7

*
-
, ,

.
- , ,
,
.
, -, ,
1980, G. Dumnil D. K. Foley,
, , .

.
,
,
.

.
, ,

. .

.

.
,

, ,
.

, .
Franois de Closets, .
(2004)

, ,
Political Economy. Review of Political Economy and Social Sciences, . 10, 2002,
, , Indian Development Review. An International Journal of Development Economics, Special Issue: Distribution, Development and Prices.
Critical Perspectives, vol. 4, No. 1, June 2006, . Mariolis and L.
Tsoulfidis (eds) (2006) Distribution, Development and Prices. Critical Perspectives, New Delhi, Serials
Publications. Duncan K. Foley, Alan Freeman,
David Laibman, K , , Ian Steedman .

1.
, ,
,
,

. (i)
, , ,
- (, ),1 (ii)
2-
(, ) Dumnil (1980) Foley (1982).
,
, , , ,
, ( )
,
- .
: 2
. 3 . 4
, , ,
, ,
. , 5
.
2.
,
, (single)
la Sraffa (1960, Part 1), , ,
.3
, ,

.
1

, , (1998)
( , 18 1998),
.
, . 28, 1998,
Political Economy. Review of Political Economy and Social Sciences, . 5, 1999.
2
, , . , .
Saad-Filho (1996, pp. 116-118) Foley (1997, p. 45).
3

(Sraffa, 1960, 6-8),
(. .. Kurz and Salvadori, 1995, ch. 4).

,
: , , ( ,
)
, ;
Mhlpfordt (1893, 1895),4 Dmitriev ([1904] 1974),
von Bortkiewicz (1906-7, 1907), Okishio (1955,
1963), Seton (1957), Sraffa (1960), Schwartz (1961, Part A) Johansen
(1963), , ,
(. Steedman, 1977, 2008, Bidard, 1991, ch. 6, 1998).
, (i)
,
, , ,
,
, (ii) (

) , ,


,
,5 (, ,
) .
, Marx ( -
)
,
,
, , :6
2.1.
4

Mhlpfordt Howard and King (1987).

, ,

5

F (m1m2r 2 ) 1 = G F = G (m1m2r 2 )
G ,
.
6
, ,
, Marx. , ,
, , . , ,
, , Rubin ([1927] 1994,
[1928] 1972) Goldmann (1959),
, ,
, , . , ,
D. K. Foley, ,
Reuten and Williams (1989, Parts 1-2) ( ,
, ).

,
,
, . , ,
, ,
,
( )
( ). ,
,

, , , Marx (
()
), .
,
, (.
)
(.
)
. , , ,
,
, ,
, , ,
(, , , ).
, Marx : ,


. .
,
.
. ,
.
.

, [
. .] , .. . (,
1978, . 1, . 87 ).7
7

, , , Marx, o
Piotr Kropotkin : []
[ . .]
. ,

-.
, -
, ,
, . ,
, .
, . ,

, . ,
, , , ,

, . ,

,

. ,

( , ), .

, (Marx). ,
,
( ),

, .
,

,
,
,
. , , ,
.
2.2. , , ,
:
, ,
[ . .] . ,
, [ . .]
,
, .
. : [ . .]
[ . .],
[ . .]. (, 1896, . 97).

(i). , ,
.
(ii). ,
(, ).
(iii). .
(iv).
,

. , ,
, ,
.
,

(. )
.
,
,
, ,
, . , ,
, , ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
, , ,

, , ,
, , ,
, .8
, ,
8

, Evgeny B. Pashukanis (1891-1937),

-: ,

[ . .],
,
(, [1924] 1977, . 53). []
,
(. 118). ,
, .
()
( ).
: (. 123). .
, . ,
(. 126).

, . ,
. ,
(. )

(.
) , , -


,
, , ,
, , ,
, . , , . ,
-
,
, , ,
.9 ,
, (/ ),
, , -

- , ,
.
, , ,
, ,
:10
pg / p j ( v g / v j ) , g j , ( 1
g

pg / p j

j ), , vg , 1
g ,
( pg / p j )v j , ( pg / p j )
j ,
vg : ( pg / p j )v j
9

, .
, .

n . pg , p j
g , j ( = 1, 2,..., n ) vg , v j 1
10

, . ,

v*g , v*j

1 , .

, ,
, : , .11
, , B , , ,
( B , ).
, Marx, ,
,
*
, , vg , 1

g B , , ,
*
, , v j , 1 j

( p j / pg ) B , .12 ,

, ,
, B

u , u n 1 , . -
. ,
, 1 u
v Tu / B , 1 j
( p j / p T u )([ v* ]T u ) = ( p j / p T u )[( v T u ) / B ]

v T 1 n
, p T 1 n ,
[ v* ]T 1 n , v T u 1
11

,
, .
: , .
12
, , , ,
, ,
, ( )
, . ,
, .
, .
, ,
,
(, ),
,
- , , , :
, (,
,
- ), ,
, , . ,
, , ,
.
, ,
(, . Dickinson, 1963, Johansen, 1963).

u , [ v* ]T u
u , p T u . ,
u = y , y n 1
, B = 1 , 1
(. v T y = a T x )
T
T
, , 1 j ( p j / p y )a x ,

aT 1 n
, x (> 0) n 1
.13
, ,
, . ,
, ,
vg * / v j* = pg / p j , g , j = 1, 2,..., n

,
, .
,
,
,
:
, , ,
,
. , ,
,
n n , aij
i 1 j ,
13

A [ aij ]

v T = v T A + aT v T = aT [I A]1

x = Ax + y x = [ I A]1 y
I n n . v T y = a T x . ,
, , y ,
( x > 0 , , ,

[I A]1 > 0 , , , y , , ), ,

, (-) ,
, , (
, . , 1999, Mariolis, 2003). , ,
, .
, ,
. .

