Trong mi trng layer 2(switch v bridge) th khng c giao thc nh tuyn c s dng v ng d phng active cng khng c cho

php. Thay vo , mt s dng ca bridge cung cp s vn chuyn data gia hai network hay gia switch port. Giao thc spanning tree protocol cung cp link d phng nn network ca swicth layer 2 c th c th phc hi nhng s c m khng cn s can thip mt cch kp thi. Spanning tree c nh ngha trong tiu chun IEEE 802. 1D. 1 Bridging Loops Swicth layer 2 ging chc nng trong sut (transparent) ca bridge. Mt bridge trong sut phi cung cp nhng tnh nng sau:

Bridge khng c kin thc khi to ca thit b bt k no v th n phi lng nghe khi frame n cng ca n v tnh ton xem n thuc network no. Sau bridge s xy dng mt bng lin quan gia a ch MAC ngun vi port ca bridge ni m frame c tm thy. Bridge lun lun update khi n pht hin ra a ch MAC mi hay c s thay i a ch MAC t port ny sang port khc. N chuyn tip frame bng cch nhn vo a ch MAC ch trong bng ca bridge.

tm hiu v bridging loop chng ta xt v d sau:

hnh trn ta thy y l mt phn ca h thng mng ca chng ta. Hai port ca switch c chc nng nh l bridge chuyn tip frame gia hai thit b u cui. Nhng trong m hnh trn th ta nhn thy rng chng khng c ng d phng nn khi ng link n switch b s c th h thng s khng hot ng c. thm vo tnh d phng cho h thng ta c th thm vo mt switch nh hnh di y.

Ta xt v d sau: PC-1 gi frame sang cho PC-4. C PC-1 v PC-4 u bit switch A v switch B. PC-1 gi frame vo segment A, c switch A v B u nhn c frame port 1/1 sau frame s c chuyn tip qua port 2/1 cho PC-4. Lc ny PC-4 nhn c hai frame ging nhau. Xt trng hp khc, PC-1 cng gi frame cho PC-4 nhng switch khng bit g v PC-1 hay PC-4. Lc ny PC-1 s gi frame n segment A. Nhng s kin s c xy ra sau y:

C 2 switch A v B u nhn c frame port 1/1. V MAC ca PC-1 khng c trong bng ca switch nn n s c ghi li trong bng ca switch vi a ch MAC v port ca switch tng ng. V c hai switch khng bit PC-4 nn n s broadcast frame ra tt c port hin c tm a ch ch. Frame c chuyn ra port 2/1. Sau PC-4 c t trong segment B nhn c hai frame dnh cho n. Tuy nhin, switch A nghe mt frame mi t switch B v ngc li. Switch A nhn thy c mt frame mi PC-1 n PC-4, switch thy rng PC-1 thuc segment A v port 1/1 nhng trong frame va mi nhn c n li thuc segment B v port 2/1, do n s hc li a ch MAC ca PC-1 l n thuc v segment B( iu ny xy ra tng t switch B). Switch A v B nhn thy rng PC-4 cha nhn c frame ny nn n s broadcast ra tt c cc cng hin c mt ln na tm PC-4. V sau , switch A v B li nhn c mt frame mi v tip tc hc li a ch MAC ny. Qu trnh ny s tip tc c lp li.

Qu trnh chuyn frame xung quanh gia hai switch c gi l bridging loop. Khng c g c th ngn chn qu trnh chuyn tip frame. Vic g s xy ra nu PC-1 gi broadcast, s xut hin bo broadcast trong h thng v s lp li mi mi cho n khi mt trong hai switch b ngt kt ni. Qu trnh bo broacast c th lm cho h thng ca bn khng th hot ng c. V th vic ngn chn n l mt vn quan trng cn phi ch khi thit k h thng. Spanning tree protocol c vn dng trong trng hp ny trnh bo broadcast bng cch n t nhng ng link d phng ch standby hay block ngn chn vic chuyn tip frame. Nu active link b s c th n s tnh ton li v nhng ng link b block y c th active li. By gi, chng ta s tm hiu v Spanning tree protocol: 2. Spanning-Tree Communication: Bridge Protocol Data Units Hot ng ca spanning tree protocol nh vic kt ni mt swicth n mt switch khc. Tin nhn d liu c trao i c trao i theo form ca bridge protocol data units (BPDU). Switch gi BPDU ra khi port ca n s dng a ch MAC ca n nh l a ch ch v a ch ch l 01-80-c2-00-00-00. Nhng field trong BPDU lin quan n vic xc nh bridge( hay switch) , gi tr ng i, gi tr thi gian. Theo mc nh, BPDU c gi ra tt c cc cng chuyn i mi 2 giy thng tin cu trc mng hin ti c trao i v cc vng lp c xc nh mt cch nhanh chng. C hai dng BPDU:

Configuration BPDU: dng cho vic tnh ton spanning tree. BPDU thng bo vic thay i cu trc mng (Topology Change Notification (TCN) BPDU): thng bo khi c s thay i khi c s thay i cu trc h thng.

