Do An Dien Tu Cong Suat - LamTDuc

n in T Cng sut Nguyenvanbientbd47@ gmail.
com
1
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Irca ahaa aam aa 1a l|ah vac 1|ea kh|ea va traea 1ca 1|ea 1a phat tr|ea maah me
ac ||et vc| sa phat tr|ea caa khca hcc k thaat 1|ea ta t|a hcc ac| r|ea 1a kha| thac tat ca
cac aa 1|em ac| |at vca cc caa 1ca cc khca 1ca |c vc| 1ca cc mct ch|ea
Vc| 1c aa aa em 1a aea ra mct kh|a caah ahc trca l|ah vac 1|ea kh|ea 1ca cc khca 1ca
|c rctc lca scc
Ih|et ke |c ||ea taa pha 1e 1|ea chiah tcc 1c 1ca cc khca 1ca |c
Nc| Jaa va cac chaca tr|ah mac aha saa

0haca 1 sc lacc ve 1ca cc khca 1ca |c

0haca 2 tca aaa ve cac he thca ||ea taa, aaea l lam v|ec caa cac |c ||ea taa

0haca mach 1ca lac, 1| saa vac aaea l lam v|ec caa cac th|et || caa aha cac phaca
phap t|ah tcaa chca mach va |ac ve mach, he thca 1|ea kh|ea aa Jaa k thaat xaa sc vac
mach 1|ea kh|ea 1e 1|ea kh|ea hcat 1ca caa mach

0haca 4 he thca 1|ea kh|ea aa Jaa k| thaat xaa sc vac mach 1|ea kh|ea 1e 1|ea kh|ea
hcat 1ca caa mach
Ia ah|ea vc| tr|ah 1c cc haa khca traah khc| ahaa sa| sct, em mca cac tha cc
thca cam va 1ca cp k|ea 1e |ap em t|ea |c hca

!m x|a chaa thaah cam ca cac tha cc trca khca 1|ea |c mca ta 1ca 1c laca 1a chi |ac
trca thc| |aa lam 1e ta|

a Naa, Na Ihaa Nam2004
9|ah v|ea thac h|ea

90 !U00 V! 0N0 00 Kh0N0 0N0 80
A 0AU IA0 VA A0 !!H
! 0AU IA0
!1 0aa tac phaa t|ah (statcl
0cm vc ma, lc| sat va Ja aaa
!1a Vc ma
Ihaca lam |aa aa c| vc| ma cc cca saat lca (1000 kwl, thaca Jaa thep tam haa la|
thaah vc Vc ma cc tac Jaa cc 1|ah va khca Jaa 1e Jaa ta
n in T Cng sut Nguyenvanbientbd47@ gmail.com
2
!1| !c| sat
acc lam |aa cac la thep k thaat 1|ea Ja 0,5 mm 1ea 0,5 mm hep la|
!c| sat la phaa Jaa ta V| ta traca 1| aa lc| sat la ta traca xca ch|ea, aham |am tca hac Jc
Jca 1|ea xca a aea, mc| la thep k thaat 1|ea 1ea cc pha lcp sca cach 1|ea Hat trca caa lc|
thep cc xe raah 1e 1at Ja aaa
!1c a aaa
a aaa 1acc 1at vac cac raah caa lc| sat va cach 1|ea tct vc| lc| sat a aaa statc cm cc |a
caca Ja 1at lech ahaa 120
c
1|ea
!2 0aa tac phaa aa (rctcl
!2 a Irac
!am |aa thep, Jaa 1e 1c lc| sat rctc
!2| !c| sat
0cm cac la thep k thaat 1|ea |ca aha c phaa statc !c| sat 1acc ep trac t|ep lea trac 8ea aca|
lc| sat cc xe raah 1e 1at Ja aaa
!2c a aaa rctc
0cm ha| lca| lca| rctc Ja aaa va lca| rctc k|ea lca scc
` !ca| rctc k|ea Ja aaa Ja aaa rctc |ca Ja aaa c statc va cc sc cac |aa sc cac
statc a aaa |a pha caa rctc thaca 1aa h|ah sac (l 8a 1aa k|a ac| vac |a vca tract |aa
1ca 1at cc 1|ah c 1aa trac Ihca aa chc| thaa va vca tract, 1aa 1|ea trc pha vac mach rctc
aham ca| th|ea t|ah aaa mc ma va 1|ea chiah tcc 1c
`!ca| rctc k|ea lca scc lca| Ja aaa aa khac vc| Ja aaa statc Hc| raah caa lc| sat 1acc
1at mct thaah Jaa |aa 1ca hcac ahcm va 1acc ac| tat la| c ha| 1aa |aa ha| vca aaa mach
1ca hcac ahcm, lam thaah mct ca| lca, aac| ta c| 1c la lca scc
! Khe hc
Khe hc trca 1ca cc khca 1ca |c rat ahc (0,2 mm 1mml c 1c rctc la mct khc| trca
aea rctc rat 1ea
3

!! A0 !!H 0UA 0N0 00 Kh0N0 0N0 80
- 0aa tac 1ca |aa
- aa trac t|ep vac lac| 1|ea xca ch|ea |a pha
- Icc 1c aa caa rctc ahc hca tcc 1c ta traca aa caa statc a < a
1

Irca 1c
a tcc 1c aa caa rctc
a
1
tcc 1c aa ta traca aa caa statc (tcc 1c 1ca |c caa 1ca cc l

8 N0UY!N !Y !AH V!!0 0UA 0N0 00 Kh0N0 0N0 80
Kh| ac| Ja aaa statc vac lac| 1|ea xca ch|ea |a pha, trca 1ca cc se s|ah ra mct ta traca
aa Ia traca aa aet aa cac thaah Jaa rctc, lam cam aa trea Ja aaa rctc mct sac 1|ea 1ca
4
e
2
se s|ah ra Jca 1|ea |
2
cha trca Ja aaa 0h|ea caa sac 1|ea 1ca va ch|ea Jca 1|ea 1acc xac
1|ah thec a| tac |aa ta pha|

M

h|ah11 sc 1c aaea l 1ca cc khca 1ca |c

0h|ea Jca 1|ea caa cac thaah Jaa c aaa ph|a trea rctc haca ta trca ra aca|, cca Jca 1|ea
caa cac thaah Jaa c aaa ph|a Jac| rctc haca ta aca| vac trca
ca 1|ea |
2
tac 1ca taca hc vc| ta traca statc tac ra lac 1|ea ta trea Ja Jaa rctc va
mcmea aa lam chc rctc aa vc| tcc 1c a thec ch|ea aa caa ta traca
Icc 1c aa caa rctc a laca ahc hca tcc 1c caa ta traca aa statc a
1
0c sa chaea 1ca
taca 1c| |aa rctc va ta traca aa statc Ja tr| 1acc Jca 1|ea |
2
va mcmea V| tcc 1c caa rctc
khac vc| tcc 1c caa ta traca aa statc aea c| la 1ca cc khca 1ca |c
ac traa chc 1ca cc khca 1ca |c |a pha la he sc tract

(1-1)
1
1
n
n n
S

=
Irca 1c

N la tcc 1c aa caa rctc
!
1
taa sc Jca 1|ea lac|
l sc 1c| cac
N
1
tcc 1c aa caa ta traca aa (tcc 1c 1ca |c caa 1ca ccl
p
f
n
1
60
1 =
(12l
Kh| taa sc caa maa 1|ea tha 1c| th| a
1
tha 1c| lam chc a tha 1c|
Kh| mc ma th| a = 0 va s = 1 c| la 1c tract mc ma
ca 1|ea trca Ja aaa va ta traca aa tac Jaa lac taca hc lea ahaa aea kh| rctc ch|a
tac Jaa caa mcmea m th| ta traca aa caa ch|a tac Jaa caa mcmea m thec ch|ea aacc la|
Haca chc ta traca aa vc| tcc 1c a
1
th| ac pha| ahaa mct cca saat 1aa vac c| la cca saat 1|ea
ta

60
2
1 n
M M P 1 t = =
(1-3)

Kh| 1c cca saat 1|ea 1aa vac

(1-4)
cos . . 3 1 I U P =
2
1
2
1 1 3 I r Pd =
Nca| thaah phaa cca saat 1|ea ta cca cc tca hac trea 1|ea trc Ja aaa statc

Ica hac sat (1-5)
st
st P P
P P P P t 1 t =
=
(1-6)

0ca saat cc c trac la
60
2
. ' 2
n
M M P

= =
(1-7)
0ca saat cc ahc hca cca saat 1|ea ta v| cca tca hac trea Ja aaa rctc
2 d P = t 2 P P
Irca 1c
(1-8)
2 2 2 2 . . r I m P d =
(1-9)
H
2
sc pha caa Ja aaa rctc
V| p
2
< p
1t
Jc 1c a < a
1
0ca saat cc caa p
2
1aa ra ahc hca p
2
v| cca tca hac Jc ma sat trea trac 1ca cc va tca hac pha
khac
(1-10)
f c p P P P = = 2 2 '

h|ea saat caa 1ca cc
) 9 , 0 8 , 0 (
1
2
= =
P
P
(1-11)