10

.14
,
. :
, ,
,
,
.15 , (
)
. ( ) , ,
(
), ,
( , ).
,
14

,
,
. 13:
u = y , v* > 0 , p T y > 0 .
, , p T y 0 . ,
, u , , ,
(!).
15
, (. .. Krugman and Obstfeld, 1994, ch. 2, 11 ),
, , ,
-. O
, ,
( ). ,
, , ,
,
. ,
, , ,
, .
([1921] .., . 8) : []
, .
. , ,
, .
, . ,
(
..), ,
. , ,
.
, ,
. , , ,
, , , . ,
, , . , ,

, ,
, ..., , , ,
, ,

..

10

11

, ,
. , p, v (

),

pj

: [ /

j ], v j : [
/ j ]. , ,
- ( )
( ) .
, ,
, .
, , , , ,
. ,
, ,
, , , ,

,
j
pg / p j , g = 1, 2,..., n, g j , , ,

(. p T p T A ,

, v T > v T A ).
, , ,
,
, , ,
,
,
(.,
).16 , , , ,
, ( , ,
), , ,
, ,
, .17 ,
16

12:
.
,
, , ( ,
).
17
, ,
(, 1978, . 1, . 83-97 125-126),

11

12

Perniola (1991),
(simulacro) , .
Perniola, (Sinnbild) (.
17) [] [] (. 55) []
,
(. 131) [] [, .
.] :
(. 137). ,
- []

,
(effettivit/Faktizitt) (. 55).18 ,
, , , Perniola (1991, . 12338), -,
, , ,
,
(ibid., . 125-126)
() ( ,
), ,
,

, (ibid., . 124),
. ,
(. ) , ,
, R. Bellarmino (16 ),

, [] [ ]

. []
(, 1893, , [1922] 1975, 3-4, Goldmann, 1959). ,
, , ,
, (
, , , . 10
10 ).
18
, , Ilienkov (1983, . 199-207),
(
, .
) ,
(
) ,
,
, (
). (ibid., . 206).

12

13

,
, . (ibid.,
. 131).
2.3. :
,
, ;

.19 , , , ,
,
.
Marx,
,

( ),
, , ,
,
(

, . ([1893, 1937] 1986), . 88-89 103-106).
, , , ,
-

(:
), ,
, , p ,
, v .
, ,
,
:
p , w . ,
,
(,
, , ,
19

15
. , , ,
,
.
, , , ,
,
, . Lichtenstein (1989).

13

14

) (p, w) ,

, , ( ,
) p T y (
), waT x ( )
P p T y wa T x

, , P
, , . , ,
P (, )
w < (p T y ) /(a T x) , , , ,
(p T y ) /(a T x) , 1
1 , w ,

(,
) .20
, ,
(
),
, , .
, ,
(. Foley, 1997, pp. 44-45). , , ,
Marx,
,

; , ,
(
p v ),
, , , ,
w < (p T y ) /(a T x) ,
( ),
-
,
p T y = waT x + P

,
(--)
20

, . (1999), Mariolis (2003, 2006), , .

2 .

14

15

, , ,
,

, , .
,
, .
.21
3.
, , Dumnil (1980) Foley (1982),
( )
. , ,
,
( , .
Glick and Ehbar, 1987, Mohun, 1994, Saad-Filho, 1996, Foley, 1997).
, , ,
.
,
(p, w, x, P) ,
21

( , , ),
, ,
. Debord ([1967]
1971), , , (1978, . 1, . 83-97), ([1922] 1975,
3-4) ([1923] 1981), (spectacle):
,
(Debord, [1967] 1971, 1).
, ( 4) [
; - . .].
,
... ( 36). :
. , ,
, . ,
[ . .], ,
,
, , .
,
.
-, , , - ( 49).
Hegel, Realphilosophie [ Hegel
, 1800 . .],
. ( 215).
Debord, . Jappe (1998), ,
, , , Jean Baudrillard,
(valeur-signe) ,
(), . Poster (1988)
Kellner (2006).

15

16

,
, ( , ,
, , . Dumnil, 1980, ch. 7 pp. 121-125,
Foley, 1982, p. 43, Mohun, 1994, pp. 400-402). , ,
, (a T x) /(p T y ) (
), , , value of money, m .22 , ,
, V , value of money
, , S ,
, , (1 V )aT x (.
, aT x , , VaT x ),
() (1 w m ) aT x . value of
money , P , , S . , ,
value of money,
,
( )
: (p, w, x, P) , (i)
value of money , (ii)
value of money .23


(, ,
). , , ,
:


. , , a priori
, ()
:
,
,
22

(-) . ,
, ,
( ,
), the idea of the
transformation problem becomes self-contradictory (Dumnil, 1984, p. 347).
.
23

,
: p T y = a T x ( = v T y) .

