Bo co: Quy trnh v thit b sn xut Chocolate

CHNG 1:

TNG QUAN V CHOCOLATE

1.1 Lch s ca Chocolate: Cy ca cao c xut x t vng Trung M cch y hng ngn nm. Ngi Maya v Aztec c bit s dng ht ca cao ln men lm thc ung b dng hay trong cc nghi l. Ngi Aztec thm ch dng ht ca cao lm tin t trao i hng ha; 100 ht ca cao tng ng mt con g ty. Khi Ty Ban Nha xm chim vng t ny vo th k 15, ht ca cao theo nhng chic thuyn bum n Chu u v tr thnh mt loi thc ung qu tc. Ci tn Latin ca ging cy ny l Theobroma Cacao ngha l Thc phm ca Cha. Ngi Aztec gi thc ung t ht ca cao ln men l Xocolatl, nhng ngi Ty Ban Nha khng th pht c ci tn nh vy nn bin thnh Chocolat, v n ngi Anh th gi l Chocolate. Tuy nhin, lc ny thc ung ca cao ch c ung di dng nng v trong bt ca cao vn cn nguyn b ca cao, d b kt tinh th nhm khi b lnh. Gia th k 17, ngi Anh cho bt ca cao vo bnh. Nm 1828, mt nh ha hc ngi H Lan tn Johannes Van Houten pht minh ra phng php p b ca cao ra khi bt ca cao. Lc ny, ngi ta c th ung lnh thc ung ca cao vi mi v thm ngon. Nm 1875, nh sn xut Daniel Peter ngi Thy S trn bt ca cao, b ca cao, sa bt, ng, vv, ln u tin chocolate sa vi mi v thm ngon hn c sn xut cng nghip. Nm 1879, Rodolphe Lindt pht minh ra my nghin o trn, gip cho chocolate sa c cu trc mn, ng nht v mi v d chu. K t y, quy trnh sn xut chocolate sa quy m cng nghip gn hon chnh. Nhiu nhn hiu chocolate ni ting ln lt ra i. Cy ca cao theo chn ngi Php n Nam B vo u th k 20, nhng cy ca cao cha bao trng vi quy m n in nh cy cao su. C l v cao su khng th thiu i vi ngnh cng nghip Php, cn ht ca cao th khng c nh vy. Khong nm 1994, mt d n ca Nh Nc v trng cy ca cao quy m 10.000 hecta c thc hin, ch yu Qung Ngi nhng tht bi v nhiu l do. Mong mun pht trin trng cy ca cao tng t nh cy c ph khng thnh. Khong nm 2002, t chc Success Alliance c d n pht trin cy ca cao m khi u t Bn Tre. n nm nay, 2006, chuyn hng xut khu ht ca cao c thc hin d sn lng vn cn rt thp.

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Bo co: Quy trnh v thit b sn xut Chocolate

Tng lai ca cy ca cao ng bng sng Cu Long, ng Nam b, Ty Nguyn rt ha hn, c th t mt quc gia v ting v tm v sn xut ht ca cao, Vit Nam c th bc ln thnh mt cng quc xut khu ht ca cao trn th gii, nh thnh cng vi cy c ph Robusta. 1.2 Mt s thng k v chocolate: Vic tiu th Chocolate mt s nc trn th gii

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Bo co: Quy trnh v thit b sn xut Chocolate

1.3 Thnh phn dinh dng ca Chocolate: Per 100 grams Pure chocolate Milk chocolate White chocolate

Protein (g) Fat (g) Calories (kcal) Calcium (mg) Magnesium (mg)

