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TRNG I HC NNG LM TP.
HCM KHOA MI TRNG V TI NGUYN
K YU HI THO
Mi trng
v
Pht trin bn vng

VQG Cn o 18-20 thng 6 nm 2010
Mi trng, ngi nh chung ca nhn loi
HI THO KHOA HC
Mi trng v Pht trin bn vng
18 20 thng 6 nm 2010 VQG Cn o, Tnh B Ra Vng Tu
KHOA MI TRNG V TI NGUYN I HC NNG LM TP. H CH MINH
Cc n v ti tr
Chng trnh Hi tho

19 thng 6 nm 2010 08:00-08:30 08:30-08:40 08:40-08:50 n tip i biu Khai mc Hi tho. Gii thiu i biu Pht biu khai mc ca Trng Khoa Mi trng v Ti nguyn. Gii thiu v Khoa Mi trng v Ti nguyn, i hc Nng Lm Tp.HCM TS. L Quc Tun, Trng Khoa Mi trng v Ti nguyn, i hc Nng Lm Tp.HCM Bo co Cng tc NCKH gn lin vi pht trin kinh t v bo v mi trng TS. Nguyn Tin Thnh, Ph Trng phng - Phng Qun l NCKH, i hc Nng Lm T.HCM Gii lao Trnh by cc Bo co v Tho lun 1. Cng ngh MCD x l t nhim cht c hu c bn vng (PGS.TS. Bi Xun An, Khoa Mi trng v Ti nguyn, i hc Nng Lm Tp.HCM) 2. Cng ngh ln men mtan kt hp pht in Gii php x l rc cho cc th ln, gp phn km hm bin i kh hu (Nguyn Hong Lan Thanh, Vin Mi trng v Ti nguyn, i hc Quc gia Tp.HCM) 3. ng dng Cng ngh iu khin PAC trong qun l h thng mi trng (ThS. Phm Trung Kin, Khoa Mi trng v Ti nguyn, i hc Nng Lm Tp.HCM) 4. a dng sinh hc v pht trin bn vng ti Vn Quc Gia Cn o (Nguyn Trng Giang, BQL VQG Cn o) 5. Chng trnh nng cao thc bo tn ti nguyn thin nhin Vn Quc Gia Cn o (Hunh Vn Hng, BQL VQG Cn o) 6. Sinh vin v nhn thc v vic x rc ng ni quy nh (TS.L Quc Tun, Khoa Mi trng v Ti nguyn, i hc Nng Lm Tp.HCM) Tng kt, b mc Hi tho.
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Phn 1. Cc Bo co, tham lun Khoa Mi trng v Ti nguyn, lch s hnh thnh v pht trin Cng tc NCKH gn lin vi pht trin kinh t v bo v mi trng Nguyn Tin Thnh! Cng ngh MCD x l t nhim cht c hu c bn vng Bi Xun An Cng ngh ln men mtan kt hp pht in Gii php x l rc cho cc th ln, gp phn km hm bin i kh hu Nguyn Vn Phc, Nguyn Th Thy Dim, Nguyn Hong Lan Thanh ng dng Cng ngh iu khin PAC trong qun l h thng mi trng Phm Trung Kin a dng sinh hc v pht trin bn vng ti Vn Quc Gia Cn o Nguyn Trng Giang Chng trnh nng cao thc bo tn ti nguyn thin nhin Vn Quc Gia Cn o Hunh Vn Hng Sinh vin v nhn thc v vic x rc ng ni quy nh L Quc Tun, nhm sinh vin lp qun l mi trng ng dng m ngun m trong nh gi tc ng mi trng V Minh Tun, Nguyn Kim Li, Trn Trc Phng, Nguyn Nht Hunh Mai Nghin cu thc hnh qun l tt hn i vi cy c th g qu him trong rng t nhin tnh ng Nai inh Quang Dip C ch gy c Arsen v kh nng gii c Arsen ca vi sinh vt Trn Th Thanh Hng, L Quc Tun Nhin liu Biodiesel t ht du Jatropha: Tng hp v nh gi pht thi trn ng c Diesel T Th Hin, Tn N Thanh Phng, L Vit Hi Kho st hiu qu x l du bng vi sinh vt l lng v dnh bm L Quc Tun, Nguyn Th Sng Mai, H Th Mai, Trng Th Hng Hunh, Trn Th Thanh Hng 1 3 5 17
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Nghin cu s chuyn ha ca Nit trong quy trnh sn xut phn hu c t bn thi ca Nh my x l nc thi sinh hot th thnh ph Lt L Tn Thanh Lm, Nguyn Th An, inh Thi Bnh Xy dng h thng d liu phn loi cy xanh hoa cnh ng dng trong thit k v trang tr cnh quan th cc tnh min ng Nam B Phm Minh Thnh ng dng m hnh Swat nh gi lu lng dng chy v bi lng ti tiu lu vc sng La Ng Nguyn Kim Li, Nguyn H Trang Sinh k nng h trong qu trnh chuyn i: Nghin cu ti mt cng ng vng m ti Vn Quc Gia Ct Tin H Thc Vin, Ng Minh Thy Thit k vn di ng trong nh ph Thnh ph H Ch Minh Tn N Gia i Bui mn ti cc th ln v Cng tc ging dy ti cc trng i hc Nguyn Tri Quang Hng Gii thiu Phng php lun trong tnh ton lng gim pht thi (CER) cho D n nng cao hiu qu s dng nng lng theo C ch pht trin sch (CDM) Nguyn Huy V Xc nh cc tc ng mi trng nh hng n sinh thi trong hot ng du lch hin hu ti Vn Quc Gia Trm Chim v xut s b cc gii php gii quyt Nguyn Hin Thn, Nguyn Th Thanh Hu, Nguyn Th H Vy, Trng Nguyt Giang, Trnh Th Ngc Hin Degradation of Chlorinated hydrocacrbons by natural mineral pyrite Pham Thi Hoa Phn 2: Cc n v ti tr t gii thiu Cng ty TNHH Aureole Fine Chemical Products (AFCP) ti Nghin cu pht trin Khu rng trm Tr S thnh Khu du lch sinh thi bn vng ti Kho st ti nguyn sinh hc ti cc tnh ng bng Sng Cu Long B mn Mi trng, i hc Hoa Sen Cng ty Mi Trng Vit Nam Xanh (Vnxanh) Vn Quc Gia Cn o
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Hi tho Mi trng v Pht trin bn vng, Vn Quc gia Cn o, 18/06/2010 20/06/2010 Workshop on Environment and Sustainable Development, Con Dao National Park, 18th 20th June 2010
KHOA MI TRNG V TI NGUYN

LCH S HNH THNH V PHT TRIN
Khoa Mi trng v Ti nguyn c thnh lp nm 2009 da trn c s xc nhp Khoa Cng ngh Mi trng (2001), B mn Cnh Quan v K thut Hoa vin (2002) v B mn Thng tin a l ng dng (2006). Hin nay, Khoa c 6 b mn: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. B mn Qun l Mi trng B mn Cng ngh Mi trng B mn Cnh quan & K thut Hoa vin B mn Thng tin a l ng dng B mn Ti nguyn & Du lch Sinh thi B mn Khoa hc Mi trng. K thut mi trng Qun l Mi trng Qun l Mi trng v Du lch Sinh thi Cnh quan v K thut Hoa vin Thit k Cnh quan H thng Thng tin a l H thng Thng tin Mi trng
Khoa chu trch nhim o to bc i hc 07 ngnh v chuyn ngnh:
S lng sinh vin ca Khoa cng pht trin nhanh chng. T mt chuyn ngnh u tin vi khong 70 SV/nm. Hin Khoa c by chuyn ngnh vi s lng hn 1000 SV chnh qui/nm. Ngoi ra, Khoa cng ang m cc chng trnh o to h va hc va lm ti mt s a phng. Chng trnh o to thng xuyn c xem xt chnh sa v b sung. Cc k nng thc hnh v cc kin thc thc t ngy cng c ch trng. T nm 2007, Khoa xy dng chng trnh o to theo h thng tn ch vi nhiu mn t chn nhm to iu kin cho sinh vin c th tp trung su vo nhng lnh vc yu thch, ph hp vi nguyn vng cng tc sau khi tt nghip v p ng c cc yu cu ca th trng lao ng. Hn 10 nm qua, Khoa c nhiu thnh tch trong ging dy, nghin cu v chuyn giao cng ngh. Tp th v nhiu c nhn trong Khoa nhn c nhiu bng khen cc cp t Hiu Trng Nh trng, B Trng B GD&T, Th Tng chnh
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ph; cng nhiu bng khen ca cc a phng. Khoa t chc chuyn giao kt qu nghin cu khoa hc cng ngh c gi tr cho nhiu a phng v cc c s kinh t trong ton quc v nc ngoi. T ngy thnh lp n nay, Khoa Mi trng v Ti nguyn l ni cung cp ngun nhn lc quan trng cho cc c quan qun l nh nc, vin nghin cu, cc trng i hc, cc t chc phi chnh ph, cc c quan ti tr quc t, cc doanh nghip v nhiu c s sn xut trong ton quc, c bit l khu vc pha Nam. Cc chng trnh hp tc quc t cng lin tc pht trin. Khoa cng v ang lin kt o to i hc v sau i hc vi cc i hc ca c. Khoa c mi quan h cht ch vi cc trng i hc, vin nghin cu c uy tn trong v ngoi nc, cng nh cc t chc phi chnh ph v cc c quan pht trin quc t. Trong nhng nm gn y Khoa t chc cc hi ngh khoa hc chuyn ngnh. Tham gia vo D n 322, o to ngun nhn lc bng ngn sch nh nc, Trng i Hc Nng Lm cng c B ph duyt chng trnh o to Thc s v Tin s lin kt vi H RMIT, c. Khoa MT&TN cng l mt trong nhng n v chnh ca trng tham gia vo chng trnh ny. V mt qun l, Khoa MT&TN l mt trong nhng Khoa u tin trong trng c cp giy chng nhn ISO9001:2000 vo thng 11/2006. V c s vt cht, Khoa MT&TN c y cc phng th nghim chuyn ngnh vi cc trang thit b hin i phc v cho cng tc nghin cu v ging dy bc i hc v sau i hc. Bn cnh th vin chung ca trng i Hc Nng Lm, th vin ring ca Khoa cung cp thm nhiu u sch chuyn ngnh v tp ch khoa hc k thut. V ngun nhn lc, hin ti lc lng ging dy c hu ca Khoa gm c 1 Ph gio s v 9 Tin s chuyn ngnh sinh thi hc, cng ngh mi trng, ha hc mi trng, qun l mi trng, kinh t v qun l ti nguyn, lm nghip, GIS v vin thm; 6 nghin cu sinh sp hon thnh lun n Tin s trong cc lnh vc sinh thi hc, khoa hc mi trng, qun l ti nguyn thin nhin.... Ngoi lc lng cn b ging dy c hu ca Khoa MT&TN, cn c nhiu Gio s v Tin s cc Khoa khc trong trng i Hc Nng Lm v cc trng i hc thnh ph H Ch Minh tham gia m nhim cc mn hc chung v cc mn hc chuyn ngnh.

KHOA MI TRNG V TI NGUYN Trng i hc Nng Lm TP. H Ch Minh in thoi: 08.37220291; 08.37220723 Fax: 08.38960713 E-mail: moitruong@hcmuaf.edu.vn; envres@hcmuaf.edu.vn
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CNG TC NGHIN CU KHOA HC GN LIN VI PHT TRIN KINH T X HI V BO V MI TRNG

Nguyn Tin Thnh Phng Qun l Nghin cu Khoa hc, i hc Nng Lm TP. H Ch Minh
Qua 55 hnh thnh, xy dng v pht trin Trng HNL TP. HCM bn cnh cng tc o to v ang ng gp tch cc trong cng cuc pht trin kinh t x hi ca t nc. Trng lun i u, tin phong trn nhiu lnh vc: cng ngh thc phm, c kh, cng ngh sinh hc, mi trng- ti nguyn, chn nui th y, thy sn, nng hc, lm nghip,....Trng cng ng gp tch cc i vi s pht trin kinh t x hi ca nhiu a phng. Tham gia nhiu d n pht trin nng thn, min ni: Bnh Phc, ng nai, Ph yn, Ty ninh, B ra Vng Tu...Trng cng ang thc hin vic chuyn i c cu cy trng, vt nui v cng tham gia trong nghin cu cc m hnh git m, m hnh BIOgaz lm trong sch mi trng ti mt s a phng. Ngoi ra Trng cn ng gp i vi cng ng doanh nghip: gn lin vi cc doanh nghip thng qua c vn k thut, thng qua hng trm ti nghin cu chuyn giao cc loi. S ti nghin cu khoa hc chuyn giao k thut thuc cc lnh vc c kh, nng hc, thy sn, mi trng- ti nguyn, cng ngh thc phm, chn nui th y: gim thiu kim loi nng, qun l dch hi b da Vit Nam; My sy; dy chuyn git m gia sc, gia cm, quy trnh sn xut rau an ton; Quy trnh my, thit b v cng ngh ch bin tht sch; Quy trnh sn xut ging c r phi ton c, c lng, c thc lc c cc a phng trong c nc nh gi rt cao. Ha nhp vi s pht trin ca nn kinh t nc nh trong cng cuc cng nghip ha v hin i ha t nc vi s thu ht ca cc nh u t nc ngoi th bo v mi trng v pht trin bn vng l mt vn nan gii v cn nhiu n lc ca cc c quan ban ngnh, cc trng i hc, vin nghin cu v ca ton dn. Trong , Khoa Mi trng ti nguyn ca Trng H Nng Lm TP. HCM v ang c nhng ng gp tch cc, c bit l trong lnh vc nghin cu khoa hc ca lc lng cn b ging dy, nghin cu v sinh vin v gp phn khng nh vo s pht trin bn vng ca nn kinh t nc nh. Trong nhng nm qua (2005-2010), Khoa MT-TN tham gia tch cc trong cng tc nghin cu khoa hc ca Trng vi nhiu ti nghin cu khoa hc cp B, cp Trng v ti nghin cu khoa hc sinh vin tng cng vi 36 ti nghin cu khoa hc sinh vin, 10 ti nghin cu khoa hc cp B v 13 ti nghin cu khoa hc cp Trng. Trong c mt s ti t gii thng Eureka, gii trng cp
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B v gii thng ca hi ngh khoa hc khi cc trng i hc v cao ng ton quc. Vi nhng thnh qu t c v Trng H Nng Lm TP. HCM ni chung v Khoa Ti Nguyn-Mi Trng ni ring cn pht trin mnh hn na v ng gp nhiu hn na trong nghin cu khoa hc v chuyn giao cng ngh trong thi gian ti, lc lng cn b tr phi c s ng gp tch cc trong cng tc nghin cu khoa hc v gn lin vi s pht trin kinh t x hi v bo v mi trng, c bit trong tnh hnh bin i kh hu hin nay.
CNG NGH MCD X L T NHIM CHT C HU C BN VNG