P = S . , . 3 .
16

17

.
(
), .
,
- (..
), , ,
.24 , ,
(.
Mohun (1994, pp. 398-399), .
, Foley (1982, p. 42),
, V , : The basic insight of the labor theory of value
is its claim that value forms, money, commodities, and so on, are expressions of
abstract social labour. Thus in any transaction involving value, what is changing
hands is control over some part of total abstract social labor time. The value of
labor power, in this perspective, is the fraction of the total abstract social labor
time claimed by workers in the form of the wage. This is an exchange of abstract
labor in the form of money for the particular labor power a worker has to offer
on the market. If we follow this path, we would interpret the value of labor
power in general as the money wage multiplied by the value of money
[ ], , , :
A unit of money [] can be thought of as a claim to a certain amount of the abstract social labor expended in the economy (p. 37). The advantage of interpreting the value of money as the ratio of aggregate labor time to aggregate money
value added is that the sum of the value gained and lost by all the producers in
exchange will be zero. In other words, this interpretation of the value of money
corresponds to the idea that value is created in production but conserved in exchange (p. 41). [Thus . M.] we retain at the global level the relation between
money and embodied labor which is central to the idea that money is a form of
value and that the substance of value is abstract social labor (p. 41). ,
Mohun (1994, pp. 404-405) (. Dumnil,
1980, pp. 94-96, Dumnil, 1984, pp. 340-343): It is an aggregative theory in
which total labour performed defines the value of net output; the value of net
output and aggregate value added in money terms defines the value of money;
and the value of money and the money wage define the value of labour-power. A
price system is then a method of distributing aggregate labour-time expended
across individual commodities. Hence prices are always [] representations or
forms of value, of abstract labour [ ] []. Market processes of
exchange commensurate commodities, and hence a posteriori commensurate the
24

, . 4 .

17

18

labour-times objectified in their production. Abstraction from concrete labours

occurs as heterogeneous commodities are valued in units of homogeneous
money. Value is then labour-time as it appears as money..

:
3.1. a T x ( = v T y ) ,
.
,
1 , y ,
.
3.2. value of money, . m , :
[ / ], : [
, / ]. ,
m as the coefficient which enables a translation between prices into
labour-times (Mohun, 1994, p. 402),
, (. Foley,
1982, p. 41).
3.3. V : [ ,
/ ]. ,
,
, (,
). ,
S : [ ,
/ ]. , , ,

(, ,
).
3.4. (V , S ) (
) (p, w)
. ,
, ,
, aT x , V w m S
(1 w m )a x .
3.5. ,
, .

, (p, w) ( ),
,
T

18

19

( aT x ),
,
, ,
, . , Dumnil (1984,
pp. 341-2) : The amount of labour time expended in a given period is the
value of a given bundle of commodities. A price system expresses the reallocation of these hours of productive labor time to this bundle of commodities. The
total amount of labor time expended in a period being the value of the net output
of the period, this quantity of labor must be reallocated to this net output. Thus,
Marxs first equalities (sum of value = sum of prices), must be defined for the
net output of the period and not the gross output as in the old solution.
,
.
4.
(
) ,
-
, . , , ,
,
, , , (
) ,
1
, -,
-
- value of money.25
, ( )
:26
4.1. ,
-: [I]t is clear that in general the price of any commodity
multiplied by the value of money as defined here will not be equal to the labor
value of the commodity (Foley,1982, p. 43). The price of a commodity in this interpretation is the amount of money for which it exchanges on the market, an
25

, . 5 .
, , ..
Roemer (1990, p. 1728), Shaikh and Tonak (1994, p. 179), Sotirchos and Stamatis (1998), Stamatis
(1998-99), Febrero Paos (2000) Mavroudeas (2001),
(. Mohun, 2000). , ,
, , , ,
.
26

19

20

amount of money which may represent more or less social labor than is embodied in the commodity itself and which determines its labor value (p. 44). ,
, ,
, ( ,
) - ,
, , ,
- .
, ( , , )
, , (
) , , (
) .
, , , :
; , ,
: (i)
,

, , (ii)
aT x
w maT x , (1 w m ) aT x .
, , ,
( , , . Sinha, 1997, p.
52).
4.2.
( -),
, .

,
:
, ,
,
, . , ,
: The advantage of interpreting the value of money as the ratio of aggregate labor time to aggregate
money value added is that the value gained and lost by all the producers in exchange will be zero. In other words, this interpretation of the value of money corresponds to the idea that value is created in production but conserved in exchange (Foley, 1982, p. 41 . Dumnil, 1984, pp. 346-347, Mohun, 1994,
pp. 402-403).

20

21

, :
(i).
( )
. ,
(, [ v* ]T y = v T y ,
)
, , .
(ii). idea that value is created in production but
conserved in exchange
[ v* ]T y = vT y , , ,
, (Marx), ,
,
( , ,
).
, 1 g pg / p j
j , , ( pg / p j ) (vg / v j ) ,

,
.
(iii). , , ,
, , ,
,
. ,

V = V + L

V = L [ I A]

Vy = Lx , L m n

, m , V
m n , Lx m 1
.
, ,
, [ v* ]T y
Vy ( = Lx) .27
, (, ,
27

Foley (1997, p. 45) ,

, : There are also issues of measurement of [] the living labor expended. In principle it is necessary to adjust total hours worked for the skill levels of workers. A variety of methods, some based on relative wage weights, and others on more direct measures of
skill, have been proposed to make this adjustment []. In the rest of this paper I will assume (contrary
to reality) that some agreement has been made on these measurement issues..

