Biology

CHAPTER - I

r== - [ =#~
r=# QiOz `e
=
# ''r==
JO\~. nxx POQ=
''|l Biology
JO\~. |l J##k w + KOk# ^=
. nx | J#Q ''r== Jx ''Q
''=
Jx J~=
. H . . 384 #O_ 322 O=`~ =
Ji\ . H . . 130 #O_ 200 Q <
^O_ Ja` ~fiHOQ r==
aOzOk.
=`~ "
#
" =# r=O
i^#
[~Q#
O^ =# r=xfl H#Q#fl `~ "`
1000 O=`~ =
=~ D Ja=$k KO^^
. JO^=# P Hxfl pH\ QO JO\~.
Ji\ `~"` =~fl, _ifi<, ~, *#fl~, ~+, <, "@<, HH, ~<, "^Q"~. r=O

J<H i^#
K~. Ji\ x
r= `=_ JO\~.
"@"
^\ iQ r==
J< ^xfl ''l<=
~fl J<
OK "
` L
QOK_.
16= `|O ''"+e qeO ~fi i^# =# r=O #~r=#O OkOk.
=#=_ "^@ r="
` P `~ "` U^~# J<k =O[" #
k. =#=# J<H =#
i+iOKH=_O r= *#O `__ `Ok. "^@ ~ r= #O_ H "
=#= =~
r= Ok# =~< r= i}== JO\~. r
= =H J=iH F H ^u
J=~|_
LO@Ok. h~H ` r=O =O_^ .
q U~#_ PH[<, F*< #O^ =# Jux`
H~}

q "Oz LO_q.

q =Q 4600 qe# O=`~ H O ^@ U~_O k. ''<

Hi J#Q he
JK #= "@"
^@
q L^q
Oz# }Q "
` QiOK~ . Jk
q\#

1000 qe< O=`~ =

H \#
^x q<
fl~ . W" ^q
H r= r=O @H
i^#

K#
"
` ''x q~ "h h~
q g^ J<H =}` He =^
h~Q J<H ~#
^~ # Hey L#fl
|
\H Q U~_O k.
|
\H _ [iy# ~xH K~
H=# H ~H~}, "~ #O_ O^`~. "~ #O_ q^` U~_`Ok.
=^O x H~x
J}= qye# ^~ ` He P~.<.U. _.<.U. U~_#
q.
H $ u [OQ
aOKq. =#~, Qe, h~, <, [O`=, =$H =i Ok
, x~Ok
, JH~#,
x=xfl [ =#~H L^~}.

H $ u JkH "`O J ==` q

+` "_@xH q~# x= ^~ # =#~
JO\~. g\x =#O qKH}
`OQ i # J=Q#` "_H"e H ` q
+` `~H
H~` U~_ `Ok. =#~ ~ O_ ~H : 1. "_# =@ f `#O`@`" U~_ =#~# #~^i O
^y# =#~ Jx JO\~. L^:- Qe, h~, "H "^Q#q, "_# =@ uiy L`u Hx
1

=i i K|_# =#~# #~^iOx =#~ JO\~. L^:- Yx*, \,

"^~#q.
[O`=, =#=` Jxfl r= s~O |~= 70% #O_ 75% =~ h~ H^.
h~ r=<xH P^~= Wk s~Ox J<H W`~ r=H
_ O@Ok.
Q Li`O
^^ 80% h~ 20% R
q H^.
q L#fl h\ =#~ =^, #^, ~
, =,
"^~#q.
q L#fl h\ 97% h~ =^=
< H^. #^, ~
"^~#q
=Ozh\ =#~ L^~}. =^O ,
q, "`=~} =^ x~O`~O Q [iQ h\ =i_<

''_lH =O JO\~. =~ h~, #^, ~ #O_ < J_Q ~ K~ h\x
Q ~ [ O JO\~.
Q~ [
~ h\x ''h\ =@O JO\~. =#O h~ JOkOK#\H x

^
=$H
Q~O #O_ Q
~. qKH#
~ `OQ J_=# #iH"
_O =# J<=$+ i`
U~_` ~. h\ =#~ ^|uO\~. J<=$+ i` qKH}
~ `OQ `=fi`#fl Q@ =
=# h\ =@O `Q` Ok. ~
h\x f"
^xx WH` xO P#
W H@H=_O =#
P O`O Q Q~[O `y`Ok. iqH =~ ^~ ==O, H@H<<,
Z~=# qKH}
~ `OQ "_@ =#
Q~[ O +`O J=`Ok. Z_~ K ` =
h~ LO@Ok. H=# K ` = [O`=, "H rq~. #^ ^fi~ h\
"
O =
=i KeHO h~ Q_H @
_
O =# t qK^#
O KO^_O =# =\ U~_ `Ok. Qe h\
Pqi "`=~}Ox "_x
J^ K O k. =#=_H L
Q_
h\x =Ozh~ JO\~. ~HO x
=Y"#
Q= h~.
qx K\L
#fl "= q=
" Qe. nx< "`=~}O JO\~. Qe
21% PH[ < 78% #`[ x =i qye# 1% W`~ "= H=. PH[ < =i #`[ x x+u
1:4 x+u LO@Ok. "`=~}Ox PH[ <, #`[ # Q qye# 1% H~<_


