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neT\T <T ... H&T s T deTd\qT n+eTTKyTq
e&

Xu
HBXs se
n+X+> H\ T |]>D+ #b e&yT +<T sD+.
n nY d+> $eT]+#sT. \s ybs+ $<o
|T \ :
$.$.m. | k <
| |T&T\T(m|&t ) nqTeT+#\+f =\T
+.q+. 2`48, y\jT+ M~
y\ : 200/`
s T \ sD *+# |+<\T sb+<\HsT.
ejTsT ` 521 165, c
p 1`15 , 2012
d fy T
28

= |d\T

|uT + eeV]dTq rsT| re ksTT < yTsT .

| sc\ <q+ m>TeTT\qT w~+#&+ <s
dss >+&, M~ s& s T \qT <rd+<HsT.
w<+ e\ <H <s sT\T re+>
qwb js, B esd eTT b<j #d
nsdT njeT >TsT# X sT. me] \_ dy s T \qT
<rd $<H\T +&+ d]<HsT. sT\
deTd\ |]cs+ #b*q |uTyT... y]
d e Td e]+< j T | wt < y T s T .
sj\| jTq e{&T |r< | &T
myT +<+> es&+ myT s+ nqT>
|]d T \T e], sjT eed HXq+ e+<
+<q e+ #XsT. jT\eT+* yJ e{&T
#s m s+>, #sD
Y d+>\T 1930 qT+ s T \
d+ bs&q rsTqT $e]+#sT. s T \ d+ HVAqT
d + s+>qT m~]+#s, sE n+{ H\ T
m& nHsT. e& XuH BXsse e{&T qT

ds+

q sjT+ d+....

s+>, #sD
dY + >\ qT+ m+ d] b+~ s T \
d+ X$T+#eTHsT.

dHH\T
d+<s + > eekjT+ n$s w ]|q
|\TesT Xgy\ T, s T d+| \ H\ T, bjTT\qT
X\Ty\T, C| \ dH+#sT. nq< ed|
m&sY yds& HsjTDse, mdt.\s&, ndt
CqjT, jTT.l<$, y. y+fX sse, z{ >|H<,
m+C UH , =* H > X s s e, # + > s & ,
m+.|<Huse, q\eT\ y+fXsse, |+T\T,
ks+|* es &, e>+{ dseTk$T, s+>se,
m s H > +< H < , & s Y mdt . mH . se,
&.dHsjTDs&, m.|k<s&, y.j>Xsse,
q+ lydse, X+|k<s&, _.y+{e
~sT \T dHq>V \ HsT.

d fy T |d dMT\ d+ s +&T |d \qT

|+|+#e\d+~> |#T sDs\ $| #dT H +.

y\ : s. 85/`
y\ : s. 65/`
|T\ :

y\ : s. 50/`
|T\ :

Hwq T dt, +&j

HVA ue H, 5, Hd
wq @]j, |C ` II
ed+Y +C, q & ` 110 070

$X+< |_w + > Vdt

4`1`435, $CH ue H,
n_&, V <su< `001

p 1`15 , 2012

29

d fyT

q sjT+ d+....

u>q>s X|+> &HJ eed

` jT.$. seTsE

d|+sY 28, 1908 d+es+ eTdq~

eq es<\ >T]+ *dq ysT | &T +&b e#T.
2000 d+es+ >w 24Bq eq es<\
>T]+ eTq b\\T eT]H keq q+ e+
es+ |& n\H{ c\T eTs b HsT. | &T
|]d V <su< q>s+ T H |]d
+< n eTq q> s b \ d + d b\ e s Z +
+#e\d +T+~.
20e X + eTd q ~ eq es < \
d+~+q H{HC + qyT lMTsY kH UH
VejTY k>s,Y kH k>sY #sT e\T
]+, eTdq~ es<\ q]&+
bT V < s u< q> s eT+{
neds\T rs&+ ]+~. n< |dT
| u T |< \ T 2000 d + e s +
es<\ q+ss + sd sY $T{ yjT &+,
y] qT+ y~ d]+#&+ es
eyT #XsT. $T{ q d#q\T
neT\T #jT &+ X ~ |++~.
1908 d+es+ eTdq~ eq
es<\ deTjT+ sE 43 d.MT.

p 1`15 , 2012

30

esb+ qy<T > bD, dq w+ u> ]+~.

