How To Reference Harvard Style

National College of Ireland Library and Information Services
How to Reference Harvard Style
Edited by Alison Nolan
NCI Library & Information Services Alison Nolan 2002
CONTENTS
Introduction Why it is necessary to reference your work? Why Harvard? References and Bibliography in the Harvard System Reading Harvard References Writing Harvard References SECTION A Citing in the text Direct Quotation One Author Two or Three Authors Four or More Authors No Author One Volume of a Multi-Volume Work 2 Authors with the same surname A Chapter in an edited work Personal Communications A work described in another work Information found in more than one source Two or more publications with the same author and date SECTION B Back to Basics The Bibliography Books and Printed Sources Book Titles Journal Articles Where the author is known Where the article is anonymous Newspaper Articles Exhibition Catalogues Conferences In References Conference paper from a conference proceedings Unpublished Works Theses Unpublished papers at conferences, meetings etc Lecture notes and study guides British Standard Publications Research reports 5 8 9 10 10 10 13 14 15 15 15 15 16 16 16 16 17 17 17 19 20 20 20 21 21 21 21 21 22 22 22 22 23 23 23 23
SECTION C Official Publications 1. Official Publications (Ireland) Citing Irish Legal Materials Citing cases Statutes Secondary Material Common Legal abbreviations 2. Official Publications (UK and European Union) UK Official Publications Non-Parlimentary Publications Parlimentary Publications Acts Bills Statutory Instruments EC Union Publications COM Documents Secondary Legislation Official Journal References
25 26 26 28 29 30 30 30 30
31 31 31 32 33 34 34 34 35 35 36 36 37 38 38 39 39 40 41 42 43
SECTION D Mixed Media Film and Video Off-Air recording Commercial Recording Electronic Data Citing URLs World wide web documents Information on the internet that is not part of a specific journal, newspaper or database E-Journals: articles and papers from journals published on the internet Abstract of a journal Article from a CD Rom or Online database Full text of Newspaper or Journal article from CD Rom or Online database Online images E-mail discussion lists Appendix 1: Appendix 2: Bibliography Notes Sample list of abbreviations commonly encountered in legal literature Sample Bibliography
Introduction
When writing a piece of work you will need to refer in your text to material written or produced by others. This procedure is called citing or quoting references. Consistency and accuracy are important to enable readers to identify and locate the material to which you have referred. The same set of rules should be followed every time you cite a reference.
The system used in National College of Ireland is the Harvard System.

However, if you are providing work for scholarly journals you should check whether they use alternative methods. References need to be cited in two different places. Firstly at the point at which a document is referred to in the text of the work; secondly in a list at the end of the work - the bibliography. Language Explained: Citing means formally recognising, within your text, the resources from which you have obtained information. Bibliography is the list of sources you have used. Reference is the detailed description of the item from which you have obtained your information. What are the differences among quoting, paraphrasing, and summarizing? These three ways of incorporating other writers' work into your own writing differ according to the closeness of your writing to the source writing.
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Quotations must be identical to the original, using a narrow segment of the source. They must match the source document word for word and must be attributed to the original author. Paraphrasing involves putting a passage from source material into your own words. A paraphrase must also be attributed to the original source. Paraphrased material is usually shorter than the original passage, taking a somewhat broader segment of the source and condensing it slightly. Summarizing involves putting the main idea(s) into your own words, including only the main point(s). Once again, it is necessary to attribute summarized ideas to the original source. Summaries are significantly shorter than the original and take a broad overview of the source material.
Why use quotations, paraphrases, and summaries? Quotations, paraphrases, and summaries serve many purposes. You might use them to . . .
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provide support for claims or add credibility to your writing refer to work that leads up to the work you are now doing give examples of several points of view on a subject call attention to a position that you wish to agree or disagree with highlight a particularly striking phrase, sentence, or passage by quoting the original distance yourself from the original by quoting it in order to cue readers that the words are not your own expand the breadth or depth of your writing
Writers frequently intertwine summaries, paraphrases, and quotations. As part of a summary of an article, a chapter, or a book, a writer might include paraphrases of various key points blended with quotations of striking or suggestive phrases as in the following example: In his famous and influential work On the Interpretation of Dreams, Sigmund Freud argues that dreams are the "royal road to the unconscious" (page), expressing in coded imagery the dreamer's unfulfilled wishes through a process known as the dream work (page). According to Freud, actual but unacceptable desires are censored internally and subjected to coding through layers of condensation and displacement before emerging in a kind of rebus puzzle in the dream itself (pages). How to use quotations, paraphrases, and summaries Practice summarizing, using paraphrases and quotations as you go. It might be helpful to follow these steps:
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Read the entire text, noting the key points and main ideas. Summarize in your own words what the single main idea of the essay is. Paraphrase important supporting points that come up in the essay. Consider any words, phrases, or brief passages that you believe should be quoted directly.
There are several ways to integrate quotations into your text. Often, a short quotation works well when integrated into a sentence. Longer quotations can stand alone. Remember that quoting should be done only sparingly; be sure that you have a good reason to include a direct quotation when you decide to do so. A paraphrase is...
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your own rendition of essential information and ideas expressed by someone else, presented in a new form. one legitimate way (when accompanied by accurate documentation) to borrow from a source. a more detailed restatement than a summary, which focuses concisely on a single main idea.
Paraphrasing is a valuable skill because...

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it is better than quoting information from an undistinguished passage. it helps you control the temptation to quote too much. the mental process required for successful paraphrasing helps you to grasp the full meaning of the original.
6 Steps to Effective Paraphrasing 1. Reread the original passage until you understand its full meaning. 2. Set the original aside, and write your paraphrase on a note card. 3. Jot down a few words below your paraphrase to remind you later how you envision using this material. At the top of the note card, write a key word or phrase to indicate the subject of your paraphrase. 4. Check your rendition with the original to make sure that your version accurately expresses all the essential information in a new form. 5. Use quotation marks to identify any unique term or phraseology you have borrowed exactly from the source. 6. Record the source (including the page) on your note card so that you can credit it easily if you decide to incorporate the material into your paper. Some examples to compare The original passage: Students frequently overuse direct quotation in taking notes, and as a result they overuse quotations in the final [research] paper. Probably only about 10% of your final manuscript should appear as directly quoted matter. Therefore, you should strive to limit the amount of exact transcribing of source materials while taking notes. Lester, James D. Writing Research Papers. 2nd ed. (1976): 46-47. A legitimate paraphrase: In research papers students often quote excessively, failing to keep quoted material down to a desirable level. Since the problem usually originates during note taking, it is essential to minimize the material recorded verbatim (Lester 46-47). An acceptable summary: Students should take just a few notes in direct quotation from sources to help minimize the amount of quoted material in a research paper (Lester 46-47). A plagiarized version: Students often use too many direct quotations when they take notes, resulting in too many of them in the final research paper. In fact, probably only about 10% of the final copy should consist of directly quoted material. So it is important to limit the amount of source material copied while taking notes. Dont forget to reference correctly! Plagiarism is using the words, ideas or facts from a source without giving proper credit to the source for the information and wording. As paraphrases are assumed to be your own wording, if your phrasing is too close to that of the original passage you are, in effect, taking the source's words without crediting them as such. Plagiarism will not only hurt your credibility as a writer; most academic institutions also have strict policies against it. Please refer to The NCI Student Handbook, Section 9 Disciplinary Policy and Procedures.
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Why it is necessary to reference your work