0 0A0 A! !U0N0 VA lhU0N0 Ik!Nh 00 8AN 0UA 0N0 00
1 0ac 1a| laca
1a he sc tract
e ||ea th| mac 1c 1ca |c |aa tcc 1c aa caa rctc a va tcc 1c caa ta traca aa statc a
1
Ia cc

1
1
n
n n
s

=
(1-12)
ha t|ah thec phaa tram
5
o
o
o
o
n
n n
S 100
1
1
=
(1-13)
6

Xet ve mat l thaet |a tr| s se ||ea th|ea ta 0 1ea 1 hcac ta 0 1ea 100
c
c

Irca 1c
(1-14)
) 1 (
60
1
1
1
s n n
p
f
n
=
=
(1-15)

1| 9ac 1|ea 1ca caa mach rctc lac 1aa ea
Irca 1c
(1-16)
m W f K E = 2 20 2 20 44 , 4

t mach trong thong t cua ai cc so tr
m

K
2
la he sc Ja aaa rctc caa 1ca cc
!
20
taa sc xac 1|ah c tcc 1c ||ea 1c| caa ta thca aa aa caca Ja, v| rctc 1aa
ea aea
60
1
20
pn
f = (1-17)

!
20
|aa vc| taa sc Jca 1|ea 1aa vac f
1

1c Kh| rctc aa
Iaa sc trca Ja aaa rctc la

Va f
2s
= sf
1
9ac 1|ea 1ca trea Ja aaa rctc lac 1c la
Vc| f
2s
= sf
1
the vac (119l, ta 1acc

2 lhaca tr|ah cc |aa caa 1ca cc khca 1ca |c |a pha
60 60
) ( 1
1
1 1
2
p n
n
n n p n n
f X s
=
(1-21)
(1-20)
(1-19)
(1-18)
S K W f E m s = 2 2 1 2 44 , 4
m K W f E s s = 2 2 2 2 44 , 4
7
2a lhaca tr|ah 1ac t|ah tcc 1c
Ihec sc 1c 1aa tr| mct pha aha h|ah (12l, ta cc ||ea thac Jca 1|ea rctc 1a a| 1c| ve statc
2
2 1
2
2
1
1
2
) ' ( )
'
(
'
x x
S
r
r
U
I
+ + +
=

Kh| tcc 1c 1ca cc a = 0 , thec (125l ta cc s =1
Nea 1|ea ap 1at lea caca statc a
1
= ccast th| ||ea thac (1 29l ch|ah la aaa he |aa Jca 1|ea
rctc 1a a| 1c| ve statc |
2
vc| 1c s ha vc| tcc 1c a
(1-29)
c 1c ||ea thac (129l ch|ah la phaca tr|ah 1ac t|ah tcc 1c
2| lhaca tr|ah 1ac t|ah cc

( )
+ +
+
=
2
2 1
2
2
1
1
2 1
'
'
' 3
x x
s
r
r
r U
M
(1-35)

8|ea thac (15l ch|ah la phaca tr|ah 1ac t|ah cc acc ||ea J|ea aaa he m = f(al aha h|ah 1
0|a tr| s se ||ea th|ea ta 1ea va mcmea aa se cc ha| |a tr| cac 1a| c| la mcmea tc|
haa (m
t
l
!a 1ac ham caa mcmea thec he sc tract va chc JmJs = 0
Ia cc he sc tract taca aa vc| mcmea tc| haa m
t
c| la he sc tract tc| haa

2
2 1
2
2
2
) ' (
'
x x r
r
S
th
+ +
=
(1-36)

c 1c ta 1acc ||ea thac mcmea tc| haa
) ( 2
3
2 2
1 1
1
2
1
n
th
x r r
pU
M
+ +
=
(1-37)

0|a| cac phaca tr|ah (15l, (15l, (17l va 1at

n x r
r
2 2
1
2 '
+
=
(1-38)

Ia 1acc Jaa 1ca |aa caa phaca tr|ah 1ac t|ah cc
(1-39)
s = 0

+s
n
1
n
m
8
( )
2
1 2
+ +
+
=
s
s
s
s
M
M
th
th
th

h|ah 1 ac t|ah cc caa 1ca cc khca 1ca |c
Nhaa tha Jaa aa 1aa caa phaca tr|ah 1ac t|ah cc aha saa
c| vc| 1ca cc rctc lca scc, ahat la cac 1ca cc cc cca saat lca th|
k
1
<< x
a
, aea cc the |c aa r
1
va = 0
Ia cc
S
S
S
S
M
M
th
th
th
+
=
2

Nhaa xet ta cac ||ea thac (15l va (17l, ta tha 1c| vc| 1ca cc xac lap aea a
1
tha 1c|
th| s
t
= ccast va m
t
tha 1c| ti le vc| a
1
2

Kh| tha 1c| 1|ea trc mach rctc |aa cach them 1|ea trc pha
(1c| vc| 1ca cc khca 1ca |c rctc aaa Jal th|
H
t
= ccast va s
t
ti le vc| r
2

Kh| xet 1ea 1|ea trc trea mach statc r
1
th| mcmea tc| haa m
t
se cc ha| |a tr| khac ahaa va
aa vc| ha| traa tha| lam v|ec caa 1ca cc
` s = 0 , a
1
< a la traa tha| ham ta| s|ah 1ca cc lam v|ec aha mct ma phat

2 2
2
'
'
n
tF
x r
r
S
+
=
(1-
43)

) ( 2
` 3
2 2
1 1
1
1
n
tF
x r r
U p
M
+ +
=
(1-
44)
` s > 0 , a
1
> a traa tha| lam v|ec caa 1ca cc

(1-45)
2 2
1
2 '
n x r
r
s
+
= t

) ( 2
3
2 2
1 1
1
2
1
n x r r
pU
M
+ +
=
t
(1-46)
9

Aah haca caa cac thca sc 1ea 1ac t|ah cc
a Aah haca caa sa |am 1|ea ap lac| cap 1ca cc khca 1ca |c
Kh| 1|ea ap lac| sa |am, thec (17l m
th
|am ||ah phaca laa 1c sa |am caa 1|ea ap lac|
thec (15l th| s
th
vaa khca tha 1c|
| Aah haca caa 1|ea trc, 1|ea khaa mach statc
Kh| ac| them 1|ea trc hcac 1|ea khaa vac mach statc th| thec (15l va
(17l s
th
va m
th
1ea |am
c Aah haca caa sc 1c| cac p
Ia cc
p
f
1
1
2
= (147l
sa ra ) 1 (
1
s = (14?l
kh| tha 1c| sc 1c| cac th| tcc 1c ta traca aa
1
tha 1c|, Jc 1c tcc 1c 1ca cc caa tha
1c|
J Aah haca caa tha 1c| taa sc lac| f
1
cap chc 1ca cc khca 1ca |c
Ihec (147l va (14?l kh| tha 1c| f
1
th|
1
caa tha 1c| va Jc 1c caa tha 1c|
aea f
1
>f
11m
, v| m
th
2
1
1
f

aea kh| m
th
|am aea a
1
khca 1c|
aea f
1
< f
11m
, vc| a
1
khca 1c| th| thec (11l Jca |
1
taa ahaah |ea aa khca chc phep aea kh|
tha 1c| f
1
th| pha| tha 1c| a
1
thec 1 a| laat aac 1c 1e 1ca cc khca 1ca |c s|ah ra 1acc mcmea
aha trca che 1c 1|ah mac
4 0ac phaca phap 1|ea kh|ea tcc 1c 1ca cc va cac laat ,
4a |ea chiah 1|ea ap 1ca cc
Hcmea caa 1ca cc khca 1ca |c ti le vc| ||ah phaca 1|ea ap statc aea cc the 1|ea chiah
1acc mcmea va tcc 1c 1ca cc |aa cach tha 1c| 1|ea ap trca kh| |a aaea taa sc
4| |ea chiah 1|ea trc mach rctc
Ia cc r = r
r
r
f
, kh| taa |a tr| 1|ea trc tca r tac la lam taa 1c tract tc| haa s
th
cca
mcmea tc| haa m
th
caa 1ca cc khca 1c|
4c |ea chiah taa sc aaca cap chc 1ca cc khca 1ca |c
!aat 1|ea kh|ea taa sc
!aat 1|ea chiah |a kha aaa aa ta| khca 1c| Nea |c aa 1|ea trc Ja aaa statc th| cc the
t|ah 1acc mcmea tc| haa

2
0
2
0
2 2
2

= =

s
m
s
Bs s
m
th
U
K
U
L L
L
M (149l
|ea k|ea |a chc kha aaa aa ta| khca 1c| la
dm
th th
M
M
M
M
= (150l
!aat 1|ea chiah ta thca khca 1c|
10
Ia cac aaa he ve Jac t|ah mcmea cc the ket laaa raa aea |a ta thca ma hcac ta
thca caa statc
s
khca 1c| th| mcmea se khca pha thacc vac taa sc va m
th
se khca tha 1c|
trca tcaa |c aa tr|ah 1|ea chiah
!aat 1|ea chiah taa sc khca tracc

2
2 2
) ( 1
.
2
3
s s
s s
r
m
I
I
R
L
+
= (151l
Nea |a taa sc f khca tracc ws = ccast th| mc mea chi pha thacc |s ma khca pha thacc
taa sc aaca
4J lhaca phap taa sc laa chaea mach trca mct cha k