21

22

-)
aT x . ,
, , p T y ,


*
T
T
, v j = (a x)[ p j /(p y )] , ,

, , , [ v* ]T y = a T x = v T y (
). ,
( )
, the idea of a transformation problem becomes self-contradictory (Dumnil, 1984, p. 347). , , ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
.
5.

,
, , .
, ,
:
(i).
, ()
, (, , ) .
(ii).
, , .
,

, ,
, , , .
,
1980, ,
, , ,
, , .
,

,
, ,
22

23

value of money (
) ,
. , ,
, ,
, - ,
, ( ,
) , ,
, ,
.
, (
) , (i)
( ), (ii)

, ,
, ,
. ,
- , ,
, ,
,
, , ,
Marx,
, . ()
.
1:
, ,
[ A, aT ] , la Sraffa. n n A
1 n aT
, .
(.
) , , :
p T = p T A+ T
(1)
p , j
j
.
,
,
, , :

23

24

p T = p T A+

[ v* ]T = bp T

(1)
(2)

[ v* ]T u = c

(3)
(2)
(3) (normalization) . b
, , c
,
: [ , /
u ]. (2), , u ,
(3), b = c(p T u)1 . , (2)-(3)
.
, ,
,
, , ,
:
p T = p T A+ [ ]T
(1)
pT z = 1
[ v ] = bp
* T

(4)
T

(2)

[v ] u = c
* T

(3)
(1)
, , ,
,
, z numraire, .
,
1. , (1), (4)
,
(2), (3) , .
, ,

(
,
, ),
= e a
(5)
e , (1) (4)
:
e = ( v T z ) 1
(6)
p T = ev T = ( v T z ) 1 v T

(7)
24

25

I n n v
, , ,
vT = v T A + a T

v T = aT [ I A] 1 . , (2), (3), (7), , , :

[ v* ]T = c( v T u) 1 v T

(8)
, (, )

(
(5) (7) ), p = v ,
z
, , (fiat
money) .
, ( ),
(3) , , ,
b 1 .
, , , {(1), (2), b = 1 } {(1),
(4), (2), b = 1 }, .
[
. .]
- [ ],
, (, 1976, .
88, 6), ,
- , ,
(tertium comparationis), .
.28 , ,

Ilienkov (1983), , ,
[, , ,
, ,
, , . .]
, [...]. [ . .]
28

, , Marx: []
,
,
, , ,
, . , , ,
, , , ,
. [...]
,
: ;
. (, 1981, . 51-52).

25

26

,
.
( )
, [].

,
.
( ) ,
.
, ,
.

, ,
, (ibid., . 256-257). (
)
, ,
,
(ibid., . 264).29
2:
2.1. -

:
p T = p T A + w aT + T
(1)
, , (
) . ,
, o
, (1)
p T = (p T A)[I + r ] + w aT
(1)
r [ ri ]
(, , ,
ri , i = 1, 2,..., n ).
(1) (
)
29

, , ,
Evald Vasilievich Ilienkov (1924-1979)
(. ibid., . 203, 248, 265-266), , ,
(. ibid., . 183-186, 200-206, 242-244, 260-262, 265,
267).

26

27

(, . Pasinetti, 1991, . 5,
, Parys, 1982, Reati, 1986),
%]1 ] = v T T
p T = v T [ w[I H
(2)
(2)
(p T zi ) /(p T z j ) ( v T zi ) /( v T z j ) i j

(3)

% Ar[I A ]1 ,
H
%]1 = w[I + H
%+ H
%2 + ... + H
%k + ...]
T w[I H

, z i , z j ,

% ) /( v T z )
k (p T Hz
k
k

z k . , (2)

, (3)
.
, . ,
, , (2)
v p , T ,
w , p , ,
, w . ,
(2) , ,
,
.30 , (2) p v
( w ), . ,
(. Steedman, 1977, 1991, 2008),
, ,
v



. , (3)

, , ,
, , , , a pri30

, , (
), ,
, (
, 1938, . 1, 4-6, ,
1981, . 5).
, . 8 .

27

28

ori (. , Sraffa, 1960, chs 3 and 6, Schefold, 1976, Mariolis,

2004a, Bidard and Ehrbar, 2007, Mariolis and Tsoulfidis, 2009).
,

. , (i)
( )
(ii) (joint production) , , (iii)
.
,
(Sraffa 1960, Appendix B, 3 ), ,
,
(, . , 1998). (
2, 4,
),

- (. Mainwaring, 1975, DAutume,
1988, Kurz and Salvadori, 1995, ch. 8, Bidard, 1997). ,
(.
,
) (.
, 1998, . 66-68). ,
, (, )
(. Sraffa, 1960, 66, Fujimori, 1982, ch. 3, Dumnil and Lvy,
1987 . 9, 3, ). ,
,
, (. Steedman, 1992, Mariolis,
2004b).
, , .
, , ,

(. Steedman, 1980, 1985, 1990,
, , Mariolis, 2003, 2006). , , ,
,
(
):
(. .. Krugman and Obstfeld, 1994, ch. 2, Ruffin 1988,
11 ) , , Simpson (1975, ch. 14) Classical System with choice of technology, (
, . , 1998, . 74-77). ,
28

29

, , ,
, ()
(Steedman and Metcalfe, 1981, Steedman, 2008 . 9,
3, )
, ,
.
(. 4
),
, , ( , .
Dumnil, 1984 , ,
Steedman, 1992, 1993, Mohun,
1993a, b).
2.2.
, , ,