4,7 29,2 525 38 100

8,4 30,3 529 220 55

8 30,9 529 270 26

1.4 Li ch ca Chocolate: 1.4.1 Cht chng oxy ha hiu qu: Kh oxy m chng ta ht th hng ngy gip cho c th hot ng nhng ng thi cng sn sinh ra mt lng ln cc gc t do (cht oxy ha) tn cng cc c quan trong c th. Cacao cha mt lng ln cht chng oxy ha, c kh nng v hiu qu hoc trung ha cc gc t do ny. Kh nng chng oxy ha ca chocolate cao hn 4 - 5 ln so vi tr en v cao hn 2 - 3 ln so vi tr xanh hoc ru vang. Chnh l do cht flavonoide (cht chng oxy ha c trong chocolate) v cc khong cht khc (km, mangan, ng) lm nn cng dng c bit ny ca chocolate. 1.4.2 Tt cho ph n mang thai: Theo mt nghin cu c gii thiu trong tp ch Epidemiology, vic n chocolate en hng ngy trong thi gian bu b c th lm gim ti 69% nguy c mc chng tin sn git (do huyt p tng cao t ngt) m c th dn n sinh non. Nghin cu c thc hin bi cc nh khoa hc ca trng H Yale, da trn 2.291 ph n mang thai. Nhm nghin cu nhn thy rng, nhng ph n n nhiu chocolate th s c hm lng theobromin dy rn cao hn v ngi m s t nguy c b tin sn git. Theobromin l mt thnh phn c nhiu trong chocolate en.

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Bo co: Quy trnh v thit b sn xut Chocolate

1.4.3 Khuyn khch sn xut cholesterol tt Mu vn chuyn cholesterol trong cc mch mu nh vo cc protein vn chuyn. Nhng cholesterol c chuyn ti gan v thi ra ngoi l nhng cholesterol tt. Ngc li, cholesrerol b tch t cc ng mch c th gy ra cc bnh v tim mch l nhng cholesterol xu. Chocolate v cacao c th bo v cc b phn ca c th khi nhng cholesterol xu. Cht flavonoide c trong loi thc phm ny c tc dng gim lng cholesterol xu v khuyn khch vic sn sinh cholesterol tt. Ngoi ra, vitamin B3 c trong chocolate cng cho php gim nguy c nghn mch. 1.4.4 Tr cao huyt p Vic n 6g chocolate en mi ngy s gip lm h huyt p. Kt qu nghin cu ny c cng b trn tp ch Jama ca c. Nghin cu ca bnh vin Cologne c tin hnh trn 44 ngi trong tui t 56 n 73 v huyt p trung bnh l 147/86. Nhng ngi tnh nguyn theo ch n 6g chocolate mi ngy trong 18 tun. Kt qu cho thy, huyt p ca nhng ngi ny gim mt cch ng k. Trong khi , nhng ngi n chocolate trng li khng c kt qu tng t v trong chocolate trng khng cha cht polyphenol. 1.4.5 Chng li stress chng li lo u v cng thng, khng g c th tt hn l n nhiu thc phm c cha ma gi, chocolate l mt trong s nhng thc phm c hm lng magie rt cao. Nhiu nghin cu khng nh rng nguyn t ny ng vai tr quan trng trong vic phng chng nhng tc ng ca stress. Vic thiu magie s ko theo vic thiu nng lng cho c th biu hin qua vic mt mi, cm thy kit sc hay tm trng lo u. Ngc li, khi bn cm thy khe mnh, bn c th t tin v d dng i mt vi cc vn kh khn. Mt nghin cu khc cng ch ra rng, nhng thc phm giu ma gi nh chocolate cn c kh nng gim nguy c tai bin mch mu no, nhi mu c tim v bnh tiu ng.

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Bo co: Quy trnh v thit b sn xut Chocolate

CHNG 2:

QUY TRNH SN XUT CHOCOLATE

Vic sn xut chocolate c lch s hng trm nm nhng gm rt nhiu cng on v phc tp. Nu bn c ht ca cao trong tay v mun t tay lm ra chocolate ngon nh kiu rau cu hay lm bnh kem th l mt nhim v bt kh thi. Mt s cng on quan trng trong vic sn xut chocolate nh : rang, p b, kim ha, nghin tinh, rt khun, vv m nu khng c thit b chuyn dng hay kinh nghim ch bin th cht lng rt km hay khng lm c.

