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Tng hp bi gii Kinh t vi m
********
Chng 1
Bi 1: Trong nhng nm 2005, sn xut ng M: 11,4 t pao; tiu dng 17,8 t pao; gi c
M 22 xu/pao; gi c th gii 8,5 xu/pao nhng gi c v s lng y c h s co dn ca cu
v cung l Ed = -0,2; Es = 1,54.
Yu cu:
1. Xc nh phng trnh ng cung v ng cu v ng trn th trng M. Xc
nh gi c cn bng ng trn th trng M.
2. m bo li ch ca ngnh ng, chnh ph a ra mc hn ngch nhp khu l
6,4 t pao. Hy xc nh s thay i trong thng d ca ngi tiu dung, ca ngi sn
xut, ca Chnh ph, v s thay i trong phc li x hi.
3. Nu gi s chnh ph nh thu nhp khu 13,5 xu/pao. iu ny tc ng n li ch
ca mi thnh vin ra sao? So snh vi trng hp hn ngch, theo bn chnh ph nn
p dng bin php g?
Bi gii
Qs = 11,4 t pao
Qd = 17,8 t pao
P = 22 xu/pao
PTG = 805 xu/pao
Ed = -0,2
Es = 1,54
1. Phng trnh ng cung, ng cu? Pcb?
Ta c: phng trnh ng cung, ng cu c dng nh sau:
QS = aP + b
QD = cP + d
Ta li c cng thc tnh co dn cung, cu:
ES = (P/QS).(Q/P)
(1)
ED = (P/QD). (Q/P)
Trong : Q/P l s thay i lng cung hoc cu gy ra bi thay i v gi, t , ta c
Q/P l h s gc ca phng trnh ng cung, ng cu
ES = a.(P/QS)
ED = c. (P/QD)
a = (ES.QS)/P
c = (ED.QD)/P
a = (1,54 x 11,4)/22 = 0,798
c = (-0,2 x 17,8)/22 = - 0,162
Thay vo phng trnh ng cung, ng cu tnh b,d
QS = aP + b
QD = cP + d
b = QS aP
d = QD - cP
b = 11,4 (0,798 x 22) = - 6,156
d = 17,8 + (0,162 x 22) = 21,364
Thay cc h s a,b,c,d va tm c, ta c phng trnh ng cung v cu v ng trn th
trng M nh sau:
QS = 0,798P 6,156
QD = -0,162P + 21,364
Khi th trng cn bng, th lng cung v lng cu bng nhau
QS = QD
0,798PO 6,156 = -0,162PO + 21,364
0,96PO
= 27,52
PO
= 28,67
QO = 16,72
2. S thay i trong thng d ca ngi tiu dng, ca ngi sn xut, ca Chnh ph, v
s thay i trong phc li x hi.
Quota = 6,4
Do P = 22 < PTG = 8,5 => ngi tiu dng c xu hng tiu dng hng nhp khu, nu
chnh ph khng hn ch nhp khu. ngn chn nhp khu chnh ph t quota nhp khu
vi mc 6,4 t pao. Khi phng trnh ng cung thay i nh sau:
QS = QS + quota
= 0,798P -6,156 + 6,4
QS = 0,798P + 0,244
Khi c quota, phng trnh ng cung thay i => im cn bng th trng thay i. QS
=QD
0,798 P + 0,244 = -0,162P + 21,364
0,96P
P
= 21,12
=
22
Q =
17,8
P
S quota
6.4
22
8.5
D
0.627
19.987
11.4
17.8
* Thng d :
- Tn tht ca ngi tiu dng : CS = a + b + c + d + f = 255.06
vi :
a = ( 11.4 + 0.627 )x 13.5 = 81.18
b = x ( 10.773 x 13.5 ) = 72.72
c = x ( 6.4x 13.5 ) = 43.2
d = c = 43.2
f = x ( 2.187 x 13.5 ) = 14.76
=> CS = - 255,06
Thng d nh sn xut tng : PS = a = 81.18
Nh nhp khu ( c hn ngch ) c li : c + d = 43.2 x 2 = 86.4
Tn tht x hi : NW = b + f = 72.72 + 14.76 = 87.48
=> NW = - 87,48
3. Thu nhp khu 13,5 xu/pao. Li ch ca mi thnh vin ra sao? So snh vi trng hp
hn ngch, theo bn chnh ph nn p dng bin php g?