(. ,
). b
,
w = p T b , (1)
p T = (pT b) vT + I T [A ] 1

, ,
, bL , L aT x ,
(p T b )(1 v T b) L =I TA[ b ] 1 L
(4)
T

, (1 v T b)L . ,
(4) (i) 0 ,
, (1 v T b) L > 0 , , 1 > v Tb , (ii)
0
, , , T x , , (iii)
,
p T = ev T , T = ea T (1 v T b) , , ,
> 0 (.
, 1978, . 1, . 6), (iv)

(Pasinetti, 1973)

29

30

( ),
T [I A]1bL , (v) (
) () ,
, (
, . Mariolis, 2003, 2006). , ,
:
(, ,
)

.
2.3. Marx
, , ,
Marx, 3 (. ,
1978, . 3, . 9). Marx ,
,
,
p T = (1+ rv )v TC
(5)
C A + ba T (
) ,
rv ( v T [I C]x) /( v TCx) ,

. (5), ,
x
p T x = v TCx + rvv TCx
(6)
, rv ,
pT x = v T x

(..1)

, .
, (..1) (6), ,

rv v TCx = v T [I C ]x
(.. 2)

,
.
, , (5) (. ),

( ),

30

31

() , ,
( , . Parys, 1986).
Marx (5)
(. , 1978, . 207-208, 257-258 261),
- , , ,
,
() ( ).
Marx Mhlpfordt (1893, 1895) , ,
Dmitriev ([1904] 1974) von Bortkiewicz (1906-7, 1907),
,
.31
, ,

(. Brdy, 1970,
Okishio, 1972, Morishima, 1974)
. , -
, p T = (1 + r )p TC ,
:
[p T ]t +1 = (1 + rt )[p T ]t C , t = 0,1, 2,...
(7)
T
T
1 + rt = ([p ]t x /[ p ]t Cx)

[p T ]0 = v T

(8)
, (7)
, r0 = ( v T x / v TCx) = r v ,
T
T
, [p ]1 = (1 + rv ) v C (. (5)). , (7) (8)

[p T ]k = ( v T x / v TC kx) v TC k

(, , x )
[p T ]k x = v T x, k

(..1). , , C
(primitive),
lim ((1 + rk ), [p T ]k ) = ((C ) 1 , p*T )
(9)
k +
C Perron-Frobenius C p*T
, (7)
31

Dmitriev Bortkiewicz Mhlpfordt,

, , ( , , (.
Mhlpfordt, 1895)) Die Neue Zeit, .
. Bortkiewicz , , Dmitriev,
.

31

32

-
.32 , , (7) (i)
(power method),
-
, ((C ) 1, p*T )
(8) (, ,
[p T ]0 ( x ), (9) ),33 (ii)

( C . .. Stoer and Bulirsch, 1980, ch. 6), (iii)
, (iv)
(
), (v)
(. Simonovits, 1978,
, 1998, . 60-62).
3:

m (aT x) /(p T y ) = ( v T y ) /(p T y )

(1)

V w m

(2)

, S , , , (1 V )a x ,
T

S = (1 w m )aT x

(3)

,
P p T y - wa T x = ( m ) 1 aT x waT x = [( m )1 w ]aT x

, m ,
P m = (1 w m ) aT x

P m = S

(4)

, (1)
p T y m aT x = vT y

(1)

32

( Frobenius 1912) .
C k 1 ,
Ck > 0 , n n C
, Cn1 > 0 (. .. Horn and Johnson, 1990, pp. 516-518).
33
Richard von Mises 1929 (. ..
Meyer, 2000, p. 533). , ( Egidi and
Gilibert, 1984, pp. 47-52) , , , ,
Georg von Charasoff (1910, pp. 120-122) ( , .
2, 4, ).

32

33

(1) (4)
( ) .
4: -

v T b = w[(a T x) /(p T y )] , w = p T b
(1)
b .
,
, (1) ,
, :
(i). aT A .
: ,
v T = aT [I A ] 1 = (1 A)1 aT

A Perron-Frobenius A ,
p T = (1 + r ) wa T [I (1+ r )A ] 1 = (1+ r )[1 (1+ r ) A] 1wa T

(2)

p T = (1 + r )(1 A )[1 (1+ r ) A ] 1wv T

(2)
34
p
,
v
r . ,
a
, (2), , b
1 = (1 + r)(1 A)[1 (1+ r) A ] 1 vT b
(3)
, (2), , y ,

(3), (1).
: (2), , A ,
(3),
p T A = [(1 A ) v Tb ]1 A wa T

, , aT A ,
,
.
( p1a1 j + p2 a2 j + ... + pn anj ) /( wa j )

(Marx),
( ,
).35
34

: { , }

A , f ( A) A , {
f ( ), } , ,

f ( A) (. .. Barnett, 1990, p. 138).

