AUTOMATION OF SWING GATE

BY VIKAS KATNA 81307114058 SAURAV 81307114051 KRISHAN 81307114028 GURNAM SINGH 81307114016

Mechanical Engineering Department RAYAT BAHRA INSTITUTE OF ENGG. & NANOTECHNOLOGY HOSHIARPUR, INDIA. NOV, 2011

A PROJECT REPORT ON

AUTOMATION OF SWING GATE

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT FOR AWARD OF DEGREE OF

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING BY VIKAS KATNA ( 81307114058 ) SAURAV ( 81307114051 ) KRISHAN ( 81307114028 ) GURNAM SINGH ( 81307114016 ) UNDER THE GUIDENCE OF Er. HARBIR SINGH

Mechanical Engineering Department RAYAT BAHRA INSTITUTE OF ENGG. & NANO TECHNOLOGY HOSHIARPUR, INDIA.

ABSTRACT
In this final year project work, we attempt to construct a small and simple Automatic Gate System, which uses a AC motor which uses is used commonly for in many electric applications. The primary aim of this project is to learn in details about how the automatic gate system works and to understand to concepts involved. The secondary aim is to fabricate a simple automatic gate to show how the system works. The main activities involved in this project are the research done on how the automatic gate works, sketching a detailed plan of the gates, purchasing the correct AC motor and circuits and gate together and finally the test run. Although we had many hiccups during the fabrication of the gate but we were able to learned a lot from this project such as team work, innovation, the skill and ability to put into practice what we have learned to achieve our desired outcome.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Every Orientation work has an imprint of many people and we hereby take this excellent opportunity to acknowledge all the help, guidance & support that we have received for the completion of this project. With supreme sincerity and deep sense of appreciation, we express our thanks to Mr. Narinder Singh, Head, Department of Mechanical Engineering, for his co-operation. We express my gratitude to Mr. Harbir Singh (lecturer RBIENT, Hoshiarpur) who has guided us regarding the project, for his kindness, courtesy, valuable suggestions and inspirations. Above all, we would like to thank our beloved parents for their direct and indirect help, moral support and blessings, without which, this would not have been possible. We would also like to express thanks to my colleagues and friends, for their help and moral support. Lastly we would like to thank all those who directly or indirectly helped me throughout my work.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
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CHAPTER NO .

TITLE

PAGE NO.

ABSTRACT ACKNOWLEDGEMENT LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF SYMBOLS LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS vi ii

vii

1. 2.

INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................1 PROJECT REVIEW.....................................................................................2 2.1 COMPONENTS OF SYSTEM.........................................3 2.1.1 2.1.2 2.1.3 2.1.4 2.1.5 2.1.6 2.1.7 2.1.8 2.1.9 ELECTRIC MOTOR.................................4 BELT DRIVE.............................................8 MOTORS GEARBOX............................11 CHAIN DRIVE........................................14 BEARINGS..............................................17 TIRE.........................................................25 SUSPENSION SYSTEM.........................26 ELECTRIC ARC WELDING..................29 ELECTRIC WIRING AND ELECTRONIC SWITCH.................................................30

3.

PROJECT WORK............................................................................32 3.1 3.2 FABRICATION OF SYSTEM ............................32 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS .............................34
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3.3 3.4 4. 5.

WORKING .............................................................35 COMPLETE SYSTEM WITH PARTS NAME .....37

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS.....................................................38 CONCLUSIONS................................................................................40 ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES.........................................41 REFERENCES..................................................................................42

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure No. Title Page

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2.1.1 2.1.2 2.1.3 2.1.4 2.1.5 2.1.6 2.1.7 3.4

Electric Motor V-belt drive Motors Gearbox Chain drive Journal bearing Compression spring Reversing switch Complete system with parts name

5 9 11 15 20 28 31 37

LIST OF SYMBOLS

m N k V N hp Hz mm N/m rad

Metre Dynamic viscosity Newton Stiffness Voltage Speed Horse power Hertz Millimetre Newton per mitre Radian

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

vi

RPM EP AC DC EMF

Revolutions Per Minute Extreme Pressure Alternating Current Direct Current Electromagnetic Force

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INTRODUCTION
There are several ways to operate a gate either manually or by any automation technique. Gate operator is a mechanical device used for opening and closing a swing gate, such as one at the end of a driveway. Automatic gate openers are typically powered by electricity in commercial uses. The principle of this unique automatic gate system is a 12volt motor working on a moving chassis. The advantage of this most basic principle is that we can open bigger gates, faster and with far less power than other systems Electric powered gate operator is powered by AC motor which can open and close a gate. An electric gate operator uses a circuit to open, close or reverse the gate when it receives a signal from an access control as per desired direction of swing .