11
4e lhaca phap 1|ea chiah ||ea 1c (a
J
tha 1c| a
al
tha 1c| l

4f lhaca phap 1|ea chiah 1c rca xaa
ieu khien bien o
- Irca phaca phap aa cc chaea mach 1acc xac 1|ah |aa cach sc saah
0|aa t|a h|ea h|ah s|a maa e(tl vc| t|a h|ea Jaa thaca Jaa raa caa a(tl Iaa sc t|a h|ea a(tl caa
lca lca th| 1|ea ap ra ta| caa aa h|ah s|a hca Ua 1|em ac| |at la vaa 1|ea chiah 1acc 1|ea ap, vaa
lam s|a hca 1|ea ap 1at vac 1ca cc
- Vc| sc laca cac xaa cc 1c rca th|ch hcp phaca phap 1|ea chiah 1c rca
Xaa cc the lam tr|et t|ea cac sca |ac cac
- c va phaca phap aa rat ha sa Jaa
- Vc| phaca phap 1|ea chiah tcc 1c 1ca cc khca 1ca |c |aa ||ea taa th|
Khca ahaa 1|ea ap ta lac| ma ahaa 1|ea ap ta ah|ch laa caa ||ea taa
- Ia ahaa tha raa sJJ caa Ja aaa caa statc trca 1ca cc khca 1ca |c ti
!e vc| taa sc 1at vac f
1
va ta thca
1 1
f k E = (152l
- Hat khac, ta cc phaca tr|ah caa |aa 1|ea ap
(15l
1 1 1 1
Z I E U + =
Nea cc| sat ap trea Ja aaa phaa aa phaa aa la khca 1aah ke th| ta cc
U
1
= e
1

= E U
Ia (152l sa ra (154l
1
1
f k
U
=

Ia (154l ta tha, 1e 1am |ac chc 1at t|ah cc cc 1c caa cac va kha aaa aa ta| lca, 1ca
thc| 1|ea chiah 1|ea ap a
1
sac chc ta thca khca 1c|, ah|a la tha 1c|
1
1
f
U
= 1e chc 1ca
cc hcat 1ca tc| aa
12
- Nea taa sc f
1
|am th| ta thca taa, Jaa 1ea Jca 1|ea ta hca taa
I
- Nea taa sc f
1
taa th| ta thca |am, Jaa 1ea Ja aaa rctc || aa Jca
- Hat khac ta cc const I C M = =
2 2
cos
c 1c v|ec ea caa tha 1c| tcc 1c 1ca cc la pha| tha 1c| 1|ea ap va taa sc mct cach hcp l
ahat 1e 1ca cc hcat 1ca tc| aa
c| vc| |c ||ea taa aaca ap 1|ea kh|ea tcc 1c 1ca cc ta tha 1c| 1|ea ap va taa sc thec
- Iha 1c| 1|ea ap a
1
=
d
U |aa cac tha 1c| cc 1|ea kh|ea
T
T
1
: =
- Iha 1c| taa sc |aa cach tha 1c| cha k phat xaa 1|ea kh|ea ah|ch laa
13
0hU0N0 !!
I0N0 QUAN V! 0A0 h! Ih0N0 8!!N IAN
A KhA! N!!H
8|ea taa la mct th|et || tc hcp cac l|ah k|ea 1|ea ta thac h|ea chac aaa ||ea 1c| taa sc va 1|ea ap
mct ch|ea ha xca ch|ea cc taa sc ahat 1|ah thaah Jca 1|ea xca ch|ea cc taa sc 1|ea kh|ea
1acc ahc cac khca 1|ea ta
8 lhAN !0A!
8|ea taa 1acc ch|a lam ha| lca|
1 8|ea taa trac t|ep
0ca 1acc c| la ||ea la ||ea taa pha thacc Ihaca cm cac ahcm chiah laa 1|ea kh|ea mac sca sca
aacc chc xaa laa lact ha| ahcm chiah laa trea ta cc the ahaa 1acc Jca xca ch|ea trea ta|
Nha va 1|ea ap xca ch|ea a
1
(f
1
l chi caa aa mct vaa
la chaea aa ra ta| vc| a
2
(f
2
l
c h n h l u
l o c
N g h ch l u
T1
Z tai
T2
Ia ah|ea, 1a la lca| ||ea taa cc caa trac sc 1c vaa
rat phac tap chi sa Jaa chc traea 1ca 1|ea cc cca saat
lca, tcc 1c lam v|ec thap V| v|ec tha 1c| taa sc f
2
khc khaa
va pha thacc vac f
1

2 8|ea taa |aa t|ep
8c ||ea taa aa cca c| la ||ea taa 1cc lap trca ||ea
taa aa 1aa t|ea 1|ea ap 1acc chiah laa thaah Jca mct ch|ea,
saa 1c aa |c lcc rc| trc la| Jca xca ch|ea vc| taa sc f
2
ahc
|c ah|ch laa 1cc lap (aa tr|ah tha 1c| f
2
khca pha thacc
vac f
1
l

V|ec ||ea 1c| ha| laa lam |am h|ea saat ||ea taa
Ia ah|ea v|ec aa Jaa he 1|ea kh|ea sc ahc k thaat v| xa l aea ta phat ha tc| 1a cac aa
1|em caa ||ea taa lca| aa va thaca sa Jaa ac hca
c t|ah chat caa |c lcc aea ||ea taa |aa t|ep la| 1acc ch|a lam ha| lca| sa Jaa ah|ch laa ap
va ah|ch laa Jca

2a 8c ||ea taa |aa t|ep aaca Jca
!a lca| ||ea taa ma aaca tac ra 1|ea ap mct ch|ea la aaca Jca, Jaa caa 1ca 1|ea trea ta|
pha thacc vac Jaa Jca 1|ea caa aaca, cca Jaa ap trea ta| pha thacc la ta thacc vac cac thca
sc caa ta| a 1|ah
2| 8c ||ea taa |aa t|ep aaca ap
14
!a lca| ||ea taa ma aaca tac ra 1|ea ap mct ch|ea la aaca ap ( ah|a la 1|ea trc aaca |aa
0 l aa caa 1|ea ap trea ta| ta thacc vac Jaa caa 1|ea ap aaca, cca Jaa caa Jca 1|ea trea ta|
pha thacc vac thca sc caa mach ta| a 1|ah
8c ||ea taa aaca ap cc aa 1|em la tac ra Jaa Jca 1|ea va 1|ea ap s|a hca, Ja| ||ea th|ea
taa sc cac hca aea 1acc sa Jaa rca ra| hca
8c ||ea taa aaca ap cc ha| |c phaa r|ea ||et, 1c la |c phaa 1ca lac va |c phaa 1|ea kh|ea,

lhaa 1ca lac cm cc cac phaa saa
Bo bien oi
( mach ong lc )
ieu khien
U
2
, f
2
U
1
, f
1
8c chiah laa cc ah|em va ||ea 1c| Jca xca ch|ea cc taa sc f
1
thaah Jca mct ch|ea
8c ah|ch laa la |c rat aaa trca trca |c ||ea taa, ac ||ea 1c| Jca 1|ea mct ch|ea
1acc caa cap ta |c chiah laa thaah Jca 1|ea xca ch|ea cc taa sc f
2

8c lcc la |c phaa khca the th|ea 1acc trca mach 1ca lac chc phep thaah phaa mct
ch|ea caa |c chiah laa 1| aa va aaa chaa thaah phaa xca ch|ea Nc cc tac Jaa saa |aa
1|ea ap ta| saa kh| chiah laa
lhaa 1|ea kh|ea
!a |c phaa khca the th|ea 1acc aet 1|ah sa lam v|ec caa mach 1ca lac, 1e 1am
|ac cac ea caa taa sc, 1|ea ap ra caa |c ||ea taa 1ea Jc mach 1|ea kh|ea aet 1|ah
8c 1|ea kh|ea ah|ch laa cm phaa
Khaa phat xaa cha 1ac la khaa ta Jac 1ca tac ra xaa 1|ea kh|ea 1aa 1ea |c phaa
phaa phc| xaa 1|ea kh|ea 1ea taa traat|tc Khaa aa 1am ahaa 1|ea chiah xaa mct cach Je
Jaa, aca| ra ac cca the 1am ahaa laca chac aaa khaech 1a| xaa
Khaa phaa phc| xaa lam ah|em va phaa phc| cac xaa 1|ea kh|ea vac khaa phat xaa
cha 1ac
Khaa khaech 1a| traa |aa cc ah|em va khaech 1a| xaa ahaa 1acc ta |c phaa phaa
phc| xaa 1aa 1ea 1am |ac k|ch th|ch mc vaa
9c 1c caa he thca 1|ea kh|ea aha saa

