2 1)

- 1]

m:[n] 7I%(n]

d -z-log(1-2z)=-% dz

( --

:&:[nJ ==

(D" u[-n -·1] ~ c)n u[-n-l] 2

1

1 - 2%

(-2)=z

-1 (

-1 ), 1 - !z-1 2

Izi

< 2"

80 3.31.

(a.) z[n]

= enu[n] + bnu[n] + cnu[-n - 1]

1 1- az-l 1- bz-1 1- a 1 + (be + QC - ab)z-2 1- 2cz(1 - ez-1)(1 - bz-1 HI - a-1)
Z2

lei

< Ibl < [c]

X(z) = X(z) ==
Poles: a., b, c,

Ibl < Iz[ < [e] Ibl < Izi < Icl

Zeros:

ZI. Z2. 00

where

ZI

and

are roots of numerator

quadratic.

pole-zero pi t (0)

(b)

z[n]

= nlonuln]
= e"u[n] <=> (z) = 1_ QZ-l Xl
1

zdn]
z2[n] z[n]

Izi >

0
QZ-l

= nxdn] = nZ2[n]

== nanu[n1_<=> X2(z)

= -z

dz Xl (z)

(1 _

oz-1)2 1 )

Izl > a
Izj

d d = n 2a " urn] <=>-z dz X2 (z) == -z dz ( (1 _0.::QZ-l)2

>a

X(z) =
(e) z[n)

-oz-1(1 (1 -

+ CZ-l)
0.::-1)3

1::1> 0

== =

eft·(cos ;2n) u{n1- e,,4 (cos ~n) urn -1] en· (cos ;2n) (u[n] - urn - In = 6[n)

Therefore, X(.::)

== I for alllzl3

3.32. From the pole-zero diagram

Izl> ;(
yIn] = z[-n + 3] = z[-(n - 3)]

81 Poles at O,-~, 1 ± j, zeros at

00

x[n] causal => z[-n + 3J is left-sided => ROC is 0 <

Izi < 4./3.

3.33. From pole-zero diagram X(z) (a)

%2 --1

+1

z-i 4z2 +

y[nJ ==
zeros

(l)ft
2

x[nJ => Y(z)

= X(2z)

2z - 2

poles Y(z)

(b)

zeros at ±1

poles at ±tj

82 Y(z)

3.34. H(z) = h[n] stable

(a)

3 - 7z-1
1=?

+ 5z-2 iZ-1 + z-2

= 5+ --~ 1 1 - 2z-

3
1

1-

IzII

h[n] = MInI - 2nu[-n - 1] - 3 (~)

urn]

yin]

= h[nJ * :t[n] =

L h[k]
II

" - L 2t = _2 +

n1

n<O

r.::-oo

n~O

(b) Y(z)

1-

1
%-1

H(z) = -21 _

1
%-1

+ 21_

2z-1

yIn]
3.35.

= - 2u[n] - 2(2)"u[ -n - 1] + 3

G)

+ 31 _ 1Z-1 :I

2 < Izl < 2

urn]

H(z) =
uIn]
~

__ l-z

-z-1 1- z4 -

C-

Z3 -) 1- Z-4

Izl>
1

U(z)H(z) = (1- z-4)(I- z-1)

= 1- Z-1 u[n1. h[n]
z-l z-4 l-z-4
00

z 1 =-l-z-1 z-1 z-1 _ z-4

Izl>

Izi >

= urn - 11- L:6[n - 4. - 4.1:1

~

83 3.36.

z[n1 = urn] yin] = 2

(a)

¢>

X(z)

= 1_ Z-1
1] ¢> Y(z)

Izi > 1

(1)"-1 uln +

1] = 4

(1)"+1urn + 2
X(Z)
.

1_

4z

1z1

IzI> 2

H(z) = Y(z)

= u(1 - z-1)
1- 1z-1 2

Izl> 2

(b)

H(z) h[n)

= = = =1

4z 1- 12-1 4

4 1_
1:-1

Of+
2

u[n+ 1]-4
n

44In+l1

-2(D

Gf

Izi > 2
urn]

urn]

(c) The ROC of H(z) includes 1%1 3.37.

=> stable.

(d) From part (b) we see that h[n] starts at n

= -1
1

=> Dot causal

X(%) has poles at z

= 1-

3 1z-1
2

1-

2%-1

= 1 and

= 2.

Since the unit circle is in the region of convergence X(z) and z[n] have both a causal and an anticausal part. The causal part is "outside" the pole at. The anticausaJ part is "inside" the pol~ at 2, therefore, :r[0] is the sum of the two parts

!.

z[O] = lim
& .....

<»

1-

! ~

2%-1

+ z-O -.J.:_ = -3 + 0 = -3 Jim Z- 2

1%

3.38.