PROJECT REVIEW
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Automatic gate operator is an easy way to ensure the security of private premises and can be used for all sized properties. Though not very commonplace at the moment, have found their niche in the market today. For those who find the security of their premises (be it residential or commercial) important, electric gates are the way to go. There is a decrease in the cost of electric gate kits and their installation. The backbone of any electric gate, whether automatic or not, is the electric gate motor, the mainly used motor is electromechanical. This is the electric device which actually enables the electric gate to open and close without having to manually push the gate. All types of electric gates and barriers make use of a motor of some kind. This automatic gate operators consist of simpler design as compared with other systems present in the market, in result which assess in decreasing the power requirements for the working of the system. Also, it is much cheaper in cost and user friendly due to ease of operation. The backup battery and position sensors are also a improved option. But due to area of application, cost cutting and backup power supply , these are not used in project.

COMPONENTS OF SYSTEM
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The automatic gate system is made of following parts :-

1. Electric motor 2. Belt drive 3. Gear box 4. Chain drive 5. Bearings 6. Tire 7. Suspension system 8. Electric arc welding
9. Electric wiring and switch.

ELECTRIC MOTOR

An electric motor converts electrical energy into mechanical energy. Most electric motors operate through the interaction of magnetic fields and current-carrying conductors to generate force. Electric motors are found in applications as diverse as industrial fans, blowers and pumps, machine tools, household appliances, power tools, and disk drives. They may be powered by direct current, e.g., a battery powered portable device or motor vehicle, or by alternating current from a central electrical distribution grid or inverter. The smallest motors may be found in electric wristwatches. Medium-size motors of highly standardized dimensions and characteristics provide convenient mechanical power for industrial uses. The very largest electric motors are used for propulsion of ships, pipeline compressors, and water pumps with ratings in the millions of watts. Electric motors may be classified by the source of electric power, by their internal construction, by their application, or by the type of motion they give.

AC MOTOR
AC motors are the most common motors used in industrial motion control systems, as well as in main powered home appliances. Simple and rugged design, low-cost, low maintenance and
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direct connection to an AC power source are the main advantages of AC motors. Various types of AC motors are available in the market. Different motors are suitable for different applications. Although AC motors are easier to design than DC motors, the speed and the torque control in various types of AC motors require a greater understanding of the design and the characteristics of these motors. This application discusses the basics of an AC motor.

Figure 2.1.1: Electric motor

BASIC CONSTRUCTION AND PRINCIPLE

Like most motors, an AC motor has a fixed outer portion, called the stator and a rotor that spins inside with a carefully engineered air gap between the two. Virtually all electrical motors use magnetic field rotation to spin their rotors. A single-phase AC motor depends on extra electrical
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components to produce this rotating magnetic field. Two sets of electromagnets are formed inside any motor. In an AC induction motor, one set of electromagnets is formed in the stator because of the AC supply connected to the stator windings. The alternating nature of the supply voltage induces an Electromagnetic Force (EMF) in the rotor (just like the voltage is induced in the transformer secondary) as per Lenzs law, thus generating another set of electromagnets; hence the name induction motor. Interaction between the magnetic field of these electromagnets generates twisting force, or torque. As a result, the motor rotates in the direction of the resultant torque.

STATOR
The stator is made up of several thin laminations of aluminum or cast iron. They are punched and clamped together to form a hollow cylinder (stator core) with slots. Coils of insulated wires are inserted into these slots. Each grouping of coils, together with the core it surrounds, forms an electromagnet (a pair of poles) on the application of AC supply. The number of poles of an AC induction motor depends on the internal connection of the stator windings. The stator windings are connected directly to the power source. Internally they are connected in such a way, that on applying AC supply, a rotating magnetic field is created.

ROTOR
The rotor is made up of several thin steel laminations with evenly spaced bars, which are made up of aluminum or copper, along the periphery. In the most popular type of rotor (squirrel cage rotor), these bars are connected at ends mechanically and electrically by the use of rings. Almost 90% of induction motors have squirrel cage rotors. This is because the squirrel cage
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rotor has a simple and rugged construction. The rotor consists of a cylindrical laminated core with axially placed parallel slots for carrying the conductors. Each slot carries a copper, aluminum, or alloy bar. These rotor bars are permanently short-circuited at both ends by means of the end rings, as shown in . This total assembly resembles the look of a squirrel cage, which gives the rotor its name. The rotor slots are not exactly parallel to the shaft. Instead, they are given a skew for two main reasons. The first reason is to make the motor run quietly by reducing magnetic hum and to decrease slot harmonics. The second reason is to help reduce the locking tendency of the rotor. The rotor teeth tend to remain locked under the stator teeth due to direct magnetic attraction between the two. This happens when the number of stator teeth are equal to the number of rotor teeth. The rotor is mounted on the shaft using bearings on each end; one end of the shaft is normally kept longer than the other for driving the load. Some motors may have an accessory shaft on the nondriving end for mounting speed or position sensing devices. Between the stator and the rotor, there exists an air gap, through which due to induction, the energy is transferred from the stator to the rotor. The generated torque forces the rotor and then the load to rotate. Regardless of the type of rotor used, the principle employed for rotation

BELT DRIVE
Belt drive can be defined as the the transmission of power between shafts by means of a belt connecting pulleys on the shafts. Pair of pulleys attached to usually parallel shafts and connected by an encircling flexible belt (band) that can serve to transmit and modify rotary motion from one shaft to the other A mechanism that transmits rotational motion from one pulley mounted on a shaft

to another by means of a belt. The belt transmits torque from the driving pulley to the driven pulley by means of the forces of friction that arise between the taut belt and the pulleys The advantages of belt drives are their simplicity of design, relative low cost, capacity to transmit power over significant distances (up to 15 m and more), and smooth and noiseless operation. In addition, the elastic properties of the belt and its ability to slip on the pulleys help prevent overload. The disadvantages include the short lifetime of the belts, relatively large size, heavy stress on the shafts and bearings, and variation in the tension ratio caused by the inevitable slipping of the belt. Belts made of highly elastic, strong synthetic materials, narrow V-belts, and timing belts are becoming increasingly common. Belt drives are widely used in agricultural machines, electric generators, certain machine tools, and textile machines. They are ordinarily used for transmitting power up to 3050 kilowatts, but there are machines in which belt drives are used to transmit power of hundreds and even thousands of kilowatts.

V-BELT DRIVE
Vee belt drive consist of a vee belt and a vee grooved pulley for power transmission. Vee belts (also known as V-belt or wedge rope) solved the slippage and alignment problem. It is now the basic belt for power transmission. They provide the best combination of traction, speed of movement, load of the bearings, and long service life. They are generally endless, and their general
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cross-section shape is trapezoidal. The "V" shape of the belt tracks in a mating groove in the pulley (or sheave), with the result that the belt cannot slip off. The belt also tends to wedge into the groove as the load increases, improving torque transmission and making the V-belt an effective solution, needing less width and tension than flat belts. V-belts trump flat belts with their small center distances and high reduction ratios.

Figure 2.1.2: V-belt drive V-belts need larger pulleys for their larger thickness than flat belts. They can be supplied at various fixed lengths or as a segmented section, where the segments are linked (spliced) to form a belt of the required length.

BELT FRICTION
Belt drives depend on friction to operate but, if the friction is excessive, there will be waste of energy and rapid wear of the belt. Factors which affect belt friction include belt tension, contact angle and the materials from which the belt and pulleys are made. Due to this, slip and creep are very less in V-belt drive.

BELT TENSION
Power transmission is a function of belt tension. However, also increasing with tension is stress (load) on the belt and bearings. The ideal belt is that of the lowest tension which does not slip in high loads. Belt tensions should also be adjusted to belt type, size, speed, and pulley diameters. Belt tension is determined by measuring the force to deflect the belt a given distance per inch of pulley. Timing belts need only adequate tension to keep the belt in contact with the pulley.

BELT WEAR
Fatigue, more so than abrasion, is the culprit for most belt problems. This wear is caused by stress from rolling around the pulleys. High belt tension; excessive slippage; adverse environmental conditions; and belt overloads caused by shock, vibration, or belt slapping all contribute to belt fatigue.

MOTORS GEARBOX
Gear motors are complete motive force systems consisting of an electric motor and a reduction gear train integrated into one easy-to-mount and -configure package. This greatly reduces the complexity and cost of designing and constructing power tools, machines and appliances calling for high torque at relatively low shaft speed or RPM. Gear motors allow the use of economical low-horsepower motors to provide great motive force at low speed such as in lifts, winches, medical tables, jacks and robotics. They can be large enough to lift a building or small enough to drive a tiny clock.
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Figure 2.1.3: Motors Gearbox

OPERATION PRINCIPLE
Most synchronous AC electric motors have output ranges of from 1,200 to 3,600 revolutions per minute. They also have both normal speed and stall-speed torque specifications. The reduction gear trains used in gear motors are designed to reduce the output speed while increasing the torque. The increase in torque is inversely proportional to the reduction in speed. Reduction gearing allows small electric motors to move large driven loads, although more slowly than larger electric motors. Reduction gears consist of a small gear driving a larger gear. There may be several sets of these reduction gear sets in a reduction gear box.
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SPEED REDUCTION
Sometimes the goal of using a gear motor is to reduce the rotating shaft speed of a motor in the device being driven, such as in a small electric clock where the tiny synchronous motor may be spinning at 1,200 rpm but is reduced to one rpm to drive the second hand, and further reduced in the clock mechanism to drive the minute and hour hands. Here the amount of driving force is irrelevant as long as it is sufficient to overcome the frictional effects of the mechanism.