Phan phoi
xung
Khuyech
ai xung
Van
Phat
xung chu
ao

15
0hU0N0 !!!
HA0h 0N0 !U0
Chnh
Lu
Loc
Nghch
lu
Ta
i

! 80 N0h[0h !UU
0ac vaa |aa Jaa trca |c ah|ch laa cc the la thr|stc hcac traat|tc Nhaa pha hcp va aa v|et
hca ta Jaa traat|tc Ua 1|em Je tha la |c 1acc chaea mach caca, hca aaa cac tca hac 1c| ch|ea
ahc hca 8c ah|ch laa Jaa traat|tc cc k|ch thacc ahc va ahe hca |c ah|ch laa taca 1aca Jaa
thr|stc Khaet 1|em caa ac la 1c| hc| tac 1ca l|ea tac vac cac cc trca cha k Jaa caa traat|tc,
mct khaet 1|em aaa la 1|ea ap 1|ah mac thap hca caa thr|stc Ia ah|ea Jaa traat|tc cca saat mc
rca 1acc pham v| va phat ha cac aa 1|em hca thr|stc Jc ca| th|ea 1acc 1a| laca 1|ah mac va |a
thaah V| va, Jac| 1a cha ea xem xet ah|ch laa 1|ea ap sc 1c caa Jaa vaa aa tcaa
!1 9c 1c aaea l va aa tr|ah chaea mach

T 4 D 4 T 6
Z a
U v
T 1
C o
D 1
T 3
D 6 T 2 D 2
Z b Z c
T 5 D 3 D 5
Ia c
c
cc ah|em va 1am |ac 1|ea ap aaca |t || tha 1c|, mat khac ac trac 1c| aaa laca phaa
khaa vc| caca cam
lhaca phap 1|ea kh|ea cac vaa traat|tc thca thaca ahat la 1|ea kh|ea chc cc mc caa vaa
la va 0 1a ta xet cc Jaa c| ta| 1aa sac aha th|et ke |aa cach xac 1|ah 1|ea
ap trea ta| trca taa khcaa thc| |aa 50
o
180 =
o
120 =
c
(v| ca 50
c
cc mct sa chaea taa tha| mach l vc| aaea
tac vaa aac Jaa cc| la thca mach Nh|a chaa sc 1c aa cc Jaa mct pha ta| ac| t|ep vc| 2 pha 1aa
sca sca aha c va 1|ea ap trea ta| se chi cc |a tr| la a
t
(kh| mct pha 1aa sca sca, vc| 1
trca 2 pha cca la|l hcac Vc| |a th|et la ta| 1c| xaa 3 / 2
z
U
Naea tac chaea mach
0hc cc mc caa mc| traat|tc la 1?0
c
va ca 50
c
t|ep thec ( ke ta kh| traat|tc tracc 1c mc th|
chc 1 traat|tc khac mcl Nha va trca caa 1 thc| |aa cc traat|tc mc
16
8aa traa tha| aa tr|ah mc cac traat|tc
I 0

o
60
o o
120 60

o o
180 120

o o
240 180
o o
300 240

o o
360 300
I1 1 1 1 0 0 0
I2 0 1 1 1 0 0
I 0 0 1 1 1 0
I4 0 0 0 1 1 1
I5 1 0 0 0 1 1
I5 1 1 0 0 0 1

Xet aa tr|ah chaea mach ta t5 saa t2 taca aa khcaa ta (
o o
60 0 l saa
( l
o o
120 60
Irca khcaa ( l th| t1, t5, t5, Jaa 0h|ea Jca 1|ea trea ta| 1acc xac 1|ah thec
ch|ea ma| tea, 1ea thc| 1|em 50
o o
60 0
c
th| 1ac traa tha| ta t5 saa t2 c trea ta| tc maa t|ah cam aea
Jca 1|ea khca 1ac aa lap tac ma aaa laca t|ch la trca tc Ja tr| thec ch|ea ca mct thc| |aa,
lac 1c |acc Jca J|ea Ja tr| pha| thcat aa J|cJ J
2
, aa ta| ve am aaca 1ea lacs Jca 1|ea 1c| ch|ea
se maa Jca 1|ea Ja tr| th| J
2
khca Qaa tr|ah chaea mach ket thac
0aa l laaa taca ta ta 1acc chaea mach h| 1ea h e
17

18
!2aa sca mach ah|ch laa


19
Ia t|ah 1|ea ap trea taa pha ta|, tracc t|ea la pha a
Irca khcaa 0
c
50
c
(h al
Z A f
U U
3
1
=
Irca khcaa 50
c
120
c
(h |l
Z A f
U U
3
2
=
Irca khcaa 120
c
1?0
c
(h cl
Z A f
U U
3
1
=
Irca khcaa 1?0
c
240
c
(h Jl
Z A f
U U
3
1
=
Irca khcaa 240
c
00
c
(h el
Z A f
U U
3
2
=
Irca khcaa 00
c
50
c
(h fl
Z A f
U U
3
1
=
Iaca ta ta t|ah 1acc cac pha |, c
8aa chaea traa tha| caa J|cJ

0
c
50
c
120
c
1?0
c
240
c
00
c
1 1 0 0 0 0 0
2 0 1 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 0
4 0 0 0 1 0 0
5 0 0 0 0 1 0
5 0 0 0 0 0 1

! I|ah tcaa va chca cac phaa ta trca mach ah|ch laa
Ihec 1e chc
ca cc khca 1ca |c rctc lca scc
0ca saat 1|ah mac p
Jm
= 1kw,
Icc 1c 1|ah mac a = 1450 (vpl
he sc ccs = 095
|ea ap lac| 220?0 v
h|ea saat
9 . 0 =

he sc aa ta|
8 . 1 =

= = =
9 . 0
1000
1
dm
P
P
1111 (wl
20
) ( 77 . 1
95 . 0 * 220 * 3
1 . 111
cos 3
cos 3
1
1
A
I U
P
I I U P
dm dm dm
dm dm dm dm
= =
= =

= = cos
1
fdm
f
f
I
U
R
9 . 117 95 . 0 *
77 . 1
220
=

a I|ah chca traat|tc
|ea ap pha cac 1a| caa 1ca cc
=
max f
U ) ( 1 . 311 2 * 220 V =
|ea ap 1aa vac caa |c ah|ch laa
V| =
max f
U
z
U
3
2
aea
7 . 466 1 . 311 *
2
3
2
3
max
= = =
f z
U U

Va 1|ea ap aacc 1at lea mc| traat|tc
z ng
U U =
max
= 4557 (vl 0hca he sc aa ap caa
traat|tc la K
v
= 15, th| caa pha| chca traat|tc ch|a 1acc ap aacc la
15`4557 =74572 (vl = =
z v ng
U K U
V| ta| 1aa h|ah sac aea Jca aa mc| traat|tc lac cac 1a| |aa Jca chiah laa
= =
max Z T
I I ) ( 5 . 2 2 * 77 . 1 2 A I
dm
= =
Vc| he sc aa Jca K
|
= 12 , Jc 1c ta pha| chca traat|tc ch|a 1acc Jca
= = I K I
I T
12 ` 25 = (Al
0aa ca vac ket aa trea, thec |aa !2 Iraat|tc cca saat traa 1?, 9ach 1|ea ta cca saat
Naea 8|ah
Iraat|tc 1a chca cc ma h|ea 8UX 47 0c cac thca sc saa
=?50 V |ea ap V
CE
V
ce
cac 1a| kh| cac |aJc || khca |c| 1|ea ap am
=400V |ea ap V
0 CE
V
ce
kh| cac |aJc 1e hc
=15V |ea ap V
CEsat
V
ce
kh| traat|tc c traa tha| |ac hca

C
I = 9A ca cclectc ma traat|tc cc the ch|a 1acc

B
I = 12 A ca |aJc ma traat|tc cc the ch|a 1acc
= 0?
f
T Ihc| |aa caa th|et 1e
CE
V ,
C
I ta ca tr|
C
I |am xaca 0
=
s
T s 3 Ihc| |aa caa th|et 1e ta |a tr| taa 1ea 1|ea ap
aaca
CE
V
CEsat
V
= 125(wl 0ca saat t|ea taa cac 1a| |ea trca traat|tc
m
P
| I|ah chca J|cJ

ca 1|ea pha ta| cc |a 1caa khac ahaa trca aaa cha k
21

o
60 0
+
+
=

Q N
A
e
a
a a
R
E
i
3
1
) 2 )( 1 (
1
3
(1l

o
120 60
+
+
=

Q N
A
e
a
a
R
E
i
3
2
1
) 1 (
2
3
(2l

o
180 120
+
+
+ =

Q N
A
e
a
a a
R
E
i
3
1
) 2 )( 1 (
1
3
(l

vc| 33 . 0 tan = = =
R
L
Q
36 . 0
3
1 33 . 0 * 3
1
= =
=

e
Q
e a

Ia|
1
= , Jca aa ta| pha A |aa 0 |
a
= 0
Ia (1l ta cc
+
+
=

Q N
A
e
a
a a
R
E
i
3
1
) 2 )( 1 (
1
3
= 0

) 2 )( 1 (
1
ln
) 2 )( 1 (
1
ln
3
1
3
1
a a
a
Q
a a
a
Q +
+
=
+
+
=

25 . 0
) 36 . 0 2 )( 36 . 0 1 (
36 . 0 1
ln 33 . 0
3
1
=
+
+
=

o
3 . 14
1
=
Iraa tha| chaea mach |cJ, ta| thc| 1|em = 0, |cJ
1
Jaa va Jca aa |cJ caa la Jca
aa ta|, lac aa Jca aa |cJ caa la Jca cac 1a| caa |cJ

