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21

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22

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23

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24

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26

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ausmif;om;or*~qw
kd m wdik ;f jynfwpfjynftwGuf r&Srd jzpf
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27

ESvHk;om;awG&J@ taqmuftOD jyefwnfaqmufay;vdkufwmeJ@ 7

*sLvdkifudk arhvdkufzdk@qdkwm rjzpfEdkifygbl;? trSefw&m;udk bmeJ@rS
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tcGihfta&;[m ausmif;om;rsm;wGif r&Sdoavmufjzpfaeygw,f/
u|eaf wmfu ta0;oifqakd wmhyq
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ausmif;om;or*~tcGifhta&;ESifh vuf&SdtcGifhta&;tajctae[m
uGmjcm;vGef;vSygw,f//

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oavmuf ausmif;om;tcGit
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ydkem;vnfatmif oifjy&ygvdrfhr,f//

7 Zlvdkif ESpfig;q,fjynfh txdrf;trSwftjzpf tckvdk
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tcGifhta&;awGudk jyefvnf&&Sd&ef taxmuftul trsm;}uD;jzpf
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uae }udK;pm;aqmif &Guaf y;ygr,fv@kd uwdjyK ajym=um;vdyk gw,f//

28

tm;eef;
(Law)rue(wuUodkvf)
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tm;&rdonf//

jrefrmedkifiHynma&; wdk;wufaumif;rGefvmap&eftwGuf
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usifoef@&Sif;om,mzkd@ vdktyfw,f//

7 Zlvdkif jzpfyGm;jyD; eSpfaygif;ig;q,f=umcJhaomfvnf;
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7 Zlvikd rf mS uG,v
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ausmif;om;rsm;tm;vH;k udk owd&atmufarhv#uf olw@dk wpfawGukd rsdK;atmif

dkaopGmOD;nGwftav;jyKtyfygonf//
Y.U.F.L(Dip.Past I)
Yangon University of Foreign Language

rdk;Zuf
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or*~ pnf;vHk;jyD; wnf+rJrSom atmifjrifedkifygvdrhfrnf//

ynma&;pepfEiS hf ausmif;om;tcGiahf &;awGtjynft
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qufvuf}udK;pm; apcsifygw,f?

jrefrmedkifiHrSm ynmoif=um;aewJh ausmif;om;ausmif;ol
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rarh=u ygeJ@vkd@ ajymcsifygw,f?

29

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7 h 7 h 1962

tpdk;&u ausmif;om;rsm;tm; wif;=uyfaom

pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm; xkwfjyefonfhtay:
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tcrf;tem; usif;ypOf
30

20 h 12 h 1962 Akdvfatmifausmfae@tcrf;tem; usif;ypOf

ausmiff;om;acgif;aqmifrsm; q&m}uD;ocifudk,fawmfr_dif;ESifh awG@

qHkpOf

31

7 h 7 h 1963 tvSL'gejyKvkyfpOf

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a=umifh(wuo) taqmuftOD;ukdekdifiHa&; " odrf" okd@r[kwf
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tm;jydKifaewJt
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ausmif;om;jynfolawGukdawmh AuywHqdyfawGuyfjyD; owfjzwf
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vufyg;apwynfhrsm;uvnf; t+ydKiftqkdifvufpGrf;jyaewmukd
32

jynfolawGa&m/ ausmif;om;awGyg vl;vSdrfhcHae=u&ygw,f?

csifolrsm;twGuf t&if;tESD;jzpfvmygawmhonf?

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(A-u-o)odrfr&SdayrJhpdwf"gwfa&;&modrfawG rsdK;qufaygif;
aomif;usef; rkdufkdif;aewmudk tqef;tjym;r[kwfygbl;vdk@
ajrmufjrm;pGm&J@&ifxJrSm qufvufudef;atmif;aeqJygyJ?
ajym=uygw,f?

1958 qkd&S,fvpf ae0if; yxrppftm%modrf;jyD;aemuf
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33

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34

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&efukefwuUokdvf&J@ *k%ftjrifhqkH;taqmuftODjzpfwJh

tcsdefrSm a=u;rkHowif;pmwkdufeJ@ ausmif;om;wcsdK@yl;aygif;+yD;/ bGJ@ESif;obifcef;rxJu pifjrifhay:wufEdkifzkd@qkdwm rvG,fygbl;?

q&momvSe@J rde;f rysKd av;wa,mufudk &yfuu
G x
f u
J rde;f rysKd av; yifyifyef;yef; }udK;pm;wwfajrmufatmifjrifrS wufciG &hf cJ=h uwmyg?
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npmpm;yGJwckrSm Akdvfae0if;u q&momvSukd cifAsm; om;orD;awGukd=unfh+yD; 0rf;om*k%f,l=uygw,f? 'DbGJ@ESif;obif

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d w
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bmyJjzpfjzpf 'Dowif;udt
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ausmif;om;awGa&S@u rm;rm;rwfrwf&yfwnfcJhrSmjzpfvdk@ 'Dta&;
tcif; jzpfrvmEdkifbl;vdk@vnf;qkd=uygw,f?

jrefrmpmukdtm;ay;ovkdoHa&mifjyvdk@ 1964 ckESpfuae

1984 ckESpftxd ESpfaygif;ESpfq,favmuf pepfopfynma&;qkd+yD;

tckawmh tem*wfrmS Edik if &H @J acgif;aqmifawGudk avhusiyhf sKd ; bmom&yfawGudk jrefrmpmeJ@ oifc=hJ u&jyefygw,f? 'DEpS f 20 twGi;f rSm

axmifray;Edkifatmif/ arG;xkwfray;Edkifatmif yk*~dKvfa&;tmCw oif=um;cJh&wJh pmoifom;awG/ bGJ@&olawG[m t*FvdyfpmrSm

remvkd rp>&,
d pdwef @J oufrhJ wuotaqmuftOD}uD;ukd +zdKcGcJ w
hJ ,f? u|r;f usirf r_ &S=d uawmhyJ Edik if jH cm;om;awG&@J txifjrifao;r_ cHc=hJ u&
u|eaf wmfw@dk ausmif;om;b0wke;f u tm&Swu
dk u
f omru Oa&myeJ@ w,f? &efukefwuUokdvfudk av;pm;cJhwJh rav;EdkifiHom;ygarmuQ
tmz&duwkdufu EdkifiHom;awGyg &efukefwuUokdvfukd vma&muf *k%,
f al jym=um;cJo
h vdk r[kwaf wmhyJ jrefrmawG t*Fvyd v
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ynmoif=um;cJh=uygw,f? rav;&Sm;EdkifiHu ygarmuQwOD;qkd&if ygvm;vdk@ txifjrifao;cHae=u&yg+yD?
olwkd@ausmif;om;b0u atmufpzkd@'f/ uif;b&pfwuUokdvfawG

wuUokdvf/ aumvdyfawGukd r=umc%ydwfawmh 6 v/ 7

wufzkd@ pdwfrul;Edkif=ubl;? &efukefwuUokdvfwufcGifh&&ifyJ tvGef veJ@ pmoifESpftjynfht0roif=um;&bJ bGJ@awG/ 'D*&DawGay;cJhwm