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It is to acknowledge the work of other writers; to demonstrate the body of knowledge on which you have based your work; to enable other researchers to trace your sources and lead them on to further information.
For these reasons it is very important that you think of the information needed to cite material correctly when you are carrying out a literature search. Always ensure that you record references to materials you consult precisely. Failing to do so could cause you additional work when you need to incorporate a reference into your bibliography. Without such discipline the ability for researchers to trace relevant information becomes impossible. You would suffer along with all other researchers if limited or partial information was used in research work. A standard system of citing these references ensures an easier system of tracing academic and other knowledge more efficiently. There are a number of systems for referencing but we recommend the Harvard System. Your bibliography for your piece of work represents the results of your information/literature search and you may wish to discuss your search method in the text of your writing e.g., in a methodology section.
Why Harvard?
This system developed in the USA and grew in popularity during the 1950s and 1960s especially in the physical and natural sciences and more recently the social sciences. Over several decades it has become the most common system internationally and is frequently the standard house style for academic journals. The Harvard system has advantages of flexibility, simplicity, clarity and ease of use both for author and reader. There is no third place to look such as footnotes and chapter references which are features of other systems.
NOTE Harvard is NOT the same as publisher's house style. When writing an article for inclusion in a professional journal, you must consult the editor's notes on style used in the specific publication. A bibliography is a list of books. At the back of most academic books you will find bibliogaphies of books that are relevant to the subject. In many recent academic books this will usually be a bibliography of books referred to in the book, and it will relate to Harvard References in the text. Student essays, reports and dissertations also require a bibliography. In the Bibliography to an essay:
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You list the books and articles, which you consulted in preparing the essay. You must include all those you quoted from or referred to You can also include ones that you consulted but did not mention but, usually you just include the works that you quoted from or referred to
In a report or dissertation you may be asked to produce two lists of books: 1. 2. References A list of books that you refer to in the text. Bibliography A list of other relevant books.
NOTE This is a special (and confusing) use of the words "References" and "Bibliography". Usually Bibliography refers to the (single) list of books at the end of a piece of writing and references refers to the Harvard references in the text.
References and Bibliography in the Harvard System:

In the Harvard system a reference looks like this: "What is now called the nature of women is an eminently artificial thing" (Mill, J.S. 1869 p.238) The reference is the part that is in brackets. The reference relates to an entry in the list of books (called the bibliography) at the end of the piece of writing. This is how you would do the bibliography to match the above reference: Bibliography: Mill, J.S. 1869 The Subjection of Women, Dent/Everyman edition 1985, London. Reading Harvard System References: When you see a reference, like this: (Mill, J.S. 1869 p.238), in the text of a book or an article, it means that you are being referred to page 236 of a book written by J.S. Mill in 1869. To find out the title and publisher of the book, you look in the Bibliography. The bibliography will list books in alphabetical order of authors. If there is more than one book by the same order, the books will be in date order. e.g. Mill, J.S. 1843 A System of Logic Ratiocinative and Inductive, Longmans Green, London Mill, J.S. 1869 The Subjection of Women, Dent/Everyman edition 1985, London.
Writing Harvard System References: When you want to refer to a passage in a book or article, write the author's name, date of the book, and page number, in brackets - For example (Mill, J.S. 1869 p.238) - at the point in your writing that is relevant. This is the reference. The reference does not contain the title or the publisher. The reader finds these out by looking in the bibliography. In the bibliography, you write the name of the author, date of publication, title of the publication and edition used. In the case of our example: Mill, J.S. 1869 The Subjection of Women, Dent/Everyman edition 1985, London. The next time you makes a reference to this book, you only write the reference, with the relevant page number: (Mill, J.S. 1869 p.--), as the book is already in the bibliography.
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In the final version of the bibliography, entries are arranged in alphabetical order of author, and different works by the same author are arranged in date order. Things you do not do in the Harvard System:
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never write ibid or op.cit do not provide a separate sheet of references, unless asked to never number the bibliography entries
(ibid already cited in the same report/ book/chapter; op.cit In the work already noted) Standard form of the Harvard system: The standard form for listing books in the Bibliography is: Author's surname, Initial, Year of edition you are using, Title (underlined or in italics), Place of publication, Publisher. e.g. Mill, J.S. 1843 A System of Logic Ratiocinative and Inductive, Longmans Green, London
The entries are then arranged alphabetically by author. The standard form for a reference is: (Author's surname, Year to match the one shown in the Bibliography, page number) e.g. (Mill, J.S. 1843 p.55).
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Section A
Citing in the text
The Harvard system of citation is the most straightforward, because initially all you need to do is mention the author and date of publication in the text of your work. So, at each point in the text which refers to a particular document, insert the author surname and publication year. e.g. The work of Preece (1994) was concerned to emphasise the importance of quality in social research.
The reader can easily locate the full description of the item you have cited by referring to the alphabetical list of references (or bibliography) provided at the end of your report. The system has the advantages of showing at a glance, the authority used who may well be recognised, and how recent or contemporary the information might be.
Note the following points: In the main text, initial letters are only used, in parenthesis, when two or more authors have the same surname and have published in the same year, in which case they should be identified by initials in order to avoid confusion. Use lower case letters after the date if referring to more than one item published in the same year by the same author. (SEE ALSO p 15) e.g. In his initial study Jones (1985a) found this to be true. However, subsequent studies (Jones 1985b; Harris 1987) have failed to arrive at the same conclusion.
If the author's name occurs naturally in the text, the year follows in parenthesis. e.g. Customer compatability management emphasises the controllability of customer to customer interaction in the higher education environment (Rowley,1996). If the customer to customer interaction is good then you will get a return visit. It is the objective of effective customer compatability management to enhance the service experience. Thus Rowley (1996) asserts that the ethos of the student environment does have an impact on student achievement.
Direct Quotation If you are giving direct quotations you should identify the page numbers. If details of parts of the document are required e.g. page numbers, track or title numbers of sound recordings, these appear after the date within parenthesis. The abbreviations are: page (p.) pages (pp.), section(s.) or sections (ss.). e.g. There is a need to create stopping off places in the learning process or what Kornbluh and Green (1989) refer to as professional encapsulations. These encapsulations allow individuals time to assess and practice what they have learned, understand it more clearly and decide upon its relevance. These resting times provide periods for reflection and permit time for new things to be learned, mastered and brought to fruition (Jones, 1995 pp.122-3).
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When more than one reference is given at the same point in the text, they should be listed chronologically, e.g. Smith (1958), Brown (1964) and Jones (1992)
One author Whenever you quote, paraphrase or even refer to another author's idea in your essay you must immediately acknowledge your source by giving (in parentheses) the author's surname and the year the information was published (e.g. Smith, 1977. Furthermore, also include the relevant page number(s) in the textual reference whenever quoting or paraphrasing. When referencing electronic sources this rule only applies to Acrobat documents. (See Electronic Sources for a full explanation of this rule.) Page numbers are not required if you are only referring to a particular work. Precede a single page number with the abbreviation p. and a page number range with pp. (e.g. pp. 1011). Page numbers follow the date, with a comma in between. e.g. A disease-centred orientation currently determines the financial and political structure of health care in Australia (Lumby 1997, p. 111).
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Please note that the reference is inserted before any concluding punctuation-in this case, a fullstop. Alternatively, incorporate the author's name into your sentence and then leave it out of the parentheses. e.g. According to Lumby (1997, p. 111), the current political and financial structuring of health care is based on a disease-centred orientation.
Two or three authors When the information you are referencing has two or three authors include all surnames in the textual reference as shown below. e.g. e.g. (two authors)Some health authorities have already withdrawn funding for these kinds of treatments (Hardy & Taylor 1999, p. 24). (three authors)It is important that undergraduate nurses master the skill of critiquing studies in preparation for professional practice as registered nurses (Daly, Elliott & Chang 2000,p. 102).
However, if incorporating the two or three authors' names into your sentence, replace the ampersand sign (&) with the word and. e.g. Hardy and Taylor (1999, p. 24) state that 'some health authorities have denied or withdrawn funding for such treatments'.
Four or more authors When referencing material written by four or more authors only include the surname of the first author listed, followed by the abbreviation et al. (meaning and others). However, all names must appear in the reference list The following example is for a journal article written by Jones, Ward, Wiggins and Sandford. e.g. One survey set out to establish mental health nurses' knowledge of legislation (Jones et al. 1999, p. 7).
No author If you can't determine the author(s) of a work, include the work's title (in italics) within the parentheses with the date. e.g. One patient education leaflet states that the disease occurs more frequently in men (Coronary Heart Disease Facts 1998).
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One volume of a multi-volume work When your information comes from one volume of a multi-volume work, include the volume number in the reference between the date and the page numbers (e.g. Katz 1990, vol. 5, p. 10). Omit the page number(s) if referring to the entire volume. Two authors with the same surname Include an author's initials in a textual reference to distinguish between works written in the same year by authors with the same surname. Place the initials after the surname within the parentheses. However, if incorporating the authors' names into the sentence, put the initials before the surname. e.g. One study (Smith, J. B. 1998) suggests there is an effect; however, A. C. Smith (1998) refutes this finding.
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A chapter in an edited work An edited work is a publication with chapters written by a number of different authors. It will have an editor or editors who are those responsible for compiling and arranging all this material. When you use information from an edited book in your essay, reference the exact chapter the information came from rather than the entire work. Put the name of the chapter author in the textual reference, not the name of the editor. e.g. OR e.g. Willis, E., Biggins, A. & Donovan, J. 1999, 'Population-focused practice' in Community Health Nursing: Caring in Action, eds J. Hitchcock, P. Schubert & S. Thomas, Delmar Publishers, New York. Koch, T., Sando, P. F. & Hudson, S. 1999, 'The nursing care of older people with diarrhoea and constipation', in Diarrhoea and Constipation in Geriatric Practice, ed. R. Ratnaike, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
If the work has been compiled rather than edited, set out the reference in the same way but use the abbreviation comp. (singular) or comps (plural) in place of ed. or eds. Personal communications A personal communication can be a letter, memo or email, an interview, an informal conversation or a lecture presentation. When referencing a personal communication:
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give the communicator's surname and initials; include the phrase pers. comm. in the textual reference; and give the exact date of the communication. According to a personal source, discussions about raising the Medicare levy are already taking place (Trembath, G. J. 1999, pers. comm., 5 March). Alternatively, give as much descriptive information about the communication as you can in the text of your essay and omit the textual reference altogether: In a lecture for Foundations of Nursing (NURS 1404), presented on 19 April 2000 at Flinders University of South Australia, C. Power suggested ... NOTE As personal communications are untraceable, they are not included in the Bibliography.
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A work described in another work Sometimes you may need to reference an original idea by one author (a primary source) found in a book or article written by another author (a secondary source). In such circumstances you should always try to locate the primary source and read it for yourself, simply because the secondary work may have misconstrued the original message. When this is not possible, you must acknowledge both sources in the body of your essay. However, only include the work you actually read (i.e. the secondary source) in your reference list. In the following example, Clarke is the author of a work discussed in an article by Brown. e.g. Clarke's 1992 study (cited in Brown 1995, p. 10) demonstrates that ...OR Brown (1995, p. 10) in reporting a 1992 study by Clarke states ...
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Information found in more than one source If you find a piece of information in more than one source, you may want to include all sources in your references to strengthen the legitimacy of your argument. In this case, cite all sources in the same parentheses, placing them in order of publication date (earliest first). Separate one reference from the next using a semi-colon (;). e.g. Several clinical trials (Bean 1985; Alt 1994; Smith 1997) indicate ... OR e.g. Bean (1985), Alt (1994), and Smith (1997) have shown ...
Two or more publications with the same author and date If you are referencing two or more works by the same author published in the same year, distinguish between the different publications by adding a lowercase letter to the date of each, beginning with a, then b then c and so on. e.g. In his initial study Jones (1985a) found this to be true. However, subsequent studies (Jones 1985b; Harris 1987) have failed to arrive at the same conclusion.
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Section B
Back to Basics The Bibliography
The bibliography appears at the end of your work, is organised alphabetically and is evidence of the literature and other sources you have used in your research. The first two elements of your reference, i.e. author and date, constitute the link you made in the text. Thus the reader can move between the text and the bibliography and trace a correct reference.
NOTE In your bibliography in order to maintain consistency in your referencing you should only use the initial letters of the writers first name; even when you have more information. In some cases you may feel that this hides the gender balance of the research base and as such it is possible to refer in the full text to the writers full name.
Books and Printed Sources:

Book Titles You should use the title page rather than the book cover as your authority. ed. is a suitable abbreviation for editor. Include the following information. The order is:
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Author(s), editor(s) or the institution responsible for writing the book. Date of publication (in brackets). Title and subtitle (if any) Underlined or Highlighted or in Italics but be consistent throughout the bibliography . Series and individual volume number (if any). Edition if not the first. Place of publication if known. Publisher. Spence, B. ed. (1993) Secondary school management in the 1990s:challenge and change. Aspects of Education Series, 48. London, Independent Publishers. Mohr, L.B. (1996) Impact analysis for program evaluation. 2nd ed. London, Sage.
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Journal articles Include the following information in this order:

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Author of the article. Year of the publication in brackets. Title of the article. Title of the journal, Underlined or Highlighted or in Italics but be consistent throughout the bibliography Volume and part number, month or season of the year. Page numbers of article.
Where the author(s) is known:e.g. or Bennett, H. Gunter, H. & Reid, S. (1996) Through a glass darkly: images of appraisal. Journal of Teacher Development, 5 (3) October, pp.39-46. Clarke, T.J. (1995) Freud's Cezanne. Representations, No 52, Fall, pp.94-122.
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Where the article is anonymous:e.g. How dangerous is obesity? (1977) British Medical Journal, No 6069, 28th April, p.1115.
Newspaper Articles e.g. Baty, P. (1998) Learners are born, says report. Times Higher Education Supplement, 16th January, p.5.
Exhibition Catalogues Where there is no author use the Gallery or Museum. e.g. Museum of Modern Art. (1968) The Machine. New York, MOMA. It is the custom to capitalise the names of art movements. e.g. Haskell, B. (1984) Blam! The explosion of Pop, Minimalism and Performance 1958-64. New York, Whitney Museum of American Art. Conferences You should include the following information. The order is:! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
Name of the Conference. Number (if appropriate). Date. Location (if appropriate). Date of publication. Title of published work; if different from the name of the conference, Underlined or Highlighted or in Italics, but be consistent throughout the bibliography. Author/Editor. Place. Publisher. Conference on Economic Crime, 2nd. 1977. London School of Economics and Political Science, (1980) Economic Crime in Europe, London, MacMillan.
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'In' References A common mistake is to confuse the name of the contributor to a book of collected writings with that of the editor. Also used when citing a particular conference paper from the conference proceedings. The order is:! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
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Author of Chapter/Section. Date of publication. Title of Chapter/Section. "IN" followed by Author/Editor of collected work Title of collected work, Underlined or Highlighted or in Italics, but be consistent throughout the bibliography. Place of publication. Publisher. Pagination of section referred to. Book of collected writing Porter, M.A. (1993) The modification of method in researching postgraduate education. IN: Burgess, R.G. ed. The research process in educational settings: ten case studies. London, Falmer Press.
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Conference Paper from Conference Proceedings e.g. Fedchak, E. & Duvall, L. (1996) An engineering approach to electronic publishing. IN: Proceedings of the International Workshop on Multimedia Software Development, 25-26 March, Berlin. Los Alimos, Ca, IEEE Comput. Soc. Press. pp.80-8.
Unpublished works
An unpublished work can be a thesis, a manuscript or an unpublished paper presented at a conference, seminar or meeting. It could also be a set of lecture notes given to you by your lecturer. Theses When referencing theses always give the name of the University that supervised the research ( i.e.the name of the awarding institution). Also state the level of the thesis (e.g. PhD, BA (Hons), MA). e.g. e.g. Nicholson, S. M. 1999, Angels with attitude: Changes in South Australian hospital nursing culture, 1945-1990, PhD thesis, Flinders University of South Australia. Whitehead, S.M. (1996) Public and private men: masculinities at work in education management. Ph.D. thesis, Leeds Metropolitan University
Unpublished papers at conferences, meetings etc. Always include the following:

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author(s); year of presentation; title of the paper with no quotation marks; the statement paper presented to (or paper presented at); the name of the meeting/conference (no italics); place of meeting; and date of meeting, in the form 21-24 August. Please note that meeting and conference names are treated as proper nouns (i.e. the first letter of each word is capitalised).
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Rushforth, R. 1999, Nursing in the hospice setting: The emotional cost, paper presented to the 5th National Conference of Hospice Care Nurses, Mildura, Vic., 21-25 March.
Lecture notes & study guides When referencing lecture notes distributed by the lecturer, school etc., include the author's name, the year of presentation, the lecture title, the unit being presented (capitalised), the name of the teaching organisation, the location and the date. Do not use italics or quotation marks for the title in accordance with the rule for unpublished materials. e.g. Rudge, T. 2000, Health and illness, lecture notes distributed in the topic Foundations of Nursing (NURS 1404) at Flinders University of South Australia, Bedford Park on 17 April.
OR for a study guide e.g. Flinders University of South Australia, School of Nursing 2000, Fundamentals of Science in a Nursing Context (NURS 1607), a study guide distributed by Flinders University of South Australia, Bedford Park for Semester 1, 2000. NOTE Notes you take in the course of a lecture are treated as a personal communication. See Personal Communications for how to reference your own lecture notes. British Standard Publications e.g. British Standards Institution (1990) BS5605:1990 Recommendations for citing and referencing published material. Milton Keynes, BSI.
Research Reports e.g. Mullineux, N. (1997) The world tyre industry: a new perspective to 2005. Research Report 348. London, Economist Intelligence Unit.
No one example can explain the type and range of reports. However it is important to include the subtitle and series information.
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Section C
Official Publications 1. Ireland 2. UK and European Community
1. OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS (Ireland)

