BENT 3163 Chapter 5 Satellite System

20/04/2012
UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA

Kompetensi Teras Kegemilangan
BENT 3163
TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEM ENGINEERING
CHAPTER 5 SATELLITE SYSTEM FAUZI HJ ABDUL WAHAB 2_2011/2012

Objective
Students able to:
explain satellite system. analyse satellite system.
fauzihjabdulwahab 2 2011/2012 1
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References
Roddy D., Satellite Communications, 4th Edition, McGraw Hill, 2006 Tomasi W., Electronic Communication Systems: Fundamental through Advanced, 5th Edition, Prentice Hall, 2004.

Chapter Outline
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. o o o 7. o Introduction to satellites Brief history Advantages of satellite system, Satellite limitations Satellite Communication System Keplers Laws Satellite orbits LEO, MEO, GEO Pattern GEO satellite Satellite link system Uplink, transponder, downlink
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Introduction
From everydays life, satellite communication seen as only for satellite televisions. What not known to public, it is an essential part of communication system. o carrying large amount of data and telephone traffic. Satellite offers features that is not readily available with other communication system. Wide coverage suitable to form star point communication system. Remote sensing? o Water pollution detection, weather monitoring, etc.

Brief History
1957 Russian artificial satellite (Sputnik)
1958
US communication satellite (Score) Regular satellite communication satellite and the moon is part of the system IntelSAT organisation formed. High quality voice transmission. Used by the US military and as stepping stone to Initial Defence Communication Satellite Program IntelSAT became private company (with 40 investing entities)
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1960
1964
1965
2001
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Advantages of Satellite System

Advantages Capacity o Capable of handling thousands of communication channels.
Reliability o Satellite frequencies not dependant on reflection or refraction(but slightly by atmospheric phenomena). o Limited only by equipment reliability and the O & M personnel.
Vulnerability o Destructive of single communication satellite is difficult & expensive (although destruction by enemy is possible) o How to destroy all satellite vehicles? Comparing this with capacity & reliability. 7

Satellite System Limitations

Determined by technical characteristics and the orbital parameters. i.e. power, receiver sensitivity, availability Power o Amount of power limited by the weight imposed on the satellite. o Early satellite carries inefficient solar cell (~50 watts) therefore weak RF downlink signal transmitted. o Adding highgain antennas and amplifier may solve this but impose complexity to the system.
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Receiver sensitivity o Powerful transmitters with high directional antennas used at earth stations. o Satellite antennas receive a very weak signal. o Critical for downlink signal as satellite impose lack of power to accommodate this requirement. o Therefore, highgain and highsensitivity antennas helped to solve the problem.


Availability o Satellite act as relay stations between earth stations. o All satellites except synchronous orbit satellites, will be in view of any given pair of earth stations at one time. o The length of time for a nonsynchronous satellite in a circular orbit will be in the mutual visibility depends on height at which the satellite is circulating.
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Satellite Communication System

Uses satellites to relay radio transmission between earth stations. It could be an active or passive system. How passive system works? How active system works? Active system act as repeaters. What repeaters do? A typical link involves active satellite and 2 (or more) earth stations. Uplink and down link frequencies?
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Lets look on frequency allocations. Complicated process & require proper planning (ITU) Divided into 3 regions o Region 1 (Europe, Africa, former Soviet Union, Mongolia) o Region 2 (North & South America, Greenland) o Region 3 (Asia, Australia, SouthWest Pacific)
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And services provided by Satellites:
Band Fixed satellite service (FSS) (telephone network) Broadcasting satellite services (BSS) (DBS) Mobile satellite services (mobile, maritime, aeronautical) Navigational satellite services (GPS) Meteorological satellite services (search & rescue) VHF Ku Band Other Band C Band L Band
Uplink Downlink
Higher frequency Lower frequency
Why?
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Keplers Laws
Satellite orbiting earth same as motion of planets around the sun. Johannes Kepler (1571 ~ 1630) derived empirically 3 laws for planetary motion. In 1665, Sir Isaac Newton (1642 ~ 1727) derived Keplers law for law of mechanics & theory of gravitation. Generally, Keplers law equate gravitation interaction of 2 bodies in space. o Primary (more massive), secondary (satellite)
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Keplers Laws
1st Law (Law of Orbits) the path followed by satellite around the primary will be an eclipse Ellipse has 2 focal points, F1 & F2 Mass centre of twobody system (barycentre) always centred on one of the foci. Earth mass >>> satellite correspond with earth centre
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Keplers Laws
Diagram courtesy of Dennis Roddy (Satellite Communications)
Ellipse semimajor axis, a, semi minor axis, b Eccentricity, e
a2 b2 e= a
elliptical orbit circular orbit
(5.1)
0<e<1 E=0
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Keplers Laws
2nd Law (Law of Areas) for equal time intervals, a satellite will sweep equal areas in its orbital plane, focused at the barycentre Assume satellite travels distances S1 and S2 in 1s, then area of A1 is equal to A2. The average velocity in each case is S1 and S2 m/s.
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Keplers Laws
Diagram courtesy of Dennis Roddy (Satellite Communications)
From the law, velocity at S2 is less than S1. o Satellite takes longer to travel a given distance when its farther away from earth. o So this increase length of time a satellite seen from certain regions of earth.
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Keplers Laws
3rd Law (Law of Periods) the square of the periodic time of orbit is proportional to the cube of the mean distance between the two bodies The mean distance is equal to the semimajor axis, a. For artificial satellites orbiting earth,
a3 =
n - mean motion of satellite (rad/s)
n2
(5.2)
- earths geocentric gravitation constant (3.986005 X 1014 m3/s2)
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Keplers Laws
Equation (5.2) is for ideal satellite orbiting in perfectly spherical earth of uniform mass, no disturbing forces (e.g. atmospheric drag) Now, the orbital period is given by:
P=
So from the third law shows
2 n
(5.3)
o Fixed relationship between period and semimajor axis. Geostationary orbit determined by rotational period of earth. Lets determine the approximate radius of geostationary orbit.
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Keplers Laws
The orbit is circular, semimajor axis is also the radius. Let the ideal value of radius in exercise be a constant, A (ideal satellite, right?) From (5.2) the Keplers third law mathematical represented as
a = AP
(5.4)
A - constant (ideal satellite semimajor axis or radius) a - semimajor axis (kilometres) P - mean solar earth day
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Keplers Laws
Now sidereal time is time measured to fixed stars. So, one complete earth rotation relative to the fixed stars but not a complete rotation to the sun (earth orbiting sun?) o Earth rotation (stars) shorter than a solar day. Sidereal day is one complete rotation of earth relative to the fixed stars. o 1 sidereal day o 1 sidereal hour 24 sidereal hours 60 sidereal minutes
o 1 sidereal minute 60 sidereal seconds
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Keplers Laws
From Bate et al. (1971) 1 mean solar day = 1.0027379093 mean sidereal days = 24h 3m 56.55536s sidereal time = 86636.55536 mean sidereal seconds And 1 mean sidereal day = 0.9972695664 mean solar days = 23h 56m 4.09054s mean solar time = 86,164.09054 mean solar seconds
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Keplers Laws
So now let P be the ratio of time of 1 sidereal day, ts to the time of one revolution of earth on its own axis, te.
P=
ts te
(5.5)
Now, geosynchronous satellites can be analysed. o Semimajor axis o height above sea level (earth equatorial radius 6378 km) o circumference orbit o velocity
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Satellite Orbits
Keplers Laws apply in general to satellite motion around a primary body. Certain terms used to describe the orbit patterns and the position of the earth orbit (with respect to earth). o Subsatellite path Path traced out on earths surface directly below satellite. o Apogee Point farthest from earth. o Perigee Point closest approach to earth.
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Satellite Orbits
o Line of apside Line joining the perigee and apogee through the centre of earth. o Ascending node Point where the orbit crosses the equatorial plane going from south to north. o Descending node Point where the orbit crosses the equatorial plane going from north to south. o Line of nodes Line joining the ascending and descending nodes through the centre of the earth. o Inclination Angle between the orbital plane and earths equatorial plane. Measured at ascending node from equator to orbit (east to north).
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Satellite Orbits
o Prograde orbit Satellite (orbit) moves in the same direction as earth. Also known as direct orbit. Inclination between 0 ~ 90. o Retrograde orbit Satellite moves opposite to earths rotation. Inclined between 90 ~ 180. o Argument of perigee Angle from ascending node to perigee, measured in the orbital plane at earths centre in direction to satellite motion. o Right ascension of the ascending node Specified ascending node position of the orbit in space and practically determined by the longitude and time of crossing.
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Satellite Orbits
Apogee and Perigee heights o Although not specified as orbital elements, apogee and perigee heights are often required. o Length of vectors at apogee and perigee calculated as:
ra = a (1 + e)
(5.6) (5.7)
rp = a(1 e)
ra rp apogee height perigee height
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Satellite Orbits
Classifications: Low Earth Orbit o Also known as LEOSATS. o 1.0 ~ 2.5 GHz o Orbits 500 km ~ 1500 km above earths surface. o Path loss lower o Lower transmit power, smaller antenna, less weight o Visibility 15 ~ 20 minutes (require network?)
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Satellite Orbits
Classifications: Medium Earth Orbit o 1.2 ~ 1.6 GHz o Orbits 8000 km ~ 20000 km above earths surface. o Similar functions as LEOSATs o Higher altitude means greater communications range o Longer pass time (2 ~ 8 Hours) o Larger coverage than LEOSATs.
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Satellite Orbits
Classifications: Geosynchronous Earth Orbit o Highaltitude earth orbit satellite (HEO) o 2 ~ 18 GHz o Orbits ~36000 km o Large coverage area, almost a fourth of the earths surface. o 24 hour view (ideal for satellite broadcast and other multipoint applications). o But distance causes comparatively weak signal and time delay (500 ~ 600 ms). o Centred above equator making broadcasting difficult for near polar regions.
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Satellite Orbits
GEO (contd) o Sophisticated and require heavy propulsion devices. o High transmit powers & greater sensitivity receiver. o Highprecision operators to maintain
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Look Angle
Required for direct and correctly pointed (earth station satellite). Easier for GEOSATs (since no change of direction) but hassle for LEOSATs and MEOSATs (require tracking). o Azimuth Horizontal angular distance from reference direction o Elevation Vertical angle between direction of EM wave travelling from earth station towards satellite and horizontal plane. Minimum 5 to avoid atmospheric absorption
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Orbit Perturbations
Keplers Laws assumes ideal cases (uniform spherical mass and only gravitational pull of the earth). Other forces should taken into account o Gravitational forces of sun and moon (mostly affects GEOSATs). o Atmospheric drag (affects LEOSATs below 1000 km) o Nonspherical earth
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Satellite Link System