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f cl =hJ u&w,fv@kd k;d om;pGm 0efcaH jym=um;cJyh gw,f? tJ'aD vmuf a=umifh EkdifiHwumurqkdxm;eJ@ ukd,fhEdkifiHom;awGuawmif
xd *k%o
f u
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f uUov
dk }f uD; wuUokdvfbGJ@'D*&Dudk wefzkd;rxm;=uawmhygbl;? 'ga=umifhvnf;
37

EkdifiH&yfjcm;rSm jrefrmbGJ@& ynmwwfawG[m pmrwwf/ ayrwwf

EkdifiHjcm;om;tvkyf&SifawG&J@ ckdif;zwfjzpfae=uwmvnf; &ifemp&m
aumif;vSygw,f? rsKd ;qufopfawG&@J b0[m tnGe@f w;Hk cJ=h u&yg+yD?

wuUov
dk q
f w
dk m pmoifay;&k/H bG@J ay;&ko
H ufouf r[kwyf g

bl;? 16 ESpf t&G,f vlvm;ajrmufvmwJh vli,fawGukd aer_/ xkdifr_/

aygif;oif;qufqHr_utp ukd,fhajcaxmufay: udk,f&yfwnfEdkif
atmif uk,
d yf ikd t
f awG;/ ud,
k yf idk q
f ;Hk jzwfcsuaf wGe@J vl@avmuxJrmS
vl,Ofaus;wa,muf/ EdkifiHom;aumif;wa,muftjzpf 0ifqef@
vm atmif avhusifhay;wJhae&myg? 'ga=umifh b,fEdkifiHrSmyJjzpfjzpf/
EdkifiHeJ@vlrsdK;zGH@+zdK;wkd;wufatmif trsdK;om;ynma&;pepfukd OD;pm;
ay;jyKpkysKd ;axmifay;ae=uygw,f? acwfrw
DS ;dk wufwhJ enf;ynmawG
eJ@ okawoejyK+yD; ausmif;om;vli,fawGudk oif=um;yk@d csay;ae=u
ygw,f? axmifwHcg;awGydwf ausmif;wHcg;awGzGifh aqmifyk'feJ@tnD
vkyfae=uygw,f?

tckESpfaygif;ig;q,f&SdcJhyg+yD? tzwfq,fr&atmif wppD

+ydKuGJysufpD;oGm;cJhwJh jrefrmhtrsdK;om;ynma&;ukdtcktcsdefu
p+yD; jyefvnf0kdif;0ef;jyKjyif=u&ygr,f? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;eJ@ EdkifiH
acgif;aqmifawG arG;xkwfay;cJhwJh u|efawmfwkd@cspfwJh &efukef
wuUov
dk f }uD;&J@ xnf0gcef@nm;wJh *k%o
f u
d mQ udk urBm@tv,frmS
jyefvnfwifhw,fvmatmif }udK;yrf;=u&ygr,f?

urBmw0Sr;f u wav;wpm;&Sad p&ko

H mru ud,
k v
hf rl sKd ;uyg

wuUokdvfynma&;ukd wefzkd;xm;vmatmif/ AdkvfcsKyfwkd@tcsdefwkef;

uvkd wuUov
dk af usmif;om;jzpf&wm *k%,
f v
l matmif/ wuUov
dk f
ynma&; tqifhjrifhvmatmif jrefrmwkdif;&if;om;tm;vkH; nDnD
nGwn
f w
G f pnf;k;H vkyaf qmif=uygvk@d ESp5f 0 ajrmuf Zlvidk f 7 &ufae@
rSm wyfvSef@E_d;aqmfvkdufyg&ap?
oufaqG

38

cJwHcGsef+yD;+yD
ausmif;oifcef;yHk qGJcsif qGJ
0wfvpfpvpfyHk qGJcsif qGJ
oabmyJav?
'DajrrSm
"m;vSHawG }uJcsif }uJ
csKd;iSufawG 0Jvdk 0J
oabmyJav?
pdwfcs uav;a&
ppfwdkufcef;awGr}udKufvdk@
xdk;}udwfcef;awG r=unfhvdk@
ol&Jabma=umifw,f rpGGyfpGJbl;?
'gayr,fh uav;a&
udk,fqGJ&m udk,fhum;csyf
udk,fhvwfrSwfawmh xdk;&r,f? ?
rif;udkEdkif
ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif
88 rsKd;quf

Armjynf ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_orkdif;[m ArmjynfekdifiHa&;orkdif;eJ@ wom;wnf;jzpf?

Armjynfausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_orkdif;ukdajymwJhtcg ArmjynfekdifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_orkdif;eJ@qufpyfajymzkd@vkdtyf?
ppftm%m&Sifacwf (1962 - ckESpf)

ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_orkdif; aumufcsufrsm;

Armjynfausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_onf Arm
jynforl sm;. e,fcs@J qef@usiaf &;ESihf trsKd ;om;vGwf
ajrmufa&;wkdufyGJorkdif;rSm ta&;}uD;tpdwftykdif;?

ppftm%m&Sipf epfqef@usiaf &;eJ@ 'Dru
dk a&pD
a&; wkdufyGJorkdif;rSm ta&;}uD;tpdwftykdif;?
u|eyf nma&;pepfuzdk suo
f rd ;f jyD; trsKd ;om;ynm
a&;twGuf wku
d yf 0JG ifcw
hJ o
hJ rkid ;f / uarmufur ynm
a&;pepfukd zsufodrf;+yD; 'Drkdua&pDynma&;pepf
twGuf wkdufyGJ0ifcJhwJhorkdif;?
ausmif;om;xktcGifhta&;twGuf awmif;qkd
wkdufyGJ0ifcJhwJhorkdif;?
+idrf;csrf;a&;twGuf wkdufyGJ0ifcJhwJhorkdif;?
vlxkwkdufyGJeJ@qufpyfcJhwJhorkdif;?
vufeufukdifwkdufyGJeJ@qufpyfcJhwJhorkdif;?
ekid if w
H umausmif;om;v_y&f mS ;r_. tpdwt
f ykid ;f ?

