Ibias V+ V+ Symbol

50/10

+3V 100 A Ibias V-

Io

V+

50/10 50/10

50/10 (a)

io 50/10 -3V

A simple CMOS implementation

Second-Order OTA-C (Gm-C) Filters

A canonic filter structure A low frequency high-Q low pass architecture A General Biquad Structure for multiple purposes OTA Non-idealities effects on filter performance

Analog and Mixed-Signal Center

The OTA-Biquadratic Architectures are based on State-Variable Structures

KQ1 Ko3 Ko2 Ko1 KQ2

V in
o

1/ SC 1

Vo1

Vo2

1/ SC2

Ko4

K o 3K o 2 Vo 2 = Vin

S2 C1C 2 K Q1 K Q2 K Q1K Q2 K o1K o 2 1+ + 2 SC + SC + 2 S C1C 2 1 2 S C1C 2

K o 4 K Q1 1 + SC 2 SC1

H1 (S) =

K o3 K o 2 + K o 4 K Q1 + SK o 4 / C1 Vo 2 = 2 Vin S C1C 2 + S( K Q1C 2 + K Q2 C1 ) + (K Q1K Q2 + K o1K o 2 ) H1 ( 0) =

2 o =

(1a )

K Q1K o 4 + K o3 K o 2 K Q1K Q 2 + K o1K o 2

(1b) (1c) (1d)

KQ1KQ 2 + Ko1K o 2 C1C2 K K o = BW = Q1 + Q2 Q C1 C2

Particular Cases
K o1 = K o 3 , K o2 = K Q 2

K Q1 = 0 , K o 4 = 0

From (1a)
H1 (S) = K o1K o 2 / C1C 2 S + SK Q 2 / C 2 + K o1K o 2 / C1C 2
2
K o 1 = g m1 K o 2 =g m2

g m1g m2 S C1C 2 + SC1g m2 + g m1g m 2

2

( 2)

Next an implementation of (2) with three input signals follow. Note that injecting signal through the capacitors yield BP and HP filters. The drawback is that the injecting signal must be generated by ideal voltage sources.

Canonic OTA-C Biquad

ggm1 m1 +

C1

+ ggm2 m2 -

Vo1

V
A

V
B

C2 V
C

V01 =

s 2C1C2VC + sC1g m 2cVB + g m1g m2V A s 2C1C2 + sC1g m2 + g m1g m 2

Analog and Mixed-Signal Center

Lossy Integrator With Positive Feedback

Z

Vin

g m1 + C

Vo gm + 2

-gm Z gm 1 Vo 1 = = Vin s C + (g m 2 - g m ) 1 - gm Z 1 1
Analog and Mixed-Signal Center

Low-Frequency, High-Q OTA-C Biquad

gm2/C2 -gmQ/C1 -gm2/C2 Vin gm2 + V01 C2

gm1

1/s

V01 -gm1/C1

1/s

V02

gm1/C + V02 C1 + gmQ

Vin

V02 g m1g m 2 / C1C 2 g g /C C = 2 = m1 m2 1 2 Vin s + s (g mQ g m 2 ) / C1 + g m1g m2 / C1C2 D (s)

LP

V01 g m1 / C2 (s + (g m 2 g mQ )/ C1 ) = Vin D( s)

Resonator

 Ko1 Kbo Ko2

KQ2

V 1
o

1/ SC 1

Vo1

1/ SC2
V3 o

Vo2
o

V2 o

Kb1

For V1 = V2 = V3 = Vin
Vo1 K bo K o 2 / S2 C1 K b1 / SC 2 + 1 S2 SK b1 / C 2 + K bo K o 2 / C1C 2 H1 (s ) = = = 2 K Q K o1K o 2 Vin S + SK Q / C 2 + K o1K o 2 / C1C 2 1+ + 2 SC 2 S C1C 2 2 = o K o1K o 2 C1C 2 K bo K o1 , o K Q = Q C2 , Q= 1 KQ K o1K o2 C 2 C1

H1 ( 0) =

, 2 = z

K bo K o 2 C1C 2 = 1 2

z K b1 = Qz C2 ,
o Q SK Q C2

SKo =

2o K 2K o

, SKo

o1 ,

K o2

=1

- gm1 + + - gbo

C1 V2

+g m 2 - g b1 +

- g + m3

Vo C2 V3

V1

General Second-Order OTA-C Filter

For V1=V2=V3
g b1 g bo g m 2 + C2 C1C 2 H (s ) = g g g s 2 + s m3 + m1 m2 C2 C1 s2 s
2 o =

g m1g m 2 C1C 2 ;

; 2 = z

g bo g m2 C1C 2

o g m3 = Q C2 H (0 ) = g bo g m1

z g b1 = Qz C2 ; H ( ) = 1

Analog and Mixed-Signal Center

Non-idealities effects on OTA-C Biquads Input parasitic capacitance of OTAs, for ungrounded terminals create unwanted zeroes. The transconductance gain gm is not only a function of bias current, but it is frequency dependent and can be characterized by one dominant pole. i.e., g m = g mo /(1 + s / p ) One figure of merit in OTA-C filters is the excess phase, that is the additional phase added to the ideal phase. Next we illustrate this with an example

OTA Specifications in Open Loop

Let B WI = If

g m3 C2

Q I = C2 o gm

g m (s) = g mo i i 1 + s p o p E =
2 o = a

~ g ( 1 - s p ) , i = 1, 2, . . . 5 = mi i

Then

2 o 2 1+ o p p2
1

;
BWI - p3
1 2

2 = o

g mo g mo 2 1 C 1 C2

B WI - 2 BWa =

2 o p p

1 p p C1 C 2 2 1 QI oa QI ~ = Qa = BWa = 1 - 2 o Q I 1 - 2 E1 QI p

1 - B WI + p3

- ~ = BWI 2 E 1 E 2

A o DC Gain Effect Q Q a = 1 + 2Q Ao Q 1 2 4 5 10 20 Q 1 5 10 50 Qa Qa Qa 1.03617 2.1501 4.6492 6.0573 15.36 66.27 Q 0.996 4.902 9.6 41.667 Ao E For E = 1
o

Stability Requires Q < 28.64

For A

= 500

 R.L. Geiger and E. Snchez-Sinencio, Active Filter Design Using Operational Transconductance Amplifier: A Tutorial, IEEE Circuits and Devices, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 20-32, March 1985. E. Snchez-Sinencio, R. L. Geiger, and H. Nevrez-Lozano, Generation of Continuous-Time Two Integrator Loop OTA Filter Structures, IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst., Vol. 35, pp. 936-945, 1988. H. Nevrez-Lozano and E. Snchez-Sinencio, Minimum Parasitic Effects Biquadratic OTA-C Filter Architectures, Analog Integrated Circuits and Signal Processing, Vol. 1, No. 4, pp. 297-319, Kluwer: 1991.
Analog and Mixed-Signal Center