2000 d+es+ 24 d.MT. es+ se> n<we XT
bDqw + e, d q w + m e ]+~.
es<\ q+s+ |uT + ydq sd sY $T{ eT]jTT
j ds |t +&j , V <su< XK
#+~q &dse TH eT]jTT jTT.jTH.d >sT
1964 qT+& 1998 d+es+ es V<su<
q>s d++~+q |>V \ <s+> es<\ T
y]+#& rdT=qedq #s \T, u$ wT q>s
n_e~ |D[\T s+# deTjT+ rdTe\dq

d fy T

q sjT+ d+....

eTT+< T C> # s \T d d y ~
j sT#jT &+ ]+~.

s d sY $ T{ , .mdt . . Xgy
d#q\T ` |dT |]d

170.MT yTs es{ \e\T y&\ T #d

sD>&\T ]+#&+ n> H\|
eTD\qT |P]> =\+#&+ eT]jTT
|P&\ T rjT&+ e+{ #s \T #+#sT.
<X< \+ >& H H\T y&\ T
s D >& \ T ]+# & + 25 X + e y T
|P]e&+ ]+~. H\ eTD\ d+K H&T
1500 +&> | &T d+K >Z b > eT&T
s T |]+~.
L{ |*, | { H\ <s es< sT VQdH
k>sY <T |] ~>Te e~*q sT eTdq~
#s*. es<\ deTjT+ VQdH k>sY qT+&
>]w+ > 40,000 Ld\ sT e<\ed +&>
|dT + 16,000 Ld\T e~ |]d +~.
1964 d+ \ |s+ es< { \Te\T q
|<X \ | &T |\T ydb+\T y*XsTT.
<VsD sY|P sY, q\ +{ +{ b+\T,
| dV +> @s&q \Te\qT n&T = +&T
]+#&+ L& es<\ T se& eTTK sD+.
u$ wT = b+\ +{ |]d s+&
q>sb \ d+d eT]jTT V#Y.jT+.&.m. #s \T
rdTe\d +T+~. ` >+ V <su< q>s+
eT]jTT ysT b+\ *| 400 es #sT e\T,
+\T +&$. |dT + 169 eyT X\yT
q$. #sT e\qT |P& yd b+\T @sT
e&+ L& es<\ sDeTe+~. <VsD
edu {+, $jTq>sY \, ds sYq>sY +{
b+\ bT ysT b+\ #sTe\T
$| + > e TD\ > T s e T q$.
eTD\ eTTK sD+ $$< XK\ eT<
deTqjT |+ eTTK+> ]>wH, s $q eT]jTT

p 1`15 , 2012

q>sb \ d+d\ T. |{ H b\\T ]

#sT e\ sD @sT #d u$ wT eTD\
>T]+& #s\T rdTe&+ <s |
$|T \ qT+& u$ s\qT s+ #*. 2010 @|
ed+ nV d+> bs+_+q #sT e\ |]sD
$T{ e] 2012 H{ 5 deyX\T sV+H
rdTq #s \T ksTT XSq+.
| d+es+ es\T bs+u+
e& eTT+<
es<{ \Te\T |P& rdTqf es|sT
s& |q , e# neX+ +&<T . yde
|]dT\T _q+> +Tq$. 2010`11 ]
d+es+ L{|* d] |]~ d b
ss\ T ]|q |]o\q, n~sT\T eT]jTT
+{s ne>Vq eT++> |qT\T
|P]#d <T \T <T]j>+ #dq T y\& + ~.
|\T L& eTe+T b> es<
{ \Te\
dT, T\ +{ sD keT bd d+#T\T,
dk\+{ es |<s\T ydTHsT. M{
n]& q>sb\ d+d ]qyTq #s\T
rdTe\d +T+~.
|{H q>sb\ d+d n~sT\T eT]jTT
|C|<T \T ] q>s |\qT q es\
q<T\qT *|+# s&T, #sT e\qT \|+# \\
|]d qT+& eT]jTT es\+ e+<+f MT<
qT s dydT\qT c\ qT+& s+#\
u>q>s |\T +#&+ | <T . 
31

d fyT

q sjT+ d+....

n_e~|<+ L{|* jesZ+

|q>sY eT& |>
1. m+\+ qT+ |+&+> q |zesY
+~s>+B| s+ qT+ u>+ | XyT _*+>
es 22 |P]edT+ ~.
2. m+\+ qT+ \+| qT+ u>+ | es
q |z esY eT]jTT sYjT T_ 29 |P]
edTq~.
3. eT+{ eTTsT>TsT \e+& +&+<T
myT <T \T 45 \\ || t H |qT\T #|{ sT .
4. 300 k&jT + y|sY +|t @sT #jT &+
]+~.
5. V#Y| s&T qT+& +\y&, deTq>sY
y { _& ]+#&+ ]+~.
6. #|\ es{ <>sZ qT+& | q >sY H es
H y&\T #jT&+ d+ 16 <T\T
eT+psT #jT &+ ]+~.
7. #|\ es{ <>sZ qT+& sY{d dt &b es
eT]jTT $T HqT y&\ T #jT & 16
T <T \qT eT+psT #jT &+ ]+~.
8. BH < j q> s Y _& 4.16
V#YjTyTd eT+psT #jT&+ ]+~.
n<$<+> H b <>Zs 4.16
|b |uT + e< |+&+> HsTT.
9. 90 uq>sY |z esY eT+ps+ ~
10. | q >sY qT+ >yT q>sY *|+<T 80 \\
_& eT+psT #jT &+ ]+~.
11. HJq>s,Y u> dY + > bsY, qT>T d\ 60
\\ eT{ V ]+#&+ ]+~.
BH<jq>sY 15 \\T myT |+&
eT{ V\T eT+psT #jT &+ ]+~.

p 1`15 , 2012

12. 7 s&T, &H J , es< \Te\T eT]jTT

s |qT\T |P] #jT &+ ]+~. n<$<+ >
25.21 \\ T n+&sY >+& &H J |qT\T eT+psT
#jT &+ ]+~.
13. jT._. Xd q>sY eT]jTT eX+sY q>sY
|\ +~> q eTsT>T<=&q T =\+
eT{ V @sT #jT &+ sT>TT+~.
b]e d eTsT>T<=&T ]+#&+ ]+~.
14. 50 \\ dTesT 15 usYy eT]jTT eTT|
ysY |qT\T #jT &+ ]+~.
15. >yT q>sY V+< XXq y{, eTTd+ XXq
y{, V#Y.|. s&T XXq y{, eT]jTT
y q>sY XXq y{ n_e~ |qT\ 60
\\ <T \qT eT+psT #jT &+ ]+~.

eTk| eT& | >

1. 2007 qT+ |+&+> q eTk| ysY

|| t H 75 \\ |P]#j
T &+ ]+~. 40
\\ ysY d+| |qT\qT #|{ sT .
2. 13 &|j
T <>sZ des C {{yT +{ b+{
|P] edT+~. Be\q uJq>sY &HJ
deTd |]cs+ e&yT+& #sTe
eTTsT>TsT Xu+ #jT &TT+~.
3. 13 &|j
T #sT e <>sZ qT+ |PsT
es s&T |qT\T |P]e&+ ]+~.
4. eTwj
T H {Hw| t +H qT+ eTk| +H
es 30 s&T y&\ T |qT\T sT>TTq$.
5. eTk| ` eTwjTH {Hw|t <>Z] qT+
e<|PsY yTsTTH s&T (neTse V es
25 s&T |qT\T sT>TTq$.)
6. 40 \\ myT <T\ KsT eT+sT
eTTsT>TsT \e+& +&& || t H |qT\T
d fy T
32

#jT &+ ]+~.