+
+
= =
3
max 1
1
) 2 )( 1 (
1
3
) 0 (
a
a a
R
U
i I
d
A D

=
) ( 49 . 1
36 . 0 1
) 36 . 0 2 )( 36 . 0 1 (
1
9 . 117 * 3
7 . 466
3
A =
+
+

aea chca he sc aa ta| Jca 1|ea aa |cJ la 12 th| |cJ chca pha| ch|a Jca la

) ( 8 . 1 49 . 1 * 2 . 1 A I
D
= =
|ea ap 1at aacc 1at lea mc| |cJ la
) ( 2 . 311 7 . 466 *
3
2
3
2
3
2
V U U U
d z ng
= = = =

0hca he sc aa ap la K
v
= 15, th| |cJ chca pha| ch|a 1acc 1|ea ap aacc la

) ( 498 2 . 311 * 6 . 1 . V
ng
U
v
k
ng
U = = =

22
ta chca |cJ lca| 810 caa !|ea Xc thec |aa !1 traa 11 sach |ea Ia 0ca 9aat caa Naea
8|ah
c I|ah chca ta 0
c

03 . 3
33 . 0
1 1
cot = = = =
tag
g
X
R
L

Irca ah|ch laa cc pha khca ta| lac aac caa caa ta 0
c
kh| aaca !
a
la mach chiah laa
Nea ta cc t sc
L
X
R
> 055 th| khca caa 1ea ta 0
c
va Jca Jc 1|ea cam ta| pha aa se
khca tra ve aaca ma cha aa pha khac (aaa trca he |a pha ta| l
Iraca hcp t sc
L
X
R
< 055 ta caa 1aa ta 0
c
vac vc| he sc la

) 1 2 ln 2 (
3
.
2
max

=
c
n
o
U R
L E
C
thaca la
n c
E U 1 . 0 =

F
E R
X E
n
L n
23 . 0 10 . 23 , 0
1 , 0 * 314 * 9 , 117 * 3
) 1 2 ln 2 ( * 33 , 0
) 1 2 ln 2 (
. 1 , 0 . 314 . 3
.
6
2
2
= =
=
=

ta 0
c
pha| ch|a 1|ea ap U
c
= U
t
= 445,7 (Vl aea chca he sc ve ap 1e ta hcat 1ca aa tcaa la
1, th| U
c
'
=445,7`1, = 5?0,7
Va pha| Jaa lca| ta cc 1|ea Jaa 02a! va ch|a 1|ea ap la 500 v

!! 80 !!U 0hlNh XUN0 !!N Al
8c 1|ea chiah xaa 1|ea ap mct ch|ea 1acc sa Jaa kh| cc saa aaca mct ch|ea cc 1|ah ma
khca caa 1|ea chiah 1|ea ap ra ta| 8c 1|ea chiah aa hcat 1ca thec aaea tac 1ca, cat aaca ta|
23
mct cach cha k thec mct sc laat khac ahaa lhaa ta thac h|ea ah|em va 1c la cac vaa |aa Jaa, Jc
chaa lam v|ec trca mach mct ch|ea aea chi Jaa thr|stc thca thaca ac khca 1acc khca la| 1
cach ta ah|ea c |a| 1caa am caa 1|ea ap aaca aha kh| lam v|ec vc| Jca xca ch|ea Nea c 1a cc
mach chaea Jaa 1e khca thr|stc c| la mach khca caca |ac a ah|ea khc khaa trca thac te
V| va h|ea aa aac| ta cac vaa 1|ea kh|ea ca 1ca va aat aha traat|tc ||lclar
!!1 9c 1c aaea l caa phaca phap 1|ea chiah 1|ea ap
9c 1c mach va Jaa sca

Irca khcaa thc| |aa
1
0 T ta chc vaa I mc tcaa |c 1|ea ap 1acc 1aa 1ea ta|, cca trca
khcaa thc| |aa, ta cat aaca ra khc| ta|, lac aa |a tr| traa ||ah caa 1|ea ap ra ta| la T T
1
,
1
1
1
0
'
0
1
d z
d
T
d
d
T
z
ZU U
U
T
T
dt U
T
dt U
T
U
=
= =
=

vc| 3 =
T
1

Ihec ||ea thac trea, sa ra phaca phap 1|ea chiah 1|ea ap U
J

I = ccast , I
1
= var lhaca phap 1c rca xaa
I = var, I
1
= ccast lhaca phap taa sc xaa
I = var, I
1
= var lhaca phap xaa thc| |aa
Irca phaca phap trea th| phaca phap taa sc xaa va phaca phap xaa thc| |aa cc
ah|ea ahacc 1|em Iaa sc pha| tha 1c| trea mct pham v| rca lca mc| cc the caa cap mct Ja| 1|ea
ap 1aa ra V|ec th|et ke |c lcc vc| taa sc tha 1c| 1acc ap ah|ea khc khaa Ica traca hcp mac 1|ea
ap ra thap aea ta 1|ea kh|ea thec phaca phap aa se lam thc| |aa lca a aea h|ea taca |aa
1caa Jca 1|ea
off
T
V|ec sa Jaa phaca phap 1|ea kh|ea 1c rca xaa traah 1acc phaa aac ahacc 1|em trea aea
ac cc t|ah th|ch hcp cac hca, Jc 1c ta chca phaca phap aa 1e 1|ea kh|ea
!!2 I|ah chca Iraat|tc I
24
0 1a ta Jaa phaca phap 1c rca xaa
0c| I
1
thc| |aa mc
I
2
thc| |aa khca caa Iraat|tc
U
J
1|ea ap tracc |c ||ea 1c|
Ia cc 1|ea ap traa ||ah saa |c ||ea 1c| la

d
T
d d z
U Z U
T
dt U
T
U

= = =
1
0
1 1

0hca taa sc lam v|ec caa |c ||ea 1c| la f = 500ht

s
f
T T T 002 . 0
1
2 1
= = + =

lham v| 1|ea chiah 1|ea ap caa ta la
02 , =
min
Z =
max
Z 0? ,
Nea chc sat ap trea caca Ja |c lcc khca 1aa ke Jc 1c |a tr| 1|ea ap ph|a saa |c ||ea 1c| ta| thc|
1|em cac 1a| caa 1|ea ap ch|ah la

) ( 4 . 583
8 . 0
7 . 466
max
max
V
U
U
z
= = =

0hca he sc aa ap K
a
= 05
Va pha| chca Iraat|tc ch|a 1|ea ap la
) ( 5 . 933 4 . 583 * 6 . 1 . V U K U
d u Tdm
= = =
Hct cach taca 1c| ta xem h|ea saat caa |c ah|ch laa la = 0,9 Ihec 1|ah laat |ac tcaa
aaa laca, ta cc
) ( 38 . 2
7 . 466 * 9 , 0
1000
A
U
P
I
P
I U
dm
dm
z
dm
z z
= = =
=

Va chca Jca 1|ea cac 1a| aa Iraat|tc la =
max
I 2,49 (Al 0hca he sc Ja tra Jca
=
I
K 1,2 Va pha| chca Iraat|tc sac chc thca maa Jca aa 1c la
) ( 868 . 2 38 . 2 * 2 . 1 * 2 , 1 *
max max
A I I K I
I T
= = = =

Kh| sat ap trea |c lcc caca Ja pha| tracc ah|ch laa la khca 1aa ke, Jc 1c |a tr| 1|ea ap
ph|a saa |c ||ea 1c| ta| thc| 1|em cac 1a| caa Ja| 1|ea chiah 3 la
) ( 7 . 466
max
V U
z
=
|ea ap 1aa vac caa |c ||ea 1c| la
) ( 4 , 558
8 . 0
7 . 446
max
max
V
Z
U
U
z
d
= = =
0hca he sc aa ap la =
V
K , Ia pha| chca Iraat|tc ch|a 1acc 1|ea ap la
3 , 893 4 , 558 . 6 , 1 * = = =
d V T
U K U (Vl
25
Ia 1c ta chca 1acc Iraat|tc lca| 8UX 47A,
Vc| ) ( 1000 V U
CE
=
) ( 9 A I
C
=
s t
on
1 =
) ( 125 w p
m
=
!! I|ah chca |cJ
c

|cJ
c
Jaa 1e aaa chaa 1|ea ap ta cam ta caca khaa aa lca kh| chaea mach Iraat|tc ta
mc saa khca va Jc 1c |ac ve Iraat|tc khc| aa ap 1aah thaa
max CEng
U
c th| ||ea J|ea aa tr|ah Jca 1|ea va 1|ea ap saa |c chiah laa

0|a tr| traa ||ah Jca 1|ea cha
aa |cJ
c
la
= =
T
T
d d
o
D
I
T
I
T
T T
idt
T
I
1
1
)
1
1 (
1