Vic trao i cc tin nhn BPDU hot ng hng ti mc tiu bu chn cc im tham chiu (reference point) nh l mt nn tng mt cu trc mng spanning-tree n nh 2.1. Bnh chn Root Bridge im tham chiu c gi l root bridge. Qu trnh la chn cho tt c cc switch kt ni chn ra root bridge. Mi bridge u c mt bridge ID duy nht xc nh n i vi nhng bridge khc. Bridge ID c 8 byte v cha nhng field sau:

u tin ca bridge ( bridge priority) c 2 byte: n c lin quan vi tt c cc switch. N c gi tr t 065535 v l bi s ca 4096, mc nh l 32768. a ch MAC: l a ch duy nht v c m ha cng (hard-coded) ngi dng khng th thay i chng.

Khi mt Switch bt u m ngun, n s quan tm n cc switch khc v t xem n l Root bridge. iu ny s thay i khi c thm mt switch khc tham gia vo qu trnh bu chn Root bridge. Bt u qu trnh la Root bridge. Cc con switch s bt u gi gi BPDU vi trng Root Bridge ID chnh l Bridge ID ca n v Sender Bridge ID l Bridge ID ca n. Sender Bridge ID l mt gi tr dng xc nh xem switch no ang gi gi tin BPDU (Sau khi bu chn c Root bridge th ch c Root bridge mi gi BPDU ) Tt c cc Switch u phi chuyn tip gi BPDU trong ton mng ng thi gn thm Sender Bridge ID vo gi tin BPDU. Sau khi cc switch nhn BPDU , chng s bt u bnh chn xem switch no s lm Root bridge. Switch no c gi tr Root Bridge ID nh nht s lm Root bridge. Tuy nhin, trong trng ca Bridge ID c 2 trng nh l Priority v MAC. Nu ban u, theo mc nh th tt c Swith c cng 1 gi tr Priority l 32768 vi switch Cisco. Khi , switch no c 6 Byte MAC nh hn s m nhim vai tr lm Root bridge. Cc switch s xt n gi tr Priority trc tin, sau nu cc gi tr Priority u bng nhau th s xt n MAC. V MAC l duy nht trn mi switch nn chc chn s c 1 switch lm Root Bridge. Sau khi mt switch c chn lm Root Switch, cc con switch cn li s t ng gn gi tr Bridge ID ca con Root Switch vo trng Root Bridge ID ca n. Tin trnh bu chn Root Switch l mt tin trnh thay i lin tc do c sau 2 giy, gi tin BPDU li c gi li.

2.2. Bnh chn root port Sau khi bnh chn c Root Bridge , cc switch cn li c gi l non Root Bridge Mi non-root switch u phi chn ra mt Port gi l Root Port. Root Port lun l Port c ng i trc tip v Root Bridge hay ni khc hn, Root Port l Port u trc tip vo Root Bridge. STP s dng gi tr Cost chn

ra Root Port v cc vai tr khc ca Port trong switch. Root Path Cost c ng gi km theo trong frame BPDU. L mt gi tr di 1 Byte t l nghch vi bng thng ca ng Link . Theo IEEE 802. 1D nh ngha Patch Cost s l mt t l thc gia 1000 Mbps vi bng thng ca cng (tnh theo Mega bits mi giy ). Mng ngy nay, tc ln ti 1 Gbps hoc thm ch 10 Gbps nn s c mt bng gi tr khc cho Patch Cost.

Gi tr ca Root path cost c xc nh nh sau:

Root bridge gi BPDU ra ngoi vi gi tr path cost l 0 v y chnh l port ca n. Khi m lng ging gn nht nhn c BPDU th n thm vo gi tr path cost ca port m nhn gi BPDU. Sau lng ging s gi gi BPDU ra ngoi vi gi tr tch ly nh l root path cost. Path cost c tng dn ln sau mi ln gi BPDU c nhn bi port ca switch lng ging.