ArmrsdK;cspf vufeufukdifykefuefr_ (1885 - 1905) eJ@

yxrqkH; ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_ (1903)
ArmrsdK;cspf vufeufukdifykefuefr_ (1885 - 1905)
yxrqkH; ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_jzpfay:cJh (&Sdckd;jy\em)
yxrqkH; ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_eJ@twl &efukefwuUokdvf
Ak'<bmomtoif; (jrefrmouU&mZf 1265 yxr0gqkdvqef;
(15)&uf/ c&pfouU&mZf 1904 ZGefv(26)we*FaEGae@?)
Ak'<bmom uvsm%,k0toif; (jrefrmouU&mZf 1267/ wykd@
wGJvqkwf(4)&uf/ c&pfouU&mZf 1906 azaz:0g&Dv (11)&uf/
we*FaEGae@) ay:aygufvmcJh?

0Homekv_yf&Sm;r_ (1906 - 1930) yxrausmif; om;oydwf

trsdK;/ bmom/ omoem
1906 ckeSpfrSm YMBA (Young Mens Buddhist
Association) Ak'<bmom uvsm%,k0toif;?
yxrausmif;om;oydwf (1282 ck/ wefaqmifrkef;
vjynfhausmf(10)&uf/ 1920 ckeSpf 'DZifbmv(5)&uf?)

ArmjynfekdifiHa&;orkdif;&J@acwfumvrsm;
ArmrsdK;cspf vufeufukdifykefuefr_ (1885 1905)
0Homekv_yf&Sm;r_ (1906 - 1930)
ocifv_yf&Sm;r_ (1930 - 1942)
zufqpfqef@usifa&; (1942 - 45)
vkH;0 vGwfvyfa&;umv (1945 - 48)
ygvDref 'Drkdua&pDacwf (1948 - 1962)

ocifv_yf&Sm;r_ (1930 - 1942)

wkd@Armtpnf;t&kH; (1930 ck/ arv(30)&uf)
&efukefwuUokdvf ausmif;om;rsm;or*~(1931 ck/ Zefe0g&D (9)
rSm ,m,Dor*~/ 1931 ck Zefe0g&D(31)rSm zGJ@pnf;?)
&efukefwuUokdvf ausmif;om;rsm;or*~taqmuftOD; (1930
39

ck)
'kwd, ausmif;om;oydwf (1936 ck/ Zefe0g&Dvxkwf
tkd;a0r*~Zif; twGJ 5/ trSwf 1 t*FvdyfurSm Hell Houng

weSpfjynfh/ 1975 ZGefv 6 &uf)

rd_if;&mjynfh (1976 ck/ rwfv 23 &uf)

at large

cGefav;vkH;v_yf&Sm;r_ (1977 ckESpf)

&efukefpufr_wuUokdvf Zlvkdif(7)&uf ESpfvnfv_yf&Sm;r_(1978ck
eSpf/ Zlvkdifv)
aiGpuUL ta&;tcif; (1987 ckESpf/ pufwifbmv 5 &uf)
zkef;armf ta&;tcif; (1988 ckESpf/ rwfv 13-18) (wHwm;eD
ta&;tcif; rwfv 16)
zkef;armf 3 vjynfh ta&;tcif; (1988 ckESpf/ ZGefv 1420&uf)
ajreDukef; ta&;tcif; (1988 ckESpf ZGefv 21 &uf)
1350 jynfh &Spfav;vkH;ta&;awmfykH(1988 ckESpf/ =o*kwfv 8
&uf)
ajreDukef; ta&;tcif; ESpfywfvnf (1989 ckESpf/ ZGefv
21&uf)
vl@abmifopf'Drkdu&ufwpfygwDwnfaxmifcJh(1988 ckESpf
atmufwkdbmv 14 &uf)
jrefrmekdifiHvkH;qkdif&mausmif;om;rsm;'Drkdu&ufwpfwyfOD; wnf
axmifcJh (1988 ckESpf/ Ekd0ifbmv 1 &uf)
Ekdb,fvfqk ta&;tcif; (1991 ckESpf/ 'DZifbmv 31 &uf)
apmfbGm;}uD;ukef; ta&;tcif; (1996 ckESpf/ atmufwkdbmv)
'DZifbm ta&;tcif; (1996 ckESpf 'DZifbmv)
v$wfawmfac:ay;a&;v_yf&Sm;r_ (1998 ckESpf/=o*kwfpufwifbm)
a&$0ga&mifoHCmhv_yf&Sm;r_ (2007 ckESpf/=o*kwfpufwifbmv)

ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;rsm;or*~
1300 jynfhta&;awmfykHeSifh wwd,ausmif;om;oydwf (1938
ck/ 'DZifbmv 20 &uf?)
1936ck/ arv(8)&ufrSmzGJ@pnf;?
yxrqkH; OuUX OD;&m&Spf/ 'kwd,OuUX ukdatmifqef;?
1951 ckeSpfrSm ArmekdifiHvkH;qkdif&mausmif;om;or*~rsm;tzGJ@csKyf
jzpfvmcJh+yD;(6)}udrfajrmuf nDvmcHusif;yjyD;?

rl(5)csuf

trsdK;om;ekdifiHa&; (0g) ppftm%m&Sifpepfqef@usifa&;/

'Drkdua&pDa&;/
'Drkdua&pDynma&;/
jidrf;csrf;a&;/
ausmif;om;xktcGifhta&;umuG,fa&;?

ygvDref'Drkdua&pDacwf (1948 - 1962)

ausmif;om; v_yf&Sm;r_
ausmif;om;xktcGifhta&; umuG,fa&;wkdufyGJ(1952 ck/ 'DZif
bmv 20 &uf/ ausmif;om;ae@)
atmufwkdbmta&;awmfykH (tif;0wHcg;ta&;awmfykH) (1953
ck/ pufwifbmv 29 &uf?)
(3)cgus ausmif;xkwfpepfqef@usifa&; (1955 ck)?
[,f&Dwefta&;awmfykH (1956 ck/ rwfv 22 &uf?)
jynfaxmifpkjrefrmekdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;rsm;ynma&;
ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJ(1958 ck/ jo*kwfv 9-13 &uf)?

ppftm%m&Sifacwf (1962 - ,ae@)

ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_ pkpkaygif;(22)ck?
Zlvkdif 7 &ufta&;awmfykH (1962 ck/ Zlvkdifv 7 &uf)
jidrf;csrf;a&;qENjyyGJ (1963 ck/ ekd0ifbmv)
u|ef;qG,f ta&;tcif; (1969 ckeSpf)
&efukefwuUokdvf a&$&wkobif (1970 ckeSpf)
OD;oef@ ta&;tcif; (1974 ck/ 'DZifbmv 5-12 &uf)
a&$wd*kH ta&;tcif; (tvkyform;ESifhausmif;om;ta&;tcif;
40

wuUokdvfwGifusifvnfusufpm;cJholwkd@.
b0a[mif;ukd jyefvnfwrf;wp&m
(armifukd,k,&J h0wKpmtkyfrdwfqufpum;rS)

41


taqmifjyefa&mufcsdefwGifawmh cifndKpm=unfhvkd@
r&? reufjzefae@cif; (wuo)tpnf;ta0;rSm bmawGqkH;
jzwf=u rvJ/ +rdK@e,ftoif;tr_aqmif tpnf;ta0;aum
ausausvnfvnf jyD;yghrvm;?

cifndK awG;aeqJrSmyif yifrausmif;aqmifrsm;qDrS
toHawG qlvmonf/ cifndK em;pkdufaxmifvkdufrSyif
toHawGu ydkjyD;us,f vmonf?

"axmifvkdcsKyfxm;wmrvkdcsifbl;uG"

"a[;"
a[; qkdaomtoHxk=uD;u =uufoD;xrcef;?

"rD;awGydwfuG"

"yJcl;aqmifu&JabmfawGqif;cJhuG"

cifndK taqmifoHpum=um;u=unfhrdonf?

A[kdaqmifrsm;wGif arSmifESifhrJrJ rD;ysufonfupjyD;
ql=u[efwlonf/ jyD;awmh tjyifukdjydKxGufvm=u[efwlonf?

rEW a v;aqmif w G i f ; rS m awmh taqmif r S L ; q&m
OD;cifarmif0if;wdk@/ OD;xGef;OD;wkd@ysmae=ujyD/ napmifharmif
aomif;yif rsufvkH;jyL;jyD; bmvkyf&rSef;rod/ wjznf;jznf;ESifh
ausmif;om;awG tm;vkH;vkdvkd taqmif0wHcg;r=uD;wGif pkrd=u
onf?

tr&aqmifavScg;atmufwGif taqmifom;awG pkjyKH
ae=ujyD; jzpfonf/ pkd;vGif*syku a&S@qkH;rSm oHwHcg;ESifhuyfvkd@?

"b,fvdkvJAs udkcifndK" pkd;vGifu rsufESmaoav;ESifh

ar;onf?

"[ b,fvrkd vJaeeJ@u,

dk v
hf /l wHcg;om0kid ;f wGe;f ay; awmh"
cifndKajymaecsdefwGif "qGJqGJ" ESifh tjyifausmif;om;xk u
qGJjyD; "wGef; wGef;"ESifh twGif;ausmif;om;xkuwGef;onf?

"a[;" wHcg;=uD;vefoGm;ayjyD?

"&Jabmfwkd h&mrnuvJxGufvm=ujyD/ tm;vkH; t"dywd

vrf;rSmpkr,f/ pnf;urf;twwfEdkifqkH;xm;jyD; vdkufcJh=uyg"

"a[;" ukAd aqGav;u tr&aqmiftw
k cf jHk rifah v;ay: u

atmfajymvdkufjyD; a&S@uxGufoGm;onf/ ausmif;om;tm;vkH; ol@

aemufygvm=uonf?

"wynfhwdk@ xdef;xdef;odrf;odrf; vkyf=uyguGm/ rSm;ukefygh
r,f"

or*~a&S@prk =d uv#iyf if ausmif;om;a&;rSL;q&m OD;pH xGe;f
a&mufvmonf? a&mufa&mufcsi;f q&mu atmfajymjcif; jzpfonf?

"pdwfcsygq&m/ u|efawmfwkd@ pnf;urf;t&SdqkH; qENjy=u

rSmyg"

rwwfomawmhonfhtqkH; q&mu+yHK;+yHK;yif vufav#mh

"&Jabmfwkd hxGufcJhyg/ usKyfwdk hzdESdyfcsKyfcs,fr_ukd uef@ vkdufonf?
uGufzkd@ qdwfjidrfqENjyr,f"

"vm=ua[h/ t0kid ;f av;rSmpkr,f/ waumif;wk@d jynfw@dk u

"ra=umufygeJ@ vmomvmcJhyg"
&JabmfawGvJqlaejyD/ olwdk@eJ@oGm;aygif;r,f"

armifaomif;u vef@jyD; aomhtm;vkH;ukd q&mOD;cif
ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifwa,muf vufajrmuf&if; atmf
armif0if; vuftyfvkdufonf/ wHcg;uydwf+rJ?
ajymonf?

"a[h rdef;r&SmawGvm;uG"

"at;a[h/ aumif;w,f"

ay:wD*dkatmufwGif&yfaeaom &Jabmfwa,mufu
ausmif;om;xktoHu qlnHoGm;onf/ jyD;awmh wa&G@
atmfonf?
a&G@ESifh t"dywdvrf; wHcg;0em;a&mufvmonf/ q&mOD;pHxGef;
onf ausmif ; om;xk . a&S @ uajy;jyD ; t0k d i f ; av;ajrjrif h a y:

"csvGrf" cifndKu tHukd}udwfjyD; vufoD;udkuspfuspf
qkyfxm;csdef bmukdpvkyf&rSef;rodcsdefrSmyif b,ftcsdefu tjyif wuf v k d u f o nf / jyD ; awmh ol @ acgif ; u uuf O D ; xk y f u av;uk d
a&mufaerSef; rodaom rEWav;aqmifom; pdeftpfu rD;acsmif; jrifhaqmif;vkdufjyD; rsufrSefatmufu jyKH;aomol@rsufvkH;ukd
xkwfjy&if; ausmif;om;xkukd vufESifh t&Sdef&yfvkdufonf?
ukd ypfcGJvkdufonf? ay:wD*dk wckvkH; arSmifoGm;ayjyD?

tm;vkH;&yfoGm;rS-

"xGufa[h/ xGufa[h"

ajymajymqkdqkdESifhtjyifwGif&Sdaom ausmif;om;xku
oHqGJwHcg;ukd 0kdif;ronf? a=umifjyD;=unfhae&mrS touf0if
vmaom cifndKwkd@ taqmifom;awGu ckrS wHcg;ukd0kdif;wGef;
onf? r=umvSyg/ wHcg;=uD; aumhvefoGm;onf?

ausmif;aqmifom;tm;vkH;vkdvkd ikH@+yD;xGufvkduf=u
onf? tkd ausmif;om;xkurenf;ygvm;?

"wynfhwkd@udk ausmif;jyifrxGufapcsifbl;uGm/ tcGifh

ta&;wckcktwGuf qENjy&if ausmif;xJrSmbJ pnf;urf;&Sd&Sd jzpfap

csifw,f/ waumif;bufroGm;ygeJ@awmh"

q&mOD;pHxGef; &yfae&mt0dkif;av;ay:wGifvnf; ausmif;
om;wtkyf&Sdonf? cyfaemufaemufwpfa,mufu q&mhacgif;
ay:u vuf w acsmif ; ausmf j yD ; " tvum;vS d r f h w m" [l a om
[efrsdK;jzifh vufcgjyonf/ ausmif;om;awGujyKH;vkd@?

"vm=ua[h &Jabmfwdk@ tr&aqmifukd 'Denf;twkdif;
zGifhr,f"

"&Jabmfwkd@q&majymwJhpum;u vrf;usygw,f/tm;vkH;

a&S@q;Hk u&Jabmf ausmif;om;wa,mufuajy;&if; atmf jyef0if=uapcsifygw,f"
ajymoGm;onf/ ausmif;om;xk=uD;vnf; ol@aemufajy;vku
d o
f mG ;
ukdAaqGav;u q&mhtem;wkd;vmjyD; atmfajymvdkuf
onf?
onf? ausmif;om;xku+idrfoGm;onf? ausmif;om;awG wjznf;
jznf; rsm;vmvkduf? onfrSmvnf; t"dywdwvrf;vkH;rJvkd@?

"a[h zkd;pkd;vGif"
42

"at;uGm/ ighwynfhawGu em;vnfr_&Sdygw,f ausmif;0if;xJrSmbJ

pepfwusvkyf=uprf;yg" q&m OD;pHxGef;u ol@pum; em;axmif

aom ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf auseyfoGm;[ef/ ESpfESpfumum

jyKH;&if; ajymonf? ausmif;om;tm;vkH; bGJ@ESif;obifukdjyefjyD;
rsufESmrlvkduf=uonf?
(pmrsufESm 260-264)

"acgif;aqmifawGqGJukefjyDAsdK" rEWav;aqmifa&S@rS toH

woHu pl;pl;&S&S xGufvmonf?

"ykvdyfum;awGa&mufae+yDa[h"

"AaqGav;wkd@qGJoGm;jyDAs/ cifAsm;ukdwifxGef;=uD;vnf;
ygoGm;jyD"

" [k d r S m jrif v m;/ yk v d y f u m;awG x G u f o G m ;jyD / tJ ' D a y:

ygukef+yDAs" ukdarmifarmifu qkd@qkd@eifheifh ajy;vm&if;ajymonf?

cifndKvnf; bmvkyf&rnfrodawmh?

"&Jabmfwkd@ usKyfwkd@acgif;aqmifawGukd [kdaumifawG 0if

qGJoGm;+yDAs"

"&Jabmfwkd@ ykvdyfawGxyfa&mufvmukef+yD/ twifhr&J=u

eJ@a[h/ rsuf&nf,dkAkH;awGvJygw,f/ owd&Sd=uyg"

r=umvSyg/ AkH;rkd;onf;xefpGm&Gmygawmhonf? cifndKwkd@
vnf; ckrSyif a&pdkt0wf.wefbdk;ukdem;vnfawmh.?

Ak H ; vk H ; awG u od y f j yD ; t&S d e f j yif ; vS o nf r[k w f a om
a=umifh t*svmwkd@tkyfpku ckefvkd@yif AkH;ukda&Smifonf? teD;tem;
vmusv#if jyefaumufjyD;ypfvkdufao;onf?

xdkpOfwGif ausmif;om;wpkonf q&mumtdrfwGif;rS
aAmh u f p f 0 *f * G e f u m; teD & J & J a v;wpif ; uk d w G e f ; vm=u.? bG J @
ESif; obifwHcg;r}uD;txd/ wHcg;r}uD;a&S@ta&mufwGif um;ukd
yufvufvSefvdkuf=u.? +yD;awmhrD;SdK@ypfvdkuf=u.?

um;eDeDav;ESifhtwl rD;awmufu&J&J/ vufckyfoHqlnH
atmf[pfoHawGuvnf; woJoJ?

a=omf aoG ; ql a e=uacswum;? 'gES i f h r em;ao;ay?
aemufxyf ausmif;om;wpku um;jymav;wpD; xkwfvmjyef
onf? onfvdk yif tdrfa&S@ ta&mufvSefjyD; rD;&_d@vkduf=ujyefonf?

xd e f ; Ed k i f OD ; aqmif E k d i f o nf h acgif ; aqmif a wG v nf ;
r&Sdawmh+yD? onftcsdefwGif toHus,fus,f &J&Jwif;wif;ESifh a&S@
uav#mufolom acgif;aqmifjzpfawmh.?

um;ESpfpD; rD;awmufjidrf;aomtcgwGifum; ausmif;om;
awGonf tpkvdkuf ajcypfvufypf xkdifae=uawmhonf? wcsdK@u
t"dywdvrf;ray:rSm?

wcsdK@u jrufcif;qDrSm t"dywd0if;wHcg;r}uD;uawmh
ydwfxm;qJ? txJwGif ausmif;om;awG +idrfol+idrf/ v_yf&Sm;ol
v_yf&Sm;/ pum;rsm;ol rsm;aeaomfvnf; oHwHwkdif;tjyifwGif
ppfum;awG pD&&DESifh?

cifnKd wk@d wawGvnf; tmanmif;/ vufanmif;rk@d t"dywd
uyfw&mvrf;ray:wGif ESpfESpf+cdKuf+cdKuf vSJaevdkuf=u onf?
awmifqDrSmawmh rkd;awGndKvdk@ ? rkd;ao;rkd;zGJav;awGu vnf;
vGrf;avmufp&m r&Jw&J &Gmaejyefonf? cifndKrsufESm ay:wGif
rk;d oD;av;awG uGuu
f sm; pkv
d su&f adS e.? arSmif&yD ifoef; vmacs+yD?
43

"[kd&Jabmf =unfhygOD;Asm/ wHcg;0utkwfckHay:rSm"

cspfaqGajymI tm;vkH;vSnfh=unfhvdkufaomtcg ausmif;
om;wa,muf cg;awmif;ajrSmifatmifusdKuf+yD; tkwfckHjrifhay:wGif
xkdifatmfaeonfukdawG@.?
r=umvdkufyg
cif n d K wk d @ wawG acgif ; jyef r vS n f h r D r S m yif &ef u k e f
wuUokdvf=uD;twGuf tajctaetm;vkH; ajymif;vJapvkdufrnfh
yxrqk;H aoewfou
H dk =um;vdu
k &f ayonf? +yD;awmh qufI qufI
h h h
onfvkdESifhyif wncsKyfcJh&onf? ESpf&ufqufjyD; toH
aygif;pkHv#H *,ufnHaeaom wuUokdvf}uD;onf yuwd +idrfouf
oG m ;onf ? a&'D , k d u wuU o k d v f = uD ; onf yuwd + id r f o uf
oGm;onf? wuUokdvfESifh aumvdyfrsm;ukd &uftuef@towfr&Sd
ydwfxm;vdkufa=umif; a=unmavonf? wnvkH;tdyfr&aom
tawG;a=umifh cifndK wvl;vSdrfhvSdrfh cHpm;ae&onf? tdyfa&;ysuf
rcHaom 0if;armif=uD;yif wv_yfv_yf jzpfaeonf? ESpfa,mufom;
tH } ud w f & if ; tawG ; uk d , f p D E S i f h +id r f a erd = uonf ? 2 em&D x d
rD;zGifhxm;aomfvnf; onfhaemufwGif rD;ydwfjyD; qdwf+idrfjcif;
tmkHukd 0ifpm;aerdvkdufonf? reufjzefqdk tdrfjyef&awmhrnf?
b,ftcsdef tdyfaysmfoGm;onfrod/ "0kef;" qkdaom toH}uD;ESifh
twl ajrwkef+yD; taqmifv_yfcgoGm;awmhrS cifndK tdyf&mu
Edk;awmhonf? Ekd;onfqkdawmhvnf; taqmifv_yfcgr_t&Sdefa=umifh
cifndKwkd@ ESpfa,mufvkH; ukwifatmufa&mufoGm;onf?
"taqmif=uD; +ydK+yDxifw,fAs/ vmAsm/ajcoHawGvJ =um;
w,fxGuf =unfh&atmif"

tcef;jyifa&mufaomtcgwGifum; ,leD,Hbufukdai;=unfh
aeonfh ausmif;om;rsm;ukdawG@&onf?
"[if"

(wuo)taqmuftOD;=uD;r&SdawmhjyD?
cifndK&ifxJwGif[moGm;awmhonf?
"zkd;cifndK tay:xyf oGm;=unfh&atmif"

b,ftcsdefu ol@tem;a&mufaeonfrod/ cspfaqGu ol@

vufukd qGJac:oGm;onf/ taqmifay:wGifvnf; trkd;tkwf=uGwf
awG zGmvsm}uJaeonfrdk@ a&SmifuGif;oGm;&onf?
"[kdrSm=unfhprf;AsmzkHaiG@awGyJ &Sdawmhw,f "

cspfaqGvSrf;jy./ cifndK =unfhvkdufaomtcg taiG@

waxmif;axmif;ESifh tkwfykH=uD;omjrifawmhonf? oHabmif=uD;
awG xkd;xkd;axmifaxmif xGufaeonf=um;u taiG@awG?

(pmrsufESm 270-277) 48ESpfajrmuf/ &efukefwuUokdvf/ 1962
*sLvkdif 7 &uf/ trSwfw&tjzpf "atmifjynfh"&J@ "+ydKrSmavvm;
rkd;&J@" 0wKrS xkwfE_wfjcif;jzpfygonf?

qk&d if pmawGuykd J }udK;pm;+yD;vkyf h h h 'gyJ taz rif;udak jymcsiw

f ,f"

om;vnf; tazh&@J rsuaf rSmifuw
k w
f ahJ 'goeJ@ ajymxGuv
f m
wJh pum;awGa=umiho
f m ukwu
f w
k af v;eJ@ ausmcdik ;f xGucf mG cJah yr,fh
tawG;xJrSmawmh "tazu ighudkcspfygw,f/ bmvdk@ ihgudk t+rJqlyl
ajymae&wmygvJ/ igtajymrcHcsiaf wmhb;l / 'g aemufq;Hk jzpfcsiw
f ,f/
ighuw
kd ;dk wufapcsiv
f @kd pm}udK;pm;cdik ;f ayr,fh ihgtwGuf pdwv
f w
G v
f yf
aysmf&Gifr_udk tukef wm;qD;ydwfyifaew,f"

aemufwpfae@reuf &GmxJu aomif;OD;rS

rkd;vif;p jyKaejyD ? ausmif;om;eJ@q&m/ vl}uD;eJ@vli,f "a[haumif rkd;atmif rkd;atmif"