Mc thu nhp khu 13,5 xu/pao, nh hng n gi ca s lng nhp khu, lm cho gi
tng t 8,5 ln 8,5 + 13,5 = 22 xu/pao (bng vi gi cn bng khi p dng hn ngch nhp
khu cu 2)
Vi mc thu nhp khu l 13.5 xu/pao, mc gi tng v thng d tiu dng gim :
CS = a + b + c + d = 255.06
vi a = 81.18
b = 72.72
c = 6.4 x 13.5 = 86.4
d = 14.76
Thng d sn xut tng : PS = a = 81.18
Chnh ph c li : c = 86.4
NW = b + d = 87.48
S
D
22
c
d
8..5
Pw
0.627
11.4
17.8
19.987
Khi chnh ph nh thu nhp khu th tc ng cng ging nh trng hp trn. Tuy nhin
nu nh trn chnh ph b thit hi phn din tch hnh c +d do thuc v nhng nh nhp
khu th trng hp ny chnh ph c thm mt khon li t vic nh thu nhp khu
( hnh c + d ). Tn tht x hi vn l 87,487
* So snh hai trng hp :
Nhng thay i trong thng d tiu dng v thng d sn xut l nh nhau di tc ng ca
hn ngch v ca thu quan. Tuy nhin nu nh thu nhp khu chnh ph s thu c li
ch t thu. Thu nhp ny c th c phn phi li trong nn kinh t ( v d nh gim thu,
tr cp ...). V th chnh ph s chn cch nh thu nhp khu bi v tn tht x hi khng
i nhng chnh ph c li thm mt khon t thu nhp khu.
Bi 2: Th trng v la go Vit Nam c cho nh sau:
- Trong nm 2002, sn lng sn xut c l 34 triu tn la, c bn vi gi 2.000
/kg cho c th trng trong nc v xut khu; mc tiu th trong nc l 31 triu
tn.
- Trong nm 2003, sn lng sn xut c l 35 triu tn la, c bn vi gi 2.200
/kg cho c th trng trong nc v xut khu, mc tiu th trong nc l 29 triu
tn.
Gi s ng cung v ng cu v la go ca Vit Nam l ng thng, n v tnh
trong cc phng trnh ng cung v cu c cho l Q tnh theo triu tn la; P c
tnh l 1000 ng/kg.
1. Hy xc nh h s co dn ca ng cung v cu tng ng vi 2 nm ni trn.
2. Xy dng phng trnh ng cung v ng cu la go ca Vit Nam.
3. Trong nm 2003, nu chnh ph thc hin chnh sch tr cp xut khu l 300 /kg
P
2
2,2
QS
34
35
QD
31
29
QS = 5P + 24
QD = -10P + 51
3. tr cp xut khu l 300 /kg la, xc nh s thay i trong thng d ca ngi tiu
dng, ca ngi sn xut, ca chnh ph v phc li x hi
Khi thc hin tr cp xut khu, th:
PD1 = PS1 0,3
Ti im cn bng: QD1 = QS1
5PS1 + 24 = -10 (PS1 0,3) + 51
PS1 = 2
PD1 = 1,7
QD1 = 34
4. Quota xut khu l 2 triu tn la mi nm, mc gi v sn lng tiu th v sn xut
trong nc thay i nh th no? Li ch ca mi thnh vin thay i ra sao?