35

, . ,

33

34

(ii). b, y
Sraffa (1960, ch. 4)
Miyao (1977), y = b + d , d 0
, ,
,
, a T A k d = 0, k = 0,1, 2,... (, ,
. 6, . 15, 8
).
: a T A k d = 0 , k ,
p T = (1 + r ) waT [I (1+ r )A ] 1 = (1+ r ) waT

[(1+ r )A]

k =0

p d = 0 v Td = 0 . ,
T

w[(aT x) /(p T y )] = w[(aT x) /(p T b)] = a T x = v T y = v T (b + d) = v T b

(iii). w = 0 r = 0 .
: w = 0 , b = 0 , (1) . r = 0 , p, v
, p T = wv T , , , (1) .
(iv). , (-), , (-)
( w, r ) .
,
, .
,
y b bL , L a T x , , , xb [I A ]1b L . ,

,
( wa T xb ) /(pT y b ) = ( wv T bL) /(pTbL) = v T b

, , (1) (, ,
). , , rb ,

rb (p T yb wa T xb ) /(p T Axb + wa T xb )

rb [wL(1 v Tb)]/( p T HbL+ w v TbL)

, wv TbL ,
rb s /(Cb + 1)

(4)

s (1 v T b ) /( v T b )
(Marx),
H A[I A ]1 ,
Marx Ricardo.

34

35

Cb (p T HbL ) /(w v TbL ) (Marx)

.
, , :
(i). (1)
(
).
(ii). ,
( ).
(iii). (4)
Marx
(. 2 ),

rv ( v T [I C]x) /( v TCx) [(1 v T b)L ] /( vT Ax+ v TbL )

, v Tb L ,
rv s /(C + 1)

C ( v T Ax) /( v TbL )
.
(iv). s
(
, , 2
). , -
, r , s
r (, , )
, ,
{rb > 0 s > 0} [] { {ri = rj = r , i, j} } [] rb = r

{r > 0 s > 0} []
ri , i = 1, 2,..., n , - i .

, ,
, Okishio (1955, pp. 75-78) Morishima and
Seton (1961, pp. 207-209),
( , , Dmitriev, [1904] 1974),

s ( , ()
,

, . Mariolis, 2006).
35

36

5:
, , ,
:
p T = p T A + w aT + T
(1)
[ v* , v*L ] = b[p, w]

(2)

[ v* ]T u = c

(3)

*
L

v . ,
(i) u = y ( p T y > 0 ), (ii) c = v T y , ,
, :
[ v* ]T y = v T y ( = aT x )
(4)
b = m

(5)

v*j = m p j

(6)

v*L = m w

(7)

vS* = m ( x) = m P

(8)

vS* .

, , , , Krause (1980,
pp. 124-127) o Laibman (1998a,b, 2002). Laibman , ,
, , ,
,
, , ,
p T y 0 (
). , Krause
(. u = y
c = v T y ),

(ibid., pp. 127-131 . Krause 1998, p. 8),
,
, .
( . Krause, 1981, Fujimori, 1982,
pp. 111-113), , ,

.

36

37

Autume, A. d (1988) La production jointe, Revue conomique, 39, pp. 325-347.

Barnett, S. (1990) Matrices. Methods and Applications, Oxford, Clarendon
Press.
Bidard, C. (1991) Prix, reproduction, raret, Paris, Dunod.
Bidard, C. (1997) Pure joint production, Cambridge Journal of Economics, 21,
pp. 685-701.
Bidard, C. and Ehrbar, H. G. (2007) Relative prices in the Classical theory: facts
and figures, Bulletin of Political Economy, 1, pp. 161-211.
Bortkiewicz, L. v. (1906-7) Wertrechnung und preisrechnung im Marxschen
system, Archiv fr Sozialwissenschaft und Sozialpolitik, 23 (1906) pp. 1-50,
25 (1907, pp. 10-51 and pp. 445-488.
Bortkiewicz, L. v. (1907) Zur berichtigung der grundlegenden theoretischen
konstruktion von Marx im 3. band des Kapital, Jahrbcher fr
Nationalkonomie und Statistik, 34, pp. 319-335.
Brdy, A. (1970) Proportions, Prices, and Planning. A Mathematical Restatement of the Labour Theory of Value, Budapest, Akademiai Kiado, and Amsterdam, North-Holland Publishing Company.
Charasoff, G. v. (1910) Das System des Marxismus: Darstellung und Kritik,
Berlin, H. Bondy.
Debord, G. ([1967] 1971) La Socit du Spectacle, Paris, Champ Libre
( : , 1986, , ,
1986, ).
Dickinson, H. D. (1963) Notes to article by L. Johansen, Labour theory of value
and marginal utilities, Economics of Planning, 3, pp. 239-240.
Dmitriev, V. K. ([1904] 1974) Economic Essays on Value, Competition and Utility, (edited with an introduction by D. M. Nuti), Cambridge, Cambridge
University Press.
Dumnil, G. (1980) De la Valeur aux Prix de Production, Paris, Economica.
Dumnil, G. (1984) The so-called transformation problem revisited: a brief
comment, Journal of Economic Theory, 33, pp. 340-348.
Dumnil, G. and Lvy, D. (1987) Value and natural prices trapped in joint production pitfalls, Zeitschrift fr Nationalkonomie, 47, pp. 15-46.
, . (1893) , : . . , .,
, . 2, . 583-588, .
Egidi, M. and Gilibert, G. (1984) La teoria oggetiva dei prezzi, Economia
Politica, 1, pp. 43-61.
Febrero Paos, E. (2000) A re(in)statement of the labour theory of value: a comment, Cambridge Journal of Economics, 24, pp. 107-111.
37