Bi Xun An Khoa Mi trng v Ti nguyn, i hc Nng Lm TP. H Ch Minh E-mail: Buixuanan08@gmail.com
Tm lc Cng ngh phn hy ha c (MCD- Mechano-Chemical Destruction) s dng my nghin bi c vn tc cao phn hy cc cht hu c bn vng c nghin cu trong phng th nghim v c a th nghim vi din rng mt s nc nh New Zealand, M, Nht. Cng ngh MCD a n s phn hu ho c hiu qu cao vi tt c cc c cht hu c bn vng trong t-bn nh dioxin, DDT v cc dn xut, dieldrin, aldrin, lindane, polychrorinates biphenyls (PCBs) v phencyclidine (PCP), tt c cc hydrocarbon du m (TPH). Hin nay, cng ngh ny ang c pht trin v th trng ha vi cc l phn ng c cng sut kh c 15 tn t- bn /gi theo qu trnh lin tc vi nhit thp, qu trnh x l kn, khng to ra cc cht nhim th cp. Do cu trc gn t trong cc container nn vic vn chuyn lp t v bo dng rt thun li. Hiu xut kh c c kim sot qua vic bin i thi gian lu kt hp vi l phn ng ph cho cc d n ln. t vn Vit Nam cng nh nhiu nc ang pht trin khc, ang phi i mt vi tnh trang nhim mi trng trm trng do cc hot ng sn xut, sinh hot gy ra. Trong cc cht gy nhim th cc cht hu c bn vng l thnh phn gy nhiu tr ngi nht cho cc nh sn xut, cc nh cng ngh x l mi trng. Cc hp cht ny a s l bt ngun t vic sn xut, s dng cc ha cht bo v thc vt, nh thuc dit c di, thuc kim sot su bnh. ng thi, cc hp cht c ngun gc du m cng l mt thnh phn kh bn vng trong mi trng. Thng thng, x l cc cht c nguy hi c ngun gc hu c ngi ta dng bin pht ha thiu, s dng cc l t nhit phn hy cc hp cht trn. Cc l nhit cn t vi ch nhit thch hp th mi khng to ra cc cht nhim th cp. Vi t b nhim cht c hu c bn vng th ngi ta cng tp trung vo vic s dng cc bin php gia nhit. Tuy nhin, cc bin php ny cn mt s kim khuyt cn c sa cha nh nng cao hiu xut v gim chi ph x l. Gn y, mt s nh nghin cu ang pht trin cng ngh x l t/bn nhim hp cht hu c bn vng da trn quy trnh phn hy ha c (MCD- Mechano-Chemical Destruction) s dng my nghin bi c vn tc cao m khng cn t. Cng ngh ny bc u cho thy c mt s u im c th pht trin trn din rng p ng nhu cu bo v mi trng cho cc khu vc b nhim.
__________________________________________________________________________________________ Cng ngh MCD x l t nhim cht c hu c bn vng Bi Xun An Khoa Mi trng v Ti nguyn, H Nng Lm TPHCM
Ni dung trnh by trong hi tho ny da trn nghin cu c thc hin bi cng ty EDL, i hc Cng Ngh Auckland (AUT). Cc th nghim thc tin ti cc vng New Zealand, Nht Bn v Hoa K cho thy s phn hy din ra mi mu t [1, 9]. Qu trnh phn hy C-Ha MCD l g? Trong hng trm nm nay, cc nh ha hc v k s nhn thy qu trnh nghin trn c hc th lm thay i cc hp cht v mt ha hc. V d nh mt vi cht n d phn ng khi c mt vi chuyn ng nh. Cc k s m vn thng xuyn phi nghin nt khang cht trong cc my xay cng sut ln c l quan st c nhng thay i ny. V khng gy ra nhng phn ng trit tiu i vi s chit xut khang cht nn hin tng ny thng b b qua [2]. That nhn th qu trnh ny s khng hiu qu. Lm th no m ch thng qua qu trnh nghin trn mt mu t c th phn hy cc hp cht gy nhim? Bi nn tng ca qu trnh ny l s ph v lin kt ca cc cht rn, n hat ng tt nht (ngha l nhanh nht) khi t (matrix) c nhiu cc khang cht rn d v. cc lai t tht, cc lai khong cht l hn hp ca cc dng silicates (silicat) nh khong fenspat, thch anh v cc lai tng t. Khi mt tinh th b, cc lin kt ha hc s b t theo nhiu cch khc nhau. V vy, lin kt Si-O s gy theo cch phn hy d loi to ra cc ion, hoc theo cch phn hy ng loi to ra gc t do. C hai qu trnh khin cho b mt b nhiu in tch hoc cc in t t do. Trong phng th nghim, thch anh dng tinh th c dng nh mt mu t tiu chun bi n c tinh khit cao, l mt mu t tr v mt ha hc v cho thy y nhanh qu trnh nghin ln nhiu ln. Cc nghin cu v qu trnh phn hy cho thy c s tng ng gia s tch v ca mt vi phn t, c bit l cc phn t thm, v s tch v c nhn thy hin tng in t tc ng ln ph khi lng. i vi cc phn t ny, bc u tin trong qu trnh phn hy l qu trnh chuyn ha in t to ra mt ion gc mang nng lng m sau s tch v theo nhiu cch khc nhau thnh nhiu th nh hn. Nhng th ny c th l cc ion, gc v cc phn t trung tnh. Chng sau s tri qua nhiu phn ng khc nhau nh s tch v tip theo, s kt hp ca cc gc v s ti sp xp. Cc ion, gc v cc phn t trung tnh s gn cht trn b mt b b phn ng v tri qua nhng s tch v tng t nh nhng ion, gc v phn t trung tnh khc trn cht nn ban u. Cc sn phm cui cng l nhng phn t trung tnh nh hn bao gm Ethane, Methane, CO2, H2, nc v Carbon. My nghin My nghin bi MCDTM rt mnh. N b sung mt ngun nng lng ln vo cc vt liu b nghin to nn mt m my phn ng ha lng ca cc ht khong cht vi mt lng ln cc ht in t (gc t do v c) v cc ion trn b mt ca chng.
My nghin c s dng l tt c cc lai my nghin bi. Cc hn bi cng c y bi nhiu lc khc nhau bn trong mt xylanh cng, v s tng ha ca s va p, s c xt, v cc lc c hc khc s ph v lin tip matrix thnh cc th nh hn. Hu ht cc th nghim c nh u dng cc my nghin bi c dng qu o v dng mt phng. Cc th nghim tiu chun s dng bn cha c dung tch 500mL, 20 hn bi ng knh 20mm v 50-100g mu matrix c c c cht nn t 100mg kg-1 n 20,00 mg kg-1 (2%) khi lng. Nng thp c s dng cho cc mu mi trng lp li v nng cao c s dng cho cc nghin cu c hc. Cc cht trung gian c c lp v xc nh. i vi cc nghin cu th nghim hay vi quy m sn xut, cc my nghin bi nm ngang xp chng ln nhau (cc ng l phn ng do Cng ty EDL ch to) tng lc, tp trung nng lng cao cho qu trnh kh c mi trng. Di y l mt phc ca mt l phn ng:
Hnh 1: Phc ca mt l phn ng ha c phn hy cht hu c bn vug [9] Thit k tp trung cng sut, nng lng v dng va p ca my cho thy tc cc cht nn trong mu matrix b phn hy nhanh nh th no. My nghin bi ca Cng ty EDL pht trin c mt thit k hnh hc ph hp, c tnh chuyn dng cao v s dng kt hp cc lai hp kim cho v ngai, hn bi v cc b phn xoay trn nhm phc v cho hat ng cn thit ca my m vn gim thiu s hao mn [9]. cc nghin cu trong phng th nghim trc , mt vi vt liu nghin c tm thy trong matrix b nghin. Tuy nhin, cc th nghim m trong cc matrix c b sung kim lai nghin hay cc mu matrix thng c nghin trong cc bn s zircon s dng cc hn bi s zircon cho thy phn kim lai gy hao mn ny khng c nh hng ng k ln tc phn ng hay qu trnh phn hy. Tuy nhin, cc l phn ng vi quy m sn xut, s hao mn ny s l mt vn nghim trng nu khng c kim sat tt [9].
__________________________________________________________________________________________ Cng ngh MCD x l t nhim cht c hu c bn vng Bi Xun An Khoa Mi trng v Ti nguyn, H Nng Lm TPHCM 7
Nhit bn trong my l yu t quan trng ca cng nghin. Trong nhng my nghin nng lng cao, nhit thng ln n 180oC. Mc nhit cao s thc y s phn ng din ra nhanh hn v phn hy bt k cht no c to ra t s h nhit [9]. C ch c bn 1. 2. Mt mnh khong cht b p hay ko dn v ra. Cc lin kt ha hc bn trong v gia cc phn t ca mnh khong cht b ph v. Khi mt cht rn b tch v, mt lin kt ha hc chc chn b t gy. S t gy c th theo chiu phn hy d loi to thnh cc ion hay theo chiu phn hy ng dng to thnh cc gc phn ng. S phn tch gc s l c ch chnh. Nghin cu SEM cho thy kch thc cc mnh a dng nh vo cc iu kin c th. i vi cc tinh th thch anh, cc mnh ny thng c kch thc trong khang 1001000 nm. Trong cc matrix thch anh, cc mnh ny to nn cc cc khong c lin kt lng lo. Quan im ny da trn s ti lin kt cc b khi cc electron khng ghp cp c ti to li cc lin kt khong. S hnh thnh cc khang c xem l gia tng tui th trung bnh ca cc gc (in t) v n nh cc b mt phn ng. Phn ng cp nano ny c kh nng quan trng v cn nhng nghin cu su hn. Cc phn t hu c tip xc vi cc b mt nhiu in t va c hnh thnh s to ra cc phc hp trung chuyn in t. y c th cc anion gc hay cation gc. Khi m c th ni rng vic chuyn in t to nn cc carbanion (anion carbon), cc c ch phn ng cho thy khng dnh cho hu ht cc qu trnh phn hy hu c. Cc phn t b kch thch s ti sp xp chng trong mt thi gian ngn to thnh mt ion gc c nh hn bi mt qu trnh gi l s nh v tch in u tin. V tr c xc nh da trn nhiu yu t nhng cc cht trung gian phn ng c quan st cho thy qu trnh tng t nh in t tc ng ln ph khi lng. Cc ion gc b tch v bi nhiu qu trnh to thnh cc th con nh cc gc, ion hay cc mnh v trung tnh. Xin lu rng d cho biu di y miu t qu trnh tch v quang ph khi lng ion dng, vn tn ti cc qu trnh khng gc in t tng ng. Cc cation carbon v gc thng c nhiu kiu n nh chung. Cc anion carbon khng phi l cht trung gian thng gp trong nhiu bc ca qu trnh tch v. V vy m t khi s phn ng din ra thng qua s hnh thnh ion m. Cc mnh v ban u (cht trung gian s cp) tip tc phn ng theo nhng qu trnh tng t, v li ti tch v. Mt v d l s tch v ca benzophenone (xem di y)
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Mt in t Nghin cu thc hin bi Castronova v ng s vo gia nhng nm 90 s dng s cng hng xoay trn in t cho thy cc ht thch anh b nghin c cc in t t do thng d tn ti khng ghp cp n hn 30 gi trong khng kh v hng ngn gi trong chn khng. Tt c
__________________________________________________________________________________________ Cng ngh MCD x l t nhim cht c hu c bn vng Bi Xun An Khoa Mi trng v Ti nguyn, H Nng Lm TPHCM 8
nghin cu ca chng ti trn cc h thng mu u cho thy d cho qu trnh hat ng trn cc mu matrix u c m, qu trnh din ra nhanh nht khi cc iu kin tha mn cho phn ng gc t do khng c oxygen, ngha l cc h thng ny phi rt kh ro. Cc nghin cu SEM cng cho thy khi khng cn qu trnh ti hp cht hu c th kch thc ca cc mnh khong cht thng trong khang t 100-1000 nm, vn cn nhiu th nh khang 100 nm. Nu ta cho rng 1 th khi 1nm b gim xung cn cc th khi 100 nm vi khang cch gia hai nguyn t khang 0.2 nm th s c khang 0.1 mol cc in t c pht sinh trong qu trnh nghin vn l s thng d ca in t so vi cht nn [1]. Nghin cu vn ang c tip tc trn nhng nh hng ca cc lai khang cht v cc iu kin khc ln nng sut v tnh n nh ca cc in t v gc pht sinh. Cc phn ng ng hc Cc phn ng u tun theo cng thc ng hc bc nht gn vi 3 chu k bn phn r u tin.Cc ng hc bc nht l nhng ni m tc phn ng, hay ci c bit nh bc xc nh vn tc, ph thuc vo tp trung ca mt cht phn ng (phn ng n phn). Cc cht phn ng khc c th tn ti, nhng chng ch l bc khng, ngha l nh hng ca chng khng i v khng lin quan n thi gian. Cc phn ng bc nht c vit nh sau: [Cht nn] = Aekt hoc Ln[Cht nn] = -kt. Vi cc phn ng bc nht, chu k bn phn r uc dng miu t v cc ng hc bi t1/2 = ln(2)/k. Bi cc ng hc ny c quan st trong tt c cc dn chng ca qu trnh MCDTM, chng hm rng bc xc nh vn tc l phn ng gc ban u v s tch v trn mt b mt b. Trong khi iu ny khng th hin ng k cc chi tit ca s ht bm v tch v, chng ti khng quan st thy bt k ng hc no khc cc mu matrix khc nhau. Tc c th a dng nhng ng hc lun l bc nht cho t nht 3 hay 4 chu k bn r. Ph thuc vo nng lng v in tch nghin, chu k bn r c th ch ko di vi pht. Ni chung cc qu trnh phn ng c th l bin th ca qu trnh sau: Cht nn Cht trung gian s cp Cht trung gian th cp Cu trc nh hn Sn phm phn hy cui cng Bt k cht trung gian no c hnh thnh cng t phn hy tng t nh cc cht nn.
i vi cc phn ng c cc cht trung gian c nh c hnh thnh lin tc v b phn hy vi tc c ging nh cc cht nn, mt th n gin gia tp trung v thi gian (biu hin qua chu k bn r) c th hin nh sau:
T l phn hu so vi cht nn ban u
120
100
80 Original % 60 Primary Intermediate Secondary Intermediate 40
20
0 0 1 2 3 chu k bn phn r 4 5 6
th 1: T l phn hy cc cht nn v cc sn phm trung gian trong MCD Khi qut, cc hp cht thm hnh thnh cc cht trung gian tng i c nh v cho thy biu hin c th. Ph bin hn, cht nn ban u v ra to thnh mt lng cht trung gian t phn hy vi tc tng ng hoc khc vi ca cht nn ban u. Mt th biu din mt phn ng m c 4 cht trung gian c hnh thnh vi tc tng ng v sau t phn hy vi tc tng t vi cht nn ban u, trong , 4 cht trung gian s cp v 4 cht trung gian th cp c th hin cng mt tp trung. Cui cng, ni m cc phn ng c cc cht trung gian khng n nh nh nhng cht hnh thnh bi cc chui hydrocarbon thng, cc cht trung gian ch hin din nng thp. cc trng hp ny, tt c nhng g quan st thy l mt s suy gim theo m s ca lng cht nn. Cc th nghim vi cc mu matrix cng vi cc iu kin nghin khc nhau u cho thy hin din ca ng hc bc nht. C th l gii iu ny c ngha l bc xc nh tc l s bm ht ban u v chuyn dch in t n cht nn. Cht nn sau tri qua bc nh v in tch
__________________________________________________________________________________________ Cng ngh MCD x l t nhim cht c hu c bn vng 10 Bi Xun An Khoa Mi trng v Ti nguyn, H Nng Lm TPHCM
u th trc khi c qu trnh phn tch. Qu trnh ny tng ng vi hu ht cc phn ng c enzyme lm xc tc bi qu trnh gn kt ban u chnh l bc xc nh tc . Nghin cu tip theo vn ang c tin hnh nhm m rng cc lai cht nn s c xt nghim bao hm nhiu lai khng cht v t thng dng hn. N s cho php tip cn gn hn vi cc mu matrix b nhim mi. Cc hp cht Halogenated Do nhiu cht nhim hu c bn vng (POPs) l cc cht nn nn c nhiu nghin cu th cho vo my nghin cc hp cht trn cng nh cc hp cht mu tng ng. Kt qu cho thy chng d dng b phn hy. Ni chung, halogen b phn hy t sm v n khng ti xut hin trong qu trnh. Cc th in t m nh cc gc Clo n cc in t v thot khi qu trnh nh nhng chloride (clorua). Qu trnh ny c bit quan trng. Th nghim vi cc hn hp ca monobromo- v monochloroaromatics cho thy hu ht s hnh thnh cc hp cht dihalo (v d nh hp cht bromochlor). C th chnh l cc halogen nhanh chng chn mt in t trong qu trnh tch v hay ngay lp tc sau . Pht hin ny rt ng k i vi cc cht POPs gc halogen b nghin. Cc cht trung gian c nguy c c hi c th hnh thnh v l thuyt khi nghin mt vi cht no , c bit nu gc halogen cng tham gia (v d nh khi nghin cc bc cao ca PCBs). Cc du vt ca cht dioxin c tm thy nh cc sn phm t qu trnh oxy ha PCB nhng v qu trnh hy halogen qu mnh nn cc cht dioxin t phn hy rt nhanh. Tc ng ca oxygen S hin din ca oxygen c nh hng rt t n qu trnh phn hy. V c bn, oxygen kt cht ln b mt khang cht, trong qu trnh hnh thnh hoc ti hnh thnh cc lin kt Si-O. V th oxygen lm chm tc phn ng bng vic tranh cc in t (di-radical c bit n nh l O3 sn sng phn ng vi cc gc to nn mt gc mi). Qu trnh chuyn gc c th ph hy hay tch cc th nh t cc phn t khc. Phn ng th cp ca oxygen vi mt vi phn t dn n vic hnh thnh cc cht trung gian gc oxygen. Cc peroxyt c hnh thnh s tch v thnh cc th gc oxygen nh hp cht carbonyl hay ether (te), sau chng li tip tc b tch v bi cc phn ng nghin tip theo. Mt dn chng v vic nghin cht anthrancene c trnh by di y: Cc th nghim trn cc phn t gc oxygen b nghin v cc nghin cu tng t cho thy d c lm chm li phn ng v to ra cc cht trung gian tui th ngn, khng c bt k nh hng ng k no t s hin din ca oxygen. Bt k cht peroxide gc Si v gc peroxide no c hnh thnh cng ti phn ng vi chnh n. nh hng ca nc nh hng ca nc rt a dng. Trong qu trnh nghin, nc phn ng vi cc gc b mt v cc gc hu c, gc hydrogen hay cc ion, v gc hydroxyl hay cc ion.
Nhng qu trnh ny c cho l rt nng ng v trong khi chng tranh nhau cc in t, chng hnh thnh nn cc th phn ng cao nh gc hydroxyl vn s phn hy cc hp cht hu c tng t nh cc qu trnh khng in t c bn. Cc th nghim vi deuterium oxide cho thy deuterium cn bng cng tc vi qu trnh phn hy s cp, rng cc s chuyn dch hydrogen trong nhng mi trng t m t din ra nhanh v rng. Cc kim chng cho thy s phn hy din ra nhanh nht trong mi trng kh ro. Tuy nhin, cc m khc nhau c kim sat cng ch nh hng rt t n tc phn hy. Cc th nghim ch ra rng s phn hy c th xy ra trong mi trng cc k m t (cc dng h va, bn) v thu c mt tc phn hy va phi. Cc qu trnh phn hy cng din ra tng t nh trong mi trng kh ro nhng trong thc tin vi cc mu t kh ng dng s phn hy MCDTM vi quy m sn xut. Cc hp cht thm Mt vi th nghim trn cc cht trung gian c thc hin vi naphthalene, cht c trng cho PAHs (polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons). N c tnh n nh nhit, c th o bng phng php so mu v tt c cc mnh v c th d dng xc nh. Kt qu c tm tt di y:
CH3 CH3 CH3 H3C
H3C CH3 CH3 CH3 CH2 CH3

