APPLICATIONS OF WALLIS THEOREM

Mihly Bencze1, Florentin Smarandache2

1 2

Department of Mathematics, prily Lajos College, Braov, Romania; Chair of Department of Math & Sciences, University of New Mexico, Gallup, NM 87301, USA

Abstract: In this paper we present theorems and applications of Wallis theorem related to trigonometric integrals. Lets recall Wallis Theorem: Theorem 1. (Wallis, 1616-1703)

2 4 ... (2n) . 1 3 ... (2n + 1) 0 0 Proof: Using the integration by parts, we obtain
2n +1 2n+1 sin xdx = cos xdx =

2n +1

I n = sin
0

xdx = sin x sin xdx = cos x sin 2nx

2n 0

+2n sin 2n +1 x 1 sin 2 x dx = 2nI n1 2nI n

0

from where:

2n I n 1 . 2n + 1 By multiplication, we obtain the statement. We prove in the same manner for cos x . In =
Theorem 2.

2n 2n sin xdx = cos xdx = 0 0

1 3 ... (2n 1) . 2 4 ... (2n) 2

Proof: Same as the first theorem. Theorem 3. If f (x) = a2 k x 2 k , then

k=0

f (sin x)dx = f (cos x)dx =

0

a0 +

a 2
k =1

2k

1 3 ... (2k 1) . 2 4 ... (2k)

Proof: In the function f (x) = a2 k x 2 k we substitute x by sin x and then integrate from 0 to

k=0

, and we use the second theorem.

Theorem 4. If g(x) = a2 k +1 x 2 k +1 , then

k=0

2 2 k +1

g(sin x)dx = g(cos x)dx =a + a

1 0 0 k =1

2 4 ... (2k) . 1 3 ... (2k + 1)

Theorem 5. If h(x) = ak x k , then

k=0

h(sin x)dx = h(cos x)dx =

0 0

1 3 ... (2k 1) a0 +a1 + a2 k + 2 2 4 ... (2k) k =1 2

2 4 ... (2 k ) . 1 3 ... (2 k + 1) Application 1.

+ a2 k +1

2 k

sin(sin x )dx = sin(cos x )dx = (1)

0 0 k k=0

1 1 3 ... (2 k + 1)2
2 2

x 2 k +1 Proof: We use that sin x = (1) . (2k + 1)! k=0 Application 2.

cos(sin x )dx = cos(cos x )dx =

0 0

(1)k . 2 k = 0 4 k ( k !)2

Proof: We use that cos x = (1)k

k=0

x2k . (2k)!

Application 3.

sh(sin x )dx = sh(cos x )dx = 1

0 0 k=0

1 . 3 ... (2 k + 1)2
2

Proof: We use that shx = Application 4.

x 2 k +1 k = 0 (2k + 1)!

ch(sin x )dx = ch(cos x )dx =

0 0

4 2
k=0

1 . ( k !)2

Proof: We use that chx =

x . k = 0 (2k)!

2k

Application 5.
1 2 k2 6 k =1

1 3 ... (2k 1) x 2 k +1 we substitute x k =1 2 4 ... (2 k )(2k + 1) 2 1 by sin x , and use theorem 4. It results that = . 8 k = 0 (2k + 1)2 Because: 1 1 1 1 = + 2 k2 2 4 k =1 k k =1 k = 0 (2k + 1) we obtain: 1 k2 = 6 . k =1 Application 6.

Proof: In the expression of arcsin x = x +

sin x ctg( sin x)dx = cos x ctg( cos x)dx =

0 0

(k !) 2
k =1

Bk

where Bk is the k-th Bernoulli type number (see [1]). Proof: We use that xctgx = 1
Application 7.

4 k Bk 2 k x . k =1 (2k)!

2 k

arctg(sin x)dx = arctg(cos x)dx = 1 + (1) 1 3 ... (2k 1)(2k + 1)

0 0 k =1

2 4 ... (2k)

x 2 k +1 Proof: We use that arctgx = (1) . 2k + 1 k=0 Application 8.

k

arg th(sin x)dx = arg th(cos x)dx = 1 +

0 0

2 4 ... (2k ) . 2 k =1 1 3 ... (2k 1)(2k + 1)

Proof: We use that arg th x =

x 2 k +1 . k = 0 2k + 1

Application 9.

2 k

arg sh(sin x)dx = arg sh( cos x)dx = (1)

0 0 k k =1

1 . (2k + 1)2

1 3 ... (2k 1)x 2 k +1 . Proof: We use that arg shx = (1) 2 4 ... (2k)(2k + 1) k=0

Application 10.

22 k 1 (4k 1) Bk tg( sin x)dx = tg( cos x)dx = 12 32 ... (2k 1)2 k . k =1 0 0 Proof: We use that tg x =
Application 11.
2 2 2 k 1 1 B sin x cos x k sin(sin x) dx = sin(cos x) dx = 2 + 22 k (k!)2 k =1 0 0 2

2 2 k (4 k 1)Bk 2 k 1 x . (2k)! k =1

2 2 k 1 1 B x k 2k = 1 + 2 x . Proof: We use that (2k)! sin x k =1

Application 12.
2 2 2 k 1 1 B sin x cos x k sh(sin x) dx = sh(cos x) dx = 2 + 22 k (k!)2 . k =1 0 0 2 2 2 k 1 1 Bk 2 k x k Proof: We use that = 1 + 2 (1) x . shx (2k)! k =1 Application 13.

2 where Ek is the k-th Euler type number (see [1]).

0 0

sec(sin x)dx = sec(cos x)dx =

Ek , (k!)2 k =1 2
2 k +1

Proof: We use that sec x = 1 +

Application 14.

Ek 2 k x k =1 (2k)!

sec h(sin x )dx = sec h(cos x )dx =

0 0

+ (1)k
k =1

Ek . 2 ( k !)2
2 k +1

Proof: We use that sec h x = 1 + (1)k

k =1

Ek 2 k x . (2k)!

REFERENCES

[1] [2]

Octav Mayer Theoria funciilor de o variabil complex Ed. Academiei, Bucharest, 1981. Mihly Bencze About Taylor formula (manuscript).

[Published in Octogon, Vol. 6, No. 2, 117-120, 1998.]