1%1>

84 Therefore using a contour C that lies outside of jzj

= 1 we get

Y[I}

1 2(z + l)zndz 27rj Je (z - !)(z + !}(z - 1)

2(i + l)(!)

(i+i)(i-l)

+ (-i-l)(-l-l)

2(-1

+ l)(-i)

2(1+ 1)(1)

+ (l-i)(l+i)

= _18 _! +6= 2 55
3.39. (a) X (z) == Z10 (z - i)(z - !)10(z
-:----;-:--:--~-:-::-:--...-:-::-:--~:_:__"""""";'7"

+ i}2(Z + j)(z + i)

Stable ~ ROC includes jzj = 1. Therefore, the ROC is (b) x[-8]

= E[residues
x[8}

< Izl <

i·
7) inside unit circle]

of X(z)z-9

inside

C], where C is contour in ROC (say the unit circle).

z-2 3)10(

= E [residues

of (

Z-2

1)(

z+2

Z 3')2(

z+2

5)(

Z+2

First order pole at z

= !is only
x[-8]

one inside the unit circle. Therefore

(1-

i)IO(i + !)2(!

+ j)(1 + ;) = 96

3.40.

(a) After writing the following equalities: V(z) W(z) we solve for W(z):

= X(z) - W(z) == V(z)H(z) + E(z)

1

W(z)

= =

H(z) 1 + H(z) X(z)

+ 1 + H(z)

E(z)

(b) H(z) H( )

H1(z)

1+ 1+

r=rr
1+
Z-I

Z-l

1_%-1

=z

-1

H2(z)

1-r1

1 %-1

= 1- z-l

(c) H(z) is Dot stable due to its pole at z

== 1. but H1(z) and 82{Z) are. <1

3.41.

(a) Yes, hIn] is BmO stable if its ROC includes the unit circle. Bence, the system is stable if rmin and r_z > 1. (b) Let's consider the system step by step. (i) First, \lIn} == Q-nx[n]. By taking the z-traasform of both sides, V(z) == X(az). (ii) Second, vln] is filtered to get wIn}. So W(z) H(z)V(z) H(z)X(az). (iii) Finally, yIn] Qnw[nJ. In the z..transform domain, Y(z) = W(zja) = H(zja)X(z).

In conclusion, the system is tTl, with system function G(z) = H(zja)

and g[nJ = anh[n}.

85 (c) The ROC of G(z) is orman to be stable. 3.42.

< Izi <

Qrm.o.z.

We want ronan < I/o and r .....~ -

> I/o for the system

(a) h[n] is the response of the system when %[n]

= 6[n].

Hence,

h[n]

+ L Qth[n
J::=I

10

- -'=] = 6[n]

+ P6[n - I],

Further, since the system is causal, h[n]

10

= 0 for n < O. Therefore,

h[O] = 6[0] = 1.

h[O]
(b) At n

+ L Q/r;h[-kl.=
11:=1

= 1,
h[l]

+ Q1h[0] = 6[1} + po[O]

(c) How can we extend hln] for n > 10 and still have it compatible with the difference equation for S? Note that the difference equation can describe systems up to order 10. If we choose

h[n1 = (o.9tcos(in)u[n],
we only need a second order difference equation:

11'

The z-transform

of h[n] can be found from the z-transform table: B( )

= (1 _ O.gei ...,tz-1 HI -

- '72

0.'
O.ge-Jl,/4 z-l)

3.43.

(a) X(z)

= 1- !Z-l
2

1- Zz-l'

1 2 < Izi < 2

Y(z)

1- 1Z-1 - 1- lz-1' 2 ..

lzl> :(

H(z)

86

·1.5'-:.I-.o..s~~O --:05""--~~1.5;---=-'2

(b)

-"""

k[n}
(c)

= (3)ft '4

urn] - 2

er:
'4

urn - 1]

3 yIn] - '4y{n - 1) = :t[nl - 2:t[n - 1]

(d) The system is stable because the ROC includes the unit circle. It is also causal since h[n] = 0 for n < O. 3.44.
(a)

The ROC is

!< Iz I < 2.

(b) The following figure shows the pole-zero plot of Y(z). Since X(z) has poles at 0.5 and 2, the poles at 1 and ·0.5 are due to H(z). Since H(z) is causal, its ROC is Izl > 1. The ROC of Y(z) must contain the intersection of the ROC of X(z) and the ROC of H(z). Hence the ROC of Y(z) is 1 < Izl < 2.
-.... "'y!Zl ur---or-.....;..-.....;..--,

·1.5·<-:.,:---...o.s-:-:-~o --:05""---:-~U;---=-'2

(c)

-"""

H(z)

= X(z)

Y(z)

(l-Z-l)(H
(1-12 .. j

.-1)(1_2r1)
1

HI

2.0-1)

87

(1 + z-I)(I-

iz-1)

= 1+
Taking the inverse z-transform,
we find

(1 - z-1)(1 - 1Z-1) ! 1 - z-1

3

-3 1 + iZ-1

h[n) = 6[n]

+ -u[nJ - -( -- 2 )nu[n] 3 3

(d) Since H(z) has a pole on the writ circle, the system is not stable. 3.45. (a)

fiy[n1

=rz:
Y(z) (b) To apply the results of part (a), we let %[nJ W(z)

dY(z)

=
=

z[n]

= X(z)
-/ z-1 X(z)dz

= urn -

= =
=

=
3.46.