Khi cha c quota , im cn bng th trng:
QS = QD
5P + 24 = -10P + 51
15P = 27
PO = 1,8
QO = 33
Khi c quota xut khu, phng trnh ng cu thay i nh sau:
QD = QD + quota
= -10P + 51 + 2
= -10P + 53
im cn bng mi khi c quota xut khu:
QS = QD
5P + 24 = -10P +53
15P = 29
P = 1,93
Q = 5P + 24 = 33,65
* Thng
d:
P
S
D
P = 2,2
P = 2,09
1,9
3
1,8
D
+quota
29
33
33,65
1,93 = 0,27
AB = QD(P=2,2) = -10 x 2,2 +51 = 29
CD = QD(P=1,93) = -10 x 1,93 + 51 = 31,7
SABCD = 1/2 x (29 + 31,7) x 0,27 = 8,195
CS = a + b = 8,195
- CS =
+ a + b l
phn din
tch hnh
thang
ABCD
SABCD =
1/2
x
(AB
+
CD)
x
AD
Trong
:
AD = 2,2
0,397P
3,921
9,88
Q
= 1,68
2. Thng d ngi tiu dng
CS = 1/2 x (25 9,88) x 1,68
= 12,7
3. gii php no c li nht
Gii php 1: P max = 8/vsp & PNkhu lng sp thiu ht = 11/vsp
Ton that
vo ch
P =14.74
B
P0=9.
8
Pmax
=8
Thieu
hut
Q11s=1.14
Q
0
D
Q1D =
1.89
Ta c : Pmax = 8/vsp
(S) : P = 4 + 3,5Q
8 = 4 + 3,5Q
Q1S = 1,14
P
PS1
P0
A
C
D
1
E
D
D
Q0
Q1
Ta c :
PS1 PD1 = 2
PD1= 25 9Q1
PS1 = 4 + 3,5 Q1
Suy ra : Q1 = 1.84 , PD1= 8.44 ; PS1 = 10.44
Ngi tiu dng tit kim c l:
CS = C + D = 0.5 x (9.8 8.44) x (1.68 + 1.84) = 2.4 t
Chnh ph phi b ra l :
CP = 2 x Q1 = 2 x 1.84 = 3.68 t
Kt lun :
Vy gii php 1 c li hn theo quan im ca chnh ph.
Vy gii php 2 c li hn theo quan im ca ngi tiu dng.
4. mi quan h gia sn phm A v sn phm B
Ta c Pmax = 8
=> Q1S = 1,14
Sn lng B tng
QB
2,5
MRAB =
=
QA 1,68 1,14
Sn phm A:
th vo (S) : P = 4 + 3,5Q
Sn phm B:
: Q = 7,5 5 = 2,5
Hu dng bin ca 2 sn phm :
2,5
=
= 4,63 > 1
0,54
P
S
Pmin
A
P
0
D
D
Q
PS1
A
P0
=PD1
D
Q0
Q1
1. Chnh phu anh thue vao thc pham lam gia thc pham tang gap oi, tnh
lng thc pham c tieu dung va chi tieu vao thc pham cua ngi tieu
dung nay
Ta co cong thc tnh o co gian cua cau theo gia
E(P)= (Q/ P)x (P/Q) ( 1)
do e bai cho gia thc pham tang gap oi t 2 len 4 nen ta gia s o co gian
la co gian hnh cung vi:
Q= (Q+(Q+Q))/2
P=(P+(P+P))/2
The vao (1) ta co:
E(P)= (Q/ P) x (2P+P)/(2Q+Q)
(2)
Theo e bai ta co:
E(P)=-1
P=2
P=2
Q=10.000/2 =5000
The vao ( 2 ) ta tnh c Q
(Q/ 2) x (2x2+2)/(2x5.000+Q) =-1
==> Q = -2.500
ieu nay co ngha la ba ta tieu dung thc pham t 5.000 xuong 2.500 n v
san pham
va so tien ba ta chi tieu cho thc pham la: 2.500x4= 10.000 ong
2. Gia s ngi ta cho ba ta so tien cap bu la 5000$ e lam nhe bt anh
hng cua thue. Lng thc pham c tieu dung va chi tieu vao thc pham
cua phu n nay se thay oi:
Tng t ta co cong thc tnh o co gian cua cau theo thu nhap
E(I)= (Q/ I) x (2I+I)/(2Q+Q)
(3)
Theo e bai ta co:
E(I)= 0.5
I=25.000
I=5.000
Q=2.500
The vao ( 3 ) ta tnh c Q nh sau:
(Q/ 5.000) x (2x25.000+5.000)/(2x2.500+Q) = 0.5
==> Q = 238
ieu nay co ngha la ba ta tang tieu dung thc pham t 2.500 san pham len
2.738 san pham
(I=30.0
00)
(I=25.0
00)
U
1
100
0
500 750
0
0
U
2
BI 2:
U(x,y)=X.Y
I=100; Px=4; Py=5
1. Tm im tiu dng ti u ca Kiu (X*, Y*):
U(x,y) = X.Y
MUx = (U)x = Y
MUy = (U)y = X
Ti im cn bng
Px
X 1 = 12,5
Y 4
MRS = P
=
X 5
Y1 = 10
y
I = P X + P Y
100 = 4 X + 5Y
U = 125
x
y
1
X 2 = 10
Y 5
MRS = P
=
X 5
Y2 = 10
y
I = P X + P Y
100 = 5 X + 5Y
U = 100
x
y
2
XY = 125
'
X = Y = 5 5
Px
Y = X
MRS =
Py
I ' = 50 5
I ' = 5 X + 5Y
U1 = 0
Y1 = 5 5 10 > 0
I = 50 5 100 > 0
U ( x, y ) = X .Y
U ( x, y ) = X .Y
Px'
X = Y = 10
Y = X
MRS =
Py
U ( x, y ) = 100
I ' = 5 X + 5Y = 100
U 2 = 25
X 2 = 10 5 5 (2)
Y2 = 10 5 5
I = 100 50 5
(1) + (2) =
Y = 0
I = 0
Y
U0
I0
Y0
X0
ng hu dng tip xc vi ng thu nhp ti trc tung hoc trc honh trn th.
Xem th minh ha:
Tiu
dn
g ti
u
thunhp
Y
U0
U
Y0
Y1
I0
I1
X1
X0
Y
U0
U1
U2
Y0
Y2
Y1
I1
X1 X22 X0
I2
I0
4. Hm hu dng by gi tr thnh:
U = X2/3Y2/3
MUX = (2/3)X-1/3Y2/3
MUY = (2/3)X2/3Y-1/3
MUX / MUY = Y/X
Gi X3, Y3 l lng tiu dng X v Y ti im tiu dng ti u trong trng hp ny. Khi
,
X3,
Y3
tha
mn
iu
kin:
MRS = X3/Y3 = 1/2 (7)
V cng tha mn theo ng thu nhp:
5.000.000 10%*5.000.000 = 1.000X3 + 2.000Y3 (8)
Gii h phng trnh (8) & (7) ta tm c:
X3 = 2.250 (v)
Y3 = 1.125 (v)
U3 = 18.573,34 (vhd)
* So snh vi kt qu cu 1 v cu 2, nhn thy s n v ca ng gp t thin tng ln
v s n v tiu dng khc gim i. Vi cng mt thu nhp, phn trng hp 1,2 thu
nhp dnh cho tiu dng hng ha khc nhiu hn dnh cho lm t thin, cn trong trng
hp ny, Tho dng thu nhp dnh cho lm t thin v tiu dng l bng nhau
Y
U3
I1
Y3
X3
Bi 4: An c thu nhp k hin ti l 100 triu ng v thu nhp k tng lai l 154 triu
ng. Nhm mc ch n gin ha tnh ton, gi nh rng An c th i vay v cho vay vi
cng 1 li sut 10% trong sut thi k t hin ti n tng lai.
1. Hy v ng ngn sch, th hin r mc tiu dng ti a trong hin ti cng nh
trong tng lai.
2. Gi s An dang s dng nhng khon thu nhp ca mnh ng vi thi gian ca
chng, hy biu din bng th im cn bng tiu dng ca anh ta
3. Nu li sut tng n 40% th An c thay i quyt nh tiu dng ca mnh khng?
Minh ha bng th.
4. T cu s 1, gi s hin An ang vay 50 triu ng tiu dng, anh ta s cn bao
nhiu tin tiu dng trong tng lai?Nu li sut tng t 10% ln 20% th anh ta c
thay i mc vay ny khng?Biu din trn th.
Bi gii
1. Hy v ng ngn sch, th hin r mc tiu dng ti a trong hin ti cng nh trong
tng lai.