Citing Irish Legal Materials There is no universal standard governing the citation of legal materials. Certain citation conventions, especially in relation to case law, are widely observed, but much depends on the house style - here in NCI it is Harvard standard of referencing. Citation conventions are the product of tradition as much as anything else. The important thing is to be familiar with the system prevailing in whatever jurisdiction one happens to be writing. Irish and British systems are largely identical. There are some general citation issues with particular reference to Irish and UK cases and statutes. Many cases are never formally reported, therefore the main concern is with High Court and appellate judgements. Citing Cases The citation of a case may be regarded as its address. It points users to the location where the case can be found. The name of the case is clearly essential, But must be accompanied by other information indicating the report series, Volume and Initial page number. Thus, the citation The State (Healy) v. Donoghue [1976] I.R. 325 Tells us the case can be found in the 1976 volume of the Irish Reports beginning at page 325. This is a fairly common citation convention, although it omits one important piece of information the court that decided the case. On the other hand, the jurisdiction in which a case was decided will generally be deducible from the name of the report series, Ireland in this particular case. Experienced users of the Irish Reports will know that The State (Healy) v. Donoghue must have been decided by the High Court, Supreme Court or both, but this is not apparent from the citation itself. Use of Italics The name of a case is always placed in italics; that is a convention almost universally observed in these Islands but not in the United States. The reminder of the citation is in ordinary type, as illustrated . Otherwise it may be underlined, but what one must not do is both. Occasionally, an article about a case will simply bear the case name as its title, in which event it should be placed in italics because it is a case name, but within inverted commas to indicate that it is an article rather than a law report, e.g. Wright, Sinclair v. Brougham (1938) 6 C.L.J. 305. Criminal Cases: it is generally acceptable to use the abbreviations D.P.P. (Director of Public Prosecutions) and, perhaps to a lesser extent, A.G.(attorney General) in such citations. Civil Cases: The person taking the case is the plaintiff and the person against whom the case is been taken is the defendant. For citation purposes, however, it will be sufficient to refer to the surnames of the plaintiff and defendant, e.g. Murphy v. Kelly [2005] 3 I.R. 300
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The rules for citing cases may be summarised as follows.

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A law report usually begins with the full, formal title of the case as it appeared in the plenary summons or other originating document. The reader can therefore immediately identify who the parties are, and there may be many of them. However, when citing the case, it is not necessary to use the full title. In a typical case involving two private individuals, it will be sufficient to mention their surnames, e.g. Murphy v. Kelly. If there are two or more plaintiffs or defendants, it will be sufficient to mention the surnames of the first plaintiff and the first defendant. Thus, Jane Murphy and Simon Black v. Tom Jones and John Smith is cited simply as Murphy v. Jones. The general rule, therefore , is that a case is cited by reference to the surname or corporate names of the first plaintiff and first defendant. When a party to a case is a commercial company, the name is given in full and should include Ltd or plc as the case may be. Sometimes the same proceedings will result in more than one reported decision. The first judgement to issue would carry (No. 1) as part of the title, and the second (No. 2).
! ! !
British Law Report citations, for both civil and criminal cases, often include, immediately after the citation, an indication of the court that decided the case. This is because, as noted earlier, the citation itself rarely indicates the court. For example, Privy Council cases as well as House of Lords cases are reported in Appeal Cases. A case citation may therefore read: Pepper v. Hart [1993] A.C. 593, HL R v. Jockey Club, ex parte RAM Racecourses Ltd [1993] 3 All E.R. 225 DC Associated Picture Houses v. Wednesbury Corporation [1948] 1 K.B. 223, CA In these instances, HL stands for House of Lords, DC for Divisional Court, and CA for Cout of Appeal, just as PC stands for Privy Council, and QBD for Queens Bench Division. Likewise in Ireland, it may be helpful to include either HC for High Court or SC for Supreme court, after a citation to indicate the court in which the judgement was delivered.
! !
So far we have only dealt with case names, which is only part of the citation; the address is equally important. There are Irish and British reporting systems and all law report series have standard abbreviations, e.g. I.R. Irish Reports, All E.R. for All England Law Reports. C.M.L.R. for Common Market Law Reports and so forth. (SEE APPENDIX 1) Most law report series are published in one or more annual volumes and the more popular ones appear frequently throughout the year in individual parts. The Irish Reports, for example, are now published in eight parts each year and these are eventually collected into four volumes with two parts in each. Obviously the date is crucial in report series, and the year is enclosed in square brackets. This is to indicate that the series is identified primarily by year. If there were two or more volumes for the year in question, the volume number is included after the date. If there was only one volume for the year, there was no need to include the number as it is self-evident.
! ! !
27
Some cases are reported in more than one series, Many Irish judgements are reported in both the Irish Reports and Irish Law reports Monthly. An important English case may be reported in several different law report series. In certain contexts it may be helpful to give parallel citations, in other words to mention all or most of the series in which the case is reported. Some book publishers follow the practice of including one citation in the text or footnotes but giving full parallel citations in the table of cases. As a rule, the official or semi-official series is mentioned first followed by the others, e.g. Taylor v. Smith [1991] 1 I.R. 142; [1990] I.L.R.M. 377
Statutes (Statutes are acts of the Oireachtas / or Parliament) Modern Irish and British Statutes
! " "
28
The citation conventions for modern statutes are fairly straightforward. An Irish Act, in the sense an Act made by the Oireachtas since the foundation of the state, is cited by its short title, e.g. Succession Act, 1965. In such Acts, there is always a comma after the word Act, to separate it from the date. Since 1963, British Statutes are cited in the same way. Up until that time, as we will see, there was a more cumbersome method of statutory citation based on Regal years. However, by virtue of the parlimentary numbering and Citation Act 1962, acts are now numbered in chronological order, starting with number 1 at the beginning of the calendar year, as in Ireland. However, unlike Ireland, the number known, for reasons we shall come to, as the Chapter, is often inserted after the title of a British Statute. Thus, the Human Rights Act passed in by the U.K. parliament in 1998 may be cited as Human Rights Act 1998, c.42 More commonly, however, it will be cited simply by the short title set out in the final section, in this case the Human Rights Act 1998. Note that there is no comma separating the word Act and the date in British Legislation.
Statute Numbering in Ireland