1 -+--dz .z z- 1 In(z) -In(z - 1) Hence, Y(z) sequence. converges for!

1-1

I 1_ f
z-1

IJ, and wIn]

Z-1

= yIn].

Z-1 dz dz

z(z - 1)

(a) Since y[n] is stable, its ROC contains the writ-circle. (c) %[n1 is stable, so its ROC contains the unit-circle. 00. ROC: Izl >

< Izl < 2.

• (b) Since the ROC is a ring on the z-plane, y[n] is a tw~sided

i.

Also, it bas a zero at eo so the ROC includes

(d) Since the ROC of %[n1 includes n < O. Therefore %[n] is ca.usal. (e)

00,

X(z)

contains no positive powers of z, and so

xln] = 0 for

%[01

= X(z)I ..=oc
=

=
(f) H(z) has

(1

+ ~z-I)(I00.

A(1-1z-1)
iz-l)lz=oc

0
Its ROC is

zeros at

-.75 and 0, and poles at 2 and

Izi < 2.

88

-1.5~_I----'-CU=-=--~O"---'U=--:''--t:'':.5----'Z:-''

(g) Since the ROC of h[n] includes 0, H(z) contains no negative powers of z, which implies that h[nl 0 for n > O. Therefore h[n] is anti-causal.

.....

3.47.

(a) X(z)

=
=

OC>

~>[nlz-n
n=O
gO

X(oo)
Therefore, X(oo) at z 00.

.-"00 ~ R:O

lim

"z[nlz-" = %[01
Thus, X(z) has neither a pole nor a zero
Then the most general

= %[01#- 0 and

finite by assumption.

(b) Suppose X (z) has finite numbers of poles and zeros in the finite z-plaae. form for X(z) is
ee

IT (z K-l

1I

c.)

X(z)

= L%[n]z-n = KzL..;:"=~l --n=O

II(z - d,,)
=

where K is a constant and M and N are finite positive integen and L is a finite positive or negative integer representing the net number of poles (L < 0) or zeros (L > 0) at z O. Clearly, since X(oo) = %[0] #- 0 and < 00 we must have L + M = N; i.e., the total Dumber of zeros in the finite a-plane must equal the total Dumber of poles in the finite z·plane. 3.48. X( ) z where P(z) and Q{z) are polynomials and roots of Q(z) inside Izi 1:: P(z)

Q(z)

in z. Sequence is absolutely summable => ROC c:ootains

Izl = 1

These conditions do not necessarily imply that %[n] is ca.usal. A shift of a caasal sequence would only add more zeros at z = 0 to P{z). For example, consider

X(z)

= =
=>

--1 Z-

.r
J
.I

Izi >-

1 1

2
1

__,-=z·
.I-I

:tIn] =

2 (1)"+1 u[n+ 1] ~

1-2.1-1

right-sided but Don-causal.

89
3.49.

zin]
X(z) X(z) Therefore,

=
=

6{n] + acf(n - N)
1+az-N logX(z)

lal < 1
-

= log(l + az-N) = az-N

a2z-2N 2

(l3Z-3N

- .. ,

3.50.

(a)

:ern] = :t[-n] ===* X(z} == X (;)

Therefore,

i.e., l/ZO is also a zero of X(z}. (b)

Therefore X(Zo) i.e., 3.51. (a)

== 0

Zo

= X(zo)

is also a zero and by part (a) so is

l/za.

(b)

Z{:{-nIJ ==
(c)

L
00

:{-nJz-" =

L
n,::-oe>

oc

:[n)(z-1)-" = X(z-l)

n=-oe>

Z[Re{:t[n]}]
(d)

I = Z [:tIn]+ :t.[n]] = 2 [X(z) 2

+ X·(z·)J

Z[Im{z[nJ}]
3.52.

== Z [:trn]

;/.(n]] = 2~(XC:) - X·(z·)]

L (-l)"z(n)z-·
00 RZ-tIO

zl(n) == (-l)":t(n) ~ Xl(z) =

== X{-z)

The poles and zeros are rotated 180 degrees about the origin.

90
N-l

3.53.