X: thu nhp hin ti : 100triu
Y: thu nhp tng lai : 154 triu
Li sut : r = 10%
Ta c :
* s tin m An c th tiu dng ti a trong hin ti l :
100 + 154/(1+r) = 100 + 154 /(1 +0.1) = 240 triu
* s tin m An c th dng ti a trong tng lai l:
154 + 100(1+0.1) = 264 triu
26
4
15
4
BC1
E1
I1
100
29
4
E
26
4
15
4
I2
E
E
1
I1
100
26
4
2
15
4
I2
E
1
I1
100
20
9
15
4
99
100 150
i.Khng thay i gi kh t nhng khng cho php ngi tiu dng mua nhiu hn 30 n v
kh t.
Y
100
C
85
70
50
A
15
30
50
100
Khi khng thay i gi kh t, ng thu nhp I khng thay i. Ngi tiu dng ch mua
kh t mc cho php ( khng vt qu 30 n v ) v tng mua thc phm. Ta thy s kt
hp ti u t im A di chuyn n im B, im C,.
20 30 50
100
ii.Tng gi kh t nhin bng cch nh thu cho ti khi ngi tiu dng mua ng 30 n v
kh t.
Khi tng gi kh t nhin, ng ngn sch quay vo trong ti ng I 2, bi v sc mua ca
ngi tiu dng gim i.
Y
B
100
U2
I2
50
U3
U1
I1
30
50
100
Ta thy t l thay th bin MRS ln hn t s gi Py/Px => xut hin gii php gc. Ngi
tiu dng s tiu dng ngy cng t kh t nhin v mua cng nhiu thc phm. tha dng
s di chuyn ngy cng gn n im B v t c tha dng ti a ti im B.
2. Phng n no trong 2 phng n ny s c ngi tiu dng a thch hn? v sao?
Phng n 1 s c ngi tiu dng a thch hn phng n 2 bi v : phng n 1,
ngi tiu dng s t c tha dng ti u v s dng cng lc c 2 lai sn phm.
Cn phng n 2 ngi tiu dng t c tha dng ti a khi ch s dng 1 sn phm
l thc phm m thi.
Chuong 4
Bi 1: a) Nu cu xem chiu phim cho khch hng ngi ti xe l co dn hn i vi cc cp
so vi c nhn ring l, th s ti u i vi rp chiu phim nu nh 1 gi v vo ca cho li
xe v 1 mc ph b sung cho nhng ngi i cng. ng hay sai? Gii thch?
b) Khi nh gi bn bun t, cc cng ty t ca M thng nh t l phn trm ph cng
thm i vi cc danh mc cao cp (chng hn mui xe lm bng nha do vi-nil, thm xe,
cc phn trang tr bn trong) cao hn nhiu so vi bn thn chic xe hoc nhng thit b c
bn nh tay li bng in v b sang s t ng. Gii thch ti sao?
2. Nu BMW b buc phi nh gi ging nhau trn tng th trng. Tnh sn lng c th
bn trn mi th trng?gi cn bng v li nhun ca mi cng ty
Khi nh gi nh nhau trn c hai th trng th ta c tng sn lng bn c trn c hai th
trng l:
Q = QE + QU
= (18.000 400P) + (5.500 -100P)
= 23.500 500P
Q = 23.500 500P
=> P = (23.500 Q)/500 = 47 Q/500
Ta c : TR = P x Q
= (47 Q/500) x Q
= 47Q Q2/500
MR = (TR) = 47 2Q/500 = 47- Q/250
ti a ha li nhun : MR = MC
47 Q/250 = 15
Q/250 = 32
Q = 8.000
P = 31 ngn USD
Sn lng bn trn tng th trng:
QE = 18.000 400 x 31 = 5.600
QU = 5.500 100 x 31 = 2.400
Li nhun ca BMW khi nh gi ging nhau trn 2 th trng:
= TR TC
Trong : TR = Q x P = 8.000 x 31 = 248.000 ngn USD
TC = C + V = 20.000 + (8.000 x 15) = 140.000 ngn USD
= TR TC
P = 100 3Q + 4A1/2
C = 4Q2 + 10Q +A
Tng doanh thu :
TR = P x Q
= (100 3Q + 4A1/2 ) x Q
=100Q 3Q2 + 4QA1/2
Tng chi ph :
TC = 4Q2 + 10Q +A
Li nhun:
= TR TC
= 100Q 3Q2 + 4QA1/2 - (4Q2 + 10Q +A)
= -7Q2 + 90Q + 4QA1/2 A
Hm li nhun ca hng l 1 hm hai bin : Q & A. ti a ha li nhun, o hm ca
hm li nhun theo bin Q v A ln lt bng 0.