!
In Ireland, all our statutes are numbered chronologically starting with Number 1 at the beginning of each calendar year, but the number does not form part of the short title. If, however, for some reason, one wanted to refer to it, one would simply write, e.g. the Age of Majority Act, 1985 (No. 20). Tables of statutes in textbooks and elsewhere often include the number so as to guide the reader more easily to the act itself, as the acts are arranged in chronological order in the bound volumes of statutes. Care must be taken, though, to distinguish between this practice and the situation that arises when two or more Acts with identical titles are passed in the same year. For example, three Courts acts were enacted in 1986. The second and third of these are cited as: the Courts (No. 2) Act, 1986 and the Courts (No. 3) Act, 1986. When the number is part of the title, as in these instances, it must, of course, be included in any citation. Just remember that the function of the number in such a title is to indicate that this was the second or third act, as the case may be, with the same name enacted that year. The chronological numbers of these acts are a different matter.
Secondary Material: Please use Harvard Style of referencing for all books and Journal articles. Official reports and publications of law reform bodies: These publications will rarely have an identified author. The body or government department that produced the report is generally treated as the author. For example, the cover of the Law reform Commissions report on dishonesty reads: The Law Reform Commission Report of Dishonesty. The title page, however, is a better guide as it reads: The Law Reform Commission: LRC43-1992; Report on the Law relating to Dishonesty. The best way of citing this is to treat the commission as the author. e.g. Law Reform Commission, Report on the Law Relating to Dishonesty, LRC43-1992 (Dublin, 1992).
The number of a report or consultation paper is usually included after the title. There is seldom any need to mention the publisher in such a case as it will almost invariably be the law reform body itself. A Publication of a government department is usually cited in the same way, e.g. Department of Justice, The Management of Offenders: a Five-Year Plan Pn. 0789 (Dublin, 1994).
Government departments often change names with the formation of new governments. For example, the department of Justice is now the department of Justice, Equality and law Reform. When citing publications, use whatever name the department had at the date of publication. Some official publications are produced by specially appointed commissions or groups, and their reports may not have any particular titles. Again, the group is treated as the author and the publication referred to generally as report, interim report or whatever. Thus, the Final report of the expert working group on the probation and welfare service is cited as: e.g. e.g. Expert Working Group on Probation and Welfare Service, Final Report Pn.7234 (Dublin, 1999) Royal Commission on Criminal Justice, Report, Cm. 2263 (London: HMSO, 1993)
"
Official publications, unlike Irish Law Reform Commission Reports, are generally published by the state stationery office, HMSO in the UK, the Stationery Office in Ireland. This can be included after the place of publication, as in the case of the Royal Commission Report above. The publication details for a report on probation could read; (Dublin: Stationery Office, 1999)
29
2. OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS. (UK and European Community) Irish Official Publications are dealt with in greater detail in the section on citing Irish legal resources UK Official Publications. Non-Parliamentary Publications e.g Department of the Enviroment.(1986) Landfilling wastes. London, HMSO (Waste Management paper,26) e.g. Department of National Heritage. (1997) Guide to safety in sports grounds. 4th ed. London, HMSO. Parliamentary Publications Parliamentary Acts Acts of Parliament are referenced by citing the title and including the Acts chapter number for clarity. e.g. Further & Higher Education Act 1992 (c.13) London, HMSO.
" " "
30
Acts are organised numerically throughout the year. Public General Acts are given arabic numerals. Local and Personal Acts are given lower-case roman numerals. N.B. Prior to 1963 a different system operated, based on the date of the Sovereign's accession to the throne and the dates of the Parliamentary session. e.g. Education Act 1944 (7&8 Geo 6 c.31) London, HMSO. Parliamentary Bills Parliamentary Bills are organised numerically and according to which House they originate from. Each Bill has a number in the lower left hand corner of the title page. House of Commons Bills enclose the number in square brackets. House of Lords Bills used to have their numbers enclosed in round brackets but now are designated HL Bill followed by a number without a bracket. References to a Parliamentary Bill should include the following :!
Parliamentary Session in round brackets.
! The Bills serial number. N.B. A Bill is renumbered whenever it is reprinted during its passage through Parliament.
e.g.
HC Bill (1989-90)[51] HL Bill (1991-02)27
Statutory Instruments Include the following information: Statutory Instruments an order, regulation, scheme or bye-law made in exercise of a power conferred by a statute/legislation
! ! ! ! !
Title Underlined or Highlighted or in Italics, but be consistent throughout the bibliography. The abbreviation "SI" Year of publication Number Place and publisher National assistance (assessment of resources) regulations (1992) SI 1992/2977. London, HMSO.
e.g.
EC UNION Publications The guidance on citing European Documentation will not necessarily conform to the Harvard system because of the particular methods employed to organise the range of publications. The following is for your guidance only in order to aid some form of consistency. COM documents COM documents are proposals for new legislation put forward by the European Community. The final versions are only published after much discussion with interested parties - earlier drafts are not generally publicly available. Include the following information:
! ! !
" "
the last two digits of the year in round brackets the serial number the word final to indicate that it is in fact, the final version and not one of the earlier drafts. Proposal for a Council directive on uniform procedures for checks on the transport of dangerous goods by road, COM (93) 965, final.
e.g.
Secondary Legislation (Legislation laid down by a body and enacted by the European Parliament) Include the following information:
! ! ! ! ! !
Institutional origin - Commission or Council. Form - Regulation, Directive, Decision. Unique number. Year of enactment. Institutional treaty under which it was made - EEC/EC, ECSC, Euratom. The date it was passed.
31
Optional information can include the title of the legislation and a reference to the issue of the Official Journal of the European Communities in which it was published. Regulations are normally cited with the name of institutional treaty, followed by the legislation number and the year of enactment. e.g. Council Regulations (EC) No. 40/94 of 20 December 1993 on the Community trade mark
a shorter version would be cited as follows:e.g. Council Regulation 40/94/EC
Directives and Decisions are cited by the year of enactment, the legislation number and then the Institutional treaty. e.g. Council Directive 90/365/EEC of 28 June 1990 on the right of residence for employees and self employed persons who have ceased their occupational activity. Commission Decision 94/10/EC of 21 December 1993 on a standard summary form for the notification of a decision to award the Community eco-label.
Shorter Versions would be cited as follows:e.g. Council Directive 90/365/EEC Commission Decision 94/10/EC
Official Journal References References to the Official Journal should include the following information:! ! ! !
"
32
OJ series: Issue number. Date of issue. Page number.
L (Legislation); C (Communications and Information); S (Supplement)
e.g.
OJ No. C311, 17.11.93, p.6
An example of a comprehensive citation for an EC regulation:e.g. Council Regulation (EEC) No 2015/92 of 20 July 1992 amending Regulation (EEC) No 1432/92 prohibiting trade between European Economic Community and the Republics of Serbia and Montenegro (OJ No L205, 22.7.1992, p.2).
Section D
Mixed Media
Film and Video