pum;rajymjzpfc=hJ uwm=umvSjyD/ eD;ovdv

k edk @J a0;aew,f/ em;vnf
"&GmxJc%vmprf;ygOD;uGm/ &GmOD;ausmif;uq&mawmf
oa,mifa,mife@J vufrcHEidk af wmhwm ckawmh rd;k awmifvif;ae+yDy?J
igwdk@ vli,fawGudk ajymcsifwm&Sdvdk@ c%vmprf;ygOD;wJh"

tvkyfudk aumif;rGefatmifjrifpGm twlwl}udK;pm; vkyf

'geJ@yJ rkd;atmiftazu
aqmif=uwmayhg/ 'grSom arSmifrnf;cJhwJhtwdwfudk oifykef;ajcjyD;
oifcef;pm twlwl,lvkd@&rSmayhg/ jyD;awmh ae@wkdif;ae@wkdif;jzpfwJh "ihgwl omOD; ighom;udk ajymrSawmh ighukdvJajym&rSmayhg/
qkdygOD; ihgwl&/ igvnf;ta=umif;&if;od&rSyJ naeus&if om;udk
'Dae@eJ@ reufjzef awGudk vSypGm twlwloGm;csifwmyg?
vGwfvdkufr,f [kwfjyDvm;

tckvdk ZlvdkifvrSmyJ h h h rdk;awGuvnf; Zlvdkifvvdk@
"'Dvkdyg tefu,f q&mawmfu rkd;atmifeJ@ uGsefawmfwdk@
ajym&avmufatmif wzGJzGJ &Gmaew,f?
vli,fawGudk pum;ajymcsifvdk@qkd+yD; ac:vdkufwmyg/ ta=umif;&if;

rd;k atmif abmfv;Hk uef&muaejyefvmjyD; rd;k uvJ&mG aeawmh
axGaxGxl;xl;udkawmh rodao;bl;/ oljyefvmrSyJ ar;vdkuf
tdrx
f u
J kd cyfoyk o
f yk af v; ajy;0ifvu
kd w
f ,f/ tazjzpfol OD;aZmfxeG ;f
tefu,f &m
u tjyifrSm ykwD;udkifjyD; acgufwkH@acgufjyef av#mufae&if;eJ@ ol@

rdk;atmifxGufoGm;+yD;aemuf tazhpm;yGJrSm pmwpfapmif
om;&J@ tdrfxJu jyefxGuftvmudk apmihfaeygw,f?
csefxm;cJhw,f?
"om; h h h rif;=umvScsnfvm;uG" h h h"xGufvmcJhprf;
cspfvSpGmaomtaz/
jrefjref"

om;b0atmifjrifcsifw,f/ vGwfvyfr_r&Sd/ atmifjrifr_
r&EdkifwJh&GmudkpGefhcGm+yD; atmifjrifaysmf&Gifr_udk zefwD;csifw,f?

'geJ@ om;uvnf; rajy;Hkwr,f av#mufvm&if;

"vmjyD h h h taz vmjyD"

cspfom; rkd;atmif
"om; rif;tdrjf yeft+rJaemufusaew,faemf/ tusKd ;r&Sw
d m
awGudk vkyfraeprf;ygeJ@ om;/ rif;abmvkH;uefcsifwmawGudk "awmuf rkd;atmif rif;rajymrqkdeJ@xGufoGm;awmh 'g rif;
acgif;xJuae xkwyf pfprf;uGm/ ighom; rif; 'DrmS quf&adS ecsiaf o;w,f Zmwfvrf; rif;yJzefwD;jyD;a&; rif;b0eJ@rif;ayhguGm qdk+yD; ol@taz
44

qlyl}udrf;armif;um a'goxGufaew,f? rkd;atmif&J@tarvnf; rJtjywftowfe@J Ekid o

f mG ;wmukad wmh =um;w,f/ 0if;atmifqw
kd mu
ikdae&Smw,f?
yJGpm;vdk@omajymw,f olaX;awmholaX;yJaemf/ ol@rSmu PMO
ppfwyfaemufcH &Sdaevdk@vm;"
"taz}uD;&,f om;udo
k m qufo,
G Ef ikd af tmifpOf;pm;ygOD;/
om;u ol@tarhut
kd &rf;cspw
f m/ rajymrqked @J xGuo
f mG ;rSmr[kwyf g
"xm;ygawmh&Sif ol@tvkyfolvkyfygap/ olrsm;ta&;
bl;
0ifrpGufzufcsifygbl;"
"'D a umif tcsd e f w ef & if j yef v mrS m yg rd e f ; r&m"qd k + yD ;
"[Jh[Jh 'geJ@ 'DESpf eihfpyg;txGufraumif;ygvm;"
tdrcf ef; xJ 0ifomG ;ygw,f? tazvnf; rsu&f nfrxde;f Edik af wmhb;l ?
"tif;ayhg ydk;uzsuf/ tcGeftaumufawGuvnf;wufeJ@
usvmwJh rsuf&nfu xGufaewJha'goukd zkH;vGrf;xm;vkdufygjyD?
igawmh aocsifawmhwmyJ at"

"igwk@d PMOeJ@ jrefrmppfwyf}uD;u bmrSvnf; rvkyaf y;

(2) ESpfcef@=umaomf h h h
bl;/ vli,fawGvnf; bdef;yJpkdufaew,f/ igwkd@rdef;cav;awGvnf;
bdef;yJpdkufjyD; pD;yGm;a&; &Sm&awmhr,fxifygw,f[,f"

"AsdK@ tdrf&Sifwkd@ tdrf&Sifwdk@"[k ac:um v0uvl}uD;rif;eJ@
tzGJ@ reuftapm}uD; rdk;atmifwdk@tdrfudka&mufvmw,f?
" [Jh[Jh pdwfxdef;OD; oif;oif;a&/ eif bdef;pGJaeOD;r,f"

rd;k atmiftazvnf; uref;uwef;eJ@ tdy,
f mux+yD; xGuf "pJw
G m rpGw
J m vkyrf aeeJ@O;D / eiht
f pfub
kd ed ;f +cH rae@reufuyJ
vmcJhygw,f?
ESif;cg;&nfusvdk@ tukefysufoGm;wm pdwfawmifraumif;ygbl;"