/Q = 0
/A = 0 (2)
-14Q +90 +4A1/2 = 0 (1)
2QA-1/2 1 = 0 (2)
T (2) => A1/2 = 2Q
Th vo (1) => -14Q + 90 +4 (2Q) = 0
=> -6Q
+ 90 = 0
=>
Q = 15
A = (2Q)2 = (2 x 15)2
= 900
P = 100 3Q + 4A1/2
= 100 3 x 15 + 4 x 9001/2
= 175
2. Tnh ch s c quyn Lerner , L = (P MC)/P cho hng ny ti mc A,P,Q m bo ti
a ha li nhun.
MC l chi ph bin l o hm bc nht ca hng tng chi ph
d. MC = (4Q2 + 10Q +A)
= 8Q +10
Ti im ti a ha li nhun Q =15 => MC = 8 x 15 + 10 = 130
Ch s c quyn Lerner : L = (P MC)/P
= (175 130)/175 = 0,257
Bi tpchng 7: TH CN BNG TNG QUT V HIU QU KINH T
Bi 1:
T l thay i bin:
Jane:
MRSJ = 3 = - S / C => S = -3 C
Bob:
MRSB = 1 = - S / C => C = -S
Bn
h
( C)
PB
Bo
b
Th c u
ng (S)
3
PJ
UB
UJ
Thc
ung (S)
Jan
S e
phn phi cc ti sn nh trn khng c hiu qu. Nhng cch trao i nh sau s lm
Bn
cho c hai bn khm kh hn:
h
(C)
Jane
Bob
C
S
2
8
4
2
6B
10C
C
S
1
-3
-1
1
3
5
3
3
6C
8S
C
S
1
-2
-1
1
3
6
3
3
6C
9S
C
S
1
-1
1
3
7
3
3
6C
10S
-1
Khng
qu
hiu Khng
qu
hiu Hiu qu
Bi 2:
QG = 50
QS = 200
PG = 850 QG +0,5PS => QG = 850 + 0,5PS - PG
PS = 540 QS + 0,2PG => QS = 540 PS + 0,2PG
7a)
Gi cn bng ca vng v bc trn th trng l :
850 + 0,5PS PG = 50
540 PS + 0,2PG = 200
=>
PS = 555,56
PG = 1.077,78
7b)
QG = 50 + 85 = 135
QS = 200
PG = 850 QG +0,5PS => QG = 850 + 0,5PS - PG
PS = 540 QS + 0,2PG => QS = 540 PS + 0,2PG
Gi cn bng mi ca vng v bc trn th trng l :
850 + 0,5PS PG = 135
540 PS + 0,2PG = 200
=>
PS = 536,67
PG = 983,33
Xt mt s trng hp:
+ lng cung vng tng thm 86 n v
p dng tng t cho ta:
Ps = 487.68; Pg = 957.84
+ Lng cung vng tng thm 87 n v:
Tng t:
Ps = 487.47; Pg = 956.74
+ Lng cung vng tng thm 84 n v
Tng t:
Ps = 488.08; Pg = 960.04
+ Lng cung vng tng thm 83 n v
Tng t:
Ps = 488.28; Pg = 961.14
Kt lun:
Khi lng cung vng tng thm mt n v (vi lng cung bc khng i) th gi vng
gim thm 1.09 v gi bc n lc no gi bc s gim thm 0.2 n v (cn bng c
xc lp). Ngc li, khi cung vng gim 1 n v (vi lng cung bc khng i) th gi
vng tng thm 1.09 n v v ga bc n lc no gim thm 0.2 n v.( Cn bng c
xc lp.
C th kt lun thm: Cu v vng nhy cm vi gi hn so vi bc.
Bi tp chng 13: L THUYT TR CHI V CHIN LC CNH TRANH
Bi 1
3.a)
Hng 2
Hng 1
Thp (L)
Thp(L) 30,30
Cao(H) 40,60
Cao (H)
50,35
20,20