1e t|m ta 1ac ham thec t
max Do
I
o
D
I

2
1
0 ) 2 1 (
'
=
= =
Z
I z I
z
Do

) ( 595 . 0 38 . 2 *
4
1
4
1
)
2
1
(
max
A I Z I I
z
o
D
o
D
= = = = = =
Ia caa chca |cJ ch|a Jca cac 1a| la
) ( 714 . 0 595 . 0 * 2 . 1 2 . 1
max
'
max
0
A I I
Do D
= = =
Va 1|ea ap aacc cac 1a|
) ( 72 . 746 7 . 466 * 6 . 1 .
max
V U K U
z v ng
= = =
Ira thec |aa |cJ ta chca 1acc lca| 810 caa l|ea Xc vc| cac thca sc
ca traa ||ah A I
tb
10 =
26
|ea ap aacc ) ( 1000 100
max
V U
ng
=
) ( 7 . 0 V U = 9at ap trea |cJ

!!! 80 !00 9AU !!U 0hlNh !!N Al

9c 1c mach lcc

L
Ud
Nghc
h lu
va
tai
C
D
o

T

27
!!!1 0hca 1|ea cam !
0|a sa raa aa tr|ah chaea mach 1|eaap U
c
la khca 1c| (aa tr|ah aa 1c 1|ea ap trea ta
khca 1ct ||ea l
Kh| Iraat|tc I mc
) 1 (
c d
U
dt
di
L U + =
Kh| Iraat|tc I khca, ta cc
c d
U U
dt
di
L = ) 1 (
vc|
= = =
1
0
1
1 T
d d d c
ZU U
T
T
dt U
T
U
Va
d
U Z
dt
di
L ) 1 ( =
ha
z d d
I t U
L
Z
i dt U
L
Z
di + =
= .
. 1
.
) 1 (

Kh| t = I
1
= 3I, ta cc |= !
1

1 1
.
) 1 (
T T U
L
Z Z
I
d
+
=
ta cc
dt
L
U Z
dt
L
U
di
dt
di
L U
d c
c
.
= = =
1 1
1
) ( ) (
.
I Zt t
L
ZU
T t
L
ZU
L
U Z
i
d d t
T
d
+ + = = =
kh| t = I
1
, ta cc
2
I i =
1 2
) 1 ( T T Z
L
ZU
I
d
+ =
Va
L
T U Z Z I I
I
d
2
. . ). 1 (
2
2 1

=
=
e t|m
max
I , ta thac h|ea aha saa
2
1
0 . .
2
2 1
=
=
Z
T U
L
Z
dZ
I d
d

Va
L
T U
Z I I
d
8
)
2
1
(
max
= = =
28
9a ra
d
d
LI
T U
I
8
%
max
=
0aa chca ! sac chc % 15 %
max
=
cp
I I

52
50
1
.
15 . 0 . 177 , 0 . 8
4 , 558
15 , 0 . 8
.
15 , 0
. 8
.
= =
d
d
d
d
I
T U
L
I L
T U

Va ! = 52 h
!!!2 0hca ta 1|ea 0
ca 1|ea aa mach chi cc thaah phaa xca ch|ea, va 1c ahap ahc caa Jca 1|ea ta| |aa
Jca 1|ea cha aa ta 0
Ia cc
dt i
C
du
dt
du
C i
c c
c
c
1
= =
) ( ) (
1 1
1
1
z
z
d
T
T
c c
T T
C
I
Z T T I
C
dt i
C
U = = =

) 1 .( . . Z Z T I C
z
=
e t|ah , ta thac h|ea aha saa
max c
U
2
1
0 ) 2 1 (
.
= = = Z Z
C
T I
dz
du
z c

z
z
c c c
U C
I T
U
C
T T
Z U U
. 4
.
%
4
.
)
2
1
(
max
1
max
= = = =
0hca ta 0 sac chc % 15 %
max
=
cp c c
U U

6
max
10 . 5 , 16
8 , 0 . 15 , 0 . 7 , 446 . 4
177 , 0
.
50
1
. 15 , 0 . 4
.
15 , 0 . 4
.
15 , 0
. 4
.
= =
=
Z U
I T
U
I T
C
U C
I T
z
d
z
z
z
z

Va F 17 ch|a ap trea 00 V
Irea thac te aha saa xaat chi saa xaat thec cac 1|ea Jaa t|ea chaaa
Va ta chca ta F 5 , 16 ch|a 1|ea ap (l va ta hca phaa cac
29

!V 80 !00 9AU 0hlNh !UU
Hct cach taca 1c| ta xem aaa laca t|ea taa trea |c 1|ea chiah 1|ea ap va |c lcc la khca
1aa ke th| ta cc
z z d d
I U I U . . =
ha
z z d d
I U I U . . =
z d
I Z I . =
|ea ap cc the t|ah aha saa
c
U
) 1 ( . .
1
) (
1
1
1
1
Z T I Z
C
T T I
C
dt i U
d d
T
T
c
C
c
= = =

Ch
nh
lu
30
I|m tr| sc cac 1a| caa
c
U
2
1
0 ) 1 (
.
.
= = =
Z Z
f C
T I
dz
U d
z c

d
z
c
z
c c
U f C
T I
U
f C
T I
Z U U
. . 4
.
%
. 4
.
)
2
1
(
max max
= = = =
0hca tr|
f
C

sac chc % 15 %
max
=
cp c c
U U
max
Z
I
C
d
f
=
Ia cc taa sc Jac 1ca caa mach lcc la
f f
L C ,
f f
L
C L
f
. 2
1
=

e traah h|ea taca cca haca xa ra trca mach ta caa chca
L
f f ) 3 2 ( vc| f la taa sc lam v|ec caa Iraat|tc I
Ia chca
5 , 2
5 , 2
L
L L
f
f f f = =

9a ra
5 , 2
1
. 2
1
=
f f
C L

2
2
5 , 2
.

=
f
C L
f f

147
10 * 17
1
.
50
5 , 2 1
.
50
5 , 2 1
2
5 , 2
6
2 2
2
=
=

f f
f
C C f
L

Nha va ta chca tr| sc 1|ea cam va 1|ea Jaa la
V 80 0hlNh !UU
8c chiah laa cc chac aaa ||ea aaca xca ch|ea thaah aaca mct ch|ea, c 1a ta Jaa mach
chiah laa h|ah caa khca 1|ea kh|ea, |c chiah laa |ac cm cac ahcm vaa 1|ea chiah laa |a ma
||ea ap
Vaa cc tac Jaa 1ca mc tac thaah Jca mct ch|ea
Ha ||ea ap cc tac Jaa ||ea 1c| 1|ea ap aaca pha hcp vc| ea caa caa th|et caa pha ta|,
cach l pha ta| lac| 1|ea 1e vaa haah aa tcaa, ca| th|ea 1acc Jaa sca aaca 1|ea lac| Nca| ra
cca cc tac Jaa haa che tcc 1c taa caa Jca aacJ 9c vc| chiah laa khca 1|ea chiah h|ah t|a
th| chiah laa h|ah caa cc 1ac 1|em saa
0c 1|ea ap 1at lea vaa ahc hca 2 laa sc vc| h|ah t|a
|ea ap 1aa ra ph|a chiah laa cc 1c ahap ahc thap, chat laca 1|ea chiah tct hca
0c 1|ea ap aaca ahc hca sc vc| h|ah t|a, ma ||ea ap taa Jaa tr|et 1e hca,lc| thep khca ||
ta hca
Nhaa c sc 1c h|ah caa cc |cJ ah|ea hca vaa aea |a thaah 1at hca

31

V1 9c 1c chiah laa va aaea l Jaa sca
S o chnh lu hnh tia S o chnh lu hnh

Ta
i
32

ic
t
t
t
t
ib
ia
Ud

t
U
U2c U2a U2b

|ea ap chiah laa
U U U
d do
+ =
) ( 617 2 %) 4 % 15 ( 5834 4 . 383 V = + + + =
0|a tr| h|ea Jaa 1|ea ap pha tha cap ma ||ea ap
) ( 261 617 .
6 3
14 . 3
6 3
2
V U U
do f
= = =

Ii sc ma ||ea ap
69 . 0
380
261
2
1
= = =
U
U
m
f

|ea ap lca ahat mc| |cJ pha| ch|a la
) ( 3 . 639 261 * 6 * 6
2
V U U
f im
= = =
0|a tr| traa ||ah caa mc| Jca aa |cJ la
33
) ( 79 . 0
3
38 . 2
3
A
I
I
d
D
= = =

0|a tr| Jca 1|ea cha aa mc| pha tha cap ma ||ea ap
) ( 94 . 1 38 . 2
3
2
3
2
2
A I I
d
= = =

Ir| h|ea Jaa Jca cha aa trca mc| pha sc cap ma ||ea ap
) ( 34 . 1 94 . 1 * 69 . 0 .
2 1
A I m I = = =
0hca |cJ cc he sc Ja tra ap la 6 . 1 =
v
K
0hca |cJ cc he sc Ja tra Jca la 2 . 1 =
i
K
Va |cJ ch|a 1acc
) ( 95 . 0 79 . 0 * 2 . 1
) ( 1023 3 . 693 * 6 . 1
A I
V U
D
im
= =
= =

!ac mc ma Jca taa lea |ca laa
0hca |cJ 10 BJI
0c
) ( 1500 300
) ( 10
V U
A I
im
tb
=
=

0ac vaa chiah laa pha caa ch|a lam 2 ahcm
- Nhcm catcJ chaa cm vaa
1,

,
5

- Nhcm atcJ chaa cm vaa
4,

5
,
2

Irca ahcm AacJ vaa aac cc the am hca th| Jaa, cca trca ahcm 0atcJ vaa aac cc the Jaca hca
th| Jaa
Va ta| mct ta| 1|em |at k |ac |c caa cc ha| vaa Jaa chc Jca cha aa, 1 vaa c ahcm AtcJ
va vaa cca la| la c ahcm 0atcJ, mc| vaa Jaa trca khcaa Jaa
3
2
=
Ia xet trca khcaa
1
0 , vaa
1
,
5
Jaa Kh| 1c, 1|ea ap U
a
1at vac 1aa caa ta| cca 1|ea
ap U
|
1| aa vaa
5
va 1at vac 1aa cca la| caa ta|,
Jc 1c
ab b a d
U U U U = =
Ia| thc| 1|em
1
lac 1c U
|
=
c
aea vaa
2
mc va saa 1c V
c
am hca V
|
aea
2
va
5
|| khca
la|
Iaca ta, trca khcaa
2 1
th|
1
va
2
mc aea

ac c a d
U U U U = =
0|a tr| traa ||ah caa 1|ea ap chiah laa
f f f d
U U d U U
2
6
6
2 2
34 . 2
6 3
cos
2
6
= = =

|ea ap aacc lca ahat Jat lea mc| |cJ la
f
o
f ng
U U U
2 2 max
45 . 2 30 cos 2 2 = =
34
ca cha trca |cJ |aa Jca chiah laa
d D
I I =
0|a tr| traa ||ah caa Jca ta|
R
E U
d
R
E U
I
d
f
d
6
6
2
cos . 6
2
6

0|a tr| traa ||ah caa Jca cha trca mc| |cJ
R
I
d
R
U
I
d
f
D

= =
6
6
2
cos . 6
2
2

0hlN0 !V
HA0h !UU Kh!N
9 a kh| ca|a h tha |aa kh|a

Phn
phi
xung
Khuyc
h ai
xung
Phat
xung
iu


! lhAI XUN0 0hUl A0
Kha phat xaa cha| ac Ja|a !0555 la|m v|c | ch ph| a cc tac Jaa tac ra Ja xaa cc taa
s mca maa
!1 0|| th|a !0555
V| mach !0555 Jc haa 9|aet|cs ch tac am 2 khach a| that tcaa 0A1, 0A2 thic h|a chic
aa sc saah mt Ir|, mt Iraas|tcr va| |a tr| m| ca| 5k
V| mach cc ? cha ahi hah ve
3
4 8
OA2
OA1
35

1 N| v| cic m ca|a aaaa aa|
2 Kch lt kh| V
2
=2! th V

= 0
0a ra V(l
m|a
= 0,1v , V(l
ma
= 05v, !
max
=02A
4 0ha 4 khca kh| V(4l = 0 th V(l = 0, aa kha caa khca th a| 4 va|c ?
5 !cc ah|a, thi|a th a ta |a 0,01 th cha 5 xaa mass
1
5 Naaa lt V
5
= 2! th V
= 0
7 0ha phca |a thi|a ic a v| ta 0 ca|a mach aca||
? N| v| cic Jia ca|a aaaa aa| ! =51?
v
t|a tha Jc|a |a 0,7 mA1V aaaa aa|
!2 9 a mach phat xaa cha| ac
!2a 9 a mach
7
6
5
2
5k
5k
5k
7
6
2 1
5
3
8
Vcc (5-15v)
Vc
Rb
Ra
C 0.01uF
LM
555

36

!2| N a l la|m v|c a
l traa tha| |aa aa m| cp |a, |a ap tra ta U
c
= 0 c v |a ap ta| cha 2 va| 5 caa ||a 0
aa | aa ra cha |a ap | mic cac (U
c
= 17v l va| aa cha 7 | mic thp ( = 0 l Ia 0 |t aa aap |a ti|
V
cc
aa k
a
, k
|
|a ap tra ta ca|a ta
Kh| |a ap tra ta 0 2U
cc
th |t aa se chaa traa tha|va mic thp cc|a cha 7 se | mic
cac, lac aa| ta 0 se phca |a, |a ap tra ta ca|a |a|m Kh| |a ap tra ta |a|m a |a tr U
c
U
cc
th
aa | mic traa tha| chaa la mic cac cc|a cha 7 chaa va mic thp, ta |a 0 la| aap |a tr| la|, aa trah
Jac a ci t|p J|a, | aa ra cha se ic Ja xaa |aa kh|a va| saa c ia a kha pha ph| xaa
` aa xaa ra ahi saa

!! KhU lhN lh! XUN0
Ya caa pha ph| xaa la| tac ra cac xaa |aa kh|a m| Iraas|tcr thec a lat ca m| a c, ti|
|a|a taaa ti Ja |a ca|a cac vaa Iraas|tcr ta cc aha xet saa
Kh| I1 Ja th I4 khca, tic la| I1 cc xaa |aa kh|a th I4 hca|a tca|a kha cc xaa
|aa kh|a
Kh| I cc xaa th I5 hca|a tca|a kha cc xaa |aa kh|a
Kh| vaa I5 cc xaa |aa kh|a th I2 hca|a tca|a kha cc xaa |aa kh|a
tac ic si pha ph| xaa ahi v caa si| Jaa cac Ir| v| cac aa ra a|c va| kha a|c Ihec ahi
pha tch tra th cc Ir| ( Ir| m t| a ic ? traa tha| tic la| cc ? xaa aa va|c th aa ra aha ic
1 xaa ra, ahia trca 1 cha k |a ap ch cc 5 xaa ( m| xaa cach ahaa 50
0
l aa ch ic x Jia |
m HcJal 5 ma| th| tic la| | aa va|c cc 5 xaa th aa ra cc 1 xaa, xaa ic caa cp ti| aa ra ca|a
kha phat xaa cha| ac !0555
8 m ic x Jia tra c s| ca|a Ir| ( !l|p !lcp l
8a|a chic aa ca|a !l|p !lcp

37
Q
a
Q
a1
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 0
1 1 1
V| Q
a1
=
Ii| |a|a tra ta cc |a|a aa va|c kch ca|a !l|p !lcp

Q
a
Q
a1

0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 0
1 1 1

Ia| mc| th|| |m trca | ahch lia laa cc Iraas|tcr ( trca 5 Iraas|tcr l m| aa caa pha|| pha ph| xaa
a cac Iraas|tcr pha| hp v| a caa m| traa tha| caa cc ca|a cac !l|p !lcp ahi saa

0k

Q1

Q2

Q

Q1

Q2

Q

Ii| c ta tha|ah lp |a|a traa tha| ca|a cac !l|p !lcp
H xaa Iraa tha| h|a ta| Iraa tha| k t|p aa va|c !l|p !lcp
38
Q
a
1
Q
a
2
Q
a

Q
a1
Q
a1
2
Q
a1
1
1
H1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1
H2 2 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
H 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0
H4 4 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
H5 5 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
H5 5 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
ia va|c |a|a traa tha| chc cac !l|p !lcp ta tm ic si l|a h |ia cac a| lia aa va|c va| ra
caa t| |a|a thec phia phap Karaaah

00 01 11 10
0 0 0 1 x
1 0 x 1 1

00 01 11 10
0 1 1 1 x
1 0 0 0 0

00 01 11 10
0 0 1 1 x
1 0 x 1 0

T2 T3
T6 T5 T4
T1
CLOCK

39

!!! KhU KhUY0h A! XUN0
Kha khach a| Ja|a l|ah k|a |aa Ja, trca c si| Jaa cac phaa ti| hep aaa (0ptcccptcar l
ah|m cach l |ia mach a lic va| mach |aa kh|a
9 a khach a| xaa chc mt taa ca sat thac ahcm chca

9 a khach a| xaa chc mt taa ca sat thac ahcm le|
Ngun phu
+U
a
12v
i n
ng c va
Transitor
cng sut
T
ca
c
Fli
p
Flo
Transit
or cng
sut
nghch
lu
nhom
m ngun nghch
lu
Ngun tao
xung + 5v
-E
4
3 2
1
TPL-521
Q1 Q2
T
R5
R4
R6
Q1 Q2
T
R5
R4
R6

Ngun tao
xung +5v
Ngun phu -U
b

12v
Dng ngun
nghch lu
Transitor
cng sut
nghch lu
T
ca
c
Fli

4
3 2
1
TPL-
521
+E

Q1 Q2
T
R5
R4

R6
Q1 Q2
T
R5
R4

R6

40

Naa l la|m v|c
Kh| ta h|a ia va|c cha 8 ca|a Iraas|tcr Q1 ti| cac Ir| | mic lc|c 0 th Q1 aia Ja , aa va|c
va| aa ra ca|a 0ptcccptaar kha cc Jc|a, Jc c Q2 aia Ja va| Iraas|tcr I kha ic kch thch | cic 8
kh| ta h|a aa va|c ca|a cha 8 ca|a Q1 ti| cac Ir| | mic lc|c 1 th Q1 Ja Jc|a , la|m chc Q2 Ja va|
kch Iraas|tcr ca sat Ja