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Bo co: Quy trnh v thit b sn xut Chocolate

2.1 Quy trnh sn xut chocolate t ht ca cao: Ca Cao

Rang ht

Nghin th

Sng phn loi

Tch v

Nghin t Dung dch K2CO3 hay Na2CO3 60-70oC Nc

Kim ha

p b ng, Sa bt Lecithine, ht ca cao nghin mn

B cab p cao

Phi trn

Nghin tinh

, o trn

n nh nhit, rt khun

Lm lnh

Chocolate

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Bo co: Quy trnh v thit b sn xut Chocolate

2.2 Cc giai on trong sn xut chocolate t ht ca cao ln men: 2.2.1 Phn loi v tch tp cht: Cng on ny tng i n gin nu cht lng ht tt: ln men ng u, t ht lp, su mt mc... Tp cht phi la k nht l kim loi, ct v nu i vo thit b trong cc cng on sau, s d dng lm h hng thit b. 2.2.2 Rang ht: y l mt trong nhng khu quan trng nht trong vic quyt nh cht lng chocolate. Cht lng rang ph thuc rt nhiu vo chn ng u, nhit rang v thi gian rang. Nhit rang c th t 70 n 140 oC trong thi gian 80 pht n 7 pht. i vi ht ca cao dng sn xut chocolate sa, nhit rang thng thp hn, ch 100 105 oC nhng nu ht dng p b th nhit rang thng 120 -130oC. Sau qu trnh rang, m gim t 7-8% xung cn 2-3%. Qu trnh rang xy ra nhiu phn ng ha l rt phc tp, trong c qu trnh bc hi nc v hi acid acetic c trong ht ca cao ln men, phn ng Maillard, phn ng ca polyphenol, flavanols, vv Trong cng nghip, ngi ta thng dng my rang thng quay dng cu hay dng ng rang. Nhit cp cho qu trnh rang thng l hi nc qu nhit hay kh t LPG sch hay khng kh nng. Sau khi rang, ht phi lm ngui cng nhanh cng tt b ca cao t di chuyn t ht ra v ca cao. 2.2.3 Nghin th: Nghin th ni chung tng i n gin, c th nghin ba hay nghin trc. Tuy nhin, n quan trng ch ht ca cao ch nn b v lm ba, lm t v cng sinh ra t bi cng tt. Nu qu nhiu bi sinh ra, th vic tch v ra khi bi rt kh khn. 2.2.4 Sng phn loi: Mc ch vic sng phn loi l tng kh nng phn ly v ra khi ht. Nu ht nh ln vi v ln th khi thi v, th c v ln v ht nh u bay. Thng ngi ta phn lm 4 n 5 c ht. Nhiu c hn th qu phc tp, t c hn th vic phn ly hiu sut thp. Sng phn loi thng dng loi sn lc bng bnh cam hay sng rung. 2.2.5 Tch v: V nguyn l thi v ht ca cao th khng khc g hnh nh c thn n lng qu cm thng thc t trn cao xung gi thi ht la lp ra khi ht la chc. Tuy nhin, thi v ht ca cao kh hn nhiu v v ht ca cao kh dy v t trng nng khng km nhn ht ca cao.