CH3 CH3
H2 CH4 C CH3 CO2
CH3 H3C
H3C CH3 CH2
final Products Primary Intermediates
S 2: Cc dn xut trung gian khi phn hu Naphthalene Anthracene cho thy rt r s b sung hydrogen cng nh cht trung gian c gc oxygen. Cc s b sung c th nhn thy hu ht cc du benzene i [11. 12].
Hp cht thm Halogen DDT Nghin cu m rng c thc hin vi vic nghin DDT, cht rt d b phn hy bi qu trnh MCDTM. N lc ng k dnh cho vic xc nh cc qu trnh phn ng nhm ci thin hiu sut phn hy v bo m rng khng c bt k cht trung gian c hi no cn tn ti. Mt qu trnh xut cho cht DDT nh sau:
S 3: Bin i ca DDT trong qu trnh MCD S phn cui cng ca cc phn t nh hn l s phn hy i vi carbon, chlorides, methane, mt vi du vt ca cc hydrocarbon nh, carbon monoxide v carbon dioxide. Trong khi cng trnh ng k c xc tin l nghin cc mu matrix tng hp c trong t nhin b nhim bi cht DDT v cc cht cng lai, vi hiu ng ha hc th v hn xut hin t vic nghin cc phn t nh t phc tp hn. Mt vi th nghim c bn quan st s ti cu trc v/hoc ti qu trnh halogen ha ca chloro- v bromoaromatics cho nhng kt qu khng ng. N c d on l mt hn hp 1:1 gia chlorobenzene v bromobenzene cho ra nhng hn hp ca bromochlorobenzene, nhng sn phm tm thy li tng t nh nhng clorobenzene, bn cnh du tch ca 4-bromobiphenyl. Khi bromonaphthalene v chloronaphthalene c nghin chung vi nhau, naphthalene v binaphthalene l cc sn phm chnh cng vi mt vi cht khc. Trong trng hp ny, quan st c c qu trnh di chuyn halogen nhng vi lng khng ng k.
Hai hp cht perchlorinated l cht pentachlorophenol (PCP) v hexachlorobenzene (C6Cl6, khc vi HCB-hexachlorocyclohexane) c tm thy nh cc cht c tnh khng phn hy hn (gim khang tc phn hy) so vi cc cht hu c clo ho. Cht PCP s c cp chi tit hn di y. Hexachlorobenzene cn c nghin cu su hn vi mt mi trng cc k kh ro v khng c oxygene. V th, n s c th hnh thnh ch cc sn phm l cht carbon v chloride. Bi kh nng phn ng ca cc gc hydrogen, qu trnh ny vn cha c quan st. Cc phenol cho ra i cc gc vi tnh cht ca cc cht trung gian. Chnh phenol t n hnh thnh rt nhiu cc sn phm gc alkylated (ankyl ha). Qu trnh alkylation (ankyl ha) ny tng thch vi cc gc thm v benzylic. Cht pentachlorophenol c xem l cht khng phn hy nht t trc n nay. u tin, n vt qua qu trnh phn hy sng lc ca gc chlorine v tr 4, sau l cc qu trnh lai b ngu nhin ca cc chlorine lin tip. Qu trnh ny,cng vi phn ng hexachlorobenzene, phi tham gia vo vic gia tng cc phn t hydrogen t mu matrix hnh thnh mt vi cht trung gian quan st c. Cc te thm Cc cht ny cho thy cc qu trnh tch v lm t cc vng thm v lin kt C-O. Thng thng th cc cht trung gian thay th cc cht thm, phenols v aldehydes (anehit). Hin ti cc qu trnh ny ang c nghin cu thm. Cc sn phm phn tch diphenyl ether cho ra i hng lat cht trung gian khc nhau. V th m cht diphenyl ether hon tan b phn hy. Lu i vi cc cht dioxin Bi cc cht dioxin nh TCDD l sn phm ca qu trnh oxy ha ca PCBs, v cng l sn phm ca thuc tr c nh 2,4-D v 2,4,5-T, chng c nghin cu c bit trong s cc mu th i vi cng ngh nghin MCDTM. S hnh thnh cc cht dioxin i hi s c mt ca oxygen v/hoc nc. C ch cho s hnh thnh dioxin v furan t oxygen khng kh thc cht l s b sung lin tc ca O3. Nh cp qu trnh nghin cht anthracene, y ch l mt hin tng thng thng. Lu rng s hnh thnh dioxin v furan cu thnh mt phn rt nh trong qu trnh phn hy cc cht PCB. Trong tt c nghin cu vi cc mu matrix c cht dioxin v furan, qu trnh nghin bnh thng gim thiu chng ti mc hp l. Lin kt v c Ngay t u, nghin cu ca chng ti cho thy i vi cc hp cht hu c gc halogenated th mt phn tch v tng chloride bng phng php thy tch mu matrix nghin l cha . Chloride c th phn tch c ch khang 30% theo l thuyt. iu ny dn n hng lat nhng th nghim vi cc hp cht chloro hu c v chloride v c (NaCl) v khng c vt cht hu c b sung. Kt qu cho thy khang 40-50% ca cht chloride b gn kt vo mu matrix.
Khng c bng chng v s hnh thnh cc chloride v c hay hu c d bay hi (tht cht vi mu NaCl c nghin trong thch anh kh th kh m hnh dung c sn phm thu c). Cc nghin cu XRF trn cc hn hp c nghin cho thy mt hin tng tng t. Km, ng, magnesium, oxit ch, sodium hydroxide (xt) c nghin cng trong thch anh cng cho thy s gn kt tng t khi cc vt cht nghin c phn tch. Cc nghin cu v kch thc cc mnh khong cho thy qu trnh nghin trc tin lin quan n s tch v. Tuy nhin, khi kch thc cc mnh khang xung khang 100-1000 nm, qu trnh kt t - tch v ng hc bt u. Ti im cn bng, vt liu kim lai b gn kt v c gii phng cc b t cc khi lin kt. Da trn kt qu ng lc hc cho cc cht hu c v mt nghin cu khc cho thy cc hn hp DDT c nghin c th tiu th cht DDT n 16 gi sau khi qu trnh nghin kt thc, chng ti tin rng mt qu trnh tng t gip by cc b v n nh cc gc. Tm tt 1. Qu trnh phn hy C-Ha (MCDTM) da trn s tch v cc khang cht trong mt my nghin bi nng lng cao. Cc b mt khang b v c cc in t khng ghp cp (cc gc) phn ng vi cc phn t cht trung gian phn hy chng. Trong khi cc phn ng C-Ha kh quan st v qu trnh phn hy thc s rt phc tp, kh nng ng dng ca chng i vi vic phn hy cc cht gy nhim mi trng li v cng n gin. Tc phn ng gn bng chu k bn r cht nn. Ty vo cc iu kin, cc cht hu c s phn hy ra carbon, methane, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen v nc. Cht cha halogen s phn hy thnh cc cht hu c v halides. i vi cc cht nn thch anh, qu trnh nghin cn c th kt ni cc nguyn t vo trong cht nn c nghin.
2.
3. 4.
5.
Pht trin cng ngh Mt s cng ty hnh thnh vi mc ch pht trin cng ngh ny trn quy m cng nghip. Cc cng ty ny ang hot ng vi nhiu d n cc nc cng nghip pht trin nh M, Nht, New Zealand ng thi m rng sang cc nc ang pht trin. in hnh nh: 1. Environmental Decontamination Ltd (EDL) Mr. Bryan Black PO Box 58-609 Greenmount Auckland New Zealand Email: bryan@manco.co.nz
2. Tribochem Mr. Volker Birke Georgstrasse 14 D-31515 Wunstdorf Germany Email: birke@tribochem.com Kt lun Cng ngh phn hy cc cht nhim hu c bn vng c mt s u im so vi cc cng ngh trc y. N ang c nghin cu v pht trin trn quy m cng nghip mt s nc. Cn c mt s nghin cu ng dng cc nc ang pht trin nh Vit Nam Ti liu tham kho 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. Bellingham Tristan 2007. The mechanochemical remediation of persistent organic pollutants and other organic compounds in contaminated soils, PhD thesis. AUT, New Zealand CMPS&F - Environment Australia, Appropriate Technologies for the Treatment of Scheduled Wastes, Review Report Number 4 - November 1997 Easton J, 2001, 3052 Final Report: Treatment Trials for Organochlorine Contaminated Soil. Hall A., et al., 1996, Mechanochemical reactions of DDT with calcium oxide, Environmental Science and Engineering, 30(12), pp. 3401-7. Hart R, 2000, Mechanochemistry of chlorinated aromatic compounds , PhD Thesis, Department of Chemistry, University of Western Australia, Perth HCB Environmental Impact Statement, Alternative Technologies Assessment Section 4, URS Australia, Pty Ltd, 17 July 2001 Heineke G, 1984, Tribochemistry, Berlin, Carl Hanser Publishing. http://www.tribochem.de/projects/1996/index.html (December 2002) Robertson J 2008, Mecano-Chemical Destruction - an Introduction. Seminar on EDL MCD Technology for Soil Remediation at the New Zealand Embassy in Hanoi 18 Nov. 2008 Rowlands, et al., 1994, Destruction of toxic materials, Nature, 367(6460), p. 223. Volker Birke 2001. Economic and ecologically favourable destruction of polyhalogenated pollutants using the DCMR* - technology, Volker Birke, Tribochem, Forum Book, 6th International HCH And Pesticides Forum, 20-22 March 2021, Poznan, Poland. Volker Birke 2002. Reductive Dehalogenation of Recalcitrant Polyhalogenated Pollutants Using Ball Milling, Volker Birke, University of Applied Sciences North-East Lower Saxony, Suderburg, Germany, The Third Conference on Remediation of Polychlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds, Monterey, May 20-24th 2002
CNG NGH LN MEN MTAN KT HP PHT IN GII PHP X L RC CHO CC TH LN, GP PHN KM HM BIN I KH HU.
PGS.TS. Nguyn Vn Phc, Nguyn Thy Dim, Nguyn Hong Lan Thanh Vin Mi Trng v Ti Nguyn i hc Quc Gia Thnh Ph H Ch Minh. GII THIU Cht thi rn lun l vn bc xc ca bt k th pht trin no Vit Nam cng nh trn th gii, lng rc thi vi ngun pht sinh a dng v ang ngy cng gia tng theo pht trin dn s v mc sng ca ngi dn. Hin nay tng lng cht thi rn sinh hot th pht sinh trn ton quc c tnh khong 21.500 tn/ngy, khu vc nng thn khong 30.000 tn/ngy v cn c s liu d bo ca B Ti nguyn v Mi trng [1][4] n nm 2015 2020, khi lng cht thi rn sinh hot pht sinh s cao gp 2-3 ln so vi hin nay .T l tng cao tp trung 2 th c bit l H Ni v TP. H Ch Minh v cc th ang c xu hng m rng, pht trin mnh c v quy m ln dn s v cng nghip. Vic thu gom v x l rc ang chim mt phn ng k trong ngn sch nh nc. Nu cng tc qun l v x l cht thi rn khng hiu qu s gy mt m quan th, tc ng n ngnh du lch vn ha ca a phng v c bit nh hng n cht lng sng ca dn c trong khu vc bi cc mm bnh, mi hi, vi trng, nc r r Thm vo cc loi cht thi nguy hi khng c phn loi ring, cha tri qua bt k khu x l k thut no m trn chung vi nhng cht thi sinh hot a n nhng bi chn lp gy nhim mi trng nghim trng, dn n suy thoi mi trng. Do cn phi ch trng cng tc qun l v x l cht thi rn th m bo cho s pht trin bn vng ca t nc trong tng lai. 1 HIN TRNG CC CNG NGH X L CTR T TI VIT NAM.
Hin nay Vit Nam phng php x l CTRT ch o vn l chn lp vi khong 85 90% th ang p dng chn lp v hu ht cc BCL nc ta u qu ti so vi cng sut tip nhn.Vic chim nhiu qu t chn lp cng nh kh kim sot vn nhim mi trng trong qu trnh vn hnh, c bit lm gia tng pht sinh mtan - mt loi kh nh knh gy ra bin i kh hu. Thc t ti Thnh Ph H Ch Minh t bi chn lp Phc Hip, C Chi ca cng ty Mi Trng th n bi chn lp a Phc ca cng ty WWS, vn mi hi pht tn lun l vn c ngi dn quan tm v phn nh nhiu [1][5]. Bn cnh chi ph x l nc r rc t bi chn lp c nng nhim cao tn rt nhiu chi ph gp kh khn v phc tp. Hnh thc ch bin phn compost mi c p dng nc ta khong 9% t cc th vi tng cng sut hin ti khong 1.400 tn/ngy. Tuy nhin qua kho st thc t, hu ht cc m hnh nh my phn compost u ang t nhiu gy ra nhng tc ng mi trng do trc trc k thut, h thng thi kh tiu tn nhiu nng lng nhng thng xuyn b tc nghn nh hng
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Cng ngh ln men metan kt hp pht in Gii php x l rc cho cc th ln, gp phn km hm bin i kh hu Nguyn Vn Phc, Nguyn Th Thy Dim, Nguyn Hong Lan Thanh Vin MT&TN, H Quc Gia TPHCM
17
n qu trnh phn hy, pht sinh nhiu mi hi trong qu trnh vn hnh. Nhiu cng ngh vn cha ph hp vi rc Vit Nam ln nhiu tp cht. Thm tr ngi l hin nay phn compost cha c th trng tiu th nn cc nh my x l rc sn xut compost nc ta u hot ng khng hiu qu, phi gin on, tm dng hay ng ca. 1.1 Cng ngh chn lp hp v sinh
BCL hp v sinh l gii php n gin v t tn km nht nhng ch l b ngoi v phng php ny yu cu mt din tch t rng ln, cc lp lt chng thm t tin bo v ngun nc, cc h thng thu kh v x l nc thi nn v lu di cc BCL hp v sinh vi cng ngh hin i tn km hn rt nhiu so vi nhng nh my ch bin sn xut phn compost. Bng 1-1 nh gi hin trng mt s bi chn lp in hnh Vit Nam. Tn a im Quy m Cng sut Thng tin chung - Hin trng
BCL Nam Sn
Sc Sn H Ni
83,5 ha
Nc rc tn tr rt cao trong khi kh nng x l v sc cha cc h ca h thng c gii hn nn 1.500 khi ma xung phn nc rc d ny vn chy r tn/ngy r ra bn ngoi mang theo nhiu cht c hi gy nhim mi trng nghim trng. Mi hi tip nhn cng nh hng n dn c trong vng. Vn u t 2,8 triu USD, thi gian hot ng 15 nm. Mi hi ca rc lan ta khp ni, rui mui bng pht, tnh hnh nhim mi trng ti a 400 phng ang mc bo ng cao. H thng x l tn/ngy nc r r khng t hiu qu nn hin nay ngi dn vn phi dng nc nhim t bi rc cho cc sinh hot khc ngoi tr n ung. Vn u t 58 t VN, thi gian hat ng d kin l 15 nm. Mi hi rc c qunh pht tn ra xung quanh. Nc rc tch t trong h cha v r 350 r ra bn ngoi theo ma, tng nc ngm b tn/ngy nhim nghim trng, nc c vng v vn c nh hng n i sng sinh hat ca dn c trong khu vc. ngng tip nhn rc t thng 8/2007 nhng 2.000 hng ngy lng nc r rc pht sinh vn vt 2.500 qu kh nng x l ca h thng hin hu. Ngoi tn/ngy ra nhng trc trc k thut khin hiu qu x l thp, mi hi pht sinh khin ngi dn phn ng
BCL Khnh Sn
Lin Chiu Nng
50 ha
Tp Bin Ho, ng 15 ha Trng Di Nai BCL
BCL G Ct
TP. HCM
25 ha
__________________________________________________________________________________________
18
gay gt. Tng nc ngm ngay c su t 40 50m vn b nhim trm trng. Thng xuyn phi tip nhn khi lng rc qu ti so vi cng sut thit k (5.000 tn/ngy). Do p dng cng ngh x l nc rc khng ph hp 3.000 nn nc thi ra mt knh Thy Cai sau x l vn tn/ngy c mu en v mi hi c trng ca nc rc. Hu ht cc ch tiu nh BOD, COD, Coliform u vt tiu chun cho php. Tng vn u t 107 triu USD, chi ph x l 16,4 USD/tn, thi gian hot ng d kin 50 nm. 3.000 bt u tip nhn CTR t thng 7/2007 v vn tn/ngy pht sinh mi hi trong qu trnh vn hnh gy nh hng n khu dn c do mt s hng mc trong khu x l vn cha c hon thin.
BCL 1A Phc Hip
C Chi TP. HCM
43 ha
BCL a Phc
TP. HCM
128 ha
1.2
Sn xut phn hu c.
Qua phn tch thnh phn CTRSH ti cc khu th Vit Nam cho thy thnh phn rc hu c chim 80%, y l t l cao nn rt thch hp vi phng php x l bng sinh hc. Tuy nhin hiu qu thu c t cc d n x l rc th theo hng phn compost cha my kh quan. Bng 1-2 nh gi hin trng mt s m hnh nh my x l CTR Vit Nam. Nh my a im Cng dng ngh p Thng tin chung nh gi hin trng
Cng sut thit k hiu kh 20 ngy v chn 28 ngy
140 tn rc/ngy Nh my x l rc Cu Sn lng d kin l 37 tn Din phn/ngy gi 680 (H Ni) ng/kg cha tnh khu hao xy dng c bn Nh my x phn hiu kh l rc Nam trong b cha nh (vessel) v chn (Nam nh) 20 ngy sau
- Xy dng t nm 1986 v sa cha ci tin (2000) vi vn u t l 100 t VN t ngun ODA ca chnh ph Ty Ban Nha, cng sut thit k d kin x l 11,5% tng khi lng rc pht sinh H Ni. - Cc cng on c iu khin t ng nhng nh my ch hot ng 10,3% cng sut do rc cha phn loi tp cht cao, m ln nn nh hng hiu qu phn loi. - Kh thi, mi hi khng c kim sot v x l. Tiu tn nhiu nng lng cho qu trnh cp kh cng bc. - Din tch nh my l 3,08 ha; ton khu x l l 12 ha, bt u hot ng t 5/2003 chu trch nhim x l ton b rc thi ca thnh ph Nam nh. - My mc hin i (Php) tng t nh Cu Din, vn u
19
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250 tn/ngy Sn lng d kin l 60 tn phn/ngy
t cao nhng thc t nh my ch hot ng 41,6% cng sut thit k cng v l do v kh khn tng t. - Khng c thit b gim st n nh ca phn rc sau . Thit b gim st nhit qu trnh thiu kh cng khng hot ng nn cht lng phn sn xut khng ng u. - Do chnh ph an Mch vin tr xy dng (1981), x l mt phn khi lng CTR ti TP.HCM nhng phi ng ca (1991) do h thng sn phn loi rc v cc thit b khc b h hng nng v khng th hot ng c. - Trong qu trnh hot ng ca nh my, m v tp cht ca rc thu gom ln nn hiu sut phn loi ca cc thit b ti nh my cng nh qu trnh phn loi th cng ca cng nhn cng khng t hiu qu. - Din tch nh my 5 ha vi vn u t l 45 t VN p dng cng ngh khp kn ca an Mch, rc sau khi phn loi chun b c trong thit b chuyn dng trong vi ngy trc khi chuyn sang bi chn. - Mi hi pht sinh nhiu do lng rc qu ln tn tr trong khu vc bi rc Trng Di hin hu. Nc r rc c lu cha trong h khng c lp chng thm nn khi ma ln d dng r r trn vo khu dn c xung quanh gy nhim mi trng nghim trng. - Vnh ai cy xanh cch ly l 500m khng c m bo. - Cng ngh ni ha 100%, trnh c kh ha cao, bo m tnh ng b lin hon khp kn ra n sn phm cui cng ph hp vi nhu cu th trng. - Nh my p dng qu trnh phn tch t m nn x l trit , t l chn lp di 10%. Din tch 4,2ha, p ng c bn nhu cu x l ton b rc sinh hot cho thnh ph Hu. - Tiu tn nhiu nng lng cho vic cp kh cng bc v h thng phn loi bng my. Mi hi cha c gii quyt trit . Qu trnh tnh khng c o trn nn cht lng phn khng ng u. Cng ngh phn trong hm tn nhiu din tch t mt bng.
phn hiu kh Nh my 250 tn/ngy phn bn Sn lng d kin Hc Mn l 70 tn (TP. HCM) phn/ngy
hiu kh trong thit b n nh Nh my V sinh ha Nht Hng 350 tn rc/ngy (ng Nai) Sn lng d kin l 70 tn phn/ngy
Cng ngh ng k ANSINHNh my rc ASC Thy phn hiu kh Phng trong hm cha (Hu) btng 150 tn rc/ngy
Trong tng lai ti cc th ln ca nc ta, cc d n x l CTRSH sn xut phn compost nu trin khai cn cn c trn ti liu kho st thu thp c v nhng m hnh nh my sn xut phn rc v ang vn hnh nc ta c bit cn phi quan tm n nhng tc ng mi trng nh kh thi, mi hi pht sinh hay nc thi r r.
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20
T cc phn tch nh gi trn cn c gii php cng ngh ph hp x l CTRT cc th ln nc ta nhm gim nhim mi trng v bin i kh hu hng ti pht trin bn vng. 2 2.1 CNG NGH LN MEN MTAN Gii thiu cng ngh mtan ha cht thi hu c sn xut in
Qu trnh chuyn ha cc cht hu c ca CTRT di iu kin k kh xy ra theo ba bc. u tin l qu trnh thy phn cc hp cht c phn t lng ln thnh nhng hp cht thch hp dng lm ngun nng lng v m t bo. Sau l qu trnh chuyn ha cc hp cht sinh ra t qu trnh thy phn thnh cc hp cht c phn t lng thp hn. V cui cng l qu trnh chuyn ha cc hp cht trung gian thnh cc sn phm cui n gin hn, ch yu l kh methane (CH4) v kh carbonic (CO2). Sn phm ca qu trnh l kh sinh hc (biogas) c s dng nh mt ngun nhin liu v lng bn thi (digestate) c n nh sinh hc, cha nhiu m, s dng nh mt ngun b sung dinh dng cho cy trng. Sn phm kh sinh hc c nhit tr trung bnh 4.500 6.300 kcal/m3, trong methane c nhit tr cao nht (9.000 kcal/m3). Trong cc h ym kh ny c h thng ng v thit b kim sot thu hi kh dng lm nhin liu. 1m3 biogas tng ng vi 0,4 kg du diesel; 0,6 kg xng; hoc 0,8 kg than. Cng ngh x l CTR ng dng qu trnh phn hy k kh hin nay c quan tm nhiuv p dng rng ri trn th gii nh hiu qu bo v mi trng thng qua vic s dng kh sinh hc nh mt ngun nhin liu thay th cho nhin liu ha thch. Hin ti Vit Nam cch thc ny c s dng t lu ti cc vng su vng xa khi cn ch bin phn bn cho nng nghip. Tuy nhin, cng ngh k kh ng dng x l sinh hc CTRT vn cha pht trin quy m ln do chi ph u t cao, trang thit b t tin, k thut vn hnh phc tp i hi chuyn mn. Mt s v d cng ngh k kh vi quy m ln c p dng trong thc t mt s nc trn th gii. Bng 2-1 Tm tt cc qu trnh sn xut phn hu c theo cng ngh k kh Qu trnh Quc gia M t qu trnh SEBAC l qu trnh gm ba giai on. Trong giai on u, cht np liu nghin c vi nc r r tun hon t thit b phn ng ca giai on 3 trng thi phn hy cui. Cc acid bay hi v cc sn phm ca qu trnh ln men khc to thnh trong thit b phn ng giai on 1 c chuyn sang thit b phn ng giai on 2 chuyn ha thnh methane. KAMPOGAS l qu trnh phn hy k kh mi c p dng x l cht thi rau qu v rc vn. Thit b phn ng c dng tr trn t thng ng, c trang b my khuy thy lc v c
21
Composting k kh dng m ni M tip nhau (SEBAC) Qu trnh Thu KAMPOGAS S
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Qu trnh
Quc gia
M t qu trnh vn hnh nng cht rn cao trong khong nhit thermopilic. DRANCO c s dng chuyn ha phn cht hu c c trong CTRSH to thnh nng lng v cc sn phm dng humus. Qu trnh phn hy xy ra trong thit b phn ng dng chy tng thng ng khng khuy trn c kh. Nc r r y thit b c tun hon. Thit b DRANCO c vn hnh nng cht rn cao v trong khong nhit mesophilic. BTA pht trin ch yu x l phn cht hu c c trong CTRSH. Qu trnh x l BTA bao gm: (1) x ls b cht thi bng phng php c hc, nhit v phng php ha hc; (2) phn loi cht rn sinh hc ho tan v khng ho tan; (3) thy phn k kh cc cht thi rn c kh nng phn hy sinh hc; (4) methane ha cht rn sinh hc ho tan. Qu trnh methane ha xy ra nng cht rn thp v khong nhit mesophilic (ln men m). Sau khi tch nc cht rn khng phn hy vi nng tng cng khong 35% c dng nh compost. Qu trnh VALOGRA bao gm 3 n v: phn loi, to kh methane v tinh ch phn. Thit b ln men k kh hot ng nng cht rn cao v trong khong nhit ln men m. Qu trnh xo trn cht hu c trong thit b c thc hin bng cch tun hon kh sinh hc di p sut t y thit b phn hy. BIOCELL l h thng m c pht trin x l cht thi phn loi ti ngun (nh rau qu thi, rc vn,...) v cht thi nng nghip. Thit b s dng c dng hnh tr trn, ng knh 11,25 m v chiu cao 4,5 m. Cht rn np liu c nng 30% thu c bng cch trn cht thi hu c c phn loi t m trc . LNG KH BIOGAS THU C (m3/tn cht thi) 80-120 80-160 100-150 100-200 100 130 (Ngun: [1][11])
22
Qu DRANCO
trnh
Qu trnh BTA
Qu trnh Php VALOGRA
Qu BIOCELL
trnh
H Lan
Bng 2-2 Hiu sut to kh ca cc h thng ki kh CNG NGH K KH BTA Valorga WAASA DRANCO Linde Kompogas
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C nhiu phng php k kh tuy nhin cng ngh k kh theo phng php t nhiu giai on BTA cho php rt ngn thi gian , phn hu nhanh khc phc c cc nhc im ca cng ngh k kh hin nay ang c p dng rng ri trn th gii.
Hnh 2-1 k kh cng ngh t lin tc a giai on BTA Bng 2-3 Mt s nh my in hnh trn th gii p dng thnh cng cng ngh x l cht thi rn th bng cng ngh k kh BTA Nh my BTA Thnh ph, cng sut thit k tn/nm, loi cht thi Pamplona (Ty Ban Nha) 100,000 tn/nm , cht thi rn th (MSW) Newmarket (Canada) 120,000 tpy commercial waste Ypres (B) 50,000 tn/nm biowaste Granoliers (Ty Ban Nha) 50,000 tn/nm, MSW Barcelona Ecoparc I (Ty Ban Nha) 50,000 tn/nm biowaste, MSW Villacidro (Italy/Sardinia) 45,000 tn/nm hn hp cht thi Toronto (Canada) 25,000 tn/nm phc v khu dn c SSO Mlheim (c) 22,000 tn/nm biowaste Erkheim (c) 11,500 tn/nm cht thi thng mi Karlsruhe (c) 8,000 tpy biowaste Thi gian bt u Thng 12 nm 2008. Thng 7 nm 2000. Thng 9 nm 2003. Ma thu nm 2007. Thng 12 nm 2007. Ma h 2002. . Thng 4, 2002. Thng 12 nm 2003. Thng 11 nm 1997. Ma xun 1996. (Ngun: [1][14])
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23
Canada [1][13]
American[1][16]
Singapor [1][17]
Hnh 2-2 Mt s hnh nh cc nc trn th gii s dng cng ngh k kh BTA 2.1 Cng ngh ca k kh theo phng php t a giai on BTA
Cng ngh k kh Rc sinh hot hu c sau khi phn loi nghin thy lc c a qua b trn trn cng vi bn hu c, men vi sinh, b sung nc cho TS = 10% .Sau cht hu c c p phn cht lng c chuyn sang b metan ha, bnh bn chuyn sang thnh dng st bng nc v thy phn trong b phn ng dng khuy trn hon ton iu kin nhit thng vi thi gian lu nc 2 3 ngy. Gi tr pH c duy tr trong khong 6 7 ti b thy phn nh hon lu nc t b methane ha. Dng ra t b thy phn c p kh nc v cht lng chuyn vo b methane ha. Kt qu c khong 60% CHC ban u s chuyn thnh Biogas. Biogas sau khi lc v nn mt phn s cung cp nhit cho cc hot ng ca nh my, mt phn s dng pht in.
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24
Phn bn sau b mtan s c p loi nc. Phn nc to ra c ti s dng trn vi phn hu c b trn. Phn nc tha c x l t tiu chun, ti s dng lm nc v sinh hoc ti cy trong khun vin. Phn bn rn c chuyn qua khu chn sn xut phn compost.
Rc hu c sau khi c phn loi Mi hi, n Nc r rc
Phay rc TB PL rc = thykh ng n Bi, n, Nc Thi
Ct, si, thy tinh
My nghin
My nghin
Ph gia
Sn xut gch
B trn B thy phn
Nc sch
My pht in
X l kh B metan ha B cha nc
Lm kh bn Nh chn Nha khng th ti ch Vin nhiu liu RDF p vin My nh ti - nghin Sng rung Kho cha ng bao
Nc thi i x l
Phn khng hoai
phn hu c vi sinh
Hnh 2-3 Cng ngh ln men k kh kt hp pht in.

