Fuzzy Logic Based Differential Relay for Power Transformer Protection

Need
Power Transformers or any CNC Machines or any electrical devices are always subjected to Highvoltage and low voltage transients. Many devices will get failed due to this. Hence we need to monitor the voltage constantly and if goes below or above the range then we need to trip the supply immedieately. One method of protecting power transformers is to use a differential relay. The operation Diff Relay is to trip the equipment if it finds any difference in the primary and secondary current.

Two basic requirements that the differential-relay connections must satisfy are: (1) The differential relay must not operate for load or external faults; and (2) The relay must operate for severe enough internal faults.

This is because the diff relay can act due to the following other factors also. In the case of power transformer applications, possible sources of false differential currents are: Mismatch between the CT ratios and the power transformer ratio Variable ratio of the power transformer caused by a tap changer Phase shift between the power transformer primary and secondary currents Magnetizing inrush currents Transformer overexcitation Current transformer saturation

So, There should be an intelligent Mechanism to prevent the diff relay from fault triggering. In this project we have employed fuzzy logic to prevent this fault triggering. Our system when detects a current difference
between the primary and the secondary it also checks for other causes using fuzzy logic and operates the relay only when essential. The other factors which induces the fault triggering is given to the controller through switch inputs.

About Fuzzy: Fuzzy Logic was initiated in 1965 by lofti A. Zadeh, professor for Computer science at the university of California in Berkeley. Fuzzy logic is a powerful new technology and has emerged as a profitable tool for the controlling of subway systems and complex industrial processes, as well as for household and entertainment electronics, diagnosis systems and other expert systems. Although, fuzzy logic was invented in

United states the rapid growth of this technology has started from Japan and has now again reached the USA and Europe also. Fuzzy has become a keyword for marketing. Electronic articles without fuzzy component gradually turn out to be a dead stock. As a gag, that shows the popularity of fuzzy logic, there even exists a toilet paper with Fuzzy Logic Printed on it. In japan fuzzy-research is widely supported with a huge budget. In Europe and the USA efforts are being made to catch up with the tremendous Japanese success. For instance, the NASA space agency is engaged in applying fuzzy logic for complex docking-maneuvers. Fuzzy logic is basically a multivalued logic that allows intermediate values to be defined between conventional evaluations like yes/no, true/false, black/white etc. Notions like rather warm or pretty cold can be formulated mathematically and processed by computers

Block Diagram:

Monitor CPU

Mismatch between the CT ratios and the power transformer ratio

Rs232

Magnetizi ng inrush currents

Transformer overexcitatio n

Variable ratio of the power transformer

dsPIC Microcontroller (DSPIC30F4013)

Phase shift between the power transformer primary and secondary currents

Current transformer saturation

Relay Driver

Full Wave Precision Rectifier Differential Relay PT CT

Full Wave Precision Rectifier

PT

CT

Power Transformer Power Line