Guidance for the referencing of videos, off-air recordings and film seems to be fairly relaxed. However it is important to bear in mind the needs of the researchers following you. In the case of audio-visual sources they are not only going to need as much information as possible to trace the recording but they may also need to know the formats if they are actually going to be able to play it back. Where possible quote the format, such as VHS Video; 35mm Film.etc. Film e.g.
" "
34
Now voyager (1942) Directed by Irving Rapper. New York, Warner [Film:35mm]
Video It is important to include the transmission date, especially for series which are transmitted throughout the year. You should include the following information, in this order:! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
Series Title. Series Number. Programme Title, Underlined or Highlighted or in Italics but be consistent throughout the bibliography . Year. Place of publication. Publisher. Date of transmission. Medium: Format [ ].
Off-Air Recording e.g. World in Action. (1995) All work and no play. London, ITV, 21st January, [ video:VHS] OR Business Matters.(1990) Give and take, 2. Meeting to negotiate. London, BBC 2, 17th October, [video:VHS] Commercial Recording e.g. Fragile Earth,5. (1982) South American wetland:Pantanal. Henley on Thames, Watchword Video, [video:VHS]
Electronic Data
References to electronic documents There are as yet no standards for citations to electronic documents. Citing URLs (Uniform Resource Locator/Internet Address) In a Bibliography. There are a number of approaches to citing work from the Internet. We have chosen a style which fits with the Harvard style in order to maintain consistency. The following points should be noted:
! ! ! !
"
Be consistent throughout Fit with the Harvard style. Cite enough information for the reader to locate the citation in the future. Occasionally, the URL for an electronic journal article may be excessively long as it will contain control codes. It is sufficient in such cases to just include enough of the URL to identify the site from where the journal came. Many Web documents do give an author. If not explicit you may find the information in the header of the HTML encoded text. You can view this by choosing the option to view document source (a choice available from the view option in Netscape). Otherwise use the title as the main reference point as you would with any anonymous work. If a document on the web is a series of linked pages - what is the title of the document? Do you cite the main contents page - or a particular page you are quoting from? This is a grey area. You should cite the date the document was last updated if this is apparent or the date when you accessed it, if not. In Internet addresses punctuation is important and the stops and commas in a bilbiographic citation may confuse the reader, hence the common convention of using < and > to delineate the start and end of an URL. NOTE Citing electronic resources in the text: Please follow the rules that apply to citing in text for books and printed sources
! ! !
35
The following are suggested essentials and may be revised in future. World wide web documents Include the following information and the order should be
! Author/Editor. ! Year. ! Title. Underlined or Highlighted or in Italics but be consistent throughout the bibliography. ! [Internet]. ! Edition. ! Place of publication: ! Publisher (if ascertainable). ! Available from: <URL> [Accessed date]. " "
36
e.g.
Holland, M. (1996) Harvard System [Internet] Poole, Bournemouth University. Available from: <http://www.bournemouth.ac.uk/service-depts/lis/LIS_Pub/harvardsys.html> [Accessed 22 August, 1997]
Information on the Internet which is not part of a specific journal, newspaper or database
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
Author Year Title, Underlined or Highlighted or in Italics but be consistent throughout the bibliography. Version, as the electronic equivalent of edition if applicable Type of medium in square brackets i.e. [online] Publisher, may be omitted if the same as the author Place of publication, if applicable Available from: e.g. the URL Access date, i.e. the date on which you viewed or downloaded the document. Web pages undergo constant revision so the exact date when an item was consulted can be important. Cross, P. and Towle, K. 1996. A guide to citing Internet sources. [Online]. Bournemouth University. Available from: http://www.bournemouth.ac.uk/servicedepts/lis/LIS_Pub/harvardsysint.html [Accessed 09/07/96]. Holland, M. (1996) Harvard System [Internet] Poole, Bournemouth University. Available from: http://www.bournemouth.ac.uk/service- depts/lis/LIS_Pub/harvardsys.html> [Accessed 22 August, 1997]
e.g.
e.g.
E-journals: Articles and Papers from journals published on the Internet. Include the following information. The order should be:! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
" "
Author(s)/ Editor(s). Year. Title of Article. Title of Journal, Underlined or Highlighted or in Italics but be consistent throughout the bibliography. [type of medium]. Date of publication. Volume number (issue number), pagination or online equivalent. <Availability statement>. Note general point about journal article URLs above. [Date of accession if necessary]. Smith,J (1996) Time to go home. Journal of Hyperactivity [Internet] 12th October, 6 (4), pp.122-3 Available from: <http://www.lmu.ac.uk>[Accessed June 6th,1997] Stojanovski, J. 1996. Croatian libraries: the war is behind us, what brings the future? Ariadne [Online] 5. Available from: http://www.ukoln.ac.uk/ariadne/issue5/croatia/ [Accessed 23/09/96] Korb,K.B. (1995) Persons and things: book review of Bringsford on Robot-Consciousness. Psycholoqy [Internet] 6 (15). Available from: <http://wachau.ai.univie.ac/Psycholoquy/95.v6/0162> [Accessed June 17th,1996]
e.g. e.g. e.g.
CD-ROMs The citing of information from computer databases varies. If you have, for example been using a CDROM to obtain journal references you only need to cite the journal as your source of information not the CD-ROM. e.g. Royal Institute of British Architects. (1998) Architecture and Design Illustrated. London, RIBA [Multi-media CD-ROM]
If the information you are using is only available as a computer database you should cite them as follows:e.g. Gray, J. M. & Courtenay, G. (1988) Youth cohort study [computer file]. Colchester:ESRC Data Archive [distributor]
37
Abstract of a journal article from CD ROM or Online database

! ! ! !
" "
38
Full reference to the journal article (see References to journal articles) Type of medium in square brackets e.g. [CD ROM], [Online] after journal title. Abstract from: give sufficient information for retrieval of abstract from database. Include the database supplier if known, e.g. Silverplatter, Bowker Saur, BIDS etc. Item number if available(frequently there is a number given to each abstract record to uniquely identify it - this is often prefixed by an abbreviation such as AN for Abstract Number or Accession Number or ID for identification number) Turner, T and DArt, D. 1997 US Multinationals: changing the framework of Irish industrial relations. Industrial Relations Journal [Online] 28(2) pp92-103. Abstract from European Business ASAP. Moreira, F. 1994 Diet, prey-size and intake rates of black-tailed godwits Limosa limosa feeding on mudflats. Ibis [Online] 136 (3) pp. 349-355. Abstract from BIDS: ISI Databases: Science Citation Index.
e.g.
e.g.
Full text of Newspaper or Journal Article from CD ROM or Online database