TORQUE MULTIPLICATION
Another goal achievable with a gear motor is to use a small motor to generate a very large force albeit at a low speed. These applications include the lifting mechanisms on hospital beds, power recliners, and heavy machine lifts where the great force at low speed is the goal. Therefore they are used broadly.

MOTOR VARIETIES
Most industrial gear motors are AC-powered, fixed-speed devices, although there are fixed-gear-ratio, variable-speed motors that provide a greater degree of control. DC gear motors are used primarily in automotive applications such as power winches on trucks, windshield wiper motors and power seat or power window motors.

APPLICATIONS
What power can openers, garage door openers, stair lifts, rotisserie motors, timer cycle knobs on washing machines, power drills, cake mixers and electromechanical clocks have in
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common is that they all use various integrations of gear motors to derive a large force from a relatively small electric motor at a manageable speed. In industry, gear motor applications in jacks, cranes, lifts, clamping, robotics, conveyance and mixing are too numerous to count.

CHAIN DRIVE
Chain drive is a way of transmitting mechanical power from one place to another. It is often used to convey power to the wheels of a vehicle, particularly bicycles and motorcycles. It is also used in a wide variety of machines besides vehicles. Most often, the power is conveyed by a roller chain, known as the drive chain or transmission chain, passing over a sprocket gear, with the teeth of the gear meshing with the holes in the links of the chain. The gear is turned, and this pulls the chain putting mechanical force into the system. Sometimes the power is output by simply rotating the chain, which can be used to lift or drag objects. In other situations, a second gear is placed and the power is recovered by attaching shafts or hubs to this gear.
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Though drive chains are often simple oval loops, they can also go around corners by placing more than two gears along the chain; gears that do not put power into the system or transmit it out are generally known as idler-wheels. By varying the diameter of the input and output gears with respect to each other, the gear ratio can be altered.

ROLLER CHAIN DRIVE

Roller chain or bush roller chain is the type of chain drive most commonly used for transmission of mechanical power on many kinds of domestic, industrial and agricultural machinery, including conveyors, wire and tube drawing machines, printing presses, cars, motorcycles, and simple machines like bicycles. It consists of a series of short cylindrical rollers held together by side links. It is driven by a toothed wheel called a sprocket. It is a simple, reliable, and efficient means of power transmission.

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Figure 2.1.4: Chain drive

SPROCKET
A sprocket is a profiled wheel with teeth that mesh with a chain, track or other perforated or indented material. The name 'sprocket' applies generally to any wheel upon which are radial projections that engage a chain passing over it. It is distinguished from a gear in that sprockets are never meshed together directly, and differs from a pulley in that sprockets have teeth and pulleys are smooth. Sprockets and chains are also used for power transmission from one shaft to another where slippage is not admissible, sprocket chains being used instead of belts or ropes and sprocket-wheels instead of pulleys. They can be run at high speed and some forms of chain are so constructed as to
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be noiseless even at high speed. Sprockets are used in bicycles, motorcycles, cars, tracked vehicles, and other machinery either to transmit rotary motion between two shafts where gears are unsuitable or to impart linear motion to a track

ROLLER CHAIN
There are actually two types of links alternating in the bush roller chain. The first type is inner links, having two inner plates held together by two sleeves or bushings upon which rotate two rollers. Inner links alternate with the second type, the outer links, consisting of two outer plates held together by pins passing through the bushings of the inner links.

WEAR
The effect of wear on a roller chain is to increase the pitch (spacing of the links), causing the chain to grow longer. Note that this is due to wear at the pivoting pins and bushes, not from actual stretching of the metal (as does happen to some flexible steel components such as the handbrake cable of a motor vehicle).

LUBRICATION
There are also many chains that have to operate in dirty conditions, and for size or operational reasons cannot be sealed. Examples include chains on farm equipment, bicycles, and
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chain saws. These chains will necessarily have relatively high rates of wear, particularly when the operators are prepared to accept more friction, less efficiency, more noise and more frequent replacement as they neglect lubrication and adjustment.

BEARINGS
A bearing is a device to allow constrained relative motion between two or more parts, typically rotation or linear movement. Bearings may be classified broadly according to the motions they allow and according to their principle of operation as well as by the directions of applied loads they can handle.

SLIDING ELEMENT BEARINGS

A linear-motion bearing or linear slide is a bearing designed to provide free motion in one dimension. There are many different types of linear motion bearings and this family of products is generally broken down into two sub-categories: rolling-element and plane. Motorized linear slides such as machine slides, XY tables, roller tables and some dovetail slides are bearings moved by drive mechanisms. Not all linear slides are motorized, and nonmotorized dovetail slides, ball bearing slides and roller slides provide low-friction linear movement for equipment powered by inertia or by hand. All linear slides provide linear motion based on bearings, whether they are ball bearings, dovetail bearings or linear roller bearings. XY Tables, linear stages, machine slides and other advanced slides use linear motion bearings to provide movement along both X and Y multiple axis. comprising just a bearing surface and no rolling
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elements. Therefore the journal (i.e., the part of the shaft in contact with the bearing) slides over the bearing surface. The simplest example of a plain bearing is a shaft rotating in a hole. A simple linear bearing can be a pair of flat surfaces designed to allow motion; e.g., a drawer and the slides it rests on or the ways on the bed of a lathe.

JOURNAL BEARING
Journal bearings are widely used in gasoline and diesel fueled piston engines in motor vehicles, and allow parts to move together smoothly. Two types are used in these engines. Main bearings are a type of journal bearing used to support a rapidly rotating crankshaft within an engine block. Connecting rod bearings are a type of journal bearing that help resolve the reciprocating linear motion of pistons to the rotating motion of the crankshaft by means of crankpin journals on the crankshaft. An in-line four cylinder engine would normally have a main bearing on each end plus one between each cylinder for a total of five, and one connecting rod bearing for each piston for a total of four

CONSTRUCTION

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The four major parts of a journal bearing are the shaft journal; the removable bearing shell halves, usually steel with a soft alloy lining; the bearing shell support halves; and the oil that actually comprises the bearing action. Since most crankshafts are either cast or forged, they are one piece, and the bearing journals are machined into the rough shape that comes from the casting or forging process. The bearing shells and supports are split exactly in half at the bottom of the engine block to allow the crankshaft to be inserted into top half-rounds in the block. The bearing caps comprising the bottom half rounds of each bearing are then bolted into place under the crankshaft such that each crankshaft main bearing and connecting rod journal is completely surrounded by a bearing surface that conforms tightly. It hydraulically fills the bearing clearance, thus providing a viscous damping effect. It also cools the metal bearing surfaces as it circulates.

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Figure 2.1.5: Journal bearing

It achieves this by using at least two races to contain the balls and transmit the loads through the balls. In most applications, one race is stationary and the other is attached to the rotating assembly (e.g., a hub or shaft). As one of the bearing races rotates it causes the balls to rotate as well. Because the balls are rolling they have a much lower coefficient of friction than if two flat surfaces were rotating on each other. .

ADVANTAGES
The journal bearing has several advantages over other types of bearing, providing it has a constant supply of clean high-grade motor oil. First, it handles high loads and velocities because metal to metal contact is minimal due to the oil film. Second, the journal bearing is remarkably durable and long lasting. Finally, because of the damping effects of the oil film, journal bearings help make engines quiet and smooth running. Journal bearings with their inherent advantages are also used in other high-load, high-velocity applications, such as machines and turbines.

LIFESPAN

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The calculated life for a bearing is based on the load it carries and its operating speed. The industry standard usable bearing lifespan is inversely proportional to the bearing load cubed. Nominal maximum load of a bearing is for a lifespan of 1 million rotations, which at 50 Hz (i.e., 3000 RPM) is a lifespan of 5.5 working hours. 90% of bearings of that type have at least that lifespan, and 50% of bearings have a lifespan at least 5 times as long. Many variations of the exist that include factors for material properties, lubrication, and loading. Factoring for loading may be viewed as a tacit admission that modern materials demonstrate a different relationship between load and life.

FAILURE MODES
If a bearing is not rotating, maximum load is determined by force that causes non-elastic deformation of balls. If the balls are flattened, the bearing does not rotate. Maximum load for not or very slowly rotating bearings is called "static" maximum load. If that same bearing is rotating, that deformation tends to knead the ball into roughly a ball shape, so the bearing can still rotate, but if this continues for a long time, the ball fails due to metal fatigue. Maximum load for rotating bearing is called "dynamic" maximum load, and is roughly two or three times as high as static max load.

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If a bearing is rotating, but experiences heavy load that lasts shorter than one revolution, static max load must be used in computations, since the bearing does not rotate during the maximum load.