41

!V INh I0AN HA0h !UU Kh!N
!V1 Xac ah taa s xaa ra ca|a !0555 va| cac Ir|
V| mach !0555 la|m v|c | ch ti Jac a, taa s Jac a pha thac va|c si phca aap ca|a ta 0
Kh| ta 0 aap aa 2 |a tr| k1 va| k2 ti| s a mach |a ta cc phia trah ca ||a |a ap ca|a
mach |a |k U
c
= V
cc
| Jc|a |a aap chc ta, | = 0
dt
du
c

lhia trah m ta| aa trah aap chc ta
dt
du
C
c
r
= V|t h phia trah aa| Ji| Jaa tcaa ti| !aplace
c
u
cc
V
!
dt
du
T
c
n
!{ }
c
u = ! v| I
cc
V
a
= 0k
ha I
a
[lU
c
(pl U
c
(0l ] U
c
(pl =
p
V
cc

U
c
(pl(I
a
p 1l =
p
V
cc
I
a
U
c
(0l
Ia| th|| |m |aa aa ca|a aa trah aap |a th U
c
(0l = V
cc

V phia trah v|t la| U
c
(pl [ I
a
p 1] =
p
V
cc
I
a
V
cc

U
c
(pl =
) 1 ( + P T P
V
n
cc

3
1

1 + P T
T V
n
n cc
=
)
1
(
n
n
cc
T
P pT
V
+

)
1
( 3
n
n
n cc
T
P T
T V
+

U
c
(pl = )
)
1
( 3
1
(
n
cc
n
n n
n
cc
T
P
V
T
P
T
p
T
T
V
+
+
+
= V
cc
[
)
1
( 3
2 1
n
T
P
P
+
]
Ii| a|ah ta tm ic c ca|a tcaa ti| !aplace
U
c
(tl = V
cc
(1
n
T
t
e
3
2
l (1l
Kh| kt thac aa trah aap th U
c
(I
1
l = 2V
cc
, tha va|c (1l ta cc
)
3
2
1 (
3
2
1
n
T
T
cc
cc
e V
V

= (2l
ti| phia trah (2l |a|| ra ta ic I
1
= 0,70(k
A
k
8
l

Iia ti phia trah phca |a ca|a ta
42
U
c
(pl (I
a
l 1 l = ) 0 (
c n
cc
U T
P
V
+ (`l
Ia| cac th|| |m |aa aa, chc aa trah ta phca la| U
c
(0l=2V
cc
,tha va|c (`l ta ic
U
c
(pl (I
a
l 1 l =
cc n
cc
V T
P
v

3
2
+
U
c
(pl = ]
1
3
2
)
1
[(
1
3
2
)
1
(
n
cc
n
n n
n
cc
n
cc
n
n
cc
T
P
V
T
P
T
P
T
T
V
T
P
V
T
P P T
V
+
+
+
=
+
+
+

U
c
(pl = V
cc
]
)
1
( 3
1 1
[
n
T
P
P
+
+
Ii|

a|ah ta tm ic c U
c
(tl = V
cc
(1
n
T
t
e
3
1
l (l
Kt thac aa trah phca |a th U
c
(I
1
l = V
cc
, tha va|c (l ta ic
)
3
1
1 (
3
2
n
T
T
cc
cc
e V
V

=
I
2
= 0,7I
a
= 0,70k
v aa trah phca |a ch phca aa k
8
Jc v cha k xaa ra la|
I = I
1
I
2
= 0,70(k
1
2k
2
l
Iaa s xaa ra ca|a v| mach !0555
f
555
=
T
1
=
) 2 ( 7 , 0
1
2 1
R R C +

V cc 5 xaa | aa va|c (xaa 0!00K l l ti| !0555 th | aa ra ca|a Ir| cc 1 xaa, ahi v
taa s xaa ra ca|a cac Ir| xaa chah la| taa s ca|a |a ap xca ch|aa tra ta|| f

=
6
555
f

=
) 2 ( 7 , 0 . 6
1
2 1
R R C +
=
) 2 ( 2 , 4
1
2 1
R R C +

Haa tha | taa s aaaa th ta pha|| tha | taa s mach phat xaa cha| ac !0555 tic la| |aa
chah |a tr 0,k
1
,k
2
a |a|a ta chca tric |a tr ta 0 va| |aa chah ||a cach tha | |a tr ca|a cac |a tr|
k
1
, k
2
V| ta|| la| a c kha aa | rtc laa scc, a caa |aa chah taa s aaaa caa cp chc ta|| ti| 15
50ht Ia chca |a| tr ta 0 la| 0,1f
0|a tr |a tr| k
1
se tia ia v| taa s 50ht va| k
2
= 0 la|
43
50 =
1
6
10 . 1 , 0 . 2 , 4
1
R
k
1
= 47500 l k
1
= 47k
0|a tr |a tr| k
2
se tia ia v| taa s 15ht va| k
1
= 47k
15 =
3
2
6
10 ). 2 47 ( 10 . 1 , 0 . 2 , 4
1
R +
k
2
= 55,?k l k
2
= 50k
8 pha ph| xaa Ja|a 2 v| mach 401 chia 2 Ir| lca| 0H09 cc |a ap ra mic lc|c 1 la|
4,9v va| Jc|a khca|a 500A
!V2 Iah chca cac phaa ti| mach khach a| xaa
Ihec tah tcaa tric, Iraas|tcr ca sat I ca|a phaa ahch lia chca lca| 8UX4? cc cac tha s
=?, !
0 max
=15A v| Jc|a la|m v|c !
0lv
=5,7A th Jc|a ca|a 8at I la|
!
8
=
8
73 , 6
= 0,?4A
!V2a Iah chca cac phaa ti| ca|a mach khach a| xaa
` 0hca Iraas|tcr Q1 chca thec |aa k|a !
c
= !
cp
= 5mA, V
0!
>V
00
lca| NlN
V ta chca lca| 290?2?
Iha s l (mwl !
I
(Hhtl t
0
0 U
08 max
U
0! max
U
8! max
!
c max
Ipe
0?2? 250 200 125 0 0 5 50
22
0
9N
|a tr| k
5
chca thec |aa k|a
k
5
=
op
Q CE LEP CC
I
V V V
) (
1

=
5
5 , 0 2 5
= 500 (l
0hca k
5
= 470
V Q
1
chia |ac hca| aa h s khach a| Jc|a la, v Ja = 200 v Jc|a
!
8
=
c
I
=
200
10 . 5
3
= 25A
c|a aa| ahc| ha Jc|a caa cp ca|a mach 0H09 401 aa ta chc thm |a tr| haa Jc|a
44
k
4
= =

=

136000
10 . 5 , 2
7 , 0 7 , 0 2 , 0 5
5
) ( ) (
1 1
B
Q BE D Q CEsat cc
I
V V V V
=15K
Ira thic t aa Ja|a tr s ahc| ha, v Ja 5?K a|m |a|c !! cptcccptear ic caa cp a| Jc|a
0hca k
4
= 5?K
`0hca Iraas|tcr Q
2
thec |aa k|a !
0
(Q
2
l > !
8I
= 0,?4A
U
0!
(Q
2
l > U
0!
= 0v lca| NlN
V chca Q
2
la| lca| 02275 cc cac tha s saa
Iha s l(wl f
I
(Hhtl t
0
0 U
0! max
(v l !
0 max
Ipe
02275 25 200 150 150 1,5 A 40 9N
`0lI000lI!Uk chca lca| I!l521 Jc Nht 8a|a ch tac cc cac tha s saa
|a tr| cach l k
0!
=10
11

|a ap cach l 2500v Jc|a |a XXXXXXXX phat aaa 5mA
I s traaa Jc|a 50100 laa l t s traaa Jc|a 50 ta cc
!
0l

= 550 = 250 mA = !
8
(Q
2
l
!
0
(Q
2
l = !
8
(Q
2
l = 400,25 = 10A, Jc|a |a aa| aa la sc v| Jc|a |a caa la|
A
I
I
CQ
BQ
021 , 0
40
84 , 0
2
2
= = =
aa ta a thm k
5
haa ch Jc|a |a
0hca k
5
= =

=

690
021 , 0
5 , 1 7 , 0 15
2
2
) ( ) (
BQ
T BE Q BE CC
I
V V V
chca k
5
=550 1?h, | |a
ap aa| mach ka la| 15v
!V 0hca mach |aa kh|a | |aa chah xaa |a ap
Nhi ta a tah tcaa | tra, Iraas|tcr trca | |aa chah xaa la|m v|c | taa s 500ht v v ta
pha|| chca | |aa kh|a Iraas|tcr sac chc taa s xaa |aa kh|a pha|| ||a 500ht | ta chca v| mach tac
xaa !0555 v| taa s xaa ra f
555
= 500ht ahi a tah tcaa | tra ta cc taa s xaa ra ca|a !0555 la|
f
555
=
) 2 ( 7 , 0
1 1
2 1
R R C T +
=
Ia chca ta 0= 0,047!, ta cc
f
555
= 500
) 2 ( 10 . 047 , 0 . 7 , 0
1
2 1
6
=
+
R R
k
1
2k
2
=50790
0hca k
1
= 1?K
k
2
= 47K 1?h

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