! ! ! !
Full reference to newspaper, journal or magazine article (see above - References to journal articles: the essentials) Type of medium in square brackets e.g. [CD ROM], [Online] after journal title. Available from: give sufficient information for retrieval of abstract from database. Include the database supplier if known. Item number if available(frequently there is a number given to each article to uniquely identify it this is often prefixed by an abbreviation such as AN for Accession Number, ID for identification number, DO for Document Number etc.) Important note: The item numbers on some CD ROM databases, e.g. the Financial Times and the Independent do not appear on print outs from the database. They are usually found on the screen display when viewing articles and you should note these manually.
e.g.
McMahon, S (2002) Ardagh Group to sue Dublin Port over Ringsend site. Sunday Business Post [Online] 7th July 2002. Available from Factfinder Online Database
Online Images Include the following information, in the following order:! ! ! ! ! !
" "
Title of Image, or a description. Underlined or Highlighted or in Italics but be consistent throughout the bibliography. Year. [OnLine image]. Available from <URL>. Filename including extension. [Date accessed]. Hubble space telescope release in the Space Shuttle's payload bay. (1997) [online image]. Available from <http://explorer.arc.nasa.gov/pub/> SPACE/GIF/s31-04-015.gif, [Accessed 6 July 1997]
e.g.
E-mail Discussion Lists Include the following information and the order should be:! ! ! ! ! !
Author/Editor. Year. Title of message. Discussion list name and date of message -underlined. [medium] - Internet discussion list. Available from: <e-mail list address> [accessed date]. Brack, E.V. (1996) Computing and short courses. Lis-link2 may 1996 [Internet Discussion list]. Available from: <mailbase@mailbase.ac.uk>[Accessed 15 Apr 1997] NOTE It should be noted that internet based material may only be available for a short time and hence may not be suitable for referencing. It is advisable to keep a personal copy as evidence that the information existed.
e.g.
39
APPENDIX 1: Sample list of abbreviations commonly encountered in legal literature.

The following is a sample list of abbreviations commonly encountered in legal literature. The full titles of periodicals are given in italics, for further abbreviations explained please refer Thomas OMalley Sources of Law 2nd Edition, Dublin Round Hall Sweet and Maxwell, 2001. A.C. Admin L.R. A.J.I.L. A.L.J.R. All E.R. C.E.C. C.F.I. C.L.C. C.L. Pract. C.L.P. D.U.L.J. EAT EC ECB E.I.R.R. E.L.J. E.L.R. I.B.L. I.B.R. I.C.L.J. I.C.L.R. I.L.R. I.L.R.M. I.L.T. I. R. I.R.L.R. J.I.S.L.L. K.B. L.R.C. N.L.J. S.I. UD Appeal Cases Administrative Law Reports American Journal of International Law Australian Law Journal Reports All England Law Reports European Community Cases Court of First Instance Commercial Law Cases Commercial Law Practitioner (Ireland) Dublin University Law Journal Employment Appeals Tribunal (Ireland) European Community European Central Bank European Industrial Relations Review European Law Journal Employment Law Reports (Ireland) Irish Business Law Irish Banking Review Irish Criminal Law Journal Irish Common Law Reports, 1849-1866 Incorporated Council of Law Reporting (England and Wales) Irish Law Reports 1838-1850 International law reports Irish Law Reports Monthly Irish Law Times Irish Reports Industrial Relations Law Reports Journal of the Irish Society for Labour Law Law Reports, Kings Bench Law Reform Commission (Ireland) Labour Relations Commission (Ireland) New Law Journal Statutory Instruments Unfair Dismissal
40
APPENDIX 2: Sample Bibliography

Bennett, H. Gunter, H. & Reid, S. (1996) Through a glass darkly: images of appraisal. Journal of Teacher Development, 5 (3) October, pp.39-46. Conference on Economic Crime, 2nd. 1977. London School of Economics & Political Science. (1980) Economic crime in Europe ed. by L.H. Leigh. London, Macmillan. Fragile Earth, 5. (1982) South American Wetland: Pantanal Henley on Thames, Watchword Video, [video:VHS]. Holland, M. (1996) Harvard system [Internet] Poole, Bournemouth University. Available from: <http://www.bournemouth.ac.uk/service-depts/lis/LIS_Pub/harvardsyst.html> [Accessed 22 August 1997]. Now Voyager (1942) Directed by Irving Rapper. New York, Warner [Film:35mm]. Porter, M.A. (1993) The modification of method in researching postgraduate education. IN: Burgess, R.G. ed. The research process in educational settings: ten case studies. London, Falmer Press. Spence, B. ed. (1993) Secondary school management in the 1990s: challenge and change. Aspects of Education Series, 48. London, Independent Publishers. Whitehead, S.M. (1996) Public and private men: masculinities at work in education management. Ph.D. thesis, Leeds Metropolitan University. World in Action. (1995) All work and no play. London: ITV, 21st January, [video:VHS]
41
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Sources consulted in the production of this guide: Booth, W.C. Colomb, C.G. & Williams, J.M. (1995) The Craft of Research. Chicago, University of Chicago Press. British Standards Institution. (1990) BS5605:1990. Recommendations for citing and referencing published material. Milton Keynes, BSI. The Chicago Manual of Style. (1993) 14th ed. Chicago, University of Chicago Press. Fisher, D. & Hanstock,T. (1994) Citing References: a guide for users. 2nd ed. Nottingham, Nottingham Trent University. Fletcher, G. & Greenhill, A. (1995) Academic Referencing of Internet-based Resources. Aslib Proceedings, 47 (11/12) November/December, p.245-52. Holland, M. (1996) Harvard System [Internet] Poole, Bournemouth University. Available from: <http://www.bournemouth.ac.uk/service-depts/lis/LIS_Pub/harvardsys.html> [Accessed August 22, 2002] Li, X. & Crane, N. (1993) Electronic Style:a guide to citing electronic information. Westport, Conn., Mecklermedia. OMalley, Thomas (2001) Sources of Law 2nd Edition, Dublin Round Hall Sweet and Maxwell Rudd, D. (1994) Cite Me, Im Yours or References, Bibliographies, Notes, Quotations ...etc. Harvard Version. Bolton, Bolton Institute of Higher Education. Rudd, D. (1995) Writing a Dissertation. A Brief Guide to Presentation & Literature Searching. Bolton, Bolton Institute of Higher Education. Shields, G. & Walton, G. (1995) Cite Them Right: How To Organise Bibliographical References. 3rd ed. Newcastle, University of Northumbria at Newcastle, Information Services. Turabian, K.L. (1987) A Manual for Writers of term papers, theses and dissertations. 5th ed, Chicago, University of Chicago Press. Turner, B. ed.(1996) The Writers Handbook 1996.London, Macmillan.
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Notes
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