LUBRICATION
For a bearing to operate properly, it needs to be lubricated. In most cases the lubricant is based on elastic hydrodynamic effect (by oil or grease) but working at extreme temperatures dry lubricated bearings are also available. For a bearing to have its nominal lifespan at its nominal maximum load, it must be lubricated with a lubricant (oil or grease) that has at least the minimum dynamic viscosity (usually denoted with the Greek letter ) recommended for that bearing. If the viscosity of lubricant is higher than recommended, lifespan of bearing increases, roughly proportional to square root of viscosity. If the viscosity of the lubricant is lower than recommended, the lifespan of the bearing decreases, and by how much depends on which type of oil being used. For oils with EP ('extreme
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pressure') additives, the lifespan is proportional to the square root of dynamic viscosity, just as it was for too high viscosity, while for ordinary oil's lifespan is proportional to the square of the viscosity if a lower-than-recommended viscosity is used.

MAINTENANCE
Many bearings require periodic maintenance to prevent premature failure, although some such as fluid or magnetic bearings may require little maintenance. Most bearings in high cycle operations need periodic lubrication and cleaning, and may require adjustment to minimise the effects of wear. Bearing life is often much better when the bearing is kept clean and welllubricated. However, many applications make good maintenance difficult. For example bearings in the conveyor of a rock crusher are exposed continually to hard abrasive particles. Cleaning is of little use because cleaning is expensive, yet the bearing is contaminated again as soon as the conveyor resumes operation. Thus, a good maintenance program might lubricate the bearings frequently but never clean them.
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APPLICATIONS
Today the journal bearing is used in numerous everyday applications. journal bearings are used for dental and medical instruments. In dental and medical hand pieces, it is necessary for the pieces to withstand sterilization and corrosion. Because of this requirement, dental and medical hand pieces are made from 440C stainless steel, which allows smooth rotations at fast speeds. Agricultural Equipment. The many moving parts in a piece of farm machinery depend on several different types of bearings to operate. Under the heavy loads and dusty conditions, these bearings need to be lubricated, repaired, or replaced often.

TIRE
Tire is a ring-shaped covering that fits around a wheel rim to protect it and enable better vehicle performance by providing a flexible cushion that absorbs shock while keeping the wheel in close contact with the ground. They consist of a tread and a body. The tread provides traction while the body ensures support. he bead is that part of the tire that contacts the rim on the wheel

ROLLING RESISTANCE
Rolling resistance is the resistance to rolling caused by deformation of the tire in contact with the road surface. As the tire rolls, tread enters the contact area and is deformed flat to conform to the roadway. The energy required to make the deformation depends on the inflation pressure,
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rotating speed, and numerous physical properties of the tire structure, such as spring force and stiffness.

TREAD WEAR
There are several types of abnormal tread wear. Poor wheel alignment can cause excessive wear of the innermost or outermost ribs. Gravel roads, rocky terrain, and other rough terrain causes accelerated wear. Over-inflation above the sidewall maximum can cause excessive wear to the center of the tread. Modern tires have steel belts built in to prevent this. Under-inflation causes excessive wear to the outer ribs

SUSPENSION SYSTEM
The suspension is the prime mechanism that separates your moving machines parts from the road. It also prevents your system from shaking itself to pieces. No matter how smooth you think the road is, it's a bad, bad place to propel over a ton of metal at high speed. Suspension system is the term given to the system of springs, shock absorbers and linkages that connects a moving mechanism to its wheels. When a tire hits an obstruction, there is a reaction force. The size of this reaction force depends on the wheel assembly.

ROLE OF SUSPENSION SYSTEM

The main role of suspension system are as follows: 1. It supports the weight of mechanism .
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2. Provides smoother ride for the mechanism i.e. acts as cushion. 3. Protects your mechanism from damage and wear . 4. It also plays a critical role in maintaining self driving conditions. 5. It also keeps the wheels pressed firmly to the ground for traction . 6. It isolates the body from road shocks and vibrations which would otherwise be transferred to the mechanism and load.

COIL SPRING
A Coil spring, also known as a helical spring, is a mechanical device, which is typically used to store energy and subsequently release it, to absorb shock, or to maintain a force between contacting surfaces. They are made of an elastic material formed into the shape of a helix which returns to its natural length when unloaded. Coil springs are a special type of torsion spring the material of the spring acts in torsion when the spring is compressed or extended. Metal coil springs are made by winding a wire around a shaped former - a cylinder is used to form cylindrical coil springs.

PRINCIPLE
When a spring is compressed or stretched, the force it exerts is proportional to its change in length. The rate or spring constant of a spring is the change in the force it exerts, divided by the change in deflection of the spring. That is, it is the gradient of the force versus deflection curve. An
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extension or compression spring has units of force divided by distance, for example N/m. Torsion springs have units of force multiplied by distance divided by angle, such as Nm/rad or. The inverse of spring rate is compliance, that is: if a spring has a rate of 10 N/mm, it has a compliance of 0.1 mm/N. The stiffness ( k ) of springs in parallel is additive, as is the compliance of springs in series. Compression springs are designed to become shorter when loaded. Their turns (loops) are not touching in the unloaded position, and they need no attachment points.