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25
Hiu sut pht in cng ngh ln men metan

234 kWh X l cht thi 93 kWh Nhit cho nh my 59 kWh in cho nh my 165 kWh/tn rc bn 56 kWh tn tht 336 kWh nhit/tn rc 224 kWh in/tn rc 100 m3 kh/tn rc 60%CH4 560 kWh
Hnh 2-4 Hiu sut pht in ca cng ngh ln men mtan(Ngun:[1][11]) 3 CC U VIT CA CNG NGH LA CHN
u im ni bt ca h thng BTA l tnh n nh sinh hc cao v cho php phn hy rt nhanh rt ngn thi gian cc cht hu c nh thc phm tha, tri cy hoc rau v vy khc phc c nhc im ca cng ngh k kh thng thng. Tit kim c qu t vo vic chn lp hp v sinh gim tnh trng qu ti cht thi rn th ln khng c t chn lp. Hn ch ngun mtan pht thi vo kh gy nhim mi trng v mang li hiu qu kinh t cao thu hi kh CH4 pht in tit kim chi ph in nng cho a phng oh hp vi xu th ca th gii v gim pht thi CO2 gp phn gim bin i kh hu. V vy c th pht trin thnh d n CDM bn quota pht thi CO2. Hin ti nc ta d n thu hi kh bi rc v pht in ti 2 bi chn lp rc ng Thnh v Phc Hip 1, TP.H Ch Minh v - Thu hi, x l kh sinh hc v ti to nng lng i vi h thng x l nc thi v cht thi rn sinh hot ti KCN Ty Bc , C Chi nhng hiu qu thu kh sinh hc ca bi chn lp s t hn nhiu so vi qu trnh ln men mtan v thi gian phn hy cht thi rn trong bi chn lp mt thi gian rt lu trong khi ln men meetan ch vi tun. Vic phn loi cht thi rn th trc khi ln men mtan c thc hin mt cch k lng c bit l qu trnh phn loi bng tuyn thy kh ng nn ct, cc cht v c cha c loi ra trc c tch ra khi phn hu c em i ng thi trong qu trnh k kh lng cht thi hu c c chuyn sang dng lng nn cc cht c hi s trong nc thi phn cht rn cn li sau khi k kh em sn xut phn compost s khng ln tp cht v c hay cc cht c hi nn cht lng phn compost tt hn nhiu so vi qu trnh phn compost theo cng ngh hiu kh thng thng do phn loi kh.
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26
Bn cnh lng cht hu c hu nh chuyn thnh kh nn lng compost thu c khong 10% t hn khong mt na so vi qu trnh compost hiu kh nn khc phc c vic khng c th trng tiu th phn compost cc th ln.
TotalEmissionReductionsover14years
450000
Lnmenmtan AnaerobicDigestion BCL c thu LandfillElectricity phn kh pht in Generation Composting compost
Gim pht thi CO2 (tn)
Emissio n Red u ctio n (tCO 2 e)
400000 350000 300000 250000 200000 150000 100000 0 50000 Baseline

BCL khng thu hi kh LandfillOpenFlare
BCL t kh LandfillenclosedFlare
LandfillWithoutLFG capture
Scenario
Bng 3-1 So snh hiu qu gim pht thi CO2 t cc cng ngh x l rc th. Theo nghin cu ca Omid Tayyeba SWECO cng ngh ln men mtan cho php gim tCO2e gp 1,6 ln so vi phn compost v gp 1,5 ln so vi bi chn lp t c thu kh pht in [1][12]. Ta c th tnh c hiu qu kinh t CDM t qu trnh ln men mtan cht thi hu c sau khi phn loi. Theo bng 2-2 hiu sut to kh ca cng ngh BTA phn hy 1 tn cht thi hu c c kh nng thu hi 100m3 kh sinh hc tng ng nng lng in l 224kWh (Hnh 2-4) v so snh vi my pht in chy du DO: my 1000 kVA tiu th 90 kgDO/h. Du c hm lng C l 85,7 %. Lng CO2 gim thiu khi trin khai gim khong 1tnCO2 /tn hu c. Li nhun t d n gim pht thi kh Cacbon Trung bnh gi bn: 10 USD/tn CO2[1][15] . Do , bn c khong 10 USD/tn hu c. Vi lng pht sinh cht thi rn sinh hot trn ton quc nh hin nay 21.500 tn/ngy vi thnh phn hu c khong 70-85% nn nu p dng cng ngh mtan s thu khong 3,6 triu kWh in/ngy v li nhun t d n pht thi CO2 l 160.000 USD/ngy tng ng 1nghn t VN/nm.
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27
KT LUN V KIN NGH
T nhng phn tch nh gi trn th cng ngh ln men mtan l gii php hu hiu x l CTRT. Mc d chi ph thit b u t ban u cao, k thut vn hnh phc tp nhng cng ngh mtan ha em li li ch kinh t v cng to ln gp phn tit kim nng lng hn ch khai thc ti nguyn. c bit vic thu hi kh nh knh CH4, gim pht thi kh nh knh, ch ng trong vic ng ph vi bin i kh hu theo xu th chung ca th gii hin nay V vy cn c cc bin php khuyn khch, u i, to iu kin thun li cho vic p dng ng b cng ngh m tan ha cc th ln ni pht sinh nhiu cht thi rn nc ta. 5 CC T VIT TT TRONG BO CO BCL Bi chn lp CDM (Clean Development Mechanism) C ch pht trin sch CTRT Cht thi rn th CTRSH Cht thi rn sinh hot MSW (Municipal Solid Waste) Cht thi rn th 6 TI LIU THAM KHO Ti liu trong nc: [1] Nguyn Vn Phc (2007). Qun l v x l cht thi rn. NXB Xy Dng. [2] Nguyn Xun Nguyn, Trn Quang Huy (2004). Cng ngh x l rc thi v cht thi rn. NXB Khoa hc v k thut. [3] Trn Hiu Nhu, ng Quc Dng, Nguyn Th Kim Thi (2001). Qun l cht thi rn Tp 1: Cht thi rn th. NXB Xy dng. [4] [5] B Ti nguyn v Mi trng www.monre.gov.vn. Bo co tng qut v cng tc x l cht thi rn th ti thnh ph H Ch Minh.
[6] L vn khoa, V Th Hng Thy, Phm Thanh Khit.Trin khai hot ng d n CDM ti TP. H Ch Minh tim nng v xu hng. [7] Mt s bo co tnh hnh thu gom v x l cht thi rn th nc ta. Ti liu nc ngoi [8] Advanced international course in local environmental management in urban areas 2009 europe. [9] B.f.a.Basnayke (2001) Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) for Organanic Agriculture. Annual Session of the Nationnal Agricultural Society of Sri Lanka on Organic Agriculture:Trends and Challenges AGM [10] The Anaerobic Digestion and the Valorga Process, Jan 1999, Literature and brochures provided by the company. [11] Prof.Nickolas J. Themlis (2004), Greening Waste, Anaerobic digestion for treating the organic fraction of municipal solid Wasters
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28
[12] Omid Tayyeba, CDM Project in Waste Disposal and Handling Sector, Advanced International Course In Local Environmental Management In Urban Areas 2009 Europe. [13] [14] [15] [16] [17]
www.canadacopmosting.com www.ccibioenergy.com,www.btainternational.de www.cdm.unfccc.int www.greatlakesbiogas.com www.iutglobal.com
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29
NG DNG CNG NGH IU KHIN PAC TRONG QUN L H THNG MI TRNG

Phm Trung Kin Khoa Mi trng v Ti nguyn, i hc Nng Lm Tp.HCM 1 M U
Mi trng ang l vn nng bng c quan tm rt nhiu hin nay khng nhng trn ton th gii m Vit Nam cng l thnh vin tch cc tham gia gn gi mu xanh cho tri t. Cc chin lc, quc sch v bo v mi trng c thng qua l tin cho cc hnh ng c th s trin khai. Cng tc bo v mi trng cn huy ng nhiu ngun lc, cng ngh cng phi hp thc hin c hiu qu. Vit Nam Xanh (Vnxanh) l cng ty chuyn ngnh cng ngh mi trng thnh cng trong vic nghin cu cc cng ngh tin tin ng dng sm trong lnh vc mi trng ti Vit Nam. Mt trong nhng cng ngh tin tin c ng dng trong cng tc qun l cc h thng mi trng l cng ngh iu khin t ng PAC. 2 TNG QUAN PAC PAC (Programable automation Controller) l cng ngh iu khin tin tin, kt hp gia k thut iu khin PLC v my tnh to nn mt nn tng iu khin mi c rt nhiu im u vit hn h thng PLC nh hiu nng cao hn, tnh linh ng cao hn, tr gip cho ngi s dng tt hn. Chnh v vy PAC c kh nng ng dng su rng hn v d dng hn PLC iu khin, kim sot cc qu trnh t ng ha. Vi s kt ni n gin v tin tin hn PLC thng qua ng truyn internet, PAC d dng gim st v iu khin cc h thng t xa hoc khng dy. Trong thp k va qua, PACs chng minh c kh nng vt tri ca mnh, s kt hp phn cng v phn mm gip PAC tr nn chc chn, ng tin cy, linh hot, v ph bin
__________________________________________________________________________________________ ng dng Cng ngh iu khin PAC trong qun l h thng mi trng 30 Phm Trung Kin Khoa Mi trng v Ti nguyn, i hc Nng Lm Tp.HCM
PACs l mt phn ca cuc cch mng mang tn "my tnh nhng", gn nh tt c cc thit b u c mt s loi thit b ca my vi tnh. PACs l my tnh nhng n gin c s dng nh cc b iu khin trong t ng ho cng nghip. PACs s dng cc h iu hnh thng mi, c th nguyn hoc c nhng ty bin nh. iu ny c ngha l PACs chnh l n by thc y s tng trng ca th trng my tnh nhng, khng ch trong lnh vc t ng ha cng nghip m c nhng th trng khc. Khi chi ph gim xung, b nh, kh nng x l v tin cy tng ln ng k. Chi ph sn xut PC tr nn r hn so vi PLC. Chnh iu ny thc y cc cng ty v ngi s dng nghin cu cc tnh nng ca PCs thay th PLC truyn thng. u nhng nm 2000, PAC Programmable Automation Controller ra i sau nhiu nghin cu v th nghim. Chuyn gia Craig Resnick ca tp on t vn ARC l ngi u tin s dng cm t ny ch nhng thit b c kin trc my tnh.
2.1 -
Li th PAC so vi PLC Mng COTS (Commercial Off The Shelf) n nhng nn tng cao hn Kt ni khng dy v fieldbus Giao din thng qua nhiu giao thc Hin i, nhanh chng, COTS CPU ni bt vi tc x l v cc b x l ton hc S dng h iu hnh COTS nh h iu hnh DOS, Linux, Windows CE B nh v khng gian lu tr v c bn l khng gii hn Chc nng HMI trong mt nn tng Thut ton iu khin nng cao Thao tc c s d liu m rng Tch hp iu khin tu thng thng Kt hp m phng qu trnh
PACs c li th vt tri, trn c gii hn ca PLC. Bao gm:
Tm tt u in ca h thng PAC SNAP

Nm bt v s dng n gin: Gim thi gian hiu v vn hnh h thng. Ch gm 4 thnh phn tch hp: phn mm, b iu khin, brain v I/O. Chi ph u t thp hn: Chi ph t hn so vi nhiu h thng PLC thng thng m vn bao gm phn mm, o to v h tr sn phm min ph, do gi thnh phn cng r hn, thi gian tch hp v pht trin ngn hn. Mt h thng cho nhiu d n t ng ha: H thng PAC SNAP ph hp vi cc ng dng iu khin qu trnh, t ng ha phn tn, thu nhn d liu, iu khin chuyn ng, gim st t xa v nhiu hn th na. Cng c lp trnh tin tin: Lp trnh vi cc biu trc quan (Flow Chart) v nhiu tp lnh tin tin hn. Cc Flow chart ny chy song song vi nhau, nn tc x l rt nhanh v b PAC SNAP c 96 b PID iu khin vng kn. Ngoi ra, h thng cn s dng cc thng trnh con, con tr (pointer), mng d liu v nhiu cng c tin tin khc. C s d liu n gin: Khng cn cc danh sch ch dn tham kho. Cc I/O xc nh v cc tag bin dng ngn ng thun ty, sn sng s dng trong pht trin HMI.
Trn thc t, PAC c th thay th PLC trong hu ht cc ng dng, tr mt vi trng hp ngoi l nh yu cu iu khin rt nhanh, hoc m bo an ton cho cc h thng o lng. V trong thp k va qua, PACs thay th PLCs trong nhiu ng dng. Mt s nh cung cp PLC cng bt u ch to PACs, v mt s vn tip tc gi nguyn nhn hiu nh PLCs. Trn thc t chnh l cc tiu chun dnh cho PACs. Cng ty Vnxanh trin khai v ng dng cng ngh PAC trong vic qun l cc h thng x l nc thi v xy dng cc m hnh trm quan trc mi trng t ng. Vic u t h thng PAC khng nhng tit kim hn h thng PLC m em li rt nhiu li im cho nh u t nh c th gim st v iu khin h thng t xa vi s h tr ca nh sn xut, gim st cht ch cc thng s v cp nht cc d liu thng xuyn phc v cho cng tc qun l mi trng mt cch hiu qu hn. 2.2 Chc nng PAC PAC c s dng trong cng nghip iu khin qui trnh sn xut, trao i d liu, gim st thit b t xa, theo di hot ng v iu khin chuyn ng. Hn na vi kh nng kt ni qua h thng internet ph thng nh TCP/IP, OLE iu khin qui trnh v SMTP, PAC c th truyn d liu t thit b ny sang thit b khc trong mng li hay n cc phn mm ng dng v h thng d liu ca doanh nghip.
2.3
C ch hot ng PAC
PAC thu thp d liu t cc u d tn hiu trong h thng chuyn v b x l trung tm (Brain) x l. Ngi dng truy cp h thng bng my tnh thng qua ng truyn internet
Cu trc m ca PAC l yu t lm n gin ha vic nng cp cho cc h thng iu khin v t ng ha cng nghip sn c ti nh my. Trong nhiu ng dng, ngi s dng c th chy PAC song song vi nhng h thng iu khin sn c khc. iu ny gip nng cao thm kh nng nh truy cp d liu trc tuyn, hay to ra mt h thng iu khin v t ng ha c lp.
H tr giao thc lin lc chun PAC c th iu khin, gim st v trao i d liu vi nhiu kiu thit b v h thng v n s dng cc giao thc v cng ngh mng chun thng dng, gm c mng Eternet dy v khng dy, Internet Protocol, OPC, SQL. Trong nhng ng dng nu cn lin lc vi cc giao thc
lp ng dng nh Modbus, SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) v PPP (Point-toPoint Protocol), th PAC cng c th p ng c.
S dng mng Ethernet, PAC lin lc vi cc modul I/O t xa c/vit tn hiu serial, digital, v analog. Mng cng ni PAC vi server OPC, mn hnh vn hnh v c s d liu SQL. Ngoi ra, PAC cng c th lin lc (khng dy) vi cc my mc nh h thng my bm v my thi kh, cc u d tn hiu iu khin v kim sot qu trnh. 3 NG DNG PAC TRONG QUN L H THNG MI TRNG Da vo tnh nng u vit ca PAC, Vnxanh nghin cu trin khai p dng qun l cc h thng mi trng bao gm: Gim st, iu khin h thng x l mi trng nh cc h thng x l nc, nc thi v kh thi. Xy dng cc trm quan trc t ng phc v cho cng tc qun l ca cc c quan qun l nh nc v cc khu cng nghip Xy dng h thng m hnh ha nhm qun l mi trng khu vc Theo di cc m hnh th nghim, cp nht d liu t ng v chnh xc.
3.1 3.1.1 -
NG DNG GIM ST, IU KHIN H THNG X L MI TRNG Gim st, kim sot Theo di cc ch tiu trong h thng nh pH, COD, BOD, Kim loi nng, cc ch tiu nhim khng kh. Cng sut h thng, lu lng my bm, qut, kh nn. Trng thi Run (Chy) v STOP (Tt) Ch vn hnh Auto (t ng) v Man (ch tay) Cnh bo cc thng s qu hn qui nh Cnh bo hm lng ha cht vn hnh Cnh bo Overload (qu ti) thit b Cnh bo bo tr: thng bo thi im bo tr h thng Cnh bo Ch vn hnh tay
Thng s cht lng
Cng sut, lu lng Theo di tnh trng hot ng ca thit b
Cc cnh bo bt thng trong qu trnh vn hnh
3.1.2 -
iu khin Cc thit b c vn hnh t ng theo cc ch c nh sn, ch ny c thit lp bi CONTROLLER. Reset to Manufactory setting l chc nng phc hi li ch thit lp t ng ban u ca nh sn xut.
Vn hnh t ng
Chc nng phc hi h thng -
Vn hnh tay C th thc hin ti 2 v tr: ti mn hnh iu khin v t in ng lc 3.1.3 3.1.4 Hot ng thit b Ci t thng s vn hnh theo thi gian thc Mc cnh bo Lu tr d liu v lp bo co Tnh trng vn hnh thit b S nht k vn hnh Biu cc thng s theo di (pH, DO, COD, TDS, N, P, Clo d) Chu k bo co, lch bo tr, thng s hot ng Chc nng phn quyn truy cp
Nhm hn ch cc truy cp khng c php vo h thng, trnh ri ro v xc nh trch nhim cho ngi iu khin.
H thng iu khin c phn cp truy cp nh sau: 3.1.5 GUEST : Theo di tnh trng hot ng v cc cnh bo. OPERATOR: iu khin thit b, xem v lp bo co vn hnh. CONTROLLER: iu chnh cc thng s ci t ca h thng. MANUFACTURER: iu chnh thut ton ca chng trnh. iu khin t xa
Chng trnh c th c ci t v tr khc ngoi trm x l bng kt ni internet c dy hoc khng dy. 3.2 H THNG QUAN TRC T NG L h thng thu thp, trnh din v qun l d liu t b RTU (Remote Telemetry Unit) thng qua mng GSM hay Internet. D liu c lu tr v bo v trn server chuyn dng. Ngi s dng c th truy cp d dng trn nn web (username/password) 3.2.1 D liu c th truy cp d dng t bt k my tnh no c kt ni internet. Cc bo ng, thng tin c th gi trc tip n ngi ph trch qua email hay tin nhn sms Qun l, kim sot d liu theo thi gian thc Chc nng t truy nhn d liu Thng s gim st Lu lng nc thi (o trn mng/ng kn) pH, ORP c, dn in DO, SS Kim loi nng Cr, Fe, Zn COD, BOD, N, P
DOANH NGHIP SX Thng s kh thi, nc thi, nc cp