38

Foley, D. K. (1982) The value of money, the value of labor power and the Marxian transformation problem, Review of Radical Political Economics, 14, pp.
37-47.
Foley, D. K. (1997) Recent developments in the labor theory of value, International Working Group on Value Theory, Mini-Conference, USA 3-6 April
1997, Working Papers, pp. 38-51 ( : Review of Radical
Political Economics, 2000, 32, pp. 1-39).
Fujimori, Y. (1982) Modern Analysis of Value Theory, Berlin, Springer-Verlag.
Goldmann, L. (1959) , : Goldmann, L. (1986)
, . 79-132, , .
Glick, M. and Ehrbar, H. (1987) The transformation problem: an obituary, Australian Economic Papers, 26, pp. 294-317.
Horn, R. and Johnson, C. R. (1990) Matrix Analysis, Cambridge, Cambridge
University Press.
Howard, M. C. and King, J. E. (1987) Dr. Mhlpfort, Professor von Bortkiewicz
and the transformation problem, Cambridge Journal of Economics, 11,
pp. 265-268.
Jappe, A. (1998) , , .
Johansen, L. (1963) Labour theory of value and marginal utilities, Economics of
Planning, 3, pp. 89-103.
Ilienkov, E. V. (1983) , , Gutenberg.
, . ([1923] 1981) , , .
, . (1896) , : . (1977) ,
, .
Kellner, D. (2006) Jean Baudrillard after modernity: provocations on a provocateur and challenger, International Journal of Baudrillard Studies, 3 (1),
http://www.ubishops.ca/BaudrillardStudies/vol3_1/kellner.htm (
: . , ..,
, ).
Krause, U. (1980) Abstract labour in general joint systems, Metroeconomica, 32,
pp. 115-135.
Krause, U. (1981) Heterogeneous labour and the fundamental Marxian theorem,
Review of Economic Studies, 48, pp.173-178.
Krause, U. (1998) Abstract labour and money, in: H. D. Kurz and N. Salvadori
(eds) The Elgar Companion to Classical Economics, vol. 1, pp. Cheltenham, Edward Elgar.
Krugman, P. and Obstfeld, M. (1994) International Economics, New York,
Harper Collins College Publishers ( : , 1995,
).
38

39

Kurz, H. D. and Salvadori, N. (1995) Theory of Production. A Long-Period Analysis, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
, . . ([1893, 1937] 1986)
, . 69-122 , .., , 1, ,
, .
, . ([1922] 1975) , , .
Laibman, D. (1998a) , , 28, . 29-47.
Laibman, D. (1998b) Recent controversies in Marxian value theory, in: H. D.
Kurz and N. Salvadori (eds) The Elgar Companion to Classical Economics,
vol. 2, pp. 263-269, Cheltenham, Edward Elgar.
Laibman, D. (2002) Value and the quest for the core of capitalism, Review of
Radical Political Economics, 34, pp. 159-178.
Lichtenstein, P. M. (1989) Theories of value and price in contemporary Chinese
Marxism, Atlantic Economic Journal, 17, pp. 63-70.
, . (1998)
, Political Economy. Review of Political Economy and
Social Sciences, 3, . 41-88.
, . (1999)
,
, . 30, ,
( Political Economy. Review of Political Economy and
Social Sciences, 7 (2000), . 81-126).
, . (1976) , : . ,
, . 83-90,
, .
, . (1978) , , .
, . (1981) , , , , .
, . ([1921] ..) , ,
.
Mainwaring, L. (1975) Non-substitution and the Sraffa joint production system,
Indian Economic Journal, 23, pp. 38-46.
Mariolis, T. (1999) The so-called problem of transforming values into prices,
Political Economy, 5, pp. 45-58.
Mariolis, T. (2003) On the lack of correspondence between surplus value and
profit, in: A. Kalafatis, P. Livas and T. Skountzos (eds) Essays in Honour
of Professor Apostolos Lazaris, vol. 1, pp. 199-218, Piraeus, University of
Piraeus.
Mariolis, T. (2004a) A Sraffian approach to the Stolper-Samuelson theorem, Asian-African Journal of Economics and Econometrics, 4, pp. 1-11.
39

40

Mariolis, T. (2004b) Pure joint production and international trade: a note, Cambridge Journal of Economics, 28, pp. 449-456.
Mariolis, T. (2006) A critical note on Marxs theory of profits, Asian-African
Journal of Economics and Econometrics, 6, pp. 1-11.
Mariolis, T. and Tsoulfidis, L. (2009) Decomposing the changes in production
prices into capital-intensity and price effects: theory and evidence from
the Chinese economy, Contributions to Political Economy, 28, pp. 1-22.
Mavroudeas, S. (2001) The monetary equivalent of labour and certain issues regarding money and the value of labour-power, Economie Applique, 54, pp.
37-74.
Meyer, C. D. (2000) Matrix Analysis and Applied Linear Algebra, Philadelphia,
Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (SIAM).
Miyao, T. (1977) A generalization of Sraffas standard commodity and its complete characterization, International Economic Review, 18, pp. 151-162.
Mohun, S. (1993a) A note on Steedmans Joint production and the New Solution to the transformation problem, Indian Economic Review, 28, pp. 241246.
Mohun, S. (1993b) Response to Steedmans reply, Indian Economic Review, 28,
pp. 248-250
Mohun, S. (1994) A re(in)statement of the labour theory of value, Cambridge
Journal of Economics, 18, pp. 391-412.
Mohun, S. (2000) New Solution or re(in)statement? A reply, Cambridge Journal
of Economics, 24, 113-117.
Morishima, M. (1974) Marx in the light of modern economic theory, Econometrica, 42, pp. 611-632.
Morishima, M. and Seton, F. (1961) Aggregation in Leontief matrices and the labour theory of value, Econometrica, 29, pp. 203-220.
Mhlpfordt, W. (1893) Preis und Einkommen in der Privatkapitalistischen
Gesellschaft, Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung der Doktorwrde von
der philosophischen Fakultt der Albertus Universitt zu Knigsberg i. Pr..
Mhlpfordt, W. (1895) Karl Marx und die durchschnittsprofitrate, Jahrbcher
fr Nationalkonomie und Statistik, 65, pp. 92-99.
Okishio, N. (1955) Monopoly and the rates of profit, Kobe University Economic
Review, 1, pp. 71-88.
Okishio, N. (1963) A mathematical note on Marxian theorems, Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, 91, pp. 287-299.
Okishio, N. (1972) On Marxs production price, Keizaigaku Kenkyu, 19, pp. 3863 ( : Okishio, N. (1974) Value and production-Price,
Kobe University Economic Review, 20, pp. 1-19).
40