Figure 2.1.6: Compression spring

USES
Springs are used in many purposes. And also one spring can be used for various purposes simultaneously. There are some of functional purposes. 1. It can be used to store energy for a part of functioning cycles.
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2. Also it can be used to couple two different components i.e. to force, to engage, to maintain contact with, to remain clear of some other components. 3. Springs, as an electrical device, are useful to maintain continuation in electrical circuit. 4. To counterbalance the weight or thrust, springs are used. 5. For a component, to regain its original position, springs can be used. 6. To decrease the shock or vibrations by observing the motion of moving weight.

ELECTRIC ARC WELDING

Electric Arc welding is a type of welding that uses a welding power supply to create an electric arc between an electrode and the base material to melt the metals at the welding point. They can use either direct (DC) or alternating (AC) current, and consumable or non-consumable electrodes. The welding region is usually protected by some type of shielding gas orslag.

ADVANTAGES
1. Flux Shielded Manual Metal Arc Welding is the simplest of all the arc welding processes. 2. The equipment can be portable and the cost is fairly low. 3. This process finds many applications, because of availability of wide variety of electrodes. 4. A big range of metals and their alloys can be welded. 5. Welding can be carried out in any position with highest weld quality. 6. The process can be very well employed for hard facing and metal deposition to reclaim parts or to develop other characteristics like wear resistance etc.

APPLICATIONS
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The process finds applications in : (a) Air receiver, tank, boiler and pressure vessel fabrications; (b) Ship building; (c) Pipes and Penstock joining; (d) Building and Bridge construction; (e) Automotive and Aircraft industry, etc.

ELECTRIC WIRING
A system of wires providing electric circuits for a device. The pre-wiring of any automatic gate system is critical. Generally all domestic and commercial systems will run off 230v mains voltage. Most operators draw extremely low amounts of current making voltage drop minimal. Proper insulation is provided such that Electrical wire insulation resists the flow of electrical charge, thus preventing the loss of electric current and creating a safe vehicle for the flow of electricity. Generally at the same time as mains cable being installed, most installations will require some sort of multi-core low voltage cabling to facilitate such things as audio intercom systems and or the ability to activate gates via push-buttons within the dwelling. In all situations low voltage cabling legally must be separate from mains power, preferably in their own high impact resistant plastic conduit.

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ELECTRONIC SWITCH
A switch is an electrical component that can break an electrical circuit, interrupting the current or diverting it from one conductor to another. A three way switch is used in this automatic gate system where reverse, forward and idle positions are required in working of the swing gate

Figure 2.1.7: Reversing switch

Reversing switch is a type of DPDT switch. DPDT switches are available in 'toggle' type, as shown in the picture above. The ideal switch for this application would have a momentary, or
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non-locking, action. It would automatically switch back to the centre-off position after the operator has released the switch. These switches are normally a little more expensive.

PROJECT WORK
It consist of methodology adopted for doing the project. It also includes steps to system fabrication, analyzing of system, working of system according to the various design considerations of the project according to which the project is going to work out at appropriate conditions of operation

FABRICATION OF SYSTEM
The whole system for opening the gate is fabricated in six finite steps which can be explained as given below : Step 1: Firstly, the base metal plate is cut on which all others parts of the system are to be placed. AC motor, gearbox, journal bearing and bent T-section metal plates are welded on it at specified positions of the base metal plate. Step 2: After welding the main components on the base metal plate, they are interlinked with each other for the power transmission. AC motor is linked with gearbox with the help of V-belt drive to transmit power, where the gearbox is linked with the journal bearing with the help

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of the chain drive which offers zero slip. Journal bearing transfers the power to the tire with its inside sliding mechanism.

Step 3: Mechanical clamps are welded on to the base metal plate and on the side iron sheet. It is welded on one of the base edge so as to make a opening mechanism of the system. Which can be used for opening the system when required for maintenance or in case of repair. Step 4: Whole casing is covered with the iron sheet to provide a good aesthetic view and also to prevent system from dirt and to provide safety from damage. Iron sheet is welded on the other side opposite to the opening cover of the system with help of electric arc welding. Step 5: After that suspension link in T-shape metal piece is welded on the one side of the system opposite to the opening mechanism by electric arc welding. Suspension springs are aligned on the suspension link which are fitted and tightened on suspension link with help of the hexagonal nut. Step 6: Finally, the system is joined with the mechanical gate by suspension link and T-shape metal piece welded on base plate. The hexagonal nut and bolt in horizontal direction is used to join the gate and gate opening system.