"r*Fvmyg vl}uD;rif;wdk@ tdrfxJudk=uGyg/ bmrsm;tvdk&Sdyg "tif;[m olvJ xdkif;zufudkyJvpfawmhr,fxifw,f[/
ovJ cifAsm/ u|efawmf OD;aZmfxGef;yg"
awmfao;wmu pkd;ykdifvdk olbdef;rpGJao;bl;/ pkd;ykdifqdk&if tck
bmjzpfaerSef;awmif rodawmhaygif"

"'Dvdkyg OD;aZmfxGef;a& tck u|efawmfwdk@ oef;acgifpm&if;
aumufzkd@twGuf vlOD;a&twdtusod&atmif tdrfwkdif;rSm&SdaewJh
&GmxJrSmvnf; vli,fawG r&SdoavmufjzpfaeygjyD/ &yf&Gm
rdom;pkwidk ;f ud"k gwfyv
Hk u
kd f u
kd w
f myg/ tJ'ga=umihf OD;aZmfxeG ;f tdrrf mS vl}uD;awGuvnf; vli,fwcsdK@udk ppfxJykd@jyD; ppfr_xrf;vkyfcdkif;
&SdwJholawGtm;vkH;udk tdrfaxmifpkrSwfwrf;vkyfzkd@ "gwfykHkdufxm; apcJhwm 'Dtajymif;tvJumv rwdkifcifuwnf;uyg/
csiw
f ,f/ tck tdrrf mS &Sw
d hJ tdraf xmifppk m&if;0iftm;vk;H udk xGuv
f m

apcsifyg w,f"
"1 ESpfavmufawmh =umygjyD"

"vl}uD;rif;a& h h hom;uawmh tjyifa&mufaew,f/

"u|eaf wmfw@dk jrefrmEdik if [
H m taemufEikd if aH wGvkd 'Dru
kd a&pD
jyefrvmao;bl;"
xGef;um;zkd@twGuf u|efawmfwkd@tpGrf;ukefzefwD;yhgr,f/ okd@ayr,fh

v0utzG J @ uvnf ; om;&J @ "gwf y k H e J @ trnf u k d , l j yD ;
taemufEdkifiHvdkrsdK; xyfwlawmhrusedkifygbl;/ vmbfay;vmbf,lr_
xGufoGm; ygw,f?
awG udk yaysmufatmifvkyfaqmifr,f" qdkwJhpum;?

'Dpum;awGukd OD;ode;f pdef ajymcJah yr,fh ud,
k yf ikd t
f yk cf sKyfciG fh

wpf a e@ uG s ef a wmf &G m ud k a &muf c sd e f &G m om;awG u &wJh qDqkdifa'otwGuf rygbl;/ wkdif;&if;om;a'oawGtwGuf
a&G ; aumuf y G J t a=umif ; / pD ; yG m ;a&;ta=umif ; eJ @ uav;awG rygbl;? zG@J pnf;yHrk mS ygovdv
k kd vkyx
f m;ayr,fh vufawG@rmS rygwm
ppfxJa&muf oGm;wJhta=umif;awGudk ajymae=uwmu ydkqkd;w,f?

"a&G;aumufyGJvJ jyD;jyD/ qDqkdifajrtwGuf PMO rS
u|efawmfwkd@ qDqkdife,fajru tajymif;tvJumvrSm
0if; atmif t zG J @ 2010 a&G;aumufyGJrSm tEdki f&&Sd oG m ;w,f / emrnf}uD;aew,f? 'gayr,fv
h nf; tajctaer[efb;l ? SSA-S eJ@
wjcm;ygwDr&Sdygbl; jydKifbufvnf; r&Sdygbl;/ b,fvkd EdkifwmvJ PMO uvnf; wdkufyGJawGjzpffaew,f? ydkcufwmu PMO tzGJ@u
rodbl;/ rJvnf;rxnfhvdkuf&ygbl;/ 'gayr,hf (100) &mcdkifE_ef; ud,
k yf idk t
f yk cf sKyfciG &fh w,fomajymw,f jrefrmppftpk;d &wyfuv
kd nf;
45

cdk;a=umifcdk;0SufeJ@ csHKckdwdkufcdkufvdkuf/ olwdk@eJ@yJ jyefaygif;jyD; &Gmol

&Gmom;awGukd tEdkifusifhvdkufeJ@ / vmbfay; vmbf,lqkd&ifvnf;
PMO eJ@ ppftpk;d &vlawGcsn;f yJ? wpfcgw&Hawmh olw@kd awGu aysmh
aysmif;csifoa,mifa,mifeJ@ &GmxJrSm pnf;Hk;a&;awG vkyfaeao;
w,f?

"a[haumif jrihEf ikd f rif;acgif;ay:rSmeJ@ yg;rSmu aoG;awGe@J /
prf;=unfhvdkufawmh rsufESmuvnf; a,mifudkif;vdk@"

u|efawmfvnf; rsufpdxJ vif;ceJ vufceJ jrifvdkuf&wm
ygyJ? bmrS aocsmrod&ayr,fh aoewfoHa=umihf xGufajy;cJhw,f?
&GmtjyifawmxJudk xGufajy;vmvkdufw,f?

wpfae@awmh rdk;atmif jyefa&mufvmw,f?

wpfcsdefwnf;rSmyJ azmif;-azmif;-azmif;-

"a[haumif ajy;-ajy;-----"

"u|efawmf 'Dae@ tpnf;ta0;ac:&wJh ta=umif;&if;u
awmh jynfwiG ;f uvli,fe@J jynfyrSm&Sad ewJv
h il ,fawG tvkyt
f wlwl
wJGvkyf+yD;awmh PMO rSm&SdwJh vli,fawGeJ@vnf; b,fvdk tvkyfwJG
vkyo
f iho
f vJ/ qufvyk o
f mG ;oiho
f vJ qdw
k u
hJ pd yP gyJ/ 'Dvyk if ef;twGuf
tusO;f axmifuae r=umao;cifurS vGwaf jrmufvmwJh rk;d atmifrS
OD;pD;OD;aqmifjyD; yg0ifapcsifygw,f"

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STUDENTS & YOUTH CONGRESS OF BURMA
P.O Box.123, Mae Sod, Tak. 63110, Thailand, Email. sycbcongress@gmail.com

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