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Bo co: Quy trnh v thit b sn xut Chocolate

Lng v tch ra khi ht trong qu trnh ny chim 20 n 25% lng ht ban u. nc ngoi, v ny c th dng trch cht flavanol chng oxy ha t nhin l theobromine c tc chng cc gc t do gy lo ha. Hin gi, sn lng ht Vit Nam cn rt thp nn cha ai tn dng lng v thi ra ny. 2.2.6 Nghin t: Ht ca cao b nghin n kch thc khong 100m th chuyn sang dng lng st gi chocolate liquor hay chocolate mass. Ting Vit tng ng ca t ny l ht ca cao nghin, ht ca cao nho, ht ca cao st, chocolate lng, vv. Ting Anh gi ht ca cao trng thi kh rn l cocoa, trng thi lng kt tinh rn l chocolate. Nghin t th thc hin bng my nghin trc c lm lnh bng nc. L do phi lm lnh trc nghin l trong qu trnh nghin pht sinh rt nhiu nhit lm b ca cao chy lng ra, gim ma st gia ht ca cao v trc nghin, v hu qu l gim nng sut nghin. 2.2.7 Kim ha: Ht ca cao ln men c rt nhiu acid acetic, acid lactic, v.v. v vn cn tn d sau qu trnh rang ht. Vic kim ha lm ht bt chua i hoc hon ton khng chua, pH t 4- 4,5 c nng ln 6,8 7,2. Vic kim ha ny cng lm ht ca cao ng hn v sm mu hn do cc polyphenol phn ng vi cht kim. Qu trnh ny cn c tn gi Dutch Process. Bc M, c bit l Hoa K, rt nhiu sn xut chocolate t ht ca cao KHNG LN MEN nn ht khng b chua, do cng khng cn giai ong kim ha lm g, va n gin va gim chi ph. Do , cht lng chocolate Hoa K rt khc cht lng chocolate Chu u. Cht kim ha thng dng l dung dch K2CO3 hay Na2CO3 . Vic kim ha d c th x phng ha b ca cao. Sau , ngi ta phi khuy tch nc nhit khong 60-70 oC nc bay hi dn dn. 2.2.8 p b: B ca cao l thnh phn khng th thiu trong chocolate ngon. B ca cao ngoi chuyn c mt lng ln cht polyphenol chng oxy ha t nhin, n c kh nng kt tinh a hnh ty theo nhit . Dng b kt tinh beta 3 hay dng V (5) ca b ca cao c cu trc tinh th mn, bng, v thm c trng, tan chy nhanh di thn nhit. Chnh c im ny gip chocolate sn xut t b ca cao c v thm ngon hn loi chocolate dng b thc vt thay th CBS (Cocoa Butter Subtitute hay Cocoa Butter Replacer). Chocolate Lin Minh Chu u ch cho php dng 5% b thc vt thay th. Tuy nhin, cc hng chocolate Chu u ni ting thng

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Bo co: Quy trnh v thit b sn xut Chocolate

dng hon ton b ca cao gi cht lng. Hoa K th khng cho php s dng b thay th trong cc sn phm c mang tn Chocolate. p b ca cao phc tp hn p du thc vt khc, do p b ca cao cn gia nhit b linh ng thot ra ngoi. p sut p b c th ln hn 200 kg/cm2. Sau khi p b, ta c bt ca cao cha 18 -22% b ca cao. Mun ly tip b ca cao ra khi bt, ngi ta phi qua tip giai on trch ly bng dung mi ly tip b ca cao. Bt sau trch ly ch cn 10 -12% b. Do vic p tch b kh phc tp, nn gi thnh b p ca cao t gp 4 -5 ln b thc vt thay th. 2.2.9 Phi trn: Sau khi thm b ca cao, ng, sa bt, cht nh ha Lecithine u nnh vo ht ca cao nghin mn (chocolate liquor), ta c mt hn hp kh st. Hn hp ny phi ng ha bng cnh o trn. Khi ng nht ri th li tng i lng st. 2.2.10 Nghin tinh: Giai on nghin ny cng kh quan trng trong vic quyt nh cht lng cm quan ca chocolate. Giai on nghin tinh rt phc tp v thit b hay hiu sut. i vi nh my ln, ngi ta dng my nghin 5 trc gim kch thc chocolate t 100m xung 18 -20 m. My ny c nng sut v hiu sut nng lng rt cao, tuy nhin gi thnh my rt t, bo tr rt phc tp trong vic m bo khong cch khe rt nh gia cc trc nghin, phi c nc lm ngui c 5 trc nghin, khi trc mn phi gi v hng sn xut my phc ch b mt trc, vv. Do , a s s dng my nghin bi c thit k n gin, gi thnh r, d vn hnh nhng nng sut v hiu sut thp, n o, vv. Trong ch bin chocolate ti nh vi s lng t, ngi ta dng my nghin con ln bng chy vng vng sut ngy m nghin mt hai k chocolate. 2.2.11 o trn: y l mt trong nhng cng on khc bit quan trng nht gia Chocolate Chu u v M. Cc nh sn xut chocolate ca M thng dng ht ca cao cha ln men nn cng on ny c th khng cn nhm tit kim thi gian, nng lng v gim gi thnh. Cc nh sn xut chocolate chu u lun lun s dng ht ca cao ln men nn chocolate thng c mi rt nng, cng on o trn trong thi gian di 4 n 100 gi lm cc mi kh chu hay acid bay hi. S ch xt, o trn cc phn t rn nh ht ca cao, sa, ng, vv trong thi gian di v nhit cao 50 -80oC, lm cho chocolate tr nn ng nht, trn mn.