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DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

Motor: Type Power = = AC 0.5 hp 230 V

Voltage =

Gearbox: N2/N1 N2/N1 Where, N1 - Speed input to the gearbox. N2 Speed available at tire. Which means that for every 70 revolutions at gearbox input, there will be 1 = T2/T1 = 1/70 ( Gear ratio )

revolution of the tire of the system. This is to overcome very high speed of motor and to achieve desired low speed for opening and closing of gate.

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WORKING
When the 0.5 hp AC motor is given power supply, it comes into action. AC motor produces 1400 rpm at its driver shaft, which are reduced to 1:1 or 1:2 at the entry of the gearbox. Power is transmitted with help of the V-belt drive within motor and gearbox. Gearbox is used to reduce the speed to very low value. It reduces the speed at journal bearing in the ratio of 1:70. This reduced speed is delivered to journal bearing with help of roller chain drive. After that, journal bearing delivers power to the tire with help of its sliding mechanism. When the tire is set into rotary action by transferring motion and power, it moves the mechanical gate in inward and outward direction with its motion. The direction can be changed in any direction with help of the reversing switch linked with the main supply. The working in both direction can be explained as below: Opening the gate. Closing the gate.

Opening the Gate When the switch is pressed, the current will be sent to the motor to move in or out in swing manner. Once the current reaches the motor will start to move and it will move the gate back and forth. The gate reaches the end the gate touches the limit. When the gate touches the limit, a current
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is sent to the circuitry by pressing the switch by operator to stop the flow of current and stops the motor.

Closing the Gate To close the gate, same process is adopted. The switch in pressed in opposite manner which causes the current to sent to motor, which in return close the gate by moving till the limit. When it almost reaches the end the gate will touch limit position. Then switch in centre position is pressed, current is sent to the circuit and a current sent to motor to make it stop.

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COMPLETE SYSTEM WITH PARTS NAME

Figure 3.4: Complete system with parts name

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

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The automatic gate system fabricated and tested. The result was what we expected that is, the motor and circuit was compatible with each other with the gate. The motor was able to move the gate from one end to the other and smoothly with the push of a button. We learned many skills such as fabrication, wiring the circuit and other tools that we use for this project and was able to work together as a team during this project. The main results obtained are given as following :-

Speed of opening: the wheel system solution opens faster than any other automatic gate system around. This makes it safer to use when entering or exiting a busy road and also gives less time for animals to escape.

Size of gate: we can swing gates up to over 20-feet, no problem; provided that the gate will swing on its hinges this wheel system can open it.

Opens to 180 degrees: there is no limit as to how far the gate will open during its operation, it can open up to 150 degree or beyond it.

Level of ground:

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up to 4 inches in normal format, but this can be increased to 6 inches with a few fine adjustments

If the gate drops: all wooden gates especially will move with the weather; no damage is done to the mechanism due to suspension movement, unlike traditional systems that can be severely damaged.

CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE SCOPE

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This project has demonstrated how to get a fully functional embedded product developed from basic components. Comparing the advantages and disadvantages of the automatic gate system, we found that it is advisable to use this kind system in our home and industrial area. In other words, we found more good than bad from this system because it is simple safer and more secure and it is able to keep the people who live in the house safely. In addition, it is also cheaper in cost This project was a step towards this direction. Looking at the current growth of automation, researchers will have to come up with new advanced techniques of automation very soon. This project was a step towards this direction. Though it did not cover the all aspects, but it was able to come out with an improved and simpler design.

Advantages and Disadvantages

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Advantages 1. The advantage of this most basic principle is that we can open bigger gates with far less power than other systems 2. Needles to get down from the car or go out to open the gate (it could be raining or under the hot sun) 3. Easy excess to the gate meaning with a push of a button, one is able to open & close the gate. 4. Automatic gate system is able to be connected to ones alarm security system. 5. No more stock or family pets disappearing down the road 6. No more risking your life to open your gate on the dangerous roads. 7. No more uninvited strangers on your door step.

Disadvantages

1. Power failure may cause the gate to stop opening and closing which might give chance for uninvited stranger to come in easily). 2. Although the motor and circuit is proven to withstand all weather conditions, power overload and any other problems but there is always a tendency that the circuit could malfunction or motor could jam. 3. A cost for a good quality and reliable automatic gate are very expensive. 4. This system needs proper and constant maintenance from time to time.

REFERENCES
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The web sites that provided the information are:

www.autogates.com. www.usautomatic.com www.amazinggates.com www.agriwheel.com www.wikipedia.org www.agriwheel.com www.autogates.co.uk

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