RTU
NGUN NC Cc thng s quan trc dng sng, nc ngm

RTU
KHNG KH Cc thng s nhim khng kh

RTU
ADSL/SMS
ADSL/SMS
WEB SERVER
Internet
SMS
PC Trm Qun l d liu
PC Trm theo di thng tin
P ho ne
Tin nhn in thoi
3.2.2 3.2.3 3.2.4 3.2.5 3.2.6
Cc thng s gim st c hin th theo cc ch Kt qu tc thi (ci t theo tn sut ly mu) Kt qu trung bnh (theo thi gian ci t) Kt qu ln nht/ nh nht (theo khong thi gian t trc) Kt qu tng cng, cng dn (Lu lng theo thi gian t trc) Chc nng cnh bo Cnh bo chi tiu gim st (vt ngng) Cnh bo bo tr: thng bo thi im bo tr h thng Cnh bo Ch vn hnh tay Hin th trng thi Trng thi thit b (on/off) Trng thi ly mu, o online Trng thi bo tr thit b Ci t ch vn hnh Ly mu, phn tch v truyn d liu t ng theo thi gian thc. Ci t thi gian ly mu. Ngng tn hiu bo ng. Chu k lp bo co Lu tr d liu v lp bo co
Lu tr d liu di dng bng theo chu k t trc (hng ngy)

Tnh trng vn hnh thit b Biu cc ch tiu quan trc Lu tr cc li h thng, cc bo ng Lu tr thng tin ngi truy cp d liu
Topic Two
2/18/2009
3.3
XY DNG H THNG M HNH HA
Kt hp vi h thng quan trc v ly mu t ng chng ta hon ton c th xy dng c h thng m hnh ha nhm kim sot, theo di din bin v xy dng kch bn cho m hnh. Cc thng s thu thp c t h thng quan trc t ng, cp nht lin tc vo m hnh bin i. Cc d liu nh cc phn mm xy dng cc hp phn ca m hnh, t nhng c s d liu ny cc chuyn gia c th tng hp thnh cc m hnh hon chnh mt cch nhanh chng v gim thiu sai s ng k. Vic thu thp d liu t ng t xa gip c kt qu nhanh chng, tc thi, v tit gim chi ph cho d n ng k. 3.3.1 THEO DI, GM ST VN HNH M HNH M phng m hnh th nghim trn my tnh, thu nhn d liu lin tc trn m hnh v lu tr vo h thng. T ng iu chnh cc thng s mi trng th nghim nh iu kin nhit , pH, kim, nng oxy ha tan (DO) theo cc iu kin nh trc. T ng vn hnh m hnh theo cc ch ci t nh thi gian, tc bm, lu lng. Lu tr cc d liu v lp bo co: Lu tr d liu theo tn sut xc nh bao gm thng tin iu kin vn hnh, cc thng s theo di v cc bo li ca h thng. Lp bo co theo chu k xc nh, thit lp cc biu analog cho nhng thng s theo di nh trc.
Tng hp cc d liu theo cc cng thc xc nh nh cng dn, trung bnh, thp nht, cao nht hay mt phng trnh bt k theo yu cu.
Vic ng dng PAC trong qun l vn hnh m hnh th nghim mang c nhng li ch: Kim sot c cht ch qu trnh th nghim. m bo cc iu kin mi trng th nghim lun n nh, to nn chnh xc cao hn. Thu thp d liu t ng, nn c th gia tng c tn sut ly mu cao hn v v tr ly mu chnh xc hn lm cho kt qu th nghim c tin cy cao hn. Cc s liu c lu tr t ng v c x l t ng theo cc phng trnh nh trc nn gim thiu c nhiu thiu st. D liu vn hnh, thng s iu kin vn hnh v kt qu x l s liu u c hin th trc quan trn mn hnh m phng tc thi, iu ny h tr rt t cho nh nghin cu c nhng quyt nh chnh xc v nhanh chng trong qu trnh th nghim. Vic ly mu, cp nht v tng hp s liu t ng lm gim thi gian v cng sc ca ngi nghin cu rt nhiu, ty theo mc trang b cc cm bin v thit b phn tch online, khi lng cng vic ca nh nghin cu v thi gian thc hin c th gim n 90% Khi kt ni d liu t xa, nh nghin cu c th iu khin v nhn kt qu nghin cu t bn ngoi phng th nghim mt cch nhanh chng v chnh xc thng qua ng internet mt cch d dng.
KT LUN
PAC l cng ngh iu khin tin tin kt gia tnh linh ng ca PLC, kh nng x l mnh m ca my tnh (PC) v chun kt ni mi (Internet lan) to ra mt nn tng mnh hn v linh ng hn rt nhiu so vi cc th h trc , vic vn dng nhng kh nng vt tri ca PAC trong khoa hc k thut v k thut mi trng ni ring s mang li li ch rt ln. Vnxanh l mt trong nhng n v tin phong ng dng PAC iu khin h thng x l nc thi thnh cng. V trin khai nghin cu cc cc ng dng khc ca PAC, cc nghin cu thc hin bao gm ng dng cho h thng quan trc t ng, xy dng m hnh ha v theo di vn hnh m hnh th nghim. Vi cng ngh tin tin v tnh kh dng cao, kh nng ng dng ca PAC trong lnh vc mi trng cn ang rt rng m v y tim nng, khai thc ht tnh nng v p dng trong li4ng vc mi trng ni ring s mang c nhiu thnh qu v mt khoa hc k thut cng nh li ch kinh t.
A DNG SINH HC V PHT TRIN BN VNG TI VN QUC GIA CN O