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Bo co: Quy trnh v thit b sn xut Chocolate

2.2.12 n nh nhit: im c bit ca b ca cao l tnh kt tinh a hnh m khng phi dng kt tinh no cng lm chocolate ngon. Chocolate kt tinh dng V hay beta 3 l ngon nht, b mt bng mn, cu trc ng nht. Chocolate nng chy hon ton , thng nhit 40 -50oC, c lm ngui t t c khuy trn n khong 34-35oC. Sau , ngi ta trch khong 1 phn 5 chocolate i to mm kt tinh bng cch khuy o trn nhit 29oC trong thi gian 20 n 30 pht. Trn hai th chocolate ny li th ton b chocolate s c gy mm kt tinh nhit 32 oC. Nhit thp hn th c thm mm tinh th dng III, dng IV d chy v khng ngon, nhit cao qu th cng mt mm tinh th, rt khun c khng ly ra c. 2.2.13 Rt khun: Vic rt khun khng h n gin v nht rt cao, li phi n nh nhit , phi ng cn lng na, khng c xo trn mnh d to bt, vv. Ni chung rt khun cho dng thanh 100 gram hay 200 gram l d nht. Nhng ming chocolate con c, hoa tri, vv trn mt v khun s kh rt khun hn v phi nh v ch rt hay phi c nhiu u rt. 2.2.14 Lm lnh: Sau khi rt khun, chocolate phi nhanh chng em lm lnh nhit khong 20 n 22oC chocolate kt tinh theo dng mm c trong giai on n nh nhit. Chocolate lnh s kt tinh v co ngt th tch 3% lm cho vic tho khun d dng. Kt qu ta c thanh chocolate bng mn, ng nht. 2.2.15 Bao gi: Vic chocolate tip xc lu di vi khng kh trong mi trng h s lm oxy ha chocolate, n khng ngon. ng trong chocolate cn c th ht m lm tng dn hm lng nc trong sa bt, to iu kin cho nm mc pht trin trn b mt. Bao gi kn chocolate bng giy nhm, bao nha, vv gi hng v ban u ca chocolate. 2.2.16 Bo qun: Nhit ti u bo qun chocolate l 20 n 25oC. chocolate trong ngn hay ngn di ca t lnh l khng hn l nhit ti u v n lm c b sa kt tinh thnh nhng vt trng trn b mt. Chocolate rt s nhit cao v nng chiu trc tip v mt khi chocolate chy, n d dng kt tinh li th nhm, mt ngon

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Bo co: Quy trnh v thit b sn xut Chocolate

CHNG 3:

MT S MY MC TRONG SN XUT CHOCOLATE

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