7. 275 k&jT + y|sY +|t @sT #jT &+
]+~.
8. 60 \\ 6 eT{ V ]+#&+ ]+~.

q sjT+ d+....

d b se\T
q\>=+& ...>]&|*
|\\T, |d \T |+|D

eT+&\+ y*<+&, s+>|s+, => &+ |uT

9. d dV s+ jTHz <s e
bsX \ 150 eT+~ $<sT\ &j
T + s+s&
KsT y< de\T n+~+#&+ ]+~.
yTy]jT dT < s+ jTq esT&T &j
T +
10. uJ q>sY 42 \\ s +&T bsT\T n_e~ lydts & `|< <+|T \T +> |\\T, HT
#jT &+ ]+~ .
|d \T |+|D #XsT. d+<s + > lydts &
11. 5.35 s&T |qT\T |P]#j
T &+ ]+~. e{&T | @{ eT dT < s+ dy
12. &H J , es< \Te\ |qT\T 4.05 |P] se\T #|&TTqT *bsT. seT+
b<jTT\T w, $ dHsjTD eT*,
#jT &+ ]+~.
sese, drwt, q]+Vse, sD ,Y &j
T + y+s &
13. u\Tc|\qT k\ dV s+ =+es
~sT \T bZHsT.
n]& + ]+~.
14. V#Y m +d eT]j T T y T { d V j T +
eTk| T b+\T eTT+|
>T]+& +& @sT #jT &+ ]+~.

>T+sT ... \\]|

#+<uT dk sDY ks

eT<+ $<q+ ne\+q sD

Y esY dssY
Y
15. 2.5 #sT e\ |]sD
<T \T eT+psT #+<uT HjTT&TqT nqTd]d uT dk sD
ks eeV]dT+< d b jesZ
#jT &+ ]+~.
16. 44 \\ 4 XXqy{\ qT n_e~ #jT & H#] e<dT uqT|k< m<y #XsT. eT<+
f+&s $<H esd b @]j
<T \T eT+psj sTT.
d$T < s+ k m CXK s\jT+ m<T
17. 256 eT+~ sJy >V\ |+#&+ sdq e+ #XsT. d+<s + > jTq e{&T
]+~.
sD
Y dssY eT<+ ybs |y
s |s+ #d =
18. 12 usY y eT]jTT usY y |qT\qT dTesT b\d n+ b $<HH nqTd]+ sc
{ sb\ #|
& + ]+~.
eT<+<|<X> ess+ <yTsT. eT<+
19. # &+|tj sY 4 ms\ d {sTT+#&+ dT++ <s sc s.22.000 <jT+
\_dT + < < sD+>H eT< |y { |s + #d
]+~.
<|& b\&+<T |uT + dejTy T + < jTq
20. 4 33 $ dudw H |qT\T sT>TTHsTT.
s|+#sT. sh+ Hs\T, |T s\T, s&T |e<\T,
n<$<+ > 50 \\ 11$ {HbssT @sT
eTV\| y~+|\T |s>& eT<+ |<q
#jT &+ ]+~.
sDeT *d L& |uT+ < bVd
dsD
: u+T k+_s&
<jTyT |se e~> u$+ |\ d+ e >*
e~dT + < $eT]+#sT. |uT yT eT<+ <TD\T
sV+#\ jTq &e+& #XsT. nq+s+ m C
p 1`15 , 2012
33
d fyT

d b se\T
XU~sT\ $q|+ n+<CX sT. seT+
b |D
n< \T w usY, s<] eTT]|P &
|k<, |. #+<eT[, sD Y d+>, H>sE, lydse,
yTd, U<s,Y d~ , k~, |. VqTeT+se, mH MsjT
~sT \THsT.