Considering satellite as a sophisticated telecommunication equipment, the link system can be segregated into 3 basic sections: Uplink o Earth station transmitter is the primary element. IF modulator, IFtoRF microwave upconverter, high power amplifier, output bandpass filter. o IF modulator converts input baseband signal to IF frequency. FM or PSK or QAM o Upconverter converts IF to RF carrier frequency. o HPA for gain and output power
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Uplink
Diagram courtesy of Wayne Tomasi (Electronic Communication System)
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Downlink o Earth station receiver. o Bandpass filter, Low Noise Amplifier, RFtoIF downconverter. o Bandpass filter normalises noise signal power. o LNA highly sensitive low noise device. o RF to IF down converter mixer/ bandpass filter combination converts received RF signal to IF frequency.
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Downlink
Diagram courtesy of Wayne Tomasi (Electronic Communication System) 38
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Transponder (or transmissionresponder) o The Satellite (RFtoRF repeater). o Input bandpass filter, input LNA, frequency translator, lowpower amplifier, output bandpass filter. o input bandpass filter limits total noise input signal of LNA. o LNA output fed to frequency translator (highband uplink frequency to low band downlink. o Lowlevel amplifier amplifies RF signal for transmission (downlink).
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Transponder
Diagram courtesy of Wayne Tomasi (Electronic Communication System)
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20/04/2012

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA

Advantages of Satellite System

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA

Satellite System Limitations

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA

Satellite System Limitations

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA

Satellite System Limitations

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Satellite Communication System

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Satellite Communication System

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Satellite Communication System

Higher frequency Lower frequency

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Diagram courtesy of Dennis Roddy (Satellite Communications)

Ellipse semimajor axis, a, semi minor axis, b Eccentricity, e

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UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA

Diagram courtesy of Dennis Roddy (Satellite Communications)

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- earths geocentric gravitation constant (3.986005 X 1014 m3/s2)

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o 1 sidereal minute 60 sidereal seconds

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UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA

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Satellite Link System

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Satellite Link System

Diagram courtesy of Wayne Tomasi (Electronic Communication System)

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA

Satellite Link System

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA

Satellite Link System

Diagram courtesy of Wayne Tomasi (Electronic Communication System) 38

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA

Satellite Link System

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA

Satellite Link System

Diagram courtesy of Wayne Tomasi (Electronic Communication System)