Image Enhancement v3

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.
Gonzalez & Woods

www.ImageProcessingPlace.com
Image Enhancement - 2
Computer Vision Image enhancement - 2

Bartolomeo Montrucchio Politecnico di Torino
Dipartimento di Automatica e Informatica (DAUIN) Torino - Italy
bartolomeo.montrucchio@polito.it
19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Gonzalez & Woods
Spatial domain
Spatial domain g(x) = T[f(x,y)] the neighborhood can also be 1x1

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Thresholding
darkening below k and brightening above k
thresholding

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Transformation functions
s=T(r) menu curves in image processing software see example with Moon image see p.675 [Zakia] for the quadrant diagram in photography

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Log transformation
s = c log(1+r) where c is a constant and r >= 0 a narrow range of low-level values in the input image is mapped in a wide range of output levels at right the spectrum values are now more similar and easier to be represented

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Gamma correction
A CRT monitor has a gamma value of 1.8-2.5

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Gamma correction CRT

Here gamma correction means (for the CRT) to apply s=r^(1/2.5)

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Gamma correction

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Gamma correction

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Contrast stretching

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Specific range highlighting

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Specific range highlighting

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Bit-plane slicing

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Bit-plane slicing

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Bit-plane slicing

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Histograms
The histogram is a discrete function h(rk)=nk where rk is the kth gray level and nk is the number of pixels having gray level rk Usually is normalized p(rk)=nk/n where n is the total number of pixels Over/under-exposure are easily seen in the histogram in the digital camera display

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Histogram equalization (I)

Spreading out the frequencies (grays levels should have a uniform density) in an image (or equalising the image) can be done for improving the image The formula for histogram equalisation is given where
rk: input intensity sk: processed intensity k: the intensity range (e.g 0.0 1.0) nj: the frequency of intensity j n: the sum of all frequencies
sk = T (rk )
= ! pr ( r j )
j =1 k
=!
nj n
j =1

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Histogram equalization (II)

given a probability density function (PDF) it is possible to produce a resulting uniform PDF

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Histogram equalization (III)

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Histogram equalization (IV)
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Histogram equalization (V)

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Histogram specification
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1. Mapping of the levels in the original image into sk, starting from the histogram of the original image sk= T(rk) 2. Computes G function vk=G(zk ) starting from the desired histogram as a T(zk) like sk (please note that after both applying T to the original image or G to the desired and unknown image, results should be the same) 3. Computes G-1 4. Computes the desidered levels of the image applying G-1 zk=G-1[T(rk)] zk=G-1(sk)

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The function in (b),(2) is the inverse of that in (b),(1) It can be obtained (geometrically) reflecting the graph across the line y = x (not always it is possible)
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Global and local histogram equalization

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Global and local histogram equalization
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Mathematical operations
Image subtraction used in segmentation and enhancement Image addition Image division multiplication of one image by the reciprocal of the other (e.g. for uneven illumination) Image averaging used for contrasting noise (e.g. in astronomy)

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Linear spatial filtering

Given a linear, position invariant operator h(x,y): 1. Point Spread Function (PSF) h(x,y) is the response of the system to the impulse (a point of light) 2. Fourier transform of h(x,y) is H(u,v) and is the optical transfer function h(x,y) is also referred as a spatial convolution mask (only if symmetric)
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Correlation
+%
Convolution
+%
f (x) o g(x) =
&
$%
f " (# )g(x + # )d#
f (x) " g(x) =
&
$%
f (# )g(x $ # )d#
f* is the complex coniugate of f (imaginery part has opposite sign)
f (x, y) o g(x, y) " F(u,v)G(u,v) f # (x, y)g(x, y) " F(u,v) o G(u,v)
Convolution theorem
f (x) " g(x) # F(u)G(u) f (x)g(x) # F(u) " G(u)
Correlation Theorem (in 2D)

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g(x, y) =
# # w(s,t) f (x + s, y + t)
s="a t="b
Example of convolution mask, where the image f has size MxN, the filter mask has size mxn, a=(m-1)/2, b=(n-1)/2 Linear spatial filtering is often referred as convolving a mask with ! an image

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Please note that in photography, the resulting image at the sensor level is the convolution of the original (perfect) image with the finite aperture of the lens (diaphragm) if the original image is a very little point (e.g. 1 m) the result is as in figure if the lens is out of focus the result is much larger (so called bokeh) In figure there is the PSF of an optical system (a telescope with f=2500 mm and d=120mm), given as input a point of light (an artificial star of 35m at more than 15m)
112.5 m (core is 22.5 m) for a ~f20 lens, seen through a 3.75m pixel-wide CCD
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Averaring filter masks

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Non linear filtering Median filter
median is the numerical value separating the higher half from the lower half median lter computes the median under the mask (here 3x3) and uses it as a resulting value it is very effective for some images
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Derivatives
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Image Enhancement v3

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Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

Gonzalez & Woods

Computer Vision Image enhancement - 2

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

darkening below k and brightening above k

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

Gamma correction CRT

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

Specific range highlighting

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

Specific range highlighting

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

Histogram equalization (I)

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

Histogram equalization (II)

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

Histogram equalization (III)

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

Histogram equalization (IV)

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

Histogram equalization (V)

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

Global and local histogram equalization

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods