Chapter I INTRODUCTION Background of the Study Mathematics is often defined as the study of topics such as quantity, structure, space,

and change. Another view, held by many mathematicians, is that mathematics is the body of knowledge justified by deductive reasoning, starting from axioms and definitions. Practical mathematics, in nearly every society, is used for such purposes as accounting, measuring land, or predicting astronomical events. Mathematical discovery or research often involves discovering and cataloging patterns, without regard for application. The remarkable fact that the "purest" mathematics often turns out to have practical applications is what Eugene Wigner has called "the unreasonable effectiveness of mathematics." Today, the natural sciences, engineering, economics, and medicine depend heavily on new mathematical discoveries. The evolution of mathematics might be seen to be an ever-increasing series of abstractions, or alternatively an expansion of subject matter. The first abstraction was probably that of numbers. A number is a mathematical object used to count and measure. A notational symbol that represents a number is called a numeral but in common use, the word number can mean the abstract object, the symbol, or the word for the number .In mathematics, the definition of number has been extended over the years to include such numbers as zero, negative numbers, rational numbers, irrational numbers, and complex numbers. The researchers topic tackled only about Amicable Pair. This study is an investigatory, however, it could show how and what is the way to know a number (amicable umber) if it has

an amicable pair. The researcher studied this topic because for her, it is interesting and a new knowledge for a high school student. Two numbers are called Amicable (or friendly) if each equals to the sum of the aliquot divisors of the other (aliquot divisors means all the divisors excluding the number itself). For example is the numbers 220 and 284: 1 + 2 + 4 + 5 + 10 + 11 + 20 + 22 + 44 + 55 + 110 = 284 and the sum of all the natural divisors of 284, except for the number itself is equal to 1 + 2 + 4 +71 + 142 = 220. It can be seen that each amicable number has the power to generate another, thus symbolizing mutual harmony, perfect friendship and love. The smallest amicable pair (220, 284) is known from antiquity and so much significance was attached to it that the possessor of one was assured of close friendship with the possessor of the other number of the pair and so much so some marriages have been made in the past on the basis of amicable numbers. It was not until 1636 that the great Pierre de Fermat discovered another pair of amicable numbers (17296, 18416). Later Descartes gave the third pair of amicable numbers i.e. (9363584, 9437056). These results were actually rediscoveries of numbers known to Arab mathematicians. In the 18th century great Euler drew up a list of 64 amiable pairs (two of which later shown to be unfriendly). B.N.I. Paganini, a 16 years Old Italian, startled the mathematical world in 1866 by announcing that the numbers 1184 and 1210 were friendly. It was the second lowest pair and had been completely overlooked until then, Even Eulers list of Amicable pairs does not contain it. Today (28 Sept, 2007) about 11994387 pairs of amicable numbers is known.

There are many rules for finding amicable numbers sets in contrast with the single formula for perfect numbers. One simple rule given by Arab Thabit ibn Korrah in 9th century is given below: Take any power of 2, such as 2n where n>1 and form the numbers h = 3.2n 1 t = 3.2n-1 1 s = 9.22n-1 1 If h, t and s are all primes then 2h ht and 2n s are amicable. For example when n=2, you get h=11, t=5 and s=71, which are all primes hence 2n h t = 220 and 2n s = 284 are amicable numbers. Similarly when n = 4, you get the amicable pair (17296, 18416). Statement of the Problem The main purpose of this study is to investigate more about Amicable Pair. This study would try to answer the following question:
1. What are the amicable pairs that can be found between numbers 1 to 9999? 2. What are the proper divisors of the amicable pairs found between numbers 1 to

9999?
3. What are the other properties of the amicable numbers in an amicable pair

found between numbers 1 to 9999?

Significance of Study In this new generation, the researcher observed that many students have fading interest in studying, especially on subject like math. The students might consider that the said subject were boring or very hard to understand. So these students might explore things of their interest. This study will be great help to students and other researcher to know or discover new about numbers. Certain numbers were considered to have special properties. One of these special properties is the amicable number. This study provides deeper and thicker understanding about amicable number and pair. Scope and Limitation This study will be limited only in investigating and exploring more about Amicable Pairs. The study will be limited in the sense that the digit of the number is in 4 digits. Definition of Terms The following are some definition which is related to the study.
1. Amicable Pair- pairs in which each number is the sum of the proper divisors of the

other. ( Source: Wells, D. (1987). The Penguin Dictionary of Curious and Interesting Numbers (pp. 145147). London: Penguin Group. )
2. Number - a mathematical object used to count and measure.

( Source : http://thinkmath.edc.org/index.php/Number_line )
3. Pair- is a pair of mathematical objects. In the ordered pair (a, b), the object a is called

the first entry, and the object b the second entry of the pair.

(Source: J. Barkley Rosser, 1953. Logic for Mathematicians. McGraw-Hill. )

4. Arithmetic Operation- can be done only on numeric (including numeric subfields,

numeric arrays, numeric array elements, numeric table elements, numeric named constants, numeric figurative constants, and numeric literals). (Source:http://publib.boulder.ibm.com/infocenter/iadthelp/v7r0/topic/com.ibm.etools.iseries.la ngref.doc/c0925086546.htm )

5. Proper Divisor - a divisor of an integer n, also called a factor of n, is an integer which

divides n without leaving a remainder. (Source: Oystein Ore, Number Theory and its History, McGraw-Hill, NY, 1944)

"Amicable Pair: An Investigatory" Introduction

Presented to: Maam Maribel Santillana Siao Faculty and Staff of Mindanao State University Institute of Science Education Science High School

In Partial fulfillment of course requirement in Research

Gandarosa, Norhanifa P.

MARCH 2012