(a)

8:{w):::: tan

-1

. (Im{X(eJ"'}») Re{X(ej"'n

- 2:%[nJsin(nw) ~ tanS:(w)

= -N-'-"--'l'----2:%[nl cos(nw)

...0

N-l

tan8:(w)

L %[n]cos(wn)
N-l
n=1

N-l

=-

L %[n]sin(nw)
+ sin(nw» = 0 + sin(nwi;)) = 0

tan 8: (w)%[O]

+ L %[n)(tan9:(w)cos(nw)
N-l

tan8:(w,) for N - 1 values of

W.I:

+ :r[01 ~

%[n](t.a.n8:(wi:) cos(nwl:)

in the range 0

(b) %[nl ::::6[n] + Urn -1] + 3O[n - 2]

Br(w) Consider the values 8=

=- X(.:;)

< Wi: < w.

:::: 1+
2.:;-1

+ 3z-2

= tan-I ( -2sin(w) - 3sin(2w) ) 1 + 2 cos(w) + 3 cos(2w)

and 8:

(n = s:
(i)

(2;)

= S:, which

give the equations

tanS:

+ z;Od%[l] (tanS:
+

(i) cos i+ sin i)

=0
cos

tan 8:

C;)

+
+

:0 [%[1](

%[2]

(tan 8,. (i)COS1r+sin1r)]

tanS,.

%[2] (tan8:

(2;) (2;)
1

2; + sin 2;)
== 0

cos 4;

+ sin ~)]

1+

%[0] (%[1]. 1+ %[2]· -1) :::: 0 + :r[2](2~ - ~) :::: 0

- ~ + z;OJ (:r[l) + 2~ + ~)

%[01 + %[1] - %[21 = O} ~ -:r[01 + 2%[1]- :[2]

Therefore where zIO} is undetermined.

{:r{l]

:::: 2%[0]

=0

%[2] == 3%[0]

:rIn] = %[0](6[n} + 26[n - 1] + 36[n - 2])

3.54.:r[n] == 0 for n < 0 implies:

00

;Z:~oo

lim X(z) == lim "%{n]z-"

.I~ao

L-, n=O

= %[0] + iI~OO lim

L :r[n]z-"
00

::::%[0]

..... 1

91 For the case :tin]

= 0 for n > 0,
~-+O

lim X(z)

= ~-O lim
O£I

_-0£1
~

"

:t[n]z-·

= :t[O]+ .-0 ":t[-n]z" lim ~

"""I
O£I

O£I

= :t[0]

1.55. (&)

Csa{n] =

L z[k}z{1l+ k] = E z[-k]:z:[n C_(z)

k] = z(-n]. z[n]

= X(z-l)X(z)

= X(z)X(z-l)
has ROC: rL"l

X(z) has ROC: rR < Izi < rt: aDd Ulerefore X(Z-l) has ROC: maz{r£"l, rRJ < Izi < miD(ril, rL]

< Izi < ril.

Therefore Cu(z)

(b) z[n1

= o"u[n} is stable
X(z)

if 141< 1. lD this case

1

= 1_ 4Z-1

101 < Izi and

1 1

X(z-I)::

_1_
1-4%

Therefore C.~(z)

This implies that

Csa[n]=

1':02 [a"u[nJ + o-",,[-n

- 1])

Thus, in summary, the poles are at a and a-I; the zeros are at 0 and 00; and the ROC of Cu(z) is lal < tzl < la-1J.

(e) Clearly, zdn] =

z[-n] will have the same a.utocorre1atioD fuDctiOll. For example,

1 X1(z)=-1-4% (d) Also, any delayed YerSiOD of z[n] will have the implies
AIDe

a.utocorrel&tioo fuDctiou; e.1., :ta{n] :: s[n - m]

92
3.56. In order to be a z-tra.osform, X(z) must be analytic in some annular region of the z-plane. To determine if X(z) = z· is aJ?alytic we examine the existence of X'(:) by the Cauchy Riemann conditions. If X(z)

= X(~

+ j,)

= u(~,,,) + itl(z,,)

then for the derivative to aist at z, we must have

In our cue,

X(:t and thus,

+ i,) = z - i,

8u

8~ -1 #
unless ~ and II are zero. Thus, X'(z) exists oalyat ~[nJ 3.57. U X(z) has a pole at z

= ~j

a, =-1 z = o. X{z)

8v

is DOt ualytic

Ulywhere. Therefore,

X(z)z·-Jdz

does Dot exist.

&S

= zo then A{z) cao be expressed

A(z)= A(zo)
00

a Taylor's series about z

= ZOo

+ L -,-(z n.
_1

.4"(.zo)

- %0)"

where A(zo) = O. Thus Res [X(z) at z ...

%0] = X(z)(z - %o)I=.te == B(Z)j A(z) ==

-=1

B(z)(z ~

zo)

.4"(zo) (z _ .to)" "=aa

n!

.. ".te-