Nguyn Trng Giang Ban Qun l Vn Quc Gia Cn o Email : giang@condaopark.com.vn Abstract Con Dao is listed as a highest priority conservation area in Viet Nams Biodiversity Action Plan and the National GEF Strategy. The World Banks 1995 publication on Global Representative system of Marine Protected Areas (Vol. III), also lists Con Dao as an area of highest priority for biodiversity conservation. There are three main marine ecosystems here as (1) Mangrove forest ecosystem; (2) Sea grass ecosystem with 570 ha in waters, 11 species of sea grass and they are important feeding habitats of Dugong dugon; and (3) Coral reef ecosystem with area some 1,000 ha and 342 species. Total of marine creatures were recorded near 1,500 species. Con Dao is also Vietnams most important sea turtle nesting ground, and the area is well known for dugong and other rare species. The terrestrial are island - tropical forestry ecosystems with more 1,077 species of high level flora. 80% of terrestrial of the island group is primary forest. Main solutions, which were based on lessons learned from working, for biodiversity use and sustainable development including as (1) Strengthened participatory biodiversity conservation management and their potential; (2) Enhancement of scientific research; (3) to use appropriate biodiversity resources and share benefit fairly; and (4) Community engagement in conservation, developing planning and sustainable resources use. Trn tri t, cc qun x sinh vt tri qua hng triu nm pht trin ang b e da bi cc hot ng sng ca con ngi, nhiu loi ang b suy gim mt cch nhanh chng, thm ch mt s loi ang ngng ca ca tuyt chng m nguyn nhn ch yu l do s sn bt qu mc, do sinh cnh b ph hy v do s tn cng d di ca cc loi nhp c cng nh cc k th cnh tranh khc. Cc chu trnh ha hc v thy vn t nhin ang b ph v do vic ph rng v mi nm hng t tn t b mt b bo mn v cun tri theo cc dng nc xung cc ao h v i dng. a dng di truyn ang b suy gim, thm ch ngay c cc loi c coi l phong ph v qun th.
__________________________________________________________________________________________ a dng sinh hc v Pht trin bn vng ti Vn Quc gia Cn o 42 Nguyn Trng Giang BQL VQG Cn o
Hnh tinh ca chng ta c din tch 510 triu Km2, trong i dng chim din tch b mt tri t, trn 90% sinh khi chnh trn hnh tinh cha trong i dng, cung cp cho con ngi 85 90 triu tn hi sn/nm. Rng c ph 1/3 din tch t trn hnh tinh chng ta v gi vai tr chnh cho s sng, l ngi nh i vi hu ht s a dng sinh hc (DSH) ca th gii, cung cp cho con ngi nhiu sn phm quan trng. Ngoi ti nguyn sinh vt sng, chng cn mang li cho con ngi nhiu li ch khc nh khong sn, iu ho kh hu, cung cp oxy cho sinh quyn, iu tit qu trnh chuyn ho carbon. Tuy nhin, s nhn thc v hiu bit v ti nguyn sinh vt sng i vi tng cng ng dn c l rt khc nhau trong mi quc gia trn th gii. Phn ln cc quc gia km pht trin, ni chung, l cha bit s dng ngun ti nguyn mt cch hp l. Sao cho chng c th ti to theo s sp xp ban u ca t nhin, tc l lm th no va p ng nhu cu cn thit ca con ngi nhng khng lm chng xu i. Nhm phc v cuc sng hin ti v gi gn chng cho th h mai sau. Cn o l mt huyn hi o vi 16 hn o ln nh, din tch khong 76km2. V vy, c th ni ton b phn t lin trn cc o u thuc vng b, bi v mi hot ng y u nh hng trc tip n ngun ti nguyn v DSH bin; hn th na, vi din tch khng ln nn ngun ti nguyn sinh vt rng y v cng quan trng, c th ni l sng cn vi ngi dn trn o trong vic iu ha kh hu, iu tit ngun nc ngt v chng xi mn. C th ni bo tn DSH ti VQGC chnh l bo tn ngun ng lc pht trin Cn o trong tng lai. 1. TNG QUAN V A DNG SINH HC TI CN O 1.1.1 a dng sinh vt bin
Vng bin Cn o c tn trong danh sch "cc vng c u tin bo v cao nht" ca ngn hng ton cu v h thng cc khu vc u tin bo v bin ca th gii. Cn o c 3 h sinh thi bin chnh nh: H sinh thi rng ngp mn: phn b quanh hn B, ty hn By Cnh, bc v nam hn Cn Sn, vi din tch khong 18 ha, 23 loi thc vt. H sinh thi cc thm c bin: c din tch khong 570 ha mt y, l sinh cnh ch yu ca Dugong, mt trong cc qun th th bin n thc vt c kch thc c th ln nht nht hnh tinh
c mt ti Vit Nam v ang c nguy c b tuyt chng (s c th c tnh Cn o < 12), vi s loi c bin l 11 loi. H sinh thi cc rn san h: vi mt s rn cn mang tnh nguyn thu cao bc nht ca Vit Nam, san h phn b tri rng t vng triu n su 30 mt nc, din tch c tnh khong 1.000 ha mt y. Tng s loi san h n nay ghi nhn v phn loi c l 342 loi (trong c 323 loi san h cng), vi mt s loi pht hin mi cho khoa hc. Cc rn san h cn l ni c sc sn xut sinh hc cao nht ca cc h sinh thi trong i dng. Tng s loi sinh vt bin n nay ghi nhn c gn 1.500 loi, Cn o l ng trng khai thc hi sn ln ca Vit Nam. c bit, y cn c qun th Dugong nh nu trn chng phn b trn cc thm c bin nh vnh Cn Sn v khu vc Bn m, thng xut hin vo thng 9 n thng 4 nm sau. Qun th ra bin vi s lng ra m ln 14 bi l 350 ra m v sn xut gn 60.000 ra con/nm, y l qun th ra bin ln nht Vit Nam. Hng nm, t thng 12 n thng 2 nm sau l ma c thu v quanh Cn o sinh sn. Vng bin Cn o c s a dng v sinh hc bin bc nht Vit Nam m kh c ni no so snh c nh s phn b cc h sinh thi, s a dng v s loi sinh vt, s giu c v mt c th tng loi v cc loi sinh vt qu him c mt Vit Nam v khu vc. Ti nguyn sinh vt rng - Rng Cn o c xp l h sinh thi rng nhit i hi o. Vi 2 kiu rng chnh: (1) kiu rng thng xanh ma m nhit i; (2) kiu rng kn na rng l. - Tng s loi thc vt bc cao l 1.077 loi. Trong : cy g 420 loi, cy bi 273 loi, dy leo 137 loi, cy c 137 loi, khuyt thc vt 53 loi v thc vt ph sinh 20 loi. Cn o c s loi thc vt phn ph rng khp 3 min ca lnh th. Nhiu loi thc vt c pht hin u tin Cn o. - Thm thc vt rng Cn o Rng Cn o l rng nguyn sinh chim trn 80% tng din tch, c tn che t 0,7-0,8.
Rng th sinh tp trung mt s khu vc bao quanh vng th trn Cn o. Trc y, cc khu ny b khai thc chn phc v nhu cu xy dng ca nhn dn trn o. tn che hin nay ca cc lm phn ny l 0,5-0,6. ng vt rng, bc u ghi nhn c 156 loi ng vt c xng sng, bao gm: th c 29 loi, chim c 85 loi, b st c 34 loi, lng th c 8 loi. Ngoi ra, y cn c 77 loi ng thc vt (47 loi sinh vt bin v 30 loi sinh vt rng) c tn trong sch Vit Nam v c u tin bo v trn ton lnh th. C trn 100 loi thc vt c kh nng lm thuc tr bnh cho con ngi. 2. DIN BIN A DNG SINH HC TRONG VNG BIN Vn Quc gia Cn o (VQGC) c chnh Th tng Chnh ph ph duyt vo ngy 31 thng 3 nm 1993 (vi tin thn l Rng cm Cn o, thnh lp vo nm 1984). Trong thi gian qua din bin DSH lun c s bin i ln quan n cc s c t t nhin. Mc d vy, nhng s a dng v sinh hc y lun c cc nh khoa hc nh gi cao v s phc hi vn khng ngng xy ra. - S tc ng ca Cn bo Linda vo ngy 2 thng 11 nm 1997, tc ng n 1/3 din tch ca rng v hng ngn ha din tch bin b nh hng, mt s rn san h sng c ph bng o sau bo. - Hin tng san h b ty trng do nhit nc bin tng ln t ngt t hin tng Elnino vo thng 8 9 nm 1998 v xy ra vo nhng ngy cui thng 5 nm 2010. - Hin tng nc bin b gim mn v trong vo gia thng 10 nm 2005. l 3 s c mi trng t t nhin, lm s DSH bin Cn o b suy gim nghim trng v ngn chn tin t phc hi ca nhiu h sinh thi bin (mc nh hng t s c du trn vo thng 3 nm 2007 cha c nh gi). Vi s p v khai thc thy sn dn n nhiu ngun li b suy gim (m cha c s liu thng k y ). - Mt s ngun li ven b b suy gim nh: c V nng; cc loi trai tai tng (c ); tm hm; cc loi c m v mt s loi c khc sng trong rn
- Cn o cn l ni sinh sn v m nui u trng ca c thu loi c c gi tr kinh t cao nhng cha c bo v ng mc. - Mt s ng dn a phng v v ng dn ngoi Cn o vn cn khai thc hi sn bng cht c nh cyanua; ph rn san h khai thc c tai tng. 3. CC GII PHP S DNG V PHT TRIN BN VNG A DNG SINH HC TI VN QUC GIA CN O Cn o t c mc tiu pht trin thnh mt trung tm du lch cao cp nht thit phi duy tr c tnh DSH rng v bin nhm pht huy c chc nng bo v mi trng v cung cp cc dch v (bao gm mi trng khng kh, cnh quan t nhin, bi bin ct trng, nc bin trong xanh, duy tr ngun nc ngt ); duy tr v phc hi cc ngun ti nguyn sinh vt vn tng phong ph v di do Cn o v hin c. Liu Cn o c tr thnh mt trung tm du lch ngh dng cao cp vi ngun ti nguyn sinh vt ngho nn, mi trng sng b suy gim? chc chn iu s khng bao gi xy ra vi Cn o. Nu chng ta c mt chin lc pht trin kinh t gn vi vic s dng ti nguyn bin v ven bin mt cch khn ngoan, bit tn trng s DSH, ly i nhng g m khng lm tn hi n n (bi v ti nguyn DSH, ti nguyn sinh vt l ti nguyn c kh nng ti to). c c mt chin lc pht trin kinh t theo hng bn vng chng ta cn c s tham gia ca cc nh kinh t gii, s t vn ca cc nh khoa hc, s tham gia ca cc nh bo tn v nht l kin ca cng ng a phng (cc bn c lin qua) trong vic hoch nh chin lc. Thng thng vo giai on u ca s pht trin kinh t thng c mt vi mu thun gia pht trin kinh t v bo tn DSH, nhng mu thun ny l mu thun trong mt th thng nht. Khi kinh t pht trin s cung cp ngun lc bo tn DSH c tt hn v cng chnh s DSH cng s l c s tip tc pht trin kinh t lu di. Nu s pht trin kinh t lm cho s DSH suy gim th s pht trin kinh t s khng bn vng v ci gi phi tr cho s suy gim l ln hn rt nhiu nhng g thu c. Cc gii php chnh s dng v pht trin bn vng DSH c rt ra t thc tin gm: (1). Tng cng qun l bo tn DSH v tim nng ca chng.
(2). y mnh cng tc nghin cu khoa hc nhm a ra: - Cch thc s dng ti nguyn mt cch khn ngoan, ph hp vi mc tiu ca cng ng v s dng bn vng ti nguyn c kh nng ti to ny. - Gii php bo v ti nguyn hiu qu. - Phng php phc hi ti nguyn trc cc tc ng bt li ca t nhin v con ngi. (3). S dng ti nguyn hp l v chia s ngun li mt cch cng bng. (4). c bit l s tham gia trc tip ca cng ng trong vic qun l bo v v xy dng k hoch pht trin, s dng ngun ti nguyn bn vng. a. Tng cng qun l bo tn DSH v tim nng ca chng Vic tng cng cng tc qun l bo tn DSH v tim nng DSH c thc hin thng qua cc hot ng chnh nh: - Xy dng k hoch qun l VQGC v cc quy nh: k hoch qun l Vn quc gia v cc quy nh km c xy dng, ph duyt v p dng. nh gi v xc nh li phn vng chc nng cho 14.000 ha. Quy ch qun l v bo v cho tng phn vng c son tho v a vo s dng; - Xc lp, xy dng ranh gii Vn v phn vng s dng hp l DSH: ranh gii khu bo tn c xc nh, nh du bng cc ct mc trn cn; cc phao bo hiu ranh gii v phao neo tu thuyn kin c di nc v c tt c cc bn lin quan chp nhn; - Xy dng v thc hin chng trnh tun tra kim sot: chng trnh thc thi bo tn DSH bin v ven bin cho ton b Vn quc gia c thit k v thc hin. 100% h gia nh k kt tham gia bo v ti nguyn thin nhin trn cn v 50 h ng dn k kt quy c bo tn bin (quy c ny do chnh cng ng a hng tho lun v xy dng nn). - Chng trnh nng cao nhn thc, gio dc v tuyn truyn: xy dng v thc hin chin lc truyn thng v chng trnh gio dc mi trng v bo tn DSH dnh cho du khch ti vn quc gia; Thnh lp v trang cp trang thit b c bn cho trung tm gio dc du khch/thng tin du lch; Tin hnh cc hot ng v pht hnh cc ti liu gio dc nhn thc mi trng cho cng chng cng cc hot ng, h tr cc tin ch cng cng; o to v nng cao nhn thc v gio dc mi trng cho cn b;
- Tng cng qun l v iu hnh VQGC: phn cng cn b khim nhim cc v tr qun l iu hnh cc d n ln ti Vn Quc gia; T chc tham quan hc tp ti cc khu bo tn bin, cc trung tm bo tn ng vt hoang d, trng i hc khu vc Chu hc tp kinh nghim qun l v pht trin cc khu bo tn bin. - Tng cng nng lc qun l mi trng c s: nh gi tc ng tim n v mt mi trng dng phng php nh gi mi trng chin lc ca cc quy hoch pht trin tng th a phng v Quy hoch pht trin du lch Cn o; Nghin cu thc a v iu tra s liu hin trng nn/ban u v xc nh tc ng mi trng; Son tho K hoch phn vng chc nng chi tit; Son tho k hoch qun l mi trng tng th v chi tit cho a phng; Thc hin o to v khi nim Qun l tng hp vng b - ICZM (Integrated Coastal Zone Management) v cc o to c bn khc cho cc cn b lin quan; Mt s vn mi trng ngn hn c gim thng qua tuyn truyn v mt s hot ng th nghim; - Ch ng trong vic xy dng k hoch o to, bi dng xy dng i ng cn b c chuyn mn cao v theo ng chuyn mn. - Tranh th cc d n trong v ngoi nc nng cao nng lc nhn lc v vt lc. - Thc thi lut thy sn: nh gi cc tc ng ca nh bt thu sn gn v xa b, cc m hnh khai thc hu dit v bt hp php. nh gi cc m hnh khai thc thu gn b tt, lm c s cho vic m rng kin thc/ hiu bit v nh c xa b, vn cng ng, vn mi trng v x hi; Tng cng nng lc cho i Bo v Ngun li Thu sn Cn o; H tr cho cc hot ng phi kt hp gia i Bo v Ngun li Thu sn, Vn quc gia, v C quan qun l cng Bn m; Xy dng v thc hin m hnh ci cch khai thc thu sn (phn vng, cng ch v quy nh mi). Ci thin qun l ti nguyn bin ven b. b. y mnh cng tc nghin cu khoa hc - u tin nghin cu mt s loi ng thc vt qu him, nguy cp nh: ra bin, b bin (Dugong dugon), mt s loi chim di c, rng ngp mn, cy lt hoa, mt s loi cy rng dc liu - Nghin cu thc nghim nh trng phc hi san h (20ha), phc hi rng (trn 1.000ha), trng rng sinh thi (20ha)
- Gim st DSH bin v ven bin: iu kin DSH v vic s dng DSH VQGC c theo di c hiu qu. - c kt kinh nghim v bin son ti liu nh Cm nang qun l bo tn bin, cm nang gim st DSH bin, cc ti liu v tuyn truyn gio dc c. S dng ti nguyn hp l v chia s cng bng Thng qua vic pht trin Du lch Bn vng ti qun o Cn o h tr bo tn DSH - Chin lc du lch bn vng ti Cn o: nh gi cc phng n chin lc pht trin du lch v phn tch nng lc hp th mi trng ca du lch Cn o; Nng cao nhn thc v cc c hi du lch bn vng v ngha tc ng; Xy dng nh hng Chin lc Du lch Bn vng cho Cn o v mt Quy hoch Tng th Du lch Sinh Thi cho VQGC, m bo c s tham gia rng ri; Xy dng v thc hin k hoch chi tit thc hin nh hng Chin lc Du lch Bn vng; - Hng dn pht trin du lch ti Cn o: son tho cc quy nh v pht trin du lch bn vng Cn o (bao gm du lch sinh thi v lch s, vn ho), s dng phng php c s tham gia rng ri; - Xy dng chin lc du lch sinh thi ti Cn o d. S tham gia trc tip ca cng ng trong vic qun l bo v v xy dng k hoch pht trin, s dng ngun ti nguyn bn vng - Cng ng tham gia bo tn + Nng cao nhn thc ca cng ng v vic qun l v s dng bn vng ti nguyn DSH. thnh lp t qun chng bo v rng, t qun chng bo v bin, `100% cng ng tham gia k cam kt tham gia bo v ti nguyn rng v hn 50 h ng dn tham gia k kt quy c bo tn DSH bin. + Xy dng Quy c bo tn ti nguyn bin ti VQGC + S tham gia ca cng ng trong vic lp quy hoch KBTB v qun l ngun li thy sn
Hnh 1: bn quy hoch phn vng bo tn bin Vn Quc gia Cn o c s tham gia ca cng ng + Pht trin cc c hi to thu nhp thay th b li cho vic b hn ch khai thc ti nguyn (m hnh trng rong sn, Dch v vn chuyn khch di lch cho du lch bin, chuyn i tu khai thc hi sn ven b thnh tu vn chuyn khch du lch, tham gia trng phc hi san h, nui ong ni a ly mt) Phn vng v k hoch qun l iu hnh c d tham gia ca cng ng
+ Phn vng khu bo tn bin: K hoch phn vng bin VQGC p dng nhng nhm loi tiu chun (nh cc tiu chun quc gia v cc tiu ch chung v tnh tiu biu, kh nng chng phc hi v s dng bn vng) vch ra vic phn vng chc nng khu bo tn bin, nhm gim thiu cc mi e da i vi DSH bin v m bo qun l c hiu qu khu bo tn bin. Cng tc phn vng khu bo tn bin to c s cho cc chin lc bo v DSH, bo tn hoc tng cng cc ngun li hi sn, pht trin du lch bn vng v ch o y cc vai tr chc nng v cc quy nh lin quan n cc phn vng ca khu bo tn bin
+ K hoch qun l iu hnh: k hoch ny c xy dng trn c s cc tham vn t cc nh khoa hc, cc nh hoch nh chnh sch vi s tho lun v ng thun ca hu ht cng ng a phng - Thnh lp qu pht trin v bo tn ti nguyn thin nhin VQGC vo u nm 2010, k c cc quy nh v vic qun l qu; s dng qu ; xy dng c cu thu ph ph hp cho cc i tng s dng v mc ch s dng l h tr khng hon li cho cc d n bo tn DSH trong VQGC v cho vay vn i vi cc n kh thi, gim p lc trong vic s dng ti nguyn DSH cho cng ng a phng; v phng php thng bo cho du khch v cc la chn khc nhau cho ng gp ca h. S tin ban u l 49.500 la m. 4. MT S D N BO TN THNH CNG CN O thc hin tt cc gii php s dng v pht trin bn vng DSH ti VQGC, ngoi cc ngun lc ca n v v a phng chng ti tranh th s hp tc vi cc n v, cc t chc trong nc nh cc vin, cc trung tm nghin cu khoa hc, cc trng i hc v cc t chc quc t, t chc phi chnh ph c mt ti Vit Nam hay cc trng i hc nc ngoi nhm tng cng ngun lc (nhn lc, vt lc v o to nhn lc) cho vic pht trin bn vng DSH, thng qua cc d n bo tn thc hin thnh cng ti Cn o gm: (1) D n bo tn ra bin Cn o + Mc tiu: Gim thiu cc bt li t t nhin v con ngi n qun th ra bin lm t ti Cn o; Nghin cu c tnh sinh hc ca chng; Nghin cu v thc hin cc m hnh bo tn ra bin Vit Nam; v tham gia vo mng li bo tn ra bin ASEAN. + n v hp tc v thc hin: DANIDA (thng qua WWF), WWF, IUCN v VQGC. + Thi gian thc hin: thc hin hng nm t 1994 2008. + Ngn sch: khong 10.000 la M/nm (2) D n tuyn truyn, nng cao thc cng ng trong vic s dng bn vng ti nguyn thin nhin v mi trng Cn o (3) D n DALINDA + Mc ch: kho st mc thit hi v ti nguyn sinh vt bin Cn o sau bo Linda; h tr VQGC trong vic qun l bo tn, phc hi ti nguyn bin .
+ n v hp tc v thc hin: i S Qun Hong Gia an Mch, WWF, Vin Hi Dng Hc Nha Trang, Trng i Hc Hng Kng v VQGC. + Thi gian thc hin: 1/1998 8/2000 + Ngn sch: > 113.000 la M. (4) D n trng rng sinh thi ti S Ry + Mc tiu: khi phc li ngun gene thc vt rng qu him b thit hi sau cn bo ng thi to ngun cy c qu cung cp thc n cho h ng vt hoang d.. + n v hp tc v thc hin: Du nht BP v VQGC. + Thi gian thc hin: 4/2002 4/2004. + Ngn sch: 42.000 la M (5) D n theo di ng di c ca ra bin Vit Nam + Mc tiu: theo di ng di c v vng tm thc n ca ra Xanh (Chelonia mydas) Cn o sau ma sinh sn. + n v hp tc v thc hin: (1) Chng trnh phi hp thc hin gia t chc Sng kin chu Thi Bnh Dng v VQGC; (2) WWF, VQGC, IUCN Vit Nam, B Thy sn v Qu Nghin cu bin Malaysia. + Thi gian thc hin: 2006 6/2008. + Ngn sch: c tnh khong > 32.000 la M. (6) D n bo tn v s dng bn vng DSH bin v ven bin ti Cn o + Mc tiu: tng cng nng lc a phng v cng tc bo tn DSH bin v ven bin, qua gp phn bo tn DSH bin v ven bin c tm quan trng ton cu. + n v hp tc v thc hin: DANIDA, GEF, UBND tnh B Ra Vng Tu, WWF, IUCN v VQGC. + Thi gian thc hin: 6/2006 6/2009. + Ngn sch: 1.823.300 la M
S thnh cng trong vic s dng v pht trin bn vng DSH ti VQGC l tp hp t s n lc ca n v, ca chnh quyn a phng, s tham gia ca cng ng v s hp tc trong bo tn, phc hi DSH t cc n v, cc t chc trong v ngoi nc. TI LIU THAM KHO 1. Andrew G. J., 2009. Bo co kt thc d n bo tn v s dng bn vng a dng sinh hc bin v ven bin Cn o (2006 2009) (ti liu cha c in n, ti phng Khoa hc, Vn quc gia Cn o). 2. Lng Vn Kng, 1997. Bo co iu tra tng hp sinh thi v ti nguyn sinh vt bin ti Vn quc gia Cn o (ti liu cha c in n, ti phng Khoa hc, Vn quc gia Cn o).
CHNG TRNH NNG CAO THC BO TN TI NGUYN THIN NHIN VN QUC GIA CN O
Hunh Vn Hng Ban Qun l Vn Quc gia Cn o
Cn o l huyn o thuc tnh B Ra-Vng Tu, nm v pha ng Nam ca Vit Nam, cch tnh B Ra - Vng Tu gn 200 km v cch ng bng sng Cu Long gn 100km v cch thnh ph H Ch Minh 230km. Cn o l mt khu vc c tim nng a dng sinh hc cao, cnh quan phong ph v mi trng trong lnh. Do v tr a l, iu kin thin nhin, mi trng Cn o c nhiu nt c th so vi cc khu vc khc. Cn o c hnh thnh t nhiu thnh phn cc h sinh thi khc nhau bao gm vng t cao rng ni, cc vng t thp vi cc h nc, m ly, ng bng v i dng bao bc xung quanh vi nhiu hn o ln nh, thm c bin, rng ngp mn, cc rn san h; tt c nhng thnh phn ny lin kt nhau, ph thuc ln nhau to ra cho Cn o mt din mo sinh thi, a dng sinh hc rt c o, him ni no c c nh Cn o. Xut pht t gi tr v vn ha, lch s cch mng v thin nhin, Cn o c nh nc sm quan tm thnh lp h thng qun l v bo tn cc gi tr ca qun o. Trn lnh vc thin nhin mi trng, nh nc thnh lp ti y mt khu bo tn thin nhin vo nm 1984 v sau nng cp thnh Vn Quc gia Cn o. I. Lch s hnh thnh v chc nng nhim v: Nm 1993, Th tng Chnh ph ban hnh Quyt nh s 135/TTg ngy 31/3/1993 thnh lp Vn Quc gia Cn o trn c s chuyn hng t khu Rng Cm Cn o c thnh lp vo ngy 01/3/1984 ti Quyt nh s 85/UBT ca Hi ng B trng (nay l Chnh Ph). Vi chc nng, nhim v nh sau: - Bo v, phc hi cc h sinh thi rng v bin; bo tn cc loi sinh vt rng v bin c hu, qu him v c gi tr. - Bo tn cc cnh quan t nhin ca rng v bin, gp phn tn to qun th di tch lch s v vn ha ca huyn Cn o. - Thc hin cc nhim v nghin cu khoa hc, tuyn truyn, gio dc cng ng v tham quan du lch. Nm 2009, theo Quyt nh 120/Q-TTg ngy 21.01.2009 ca Th tng Chnh ph v vic ph duyt D n Quy hoch tng th u t pht trin Vn Quc gia Cn o giai on n nm 2020. Tng din tch ca Vn Quc gia Cn o l 19.990,7 hecta (gm 14 hn o ln nh). Trong : Din tch hp phn rng l 5.990,7 ha chia thnh 3 phn khu:
__________________________________________________________________________________________ Chng trnh nng cao thc bo tn ti nguyn thin nhin Vn Quc gia Cn o 54 Hunh Vn Hng BQL VQG Cn o
Phn khu bo v nghim ngt: 4.215,6 ha Phn khu phc hi sinh thi: 1.755,1 ha Phn khu hnh chnh dch v: 20 ha Phn khu bo v nghim ngt: 1.735,1 ha Phn khu phc hi sinh thi: 2.740,2 ha Phn khu pht trin: 9.524,7 ha
Din tch hp phn bin l 14.000 ha c chia thnh 3 phn khu:
Ngoi ra, Vn Quc gia Cn o cn qun l vng m bin: 20.500 ha Theo Quyt nh 120/Q-TTg ngy 21.01.2010 ca Th tng Chnh ph th mc tiu v nhim v c th Ban qun l (BQL) Vn Quc gia Cn o nh sau: - Bo tn v phc hi cc h sinh thi rng, h sinh thi bin, s a dng sinh hc v cc loi ng vt, thc vt bn a, qu him, cc sinh cnh t nhin c o ca Cn o Vn Quc gia Cn o tr thnh mt trung tm bo tn a dng sinh hc c tm quan trng ca quc gia v quc t. - Bo v nguyn vn v pht trin din tch rng gia tng che ph rng u ngun cc khe, sui, bo v t, gp phn duy tr s sng trn o. Cung cp ngun nc ngt cho nhu cu tiu dng sinh hot v pht trin kinh t trn o v trn bin. ng thi, bo v rng nhm gp phn cng c quc phng v an ninh vng hi o tin tiu pha ng Nam T quc. - S dng hp l ti nguyn a dng sinh hc v cc dch v mi trng rng pht trin du lch sinh thi, gp phn xy dng Cn o tr thnh mt trung tm du lch dch v cht lng cao, c tm c khu vc v quc t v to c s cho s pht trin bn vng v kinh t v x hi ca huyn Cn o. II. Tim nng a dng cc h sinh thi bin Cn o Vng bin Cn o mang tnh cht ca h sinh thi bin nhit i i din cho vng bin ng Nam nc ta, th hin v tr, a l, s nng m quanh nm v s phn b a dng ca cc thnh phn ng, thc vt bin nhit i. Nm trn vng giao lu ca hai lung hi lu m t pha nam ln, lnh t pha bc xung cho nn vng bin Cn o c s a dng v thnh phn cc h sinh thi v phong ph v thnh phn, s lng, tr lng ti nguyn sinh vt bin. c bit, cc h sinh thi t nhin, a dng sinh hc bin ti Cn o do c quan tm qun l bo tn rt sm nn tng i cn nguyn vn c ngha quan trng cho khoa hc, bo tn v pht trin kinh t x hi. Cn o l khu vc c s phong ph, a dng cc h sinh thi t nhin, c bn in hnh l cc h sinh thi t nhin sau:
H sinh thi rng nhit i hi o H sinh thi rng ngp mn H sinh thi c bin H sinh thi san h
Vi tim nng a dng sinh hc phong ph, c nhiu loi ng thc vt, c hu qu him, c nhiu h sinh thi rng v sinh thi bin. V vy, cng tc nng cao thc bo tn ti nguyn, thin nhin v mi trng Cn o l ht sc quan trng cn c thc hin thng xuyn, lin tc h tr cho cng tc bo tn v pht trin bn vng cho Cn o. III. Vai tr ca cng ng i vi bo tn thin nhin Cn o Trong thi gian gn y vai tr v tm quan trng ca gio dc mi trng v vai tr ca gio dc mi trng trong cng tc bo tn ti nguyn thin nhin v pht trin bn vng c nhiu khu bo tn thin, vn quc gia t chc thc hin. Gio dc mi trng c xem l mt trong nhng cch tt nht, chi phi hnh vi ca con ngi i vi mi trng v qua , gio dc ng gp ln cho cng tc qun l ti nguyn thin v pht trin bn vng. Gio dc mi trng cung cp cho cng ng nhng kin thc, s hiu bit c bn v mi trng v mi quan h ph thuc ln nhau gia con ngi v mi trng. Khuyn khch cng ng tn trng v quan tm n tm quan trng ca mi trng, tham gia tch cc vo ci thin v bo v mi trng. Ngoi ra, gio dc mi trng cn gip cho cng ng c hi tham gia gii quyt cc vn v mi trng c lin quan n cng ng. Cn o c khong gn 7.000 dn. Khng k n lc lng v trang th nhm dn s ln nht Cn o l cn b cng chc, vin chc; nhm ln th hai l hc sinh khong 1500 v nhm cn li l dn. Mt nhm khc rt quan trng v thng xuyn ln o trnh gi bo, trao i hu cn, thc phm, l ng dn vng lai trn bin. Vn Quc gia Cn o qun l din tch kh ln, chin hn 80% ton o. Dn c sng tp trung ti o ln Cn Sn, cuc sng ph thuc nhiu vo ti nguyn thin rng v bin Cn o. Chnh v vy, cng ng a phng ng vai tr quan trng trong cng tc bo tn ti nguyn, thin nhin ti Cn o. Trong thi gian qua, BQL Vn Quc gia Cn o thng xuyn t chc tuyn truyn nng cao nng cao nhn thc bo v mi trng v phi hp vi cc t chc trong v ngoi nc m nhiu t tp hun, hi tho, hi ngh truyn thng v mi trng cho cc c quan n v v cng ng dn c trn a bn huyn. Cc nhm i tng thng xuyn c tuyn truyn nng cao nhn thc bo v mi trng: Hc sinh trong cc trng hc; Ng dn trn bin (ng dn a a phng v ng dn cc tnh); Khch du lch;
Cng ng a phng v lc lng v trang.
Mi nhm i tng u c chng trnh v phng php tuyn truyn nng cao nhn thc bo v mi trng khc nhau. 1. Chng trnh gio dc mi trng cho hc sinh trong trng hc Chng trnh ny c thc hin ti Trng tiu hc Cao Vn Ngc v trng PTCS v PTTH V Th Su huyn Cn o. Hng nm, Vn thnh lp cc cu lc b bo tn trong trng hc v thu ht ng o hc sinh tham gia. y l chng trnh ngoi kha, c thc hin sau gi hc chnh ca em trng. Mi tun cc cu lc b ny sinh hot mt ln, mi bui sinh hot tp trung vo mt ch nh cc loi c nguy c tuyt chng, mi trng sng ca cc loi ng vt hoang d, mng li s sng, chui thc nLng ghp vo ch chnh l cc hot ng khc nh tho lun, v tranh, k chuyn, chi cc tr chi c lin quan n mi trng nhm b sung cho ni dung tuyn truyn cho cc em hc sinh. Ngoi ra, nh k hng dn cc em tham gia cc hot ng d ngoi trong vn quc gia, qua gip cc em nng cao thc bo v mi trng. V chng trnh h: Ngoi chng trnh chnh trng hc vo dp h Vn t chc cho cc em hc sinh khi lp 6, 7 v 8 tham quan kt hp tm hiu ti nguyn mi trng ti cc o. y l chng trnh d ngoi gip cho hc sinh va hc va tm hiu i sng ca cc loi ng vt hoang d nh ra bin, Dugong, tm hiu rng ngp mn, cc loi sinh vt bin khc v tham gia cc tr chi lin quan n mi trng, thu gom rc trn cc bi bin. Thng qua cc chng trnh gio dc mi trng ny nhm gip cho cc em hc sinh lun t ho v vng t ca mnh v c nhng vic lm thit thc vi mi trng v cc chia s nhng kin thc hc c vi ngi thn v bn b xung quanh. 2. Chng trnh gio dc mi trng cho ng dn Cng ng ng dn a phng c khong gn 90 h, ch yu l thuyn nh nh bt ven b. Hnh thc nh bt ch yu l li ging, cu v ln c s dng thuc gy m xianua nh bt hi sn lm nh hng n mi trng sinh thi bin. Do lm tt cng tc tuyn truyn nn tnh trng khai thc hy dit gim. Nhiu h ng dn thc c tm quan trng ca bin v c mt s h ang chuyn dn sang vn chuyn khch du lch sinh thi bin, bi li ngm san h. Hng nm, n ma gi bo, bin ng mnh, c rt ng ghe tu nh ca ng dn cc tnh t Min trung n C Mau vo neo u v np gi trong cc phn vng bin ca Vn Quc gia Cn o. nng cao nhn bo v ti nguyn bin cho ng dn, Vn tin hnh chng trnh nng cao nhn thc bo tn ti nguyn bin cho ng dn bng thuyn lu ng trn bin. Hnh thc tuyn truyn trc quan sinh ng nh s dng my chiu projector, chiu phim, pht t ri phn vng bin v t ri nhn dng cc loi ng vt bin qu him cho ng dn. thc hin tt chng trnh ny Vn phi hp cht ch vi cc n v hu quan nh b i bin phng, i bo v ngun li thy sn h tr thc hin. Mi tu ng dn sau khi tham gia u
ghi nhn li s hiu ghe, s ng dn phc v cho cng tc tun tra kim sot ca lc lng kim lm. 3. Chng trnh gio dc mi trng i vi khch du lch Nm 2001, BQL Vn Quc gia Cn o thnh lp Phng du lch sinh thi v Gio dc mi trng. Vi chc nng t chc cc loi hnh du lch sinh thi v thc hin cng tc tuyn truyn gio dc, nng cao thc bo v mi trng. Cc cn b Vn c o to cc k nng, phng php din gii mi trng tuyn truyn, gii thiu nhm nng cao thc bo tn ti nguyn thin i vi khch du lch n tham quan du lch sinh thi ti Vn Quc gia Cn o. Xy dng h thng cc bng din gii thin nhin, cc bng t hng dn trn cc tuyn, im du lch sinh thi cung cp thng tin cho khch du lch. 4. Chng trnh gio dc mi trng cho cng ng dn c v lc lng v trang Huyn Cn o khng c n v hnh chnh cp x, phng, th trn, ch c 9 khu dn c vi khong 1500 h gia nh. Chng trnh ny tp trung ch yu cho cng ng a phng 9 khu dn c v lc lng v trang trn o. nh k, nhm cn b gio dc mi trng phi hp vi Ban iu hnh cc khu dn c v ban ch huy cc lc lng v trang tuyn truyn nng cao nhn thc bo v ti nguyn, a dng sinh hc Cn o cho cng ng a phng. Ni dung cc bui tuyn truyn l trin khai cc vn bn php quy ca Nh nc lin quan n mi trng, gii thiu tm quan trng ca h sinh thi v cc mi e da i vi ti nguyn rng v bin Cn o. Kt qu t c Ti nguyn thin nhin v mi trng Cn o c qun l v bo tn tng i nguyn vn chnh l nh lm tt cng tc truyn thng v gio dc mi trng. Cng ng a phng ng gp quan trng trong cng tc bo tn ti nguyn rng v bin Cn o. Thng qua cc chng trnh nng cao thc bo v ti nguyn v mi trng v cc gi tr mi trng i vi cuc sng ca con ngi. Cng ng a phng c trch nhim n mi trng v khai thc hp l ngun ti nguyn thin nhin. thc hin tt cng tc truyn thng v gio dc mi trng Cn o, Vn kt hp cht ch vi cc n v hu quan trin khai thc hin. i vi ng dn kt hp vi n Bin phng v i Bo v ngun li thy sn, i vi lc lng v trang kt hp BCH qun s huyn v i vi hc sinh th kt hp vi Ban gim hiu cc nh trng.
SINH VIN V NHN THC V VIC X RC NG NI QUY NH