Ch s tng dn ca root path cost nhng port m n nhn gi BPDU ch khng phi port m gi BPDU i ra. Sau khi nhn v tng gi tr Root Patch Cost , switch s ghi li gi tr ny trong b nh ca n. Khi n li nhn mt gi BPDU t mt port khc vi gi tr khc nu gi tr mi nh hn gi tr ang c lu th n s l Root Patch Cost mi. Switch s hiu rng BPDU nhn t Port no c Root Patch Cost thp nht th s l ng i tt nht v Root Switch v l Root Port. Nu trn m hnh m t mt switch i v Root Switch c hai ng vi Patch Cost bng nhau th switch s chn Port i v Switch c Bridge ID thp hn. Switch nhn bit iu ny thng qua thng s Bridge Sender ID trong gi tin BPDU.

2.3. Bnh Chn Designated Port Sau khi bnh chn Root Port m hnh mng vn c th xy ra loop , v trn mt phn on mng vn c th hai Port ca hai switch khc nhau gi tin qua li dn n hin tng loop nh khi cha chy Spanning Tree. Theo , trn mt phn on mng, ch c th mt port hot ng v chnh l khi nim Designated Port. Swich s chn Designated Port da vo gi tr Root Patch Cost i v Root Switch. Khi mt con switch nhn c BPDU t mt switch khc trn cng mt phn on mng hoc t mt switch kt ni trc tip vi n c gi tr Root Patch Cost thp hn gi tr m n nhn t gi BPDU khc th ngay lp tc switch s cho Port u vi lng ging l Designated cho phn on mng . Sau khi chn c Port lm Designated Port cho 1 phn on mng, Port cn li trong phn on mng s l Alternative Port hay ng hn l Port b Block. V d v vic bu chn designated port hnh di:

Catalyst A: v l root bridge nn tt c cc port active u l designed port v root path cost ca mi port u bng 0. Catalyst B: v port ca Catalyst B c gi tr l 19 (v root path cost ca port 1/1 ca Catalyst B l 19) bng vi gi tr ca segment B-C nn ta cn xt sender bridge ID thp nht. V v a ch MAC ca Catalyst B thp hn Catalyst C nn port 1/2 c chn lm designed port Catalyst C: port 1/2 s b block. Mt port c th c nhiu trng thi ty thuc vo h thng mng. hiu thm chi tit v cc trng thi ca STP chng ta s tm hiu phn tip theo. 3. Trng thi ca STP tham d vo STP,mi port phi tri qua nhng trng thi sau:

Disable: port b shutdown bi ngi qun tr. Blocking: sau khi port khi to, n s bt u trng thi block v khng th nhn hay truyn d liu hay thm a ch MAC vo trong table ca n. N ch c th nhn c gi BPDU hay ni cch khc port trong ch standby trnh bridge loop. Listen: port chuyn t trng thi block sang trng thi listen. Lc ny port vn cha c nhn v chuyn data. Tuy nhin, n c nhn v gi BPDU tham gia qu trnh STP. Nu port tr thnh root port hay designed port th n c th gi BPDU sang nhng switch khc nhng nu n khng thnh root port hay designed port th n tr v trng thi block. Learning: sau khong thi gian Forward Delay trong trng thi listen, port s chuyn sang trng thi learning. Port c th gi v nhn BPDU v c th hc a ch MAC mi v gi n vo trong table ca mnh. Forwarding: sau khong thi gian forward delay trng thi learning, port c th chuyn sang trng thi forwarding. trng thi ny, port c th nhn v gi data v gi BPDU, thu thp a ch MAC trong bng table ca n. y l trng thi vi chc nng y ca port trong STP.

Switch c th cho port chuyn sang trng thi forwarding nu khng pht hin link d phng( hay loop) hay nu port c ng i tt nht n root bridge. 4. B m thi gian ca STP

STP c ba b m thi gian m bo rng network hi t trc khi bridge loop hnh thnh: Hello time: l khong thi gian Configuration BPDU c gi bi root bridge. Mc nh l 2 giy. Forward delay: l khong thi gian switch port chuyn t trng thi listening sang trng thi learning. Max( maximum) Age: l khong thi gian switch lu li BPDP trc khi loi b n. Trong khi thc hin STP, mi cng ca switch gi mt bn sao ca "tt nht" BPDU m n nghe. Nu cc cng ca switch mt lin lc vi ngun ca BPDU, switch cc gi s rng mt s thay i cu trc lin kt xy ra sau khi Max Age thi gian tri qua v do , cc BPDU c loi b. Mc nh Max Age l 20 giy.