Max plot ratio = 13

North-west

170m 85m

Office building in Singapore

1st test - 3 parameters - 24 variations - parameter effects

Best 4: 2nd test - 1 new parameter - 4 variations

Worst 2 - further analysis

Process overview

Rotation

Arrangement shape, blocks

Shade width

Parameters

Variation Geometry 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Arrangement
No. of Blocks No. of Floors

Angle
Rotated /deg 0

Shade Width
Shade width /m 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4

Area per unit floor /m2

Total Area /m2

Plot Ratio

25 5 0

3358.00

83950.00

5.8

Square

15 5 0

561.20

58926.00

4.1

17

10 5 0

196.86

33465.69

2.3

25 4 0

3131.33

78283.25

5.4

Rectangle

15 3 0

515.87

54165.93

3.7

12

12 4

292.56

42128.64

2.9

Tested variations table

1,2

1,2

9,10

3,4

3,4

11,12

13,14

13,14

21,22

15,16

15,16

23,24

Variations

Variation Geometry 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

No. of Blocks

No. of Floors

Rotated /deg 0

25

5
0 Square 7 15 5 0 17 10 5 0 1 25 4 0 Rectangle 7 15 3 0 12 12 4

Shade width /m 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4

Cooling Electricity Total 71 56 80 72 102 84 132 111 127 109 167 138 95 75 133 123 113 96 152 132 119 102 158 133 3 4 4 5 4 6 4 6 4 11 4 8 2 3 2 3 3 7 4 6 4 9 4 7 74 60 84 76 105 90 136 117 131 120 171 145 97 78 135 126 116 103 156 138 123 110 162 140

Results

12

10 10

22 8 Electricity in kWh/m2/yr 18 6 6 4 4 2 1 14 2 3 8 12 24 20

21 17 16

19

23

11

13

15

0 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

Cooling Energy in kWh/m2/yr 1 Block 7 Blocks 10+ Blocks

Analysis of arrangement

12

10

8 Electricity in kWh/m2/yr

0 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

Cooling Energy in kWh/m2/yr shade width = 2 shade width = 4

Analysis of shade width

12

10

8 Electricity in kWh/m2/yr

0 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

Cooling Energy in kWh/m2/yr Rotated Not Rotated

Analysis of rotation

New parameter shade position

Variation a b c d
12

Geometry Square

No. of Blocks No. of Floors Rotated /deg 0 5 0 4

Shade width /m 4

Cooling 60 78 79 127

Electricity 4 5 3 3

Total 64 82 82 130

1 Rectangle

25

10

Electricity in kWh/m2/yr

6 b 4 a c 2 d

0 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

Cooling Energy in kWh/m2/yr 1st Test 2nd Test

Variations tested

Rotation 0 5

Variation Cooling 10 12
120

centre Electricity 9 45

border Cooling 55 71 Electricity 2 2

54 67

100 45 80 2 60 9

40 67 54 20 55

71

0 centre_0 border_0 Cooling Electricity centre_5 border_5

Variation 10 & 12 from 1st test

-Multiple blocks block off light to the middle zone -Rotation does not help bring in more light to a multi-block design -Shade width has a trade-off between cooling energy consumption and daylighting

Parameters summary