es+> ... esq|

<q sj \ dd |\T<+
<q sj \ dd |* \ + d b
|#k+< d eT+&\ n<&T HH
sese nHsT. eT+&\+ =| * >eT $T{
jT$T+#sT. d+<s + > jTq e{&T <q
sj \ dd |* $<+ > w #j *q u<
d b ss\ | +<HsT. >e< &>
>&+ c, b<&> >T+&] esk$T,
s<]> <=eT{ H>sE, X~]> syE l<s ,Y
d+jTT s<]> +& lydt, H>T\> sT|,
deTqjT s> H>T\> sE, b u<T\T>
<=eT{ esY, syE lydt \ lydt,
>&|* sE mq T *bsT.

s+>s& ... yT&

n$| jTTed sJ bs+ : |. yJsE
n$| sJ bs+#jT &+bT jTTe
deTd\| s+s+ bs&TTq b d n
d nqT+< d+d nsTTq jTTed sh n< \T
|. yJsE |s=HsT. yT& #+~q |\TesT
$<sT\ T jTTed #ssT. d+<s + > @sT
#dq seT+ jTq e{&T sh |uT +
$<s T \ d e Td \qT | ] w ]+# & + | P ] >
$|\ yT+ < $eT]+#sT. b~\ qqT b\\T
$d]+#s s|+#sT. @{ \ #=|q <>\T
* k e T # d q V MT T < K\T # X s
p 1`15 , 2012
34

q sjT+ d+....

$eT]+#sT. sJy jTTesD

\ |] jTTeqT
eTu|f+<T = mT\T ydTHs yJsE
<yTsT. +|dt ]> m+|\qT, |y{
<>\qT d+ jTTesD\ { #s&+
d>T #Z #bsT. yT& &^ X\qT @sT#d
|< $<sT\ q $<qT n+<TuT y\
jTq &e+&#XsT. seT+ jTTed
j e s Z n< \T $H< s & , b< \T
sT DssY &, d HjT\T eesY, $<]d
HjT\T nJCd+ >, jdt, Xe+Y, Xs ,Y H>sE,
$H< esY ~sT \T bZHsT.

yT< ... d~|

eT<+ c|\qT | u T yT sV+#*
sh |uT + |{ + q eT<$<q+ = dk b
ks> +< d b sh s<] +&sT
syVHse $eT]+#sT. k b s\jT+
d fy T ed| qT $w]+ e{&sT. =
eT<+ $<q+ |{ k eT sTH\\T> n~sT\qT
n< jTq+ |sT $$< sc\ |+|q |uT +
{&| Vj+ nqTd]+q $<HH eT b{+#&+
d>T #Z eT+&|& sT . $<q+ |<\ u+
sT>b > y] ] |]d |L |e<eTT+<
+<q e+ #XsT. $<H s<T #d
$TH&T, & sc\ e~]> |uT yT eT<+
c|\qT sV+#\ jTq &e+& #XsT. |dT +
=qk> T T q eT< + c| \qT d > Z +
u\Tc|\qT |P]> =\+#\ &e+& #d
s V +# +<\ m< T s d q s e \T
#|
q TqT *bsT. d b n< &T
TeTq|* lydt e{&T eT<+ $j \ <s
<jT eqsT> #dTq sh|uT yK ] K+&d
#|
u jT sdq se\ |< d+K |\T
V s $j T e+ + # j \ j T q ss T .
seT+ eTVd n< s\T X+se T,
d ~ | j e s Z d \ V <s T | wt s e,
s+#+<s&, dTBs|Y , z+|wt, q]+Vs &, sE,
j<] bZHsT. 
d fy T