L Quc Tun, nhm SV Lp Qun l Mi trng Khoa Mi trng v Ti Nguyn, Trng i hc Nng Lm Tp. HCM Email: quoctuan@hcmuaf.edu.vn ABSTRACT Gio dc i hc c tm quan trng trong Cng nghip ha, Hin i ha t nc. Trong gio dc i hc, sinh vin c o to y v kin thc ha nhp trong mt x hi hin i. Vic trang b kin thc cho sinh vin r rng l iu cn thit v chng ta v ang i ng hng. Tuy nhin, bn cnh nhng kin thc m sinh vin c c, chng ta cn phi dy cho sinh vin cch ng x vi cng ng v vi mi trng m h ang sng, hc tp v lm vic sau ny. Mt trong nhng vic lm rt nh chnh l thc x rc ng ni quy nh ca sinh vin. Hin nay, khi bc chn vo cc trng i hc, chng ta, hoc khch nc ngoi khng khi ngc nhin v tnh trnh x rc ba bi i ca sinh vin. Con ng, cng vin, ging ng tt c u c rc mc d cc trng trang b gi (b, thng) rc ti nhng v tr ni trn. Vn y l g? Chnh l thc v cch ng x ca sinh vin vi cng ng, vi mi trng xung quanh. Bi bo co cp n hin trng x rc khng ng ni quy nh ca sinh vin v xut bin php gio dc kp thi nhm nng cao thc bo v mi trng ca sinh vin trong hin ti v tng lai. Higher education plays an important role in national Industrialization and Modernization. In higher education, students have been fully educated for satisfying a modern society. Improvement of knowledge is clearly necessary and our target in this duty is correct. However, beside of knowledge that student accumulate, they have to be educated to have a good behavior for community and environment where they live, study and work for in future. One of the actions is an awareness of garbage dispose. At the presence, when entering to universities, we, or foreign visitors are so surprised to the way student depose garbage without target. Roads, parks, lecture rooms where have unattended objects although universities have equipped enough wastebaskets. What happen? It is students sense and attitude for community, for environment. This report mentions the concurrence of non-targeting garbage depose and suggests an educational solution with the aim of improving the students awareness at the presence and in the future. 1. T VN Vn gio dc thc bo v mi trng cho mi thnh phn trong x hi hin i l mt trong nhng u tin hng u i vi nc ta. Hin nay, rc thi ang l vn cp thit trn a bn Thnh Ph H Ch Minh do lng rc thi sinh hot ngy cng tng cao trong khi din tch t ang s dng cho vic x l rc thi ngy cng hn ch. c bit, mt trong nhng vn
__________________________________________________________________________________________ Sinh vin v nhn thc v vic x rc ng ni quy nh 59 L Quc Tun v nhm sinh vin Lp Qun l Mi trng i hc Nng Lm Tp. HCM
c quan tm hng u ca chnh quyn thnh ph l vic vt rc ba bi, khng phn loi ti ngun gy kh khn trong vic x l v nh hng n cnh quan th. Hin tng thi rc ra ng v nhng ni cng cng v ang l vn bc xc ca ton x hi. Quan nim gi sch nh v thi rc ra ng, ra ni cng cng gy nh hng nghim trng n mi trng Cc khu ging ng cc trng i hc, vi s lng ln sinh vin hc tp v sinh hot pht sinh ra mt lng rc thi ng k v gy nh hng trc tip n hc tp ca h. V vy, iu tra v thc thi rc ng quy nh ca sinh vin mt s trng i hc ca chng ti thc hin vi mc ch nh gi tnh hnh thi rc trong cc khu ging ng, k tc x v a ra nhn nh tng qut v vn ny. Qua , chng ta c mt cc nhn khch quan v vn mang tnh thc v trch nhim ca mi ngi dn, c bit l sinh vin trong cng ng. t xut mt s gii php mang tnh gio dc nhm gp phn nng cao nhn thc ca sinh vin trong vic bo v mi trng sng. Tuy nhin, do mt s hn ch v khch quan v ch quan, iu tra ca chng ti ch mi thc hin c trn 3 trng i hc trong a bn thnh ph H Ch Minh. Trong kt qu nghin cu cn i km theo nhng hnh nh minh chng chng ta thy c hin trng thi rc ca sinh vin v nhn thc ca sinh vin v vn ny. 2. VT LIU V PHNG PHP NGHIN CU 300 phiu iu tra c thc hin 3 trng i hc trong a bn TP. H Ch Minh Phng vn ti ch Ghi hnh v thc hin cc on phim ngn Tng hp s liu v nhn nh
3. KT QU NGHIN CU V THO LUN 3.1. Tnh hnh rc thi cc khu ging ng
Qua kt qu iu tra ban u chng ti c mt s nhn nh nh sau: Nhn chung quang cnh ca cc trng (trong i tng nghin cu) sch s, l ni thng xuyn qua li ca nhiu sinh vin, c nhiu nh mt ang t m quan st qua mi c ch ca sinh vin, nn mi ngi u c cm giac mnh ang b quan st v t c nhng biu hin mang tnh tiu cc.
Hnh nh v cc khu ging ng ca mt s trng i hc

Khi c hi v tnh hnh v sinh v thi rc ca trng th nhiu sinh vin hi lng v vn v sinh ca trng. l do c rt nhiu loi thng rc, c b tr u t ngoi cng v ti lp hc. Mi lp hc u c mt thng rc ring.
Mc d i lc n khng hp vi cnh quan ca mt trng i hc nhng l phng th tm thi nh l mt iu nh nhc nh sinh vin thi rc ng ni quy nh.
Hnh nh mt s thng (gi) thu gom rc trong trng i hc mt s trng i hc trong thnh ph, trc cng trng do nhiu ngi t tp bun bn nn rc thi pht sinh kh nhiu khng ngi dn dp to cnh nhch nht cho cng trng. Rc c vt ba bi do thng rc qu ti. Dn n thc sinh vin km, khng c ni b rc cc bn vt ngay vo bi cy, hc thng rc dn dn to thnh thi quen. iu ny cho thy mt hi chng m ng v ang tc ng n thc ca sinh vin trong vic thi rc ng ni quy nh. Nu trong mt mi trng c qun l cht ch, sch s, t rc th sinh vin s c thc tt hn trong vic thi rc ng ni quy nh. C th l s kim sot v tnh trong hot ng ca cng ng v cng c th l thc r rng ca sinh vin trong ng x vi nhng ngi xung quanh.
Tnh trng x rc khng ng quy nh vn din ra ngay bn ngoi hoc bn trong trng Khi c hi vic vt rc ca ngi xung quanh c nh hng n thccangixung thoi quen b rc ca bn hay khng quanhnhhngn th kt qu cho thy rng khng nh 4% C nh hng 19% hng lm, l thc mi c nhn. Mt s t cho rng c nh hng l v Khng nh do tm l m ng, ai cng x rc hng 77% nn x rc cng khng phi l xu. Phn ln sinh vin c thc tt nhng bn cnh vn c sinh vin thc cn rt km. nhng ni cc bn sinh vin tp trung nhiu (khu gh , khu t hc, cn tin) d thng rc c b tr y tuy nhin vn c hin tng b rc khng ng ni quy nh. Theo kt qu iu tra ban u ca chng ti v vic thi rc ng ni quy nh ca sinh vin, chng ti nhn thy ch c khong 35% sinh vin c thc thi rc ng ni quy nh, s cn li l thnh thong hoc khng bi mt s l do ch quan v khch quan khc nhau nh thng rc qu xa, thi quen x rc ba bi, hi chng m ng.
C bao gi bn b rc khng ng ni quy nh khng
Thng xuyn Thnhthong Himkhi Khngbaogi
12%
16%
33% 39%
Nhn chung, a s sinh vin nhn nh s lng thng rc p ng nhu cu ca cc bn, khong cch b tr hp l v yu t m quan ca thng rc cng nh hng n vic b rc ca cc bn. Mt s t sinh vin cn thch b rc vo thng c kiu dng p hn. c th l mt kin ch quan, nhng cng l mt iu chng ta cn xem xt. Tuy nhin, chng ta vn c th thy, trong mt s lp hc hoc khu ging ng, sinh vin vn c th thi rc bt c ni u m h mun v thi bt c vt g c th nh hp cm sau khi s dng, ko cao su sau khi n, chai nc sau khi ung ngay di bn hc hoc ngay
trong lp hc. Cng c th sinh vin em ra khi phng v vt vo mt ni no khi thy thun tin
Tnh trng thi rc trong lp hc hoc nhng v tr thun tin 3.2. Tnh trng thi rc k tc x
K tc x tht s l ni m sinh vin c nhu cu s dng v thi mt lng rc kh ln. Tuy nhin, mt s k tc x rc vn l s m nh ca sinh vin. y vic thi rc ch mang tnh t gic ca mi ngi v hu nh khng b kim sot bi mt i tng no. l l do ti sao mt s KTX tnh trng rc thi nhng ni ny hu nh vt ra khi tm kim sot ca sinh vin v Ban qun l KTX.
Rc khng c thu gom hoc qu ti ti k tc x Mt trong nhng nguyn nhn dn n tnh trng mt v sinh do rc thi gy ra nh trn l do h thng thu gom x l cha tt; mi ngy thu gom rc mt ln khng p cho nhu cu sinh vin. Lng sinh vin qu ng nn thng xuyn xy ra tnh trng thng rc b y lm ri rc ra ngoi. Vic b tr thng rc cha hp l v s lng cn qu t, mt s nh tm khng c thng rc dn n nhng trng hp rc c nht vo kt ca hoc b thng xung nn nh rt mt v sinh. Mt s k tc x khng cho nu n trong phng dn n sinh vin mua thc n nhanh ngoi nn lng rc pht sinh kh nhiu. C s vt cht cn qu km lm nh hng n thc ca sinh vin. Nh v sinh tp th c hin tng cha chung khng ai khc dn n tnh trng mt v sinh nghim trng.
Ngoi ra thc ca sinh vin vn l yu t quyt nh trong vic thi rc. Sinh vin thng c quan nim v s ng. Nu nhiu ngi cng lm th s hng ng, ngc li th khng. D thng rc c b tr rt gn nhng ni sinh vin thng t tp nh nhng khu sinh hot tp th, khu th thaonhng vn c hin trng vt rc ngay ti ch ngi. Bn cnh , vn c mt s t sinh vin thc rt tt nh b rc vo thng, nht rc 3.3. Bin php gio dc v tuyn truyn
Theo kho st th ci thin tnh hnh rc thi trng mt s trng i hc yu t quan trng nht l tuyn truyn, gio dc thc sinh vin v mi trng. T chc nhng cuc ni chuyn quy m nh to cho cc bn mt s gn gi, trao i thoi mi hn, t c bin php khc phc c th. Mn Khoa hc Mi trng phi lng ghp c vic gio dc v nng cao thc thi rc ng ni quy nh nhm bo v mi trng. Trong trng i hc th ging vin l yu t quan trng trong cng tc gio dc bo v mi trng ng thi l tm gng sinh vin noi theo. Tng cng v nng cp c s vt cht nh c nhng thng thu gom rc t nhng ni c nhiu sinh vin tp trung nh ging ng, nh n, k tc xng thi tng cng s ln thu gom rc v dn v sinh trong mt ngy. 4. KT LUN V KIN NGH Kt qu iu tra v kho st ban u cho thy tnh trng thi rc khng ng ni quy nh ca sinh vin vn ang din ra ph bin mt s trng i hc trn a bn thnh ph. Nguyn nhn ca tnh trng ny ph thuc vo c yu t khch quan nh b tr thng rc cha hp l, cn t, hoc rc t c thu gom nn thng b lp y; v c yu t ch quan ca sinh vin ( thc v vic thi rc ng ni quy nh). thc ca ca sinh vin trong vic thi rc theo chng ti l yu t quan trng. Sinh vin c th xem vic x rc l bnh thng, khng gy nh hng g n mi trng. Ch l mt bao ni lng, mt v ko cao su, mt hp sa ti c s dng, theo sinh vin thng khng nh hng n ai v khng gy tc hi n mi trng. Tuy nhin, y l cch ng x khng hp l i vi cng ng, i vi mi trng m sinh vin ang sng, lm vic v hc tp trong . T kt qu kho st v hin trng trn, chng ti (nhm lm nghin cu) ch xut mt s gii php c tnh kp thi nhng c ngha, nhm ch ra cho sinh vin thy c nhim v ca h i vi x hi v cch ng x i ca h vi cng ng v mi trng. V chng ti tin tng trong tng lai gn sinh vin s ni khng vi vic x rc khng ng ni quy nh.
Do mt s hn ch v thi gian v kinh ph thc hin, nn kt qu iu tra ny cha mang tnh thng k. Tuy nhin, chng ta vn nhn thy c hin trng c thc ang din ra trong hot ng sinh hot, hc tp v thc ca sinh vin vi vic bo v mi trng qua nhng hnh nh m chng ti thu thp c. TI LIU THAM KHO 1. Thy An, 2010. Bc xc chuyn x. www.thanhnien.com.vn 2. Thin Chng, 2008. X rc thiu thc, cn ch ti mnh hn. www.vnexpress.net 3. Nguyn Nguyn, 2007. H Ni i, v t x rcn bao gi. www.vietbao.vn 4. Nguyn Cao Nguyn, 2010. Ni khng vi x rc ni cng cng. www.angiang.gov.vn 5. V Thy, 2010. To sc lan ta, nng cao thc ngi dn. www.hanoimoi.com.vn
NG DNG M NGUN M TRONG NH GI TC NG MI TRNG

