LM 358 DESIGN: INPUT VOLATGE V =(0-12)V (FROM SENSOR). R1 = 3.9K(OHMS ) ;Rf=1.

6k (ohms) Gain A = (o/p voltage) /(i/p voltage) =(R/f)/( R1 ) = 1.6K/3.9K = 0.410 S.NO TEMPERATURE (DEG.C) -20 0 20 40 60 80 INPUT VOLTAGE (V) (FROM SENSOR) 0 2.4 4.8 7.2 9.6 12 OUTPUT VOLTAGE( V ) (FROM OP-AMP.) 0 0.984( 1 APP. ) 1.97 (2 APP.) 2.95 ( 3 APP.) 3.94 ( 4 APP ) 4.92 (5 APP.)

1 2 3 4 5 6

ADC 0808/ADC 0809: THE CONVERSION WILL BEGIN ON THE FALLING EDGE OF THE START CONVERSION PULSE. A CONVERSION PROCESS WILL BE INTERRUPTED BY RECEIPT OF A NEW START CONVERSION PULSE. CONTINOUS CONVERSION CONVERSION MAY BE ACCOMPLISHED BY TYING THE END OF CONVERSION(EOC) OUTPUT TO THE INPUT. THE END OF CONVERSION WILL GO LOW BETWEEN 0 AND 8 CLOCK PULSE AFTER THE RISING EDGE OF START CONVERSION. THE MOST IMPORTANT SECTION OF A/D CONVERSION IS COMPARATOR. THE CHOPPER STABILIZED COMPARATOR CONVERTS THE DC INPUT SIGNAL INTO AN AC SIGNAL. THIS MAKES THE ENTIRE A/D CONVERTER EXTREMELY INSENSITIVE TO TEMPERATURE ,LONG TERM DRIFT AND INPUT OFFSET ERRORS.

A/D DESIGN: VREF(+) = VCC = 5V START = EOC = O/E = 5 V ADDA = ADDB = ADDE = 5V VREF(-)= GND = 0V CLOCK FREQENCY = 640KHZ( CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR ) IN7 = VO(FROM OP-AMP) R=560 OHMS ; 2^0 TO 2^7 = OUTPUT INPUT VOLTAGE RANGE = (0-5 )V ( FROM PO-AMP) CORRESPONDING DIGITAL OUTPUT RANGE = (0-225) THE DIGITAL OUTPUT IS OBSERVED FROM THE LEDS REFERRING WITH TABULATION; THE LEDS WILL GLOW CORRESPONDING TO THE VOLTAGE SOURCE. S.NO VO(V) (FROM OPAMP) 0 1 2 3 4 5 DIGITAL 2^7 O/P 2^6 2^5 2^4 2^3 2^2 2^1 2^O

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

0 51 102 153 204 255

0 0 0 1 1 1

0 0 1 0 1 1

0 1 1 0 0 1

0 1 0 1 0 1

0 0 0 1 1 1

0 0 1 0 1 1

0 1 1 0 0 1

0 1 0 1 0 1