41

Pasinetti, L. (1991) , , .
, . ([1924] 1977) , ,
Perniola, M. (1991) , , .
Parys, W. (1982) The deviation of prices from labor values, The American Economic Review, 72, pp. 1208-1212.
Parys, W. (1986) Standard commodities and the transformation problem,
Economie Applique, 39, 181-90.
Pasinetti, L. (1973) The notion of vertical integration in economic analysis, Metroeconomica, 25, pp. 1-29.
Poster, M. (1988) Introduction, in: M. Poster (ed.) Jean Baudrillard. Selected
Writings, pp. 1-9, Cambridge, Polity Press.
, . (1938) , ,
.
Reati, A. (1986) La transformation des valeurs en prix non-concurrentiels,
Economie Applique, 39, pp. 157-179.
Reuten, G. and Williams, M. (1989) Value-Form and the State, London and New
York, Routledge.
Roemer, J. E. (1990) Review of Duncan K. Foley, Understanding Capital,
Journal of Economic Literature, 28, pp. 1727-1730.
Rubin, I. I. ([1927] 1994) Abstract labour and value in Marxs system, in: S. Mohun (ed.) Debates in Value Theory, Basingstoke, MacMillan
Rubin, I. I. ([1928] 1972) Essays on Marxs Theory of Value, Detroit, Black and
Red Books.
Ruffin, R. (1988) The missing link: The Ricardian approach to the factor endowments theory of trade, American Economic Review, 83, pp. 759-772.
Saad-Filho, A. (1996) The value of money, the value of labour power and the net
product: an appraisal of the New Approach to the transformation problem, in: A. Freeman and G. Carchedi (eds.) Marx and Non-Equilibrium
Economics, pp. 116-135, Brookfield, Edward Elgar.
Schefold, B. (1976) Relative prices as a function of the rate of profit: a mathematical note, Journal of Economics, 36, pp. 21-48.
Schwartz, J. T. (1961) Lectures on the Mathematical Method in Analytical Economics, New York, Gordon and Breach.
Seton, F. (1957) The transformation problem, The Review of Economic Studies,
24, pp. 149-160.
Shaikh, A. M. and Tonak, E. A. (1994) Measuring the Wealth of Nations, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
Simonovits, A. (1978) A note on Marx in the light of modern economic theory
by M. Morishima, Econometrica, 46, pp. 1239-1241.
41

42

Simpson, D. (1975) General Equilibrium Analysis, Oxford, Basil Blackwell.

Sinha, A. (1997) The transformation problem: a critique of the New Solution,
Review of Radical Political Economics, 29, pp. 51-58.
Sotirchos, G. and Stamatis, G. (1998) A Note on Foleys article The value of
money, the value of labour power and the Marxian transformation
problem, Political Economy, 3, pp. 35-40.
Sraffa, P. (1960) Production of Commodities by Means of Commodities. Prelude
to a Critique of Economic Theory, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press
(. (1985): , ,
: . , : . ).
Stamatis, G. (1998-99) On the New Solution, International Journal of Political
Economy, 28, pp. 23-46.
Steedman, I. (1977) Marx after Sraffa, London, New Left Books.
Steedman, I. (1980) Heterogeneous labour and Classical theory, Metroeconomica, 33, pp. 39-59.
Steedman, I. (1985) Heterogeneous labour, money wages and Marxs theory,
History of Political Economy, 17, pp. 551-574.
Steedman, I. (1990) Comment (on Suzanne de Brunhoff: Reflections on Marx
and Sraffa), in: . Bharadwaj and . Schefold (eds) Essays on Piero
Sraffa, pp. 40-41, London, Unwin Hyman.
Steedman, I. (1991) The irrelevance of Marxian values, in: G. A. Caravale (ed.)
Marx and Modern Economic Analysis, vol. 1, pp. 205-221, Aldershot, Edward Elgar.
Steedman, I. (1992) Joint production and the New Solution to the transformation problem, Indian Economic Review, Special Number in memory of
Sukhamoy Chakravarty, 27, pp. 123-127.
Steedman, I. (1993) A reaction to Simon Mohun on the New Solution, Indian
Economic Review, 28, p. 247.
Steedman, I. (2008) Marx after Sraffa and the open economy, Bulletin of Political Economy, 2, pp. 165-174.
Steedman, I. and Metcalfe, J. S. (1981) On duality and basic commodities in an
open Economy, Australian Economic Papers, 20, pp. 133-141.
Stoer, J. and Bulirsch, R. (1980) Introduction to Numerical Analysis, New York,
Springer-Verlag.

42