V Minh Tun, Nguyn Kim Li(1) Trn Trc Phng, Nguyn Nht Hunh Mai(2) (1): Khoa Mi trng v Ti nguyn, i hc Nng Lm Tp. HCM (2): Sinh vin Khoa Mi trng & Ti nguyn, i hc Nng Lm Tp. HCM Email: vuminhtuanqn@gmail.com, nguyenkimloi@gmail.com T: 0837242521, 0837242522 ABSTRACT The development of Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) is a continuation of USDA Agricultural Research Service (ARS) modeling experience that spans a period of roughly 30 years. The Soil and Water Assessment (SWAT) is a physically based continuous-event hydrologic model developed to predict the impact of land management practices on water, sediment, and agricultural chemical yields in large, complex watersheds with varying soils, land use, and management conditions over long periods of time. The Integrated SWAT and MapWindown have been used in Environmental Impact Assessment. T VN Hin nay ti nguyn thin nhin nc ta ang trn xung dc, cc h thng sng, sui ang b nhim nghim trng c bit l cc khu th ln vi s xut hin ca nhiu khu cng nghip nng lm cho mi trng sng ngy cng nhim. ng thi qu trnh canh tc nng lm nghip cng gp kh khn do t ai b nhim, xi mn, hm lng cht dinh dng hn ch. Chnh v vy vic nh gi tc ng mi trng l vic lm rt cn thit hin nay. Ngy ny vi s pht trin nh v bo ca h thng thng tin a l (GIS) xut hin nhiu phn mm, c bit c mt s phn mm chuyn dng cho lnh vc mi trng. Tuy nhin hin nay cc phn mm dnh cho GIS v mi trng iu l cc phn mm thng mi vi gi rt cao nn khng ph hp vi mt s c quan Vit Nam. Hin nay c nhiu phn mm GIS min ph rt ph hp cho nhng bn sinh vin nghin cu v lnh vc GIS. c bit l b phn mm MapWindow GIS v cng c MWSWAT dng cho lnh vc nghin cu v tc ng mi trng kh hon ho. u im ca b phn mm ny l hon ton min ph, s dng kh n gin khng phc tp nh cc phn mm thng mi khc. Nhc im ca chng l i vi cc lu vc ln vic phn tch d liu mt nhiu thi gian hn.
__________________________________________________________________________________________ ng dng m ngun m trong nh gi tc ng mi trng 66 V Minh Tun, Nguyn Kim Li, Trn Trc Phng, Nguyn Nht Hunh Mai i hc Nng Lm Tp. HCM
TNG QUAN V M HNH SWAT 1. Gii thiu v m hnh SWAT SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) l cng c nh gi nc v t. SWAT c xy dng bi tin s Jeff Arnold Trung tm phc v nghin cu nng nghip (ARS Agricultural Research Service) thuc B Nng nghip Hoa K (USDA - United States Department of Agriculture ). M hnh c xy dng nhm nh gi v d on cc tc ng ca thc tin qun l t ai tc ng n ngun nc, lng bn, v lng ha cht trong nng nghip sinh ra trn mt lu vc rng ln v phc tp vi s khng n nh v cc yu t nh t, s dng t v iu kin qun l trong mt thi gian di. M hnh l s tp hp nhng php ton hi quy th hin mi quan h gia gi tr thng s u vo v thng s u ra. SWAT cho php m hnh ha nhiu qu trnh vt l trn cng mt lu vc, mt lu vc s c chia thnh cc tiu lu vc, trong mi tiu lu vc c chia thnh cc n v thy vn (HRUs) c nhng c trng ring duy nht v t v s dng t. S phn chia ny gip ngi s dng c th p dng kt qu nghin cu ca mt vng ny vo mt vng khc khi chng c s tng ng nht nh. 2. MWSWAT (MapWindow Interface for Soil and Water Assessment Tool) D n WaterBase (George et.al. [2006]) l mt d n ca i hc Lin Hip Quc Vin Quc t Cng ngh Phn mm - Macao (UNU) vi mc tiu ca d n l nhm qun l tng hp ngun nc, c bit dnh cho nhng nc ang pht trin, do: Phn mm, ngun ti liu, d liu, ti liu o to c min ph v l ngun m. Nhm cng ng nhng ngi s dng v pht trin: Google group. MWSWAT c vit tt t MapWindown Interface for Soil and Water Assessement Tool. MWSWAT l mt phn mm m ngun m, gip chng ta nh gi t v nc ti mt lu vc thng qua cc thng s v a hnh, t, loi hnh s dng t v cc d liu v thi tit. Thng qua b cng c ny s gip chng ta nhn c kt qu v bi lng lng h, xi mn, cc d liu v NO3, N, P, lng nc b mt,
3. Tin trnh 3.1 D liu v DEM Xy dng cc d liu v DEM s to cc lu vc cn nghin cu. Ti tin trnh ny s to lu vc, cc tiu lu vc, dng chy v im x cui ca lu vc.
Hnh 2. Ranh lu vc v cc tiu lu vc 3.2 D liu v thy vn Cc d liu ny s to cc thng s v s dng t, loi t v phn cp dc trong lu vc tnh ton cc thng s cho tng tiu lu vc c th.
Hnh 3. D liu u vo ca cc gi tr HRU Khi chng trnh t ng tnh ton cc gi tr v cao, s dng t, loi t, dc v cc gi tr HRUs ca lu vc cng nh tng tiu lu vc c th.
Hnh 4. Cc gi tr v cao, loi t, dc, loi hnh s dng t 3.3 D liu v thi tit D liu thi tit bao gm cc thnh phn: Trm o - Lng ma + tuyt ri - Nhit hng kh - m khng kh tng i - Nng lng bc x mt tri - Tc gi. Trong , ba thnh phn bt buc s dng trong m hnh MWSWAT l: trm o, lng ma, nhit . Cn ba thnh phn cn li c th ty chn c hoc khng ph thuc vo iu kin thu thp s liu. Da vo d liu ny, chng ta s tnh ton cc gi tr hng ngy, hng thng hoc hng nm cc gi tr v xi mn, NO3, N, P, bi lng lng h, Khi vit cc d liu ny vo, ta c th thay i thng tin ca chng bng cc gi tr ph hp ti khu vc nghin cu.
Hnh 5. D liu v thi tit vit kt qu ta c th s dng phn SWAT Editor iu chnh thng s ph hp trc khi vit kt qu. SWAT Editor cho php ngi s dng iu chnh cc thng s tng ng cho khu vc nghin cu. V nguyn tt, nu chy d liu mt nh ta vn cho ra c kt qu nhng chng ch ng khi ta thay i thng tin v loi t, loi hnh s dng t, a hnh Mun iu chnh ta kch chn Edit File iu chnh v chy li kt qu. (hnh minh ha SWAT Editor)
Hnh 6. iu chnh d liu bng SWAT Editor
D LIU U RA CA M HNH MWSWAT B d liu u ra ca MWSWAT cung cp rt nhiu thng s: tng tr lng nc trn ton lu vc, tng khi lng NO3 (vo/ra), tng khi lng P (vo/ra), lu lng dng vo/ra, tng khi lng t bi lng (vo/ra) Bng 1. Kt qu cc ch s mi trng nc
Thng qua bng trn ta c th xc nh c lng ma (PREC mm), lng nc cha bo ha (LATQ mm), lng nc ngm (GWQ mm), lng nc ca ton b lu vc nghin cu (WATER YIELD), lng bi lng hay mt t (SED mm), lng NO3 b mt (NO3 SURQ), lng NO3 tng cha bo ha (NO3 LATQ), lng NO3 ca thm thc vt (NO3 CROP), lng N tng, lng P hu c. Ngoi ra chng ta c th xc nh cc thng s v mi trng theo tng tiu lu vc, da vo n v HRU, nhnh sng cc ch tiu nh lng nc b mt, cc gi tr v N,P, NO3, xi mn Bng 2. Kt qu theo n v thy vn (HRUs) Bng 3. Kt qu theo nhnh sng
Bng 4. Kt qu theo tiu lu vc
KT LUN Thng qua phn mm MapWindow GIS v MWSWAT ta c th nh gi c cc thng s v xi mn, NO3, N, P, lng nc bc hi tim nng v thc t, tng lng nc, trong lu vc ni chung v trong tng tiu lu vc ni ring theo thi gian. Ngoi ra MWSWAT cn cho php nh gi cc thng s trn da vo tng loi hnh s dng t, thng qua ta c th xc nh loi hnh s dng t no nh hng n mi trng nhiu nht t a ra phng n quy hoch s dng t c th.
TI LIU THAM KHO 1. George, C. 2008. SWAT Output Plotting and Graphing Tools (SWATPlot and SWATGraph), UN University. 2. Leon, L. F. 2009. MapWindow Interface for SWAT (MWSWAT). 3. Trn Trc Phng, 2009. ng dng cng ngh GIS v m hnh MWSWAT trong nh gi cht lng nc huyn Di Linh tnh Lm ng thng ngun lu vc sng ng Nai. Lun vn tt nghip chuyn ngnh mi trng, Trng i hc Nng Lm TPHCM. 89 trang.
NGHIN CU THC HNH QUN L TT HN I VI CY C TH G QU HIM TRONG RNG T NHIN TNH NG NAI
inh Quang Dip Khoa Mi trng v Ti nguyn, i hc Nng Lm Tp. HCM T: 083.7240088- E-mail: dqdiep@yahoo.com
1.1 1.2
Tm tt: D n Nghin cu thc hnh qun l tt hn i vi cy c th g qu him trong rng t nhin c thc hin 2 a im l khu BTTN Vnh Cu v khu rng phng h Tn Ph tnh ng Nai. Kt qu d n iu tra c 110 loi cy thn g qu him hoc c gi tr bo tn, nh v bng GPS ng thi qun l chng bng phn mm Mapinfo,. Ngoi ra d n cn bin san ti liu nhn din cy rng gip cho cc cn b ca hai n v lm nghip ny d dng trong vic hng dn cc khch tham quan theo cc tuyn du lch sinh thi 2 a im ny. t vn :
1.3
Cng tc qun l ti nguyn rng cc n v lm nghip trc nay ch yu l iu tra nm cc thng tin v rng, nh din tch, loi t loi rng, trng thi, t thnh, tr lng rng v lp bn , s sch thng k, thc hin theo di din bin rng hng nm trn tng n v t chc rng (tiu khu, khonh, l). T nm 2000, thc hin d n kim k rng v theo di din bin rng v t lm nghip, ngnh lm nghip ng dng cc tin ch ca cng ngh thng tin cng cc thit b k thut cao, s ha ton b cc thng tin, s liu, bn kim k rng nm 1999 v din bin rng hng nm, xy dng c s d liu phc v cng tc quy hoch, k hoch v qun l, bo v, pht trin rng v iu hnh cc hot ng lm nghip. Trong thc t, cch thc qun l ti nguyn rng nh ni trn cha p ng yu cu ca mt s hot ng i hi cung cp thng tin c th ca c th cy rng ang sinh trng trong qun th t nhin. c bit l trong hot ng du lch sinh thi rng, khch tham quan thng mong mun bit r ti thc a cc thng tin ca cy rng m h quan tm, tn mt nhn thy ch cy ng, hnh dng v mt s c trng ca cy. Nhm ng dng cng ngh thng tin trong qun l cy c th g qu him, bn a, d n phi hp vi hai n v ch rng: Khu bo tn thin nhin v di tch Vnh Cu (KBTTNDT) v Ban qun l rng phng h Tn Ph (BQLRPH) - thc hin vic nghin cu phng thc qun l tt hn i vi cy c th trong rng t nhin v xy dng cc ti liu hng dn k thut, gip cc n v ch rng nng cao mt bc trong cng tc qun l ti nguyn rng. Cn b qun l rng s nm vng mt s kin thc c bn v vic iu tra, nh v, lp bn hin trng v xy dng c s d liu cy c th, hnh thnh mt sn phm du lch sinh thi tham quan cy rng trong rng t nhin hoc phc v cng tc qun l i vi mt s i tng cy c th c quan tm. 1.4 Mc tiu nghin cu Cung cp thng tin v ti nguyn rng, c bit l thng tin v cy g qu him.
__________________________________________________________________________________________ Nghin cu thc hnh qun l tt hn i vi cy c th g qu him trong rng t nhin tnh ng Nai 73 inh Quang Dip Khoa Mi trng v Ti nguyn, i hc Nng Lm Tp. HCM
Xy dng ti liu k thut hng dn kh thi v thc hnh qun l tt hn i vi cy c th g qu him trong rng t nhin. Hnh thnh mt sn phm du lch sinh thi cho 2 n v lm nghip y.
Ni dung nghin cu iu tra, nh v v gn bin tn cho cy g qu him trong mt tiu khu in hnh hoc theo mt tuyn du lch sinh thi. Xy dng c s d liu i vi cy iu tra v qun l d liu bng phn mm. Xy dng ti liu hng dn k thut qun l cy c th trong rng t nhin, v ti liu gii thiu cy g qu him, bn a thuc KBTTNDT Vnh Cu v BQLRPH Tn Ph. Phng php nghin cu Thu thp cc ti liu, bn hin trng rng ca n v ch rng v tiu khu iu tra; cc ti liu khoa hc v phn loi thc vt rng.
1.5 -
Phng php iu tra cy c th trong qun th t nhin: i tng cy c th c chn trong vng 50m hai bn tuyn ng phc v du lch sinh thi, chiu di mi tuyn khong 2 km, l thch hp vi nhu cu tham quan ca khch du lch. Loi cy iu tra gm nhng loi trong danh mc cy qu him c quy nh trong Sch Vit Nam 2007 hoc Danh lc IUCN 2009; v pht trin thm mt s loi c hu a phng hoc mang tn a phng, loi c gi tr bo tn. Sau khi nh v v nh danh cy, thc hin ng bng tn cy. 1.5.1 2 Ni nghip Tng hp v phn tch cc thng tin th cp. Phn mm MapInfo cng cc phn mm h tr khc nh: MapSource, Garfile x l cc thng tin a l thu thp ti thc a, xy dng cc lp bn chuyn . Bin son ti liu k thut. Kt qu:
Tng hp kt qu iu tra ti hai tuyn trn ghi nhn c 110 loi cy trong c 6 loi cy qu him c trong Sch Vit Nam 2007 (Bng 1), 18 loi cy c trong danh mc ca IUCN 2009 (bng 2), 2 loi cy c hu ca a phng v 5 loi cy mang tn a phng (bng 3) c trnh by sau y:
Bng 1: Danh sch loi cy iu tra nm trong Sch Vit Nam (2007) TT 1 2 3 4 5 6 Tn Vit Nam Cm lai b ra Trc G G mt Vn vn Du song nng Tn khoa hc Dalbergia bariensis Dalbergia cochinchinensis Afzelia xylocarpa Sindora siamensis Anisoptera costata Dipterocarpus dyeri H thc vt Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpaceae a im Tn Ph Tn Ph Vnh Cu Vnh Cu, Tn Ph Vnh Cu, Tn Ph Vnh Cu, Tn Ph
Hnh 1: Bn v tr cy g qu him v bn a khu rng phng h Tn Ph
Hnh 2: Bn v tr cy g qu him v bn a Khu BTTN Vnh Cu Bng 2: Danh sch loi cy nm trong Danh lc IUCN (2009) TT 1 2 3 4 5 6 Tn Vit Nam Cm lai b ra Trc G G mt Vn vn Du song nng Tn khoa hc Dalbergia bariensis Dalbergia cochinchinensis Afzelia xylocarpa Sindora siamensis Anisoptera costata Dipterocarpus dyeri H thc vt Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpaceae a im Tn Ph Tn Ph Vnh Cu Vnh Cu, Tn Ph Vnh Cu, Tn Ph Vnh Cu, Tn Ph
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Du ri Du mt Du lng Ch chai Ch ch Sn m Sao en Cy Mu ch cu Mu ch l ln M cua Tung
Dipterocarpus alatus Dipterocarpus costatus Dipterocarpus intricatus Shorea guiso Shorea thorelii Shorea roxburghii Hopea odorata Irvingia malayana Knema globularia Knema pierrei Alstonia scholaris Tetrameles nudiflora
Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpaceae Ixonanthaceae Myristicaceae Myristicaceae Apocynaceae Datiscaceae
Tn Ph Tn Ph Tn Ph Vnh Cu, Tn Ph Vnh Cu, Tn Ph Vnh Cu, Tn Ph Tn Ph Vnh Cu, Tn Ph Vnh Cu, Tn Ph Vnh Cu Tn Ph Vnh Cu
Bng 3: Danh sch loi cy c hu hoc mang tn a phng TT 1 2 3 4 5 Tn Vit Nam Xoi ng Nai Ngu Bin Ha Cm ng Nai Cng ta Thi ng Nai Tn khoa hc Mangifera dongnaiense Aglaia hoaensis Elaeocarpus dongnaiense Calophyllum saigonense Parkia dongnaiense H thc vt Anacardiaceae Meliaceae Elaeocarpaceae Clusiaceae Fabaceae a im Vnh Cu Vnh Cu, Tn Ph Tn Ph Vnh Cu, Tn Ph Vnh Cu
Xy dng phn mm hng dn thc hnh qun l tt hn i vi cy c th trong rng t nhin Xy dng c s d liu qun l cy c th
4.1.1
D liu cn thit qun l cy c th trong qun th t nhin bao gm: bn , ti liu, tiu bn ca cy c th. D n tp trung vo hai loi d liu m cn b qun l rng cc n v c iu kin thc hin l bn v ti liu. Bn tuyn iu tra v cy c th: Bn nh v tuyn iu tra v cy c th c thc hin bng thit b nh v GPS cm tay. Sau chuyn cc d liu t GPS vo my tnh bng chng trnh GarFile, MapSourse v qun l d liu trn phn mm Mapinfo * Xy dng d liu thuc tnh Cu trc d liu thuc tnh cn c vo cc ch tiu cn qun l c ghi trn phiu iu tra, c th gm cc trng nh sau: S th t, Khonh, Tiu khu, Trm, M s cy, Kinh , V , Tn loi cy, Tn khoa hc, H thc vt , Chu vi 1,3m, ng knh 1,3m, Chiu cao vt ngn, Chiu cao di cnh, Bn knh tn cy theo 4 hng, Khong cch ca cy n tuyn ng chnh, Khong cch n tuyn ng nhnh, Phn loi cy (qu him, bn a), c im thn cy, c im gc cy, c im r cy, Hng nghing ca cy, Tnh hnh sinh trng ca cy, Tnh hnh su bnh hi ca cy, Khng gian sinh trng, Loi t, cao ti v tr ca cy so vi mc nc bin, S hiu nh chp, Nm iu tra, n v iu tra, File lin kt, ... Nhp cc thng tin thu thp trn phiu iu tra vo bng cu trc d liu. * Bn nn Bn tuyn du lch sinh thi v bn v tr cy c th c bin tp trn bn nn ca tiu khu iu tra, c trch xut t b bn hin trng theo di din bin rng ca n v ch rng, thng gm cc lp: Rng; Ranh tiu khu; Khonh; L trng thi; Giao thng; Thy vn; ng bnh ; Li; Tn trng thi; Tn tiu khu, Tn khonh, ... * Ti liu Thu thp thng tin khoa hc ca cc loi cy iu tra, bin tp thnh hai loi ti liu: Ti liu lin kt v Ti liu tham kho. Ti liu lin kt c bin tp thnh file vn bn (.doc), mi loi cy mt file, v lu trong mt th mc. Dng cng c Hotlink ca MapInfo khai thc d liu lin kt. Ti liu tham kho c bin son thnh sch hng dn v nhn dng cy rng. 4.1.2 Khai thc d liu * Kt xut bn hin trng cy c th Dng chng trnh MapInfo bin tp bn hin trng cy qu him, bn a trn bn nn ca tiu khu. Cc bc kt xut bn nh sau:
* Truy vn thng tin t d liu thuc tnh Dng cng c Query ca MapInfo truy vn thng tin t c s d liu xy dng. * Lin kt thng tin m rng S dng cng c HotLink ca chng trnh MapInfo lin kt i tng cy c th n cc ti liu lin quan c lu theo nh dng khc, nh vn bn, bng tnh, hnh nh, m thanh, phim, ... . 4.1.3 M rng d liu * B sung thng tin thuc tnh Cn c yu cu qun l, n v s dng hoc cn b c th iu chnh, b sung cc chi tit thuc tnh. Cng vic ny c thc hin trong MapInfo bng cch sa cha trc tip trong cu trc d liu. * B sung thng tin lin kt Trong ti liu ny, thng tin lin kt m t cy rng c bin tp theo kiu vn bn (.doc). m rng thm thng tin lin kt c nh dng khc, thc hin nh sau: Vo menu Table > Maintenance > Table Structure... Trong hp thoi Modify Structure, thm trng mi cha ng dn n file thng tin lin kt. Mi loi thng tin lin kt cn mt trng ring. * B sung i tng cy c th Ti liu ny cung cp kt qu iu tra cy c th, gm 500 cy g qu him, bn a tiu khu 92 KBTTNDT Vnh Cu v 500 cy tiu khu 86 BQLRPH Tn Ph. Trong qu trnh hot ng, cn b qun l c th iu tra b sung i tng cy c th v dng cng c ca MapInfo kt ni vi d liu iu tra. 4.2 Hiu qu ca p dng k thut xut So vi bn giy thng dng cc phng php th cng trong qun l ti nguyn rng trc y, k thut thc hnh qun l tt hn i vi cy c th trong rng t nhin s mang li hiu qu nh sau: Gim khi lng cng vic trong qun l ti nguyn rng bng cng ngh thng tin v thit b tin tin. Gp phn cng cc c quan chc nng nghin cu hon thin quy trnh k thut qun l cy c th trong rng t nhin p dng cho cc n v c rng t nhin. Cp nht khi lng thng tin v i tng cy rng mt cch y nht v hin trng, v tr, sinh trng, Gp phn gia tng hiu qu trong cng tc qun l rng ca cn b k thut cc n v ch rng.
5 5.1
Kt lun v ngh Kt lun:
Hot ng nghin cu xy dng hng dn "Thc hnh qun l tt hn (BMP) i vi cy c th trong rng t nhin" p dng kt hp thc a v ni nghip, iu tra v cp nht thng tin c s h tr ca cng ngh thng tin v thit b nh v ton cu (GPS). Hot ng ch th nghim trn 2 tuyn iu tra ngn, nhng thu c kt qu kh quan v chng minh c tnh kh thi ca quy trnh. Kt qu chi tit nh sau: B d liu khng gian v bn cho 500 cy g qu him, bn a ti tiu khu 92 KBTTNDT Vnh Cu v 500 cy ti tiu khu 86 BQLRPH Tn Ph. B d liu thuc tnh ca 1.000 cy g nu trn vi 43 trng d liu tch hp vi d liu khng gian. Cch cp nht v khai thc thng tin phc v cho cng tc qun l bng cch truy vn d liu thuc tnh ca i tng qun l. Lin kt trc tip d liu MapInfo n d liu Winword ca cy quan tm m rng kh nng din gii ti liu khoa hc c lin quan. i vi nhng d liu xy dng c, cn b qun l c th cp nht, b sung thng tin hoc pht trin thm ni dung qun l bng cch iu chnh, b sung cu trc d liu thuc tnh, m rng lin kt vi cc ti liu nh dng khc, ... ngh: Phng php p dng xy dng trn quy m iu tra nh, nhng khi p dng trn quy m ln, cn b k thut cn phi tm hiu xy dng c sp xp thm thng tin thuc tnh ca thc vt truy xut thng tin tt hn. Cc n v ch rng phi lin kt vi cc nh khoa hc ca cc trng i hc bit v to thm nhiu thng tin d liu thuc tnh. Cp nhp thng tin thay i t thc a mt cch thng xuyn nh s thay i v din tch, hin trng s dng, tnh hnh sinh trng ca cy rng, C quan qun l cn chuyn giao cng ngh GIS n cc trm kim lm, phn trng, tiu khu. To iu kin tt nht cc trm c tip xc vi cng ngh thng tin v thit b tin tin mt cch y v hiu qu nht. o to, tp hun v phng php ny n tng trm kim lm x hng dn cch s dng thnh tho, v pht trin hn na ng dng ca cng ngh thng tin trong qun l ti nguyn rng rt a dng ny.
5.2 -
TI LIU THAM KHO Bo co Lm nghip, 2009. Kt qu theo di din bin rng tnh ng Nai n 31/12/2008. Bi Hu Mnh, 2006. Hng dn s dng MapInfo Professional version 7.0. Nh xut bn Khoa hc v K thut, Tp. H Ch Minh. IUCN Red List 2009. Lu Hng Trng, L Ngc Sm, Nguyn Vinh Hin, 2002. Thc vt hu ch chn lc t ni T Ku, Khu bo tn thin nhin T Ku. Nh xut bn Tng Hp Tp. H Ch Minh. Nguyn c Bnh, 2006. Hng dn s dng Mapinfo Professional 7.5 (Phn mm H thng Thng tin a l GIS). Ti liu tham kho, b mn Thng tin a l, i hc Nng Lm, Tp.H Ch Minh. Phm Hong H (1991-1993). Cy C Vit Nam (6 tp) . Nh xut bn Mekong printing Montreal, Canada. Phn mm h tr nhn din cy g rng Tn Ph v.1.2. Trng i hc Khoa hc T nhin, Tp. H Ch Minh. Sch Vit Nam (2007).

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www.canadacopmosting.com www.ccibioenergy.com,www.btainternational.de www.cdm.unfccc.int www.greatlakesbiogas.com www.iutglobal.com

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