H_
, h\
Pqi, ^=, eO, x<, H <, P~<, l<<, q^<,
_
[<, <@
PH_

"^~#
"= LO\~.
q #O_ 10" H.g.
#
Qe LO_^ . "`=~}O Q F*< ~
~H~}
x
=
^H~ "
#
Ju h` H~}
#
qH K~"

O_ J`Ok. "\
K_

=O #O_ "H#, [O`=# H_`Ok. Qe H~<_


H_
Z"#
y < *
ZH Hey
q "KQ LOK|_`Ok. "`=~}O H~<_


H_
0.033% H^. ~ * a"
J#Q Hi "`=~}Ox #`[ xx "\ H}^~ Q =~`~.
"`=~}Ox ~ L#fl PH[< ~~tx QOz F*<Q =~Ok. q
Li`O#O_ 16 #O_ 23 H.g. Z` F*< "= H^.
qx K~ ~H~}
=_
~H Jq 1. Ju hq` H~}
, 2. ^
+ H~}
, 3. ~~} H~}
` = `~O Q^~ O Q
Jux` H~}
. K@, [O`= `ye` H "*" ^|ux =#=, [O`= H#~
=K#. il
~ @~, U~~ HO_+#
~, q=<, "^Q#q QeH ''H~ ~ H~< J<
~<# =^`~.
2

D ~# F*< ~# PH[ <Q =~_O =# "`=~}Ox F*< ~ ^|ux

Juh` H~}

qx K~ `~. =^O x =} `O 305% LO@Ok. =^O =}
h\ HiQ J< ~O LO\~. =^O _ O H~ _
2.8% =~ LO@Ok. =^O
aOK W`~ =} \+ O, "yfl+
O, HeO "^~#q. =^O x He O, eH<
=}# J
O [~OQ L
yOK< r= \*< =i Ol. D r= Kx~#
`~ "` "\ s~ #O_ =} uiy =^O eH "o JK@ Q\
_
~~Q =i HO`HxH
P ~ J Hiy =^O H~. =^
H "H #O_ J_<#
, P z
H~~ #O_ #flO# `
~ K <
fl~ . =^
h\ ~ _
^iH H Q ^~ A\iO
J#Q
_
[< ~ S\ =i _iO. Wk H ~ f~Ox WH a O k. WH# eH
~O HO@~ i =
"_`<fl~ .
=# `e#O` =~ r=OQ Q
O
q XH>, r= =#Q_ J=~"
#
Qe, h~,
W`~ J# i`
q Hey LOk. <
Qxfl ^^ 20% PHq
O k.
q =O_xfl
Li` =$uH JO\~. D Li` =$uH =} =i = q=
O. D =$uH t
#O_ U~_` ~. XH =$uH ~# H}
=`$t
#
P^~_
LO\~. ~ #
=$uH x~fi~}
= i #O_ ~H}
.
H` "Hx <@_O, E" ==xfl JiH@_
O =# =$uH H =
H

xfl P=K.
^
^
t "`=~} Xu < z#flz#fl H ~ }=Q =i =$uH U~_ #. nx< ''q^iOQ
JO\~. =$uH Hi , =
, teO^ =i H@H, <# `eK "<=
x=~. < o# ` , [O`= =$` H|
~# Hi qz#flO K _O =# g\
J= =$uH He Jk ~=O`O J=`Ok. =$uH H ~=O`" #
Li`O H@Hx
=_<fl ''=$uH H =
H
O JO\~. =$uH ~ }=# Q\Q |OkOz LOK " Q_ ~H

" =i ~|~ *u "H XH
^
O x=OK [O` *`xfl\x
''[O` =^O
JO\~. [O`= #O_ , =O=, H , K~ = "^Q#q =# a~. H_e=~
#< q@q< U. =i _ H= JO^=# D #<# P~^
~ "_`~. "H O_
^~# `
~K H=_xH ~~t, H~<_


H_
, i` ~ }=, h~ "^Q#q H"e.
"H = =#"oH W`~ }
` HO Q#, ~HO Q# P~xfl L`u K _O =#
"\x ''^qH L`u ^~ JO\~ #<, QO^^", =O^, ~|~, <~u qq^
i =
"_ =_^
~ =O\ ~< "H #O_ a~.
~ a, J~ , ",
_i, "^Q #<xK "H @O, #<#
"eH fQ qye# x ''P~ H H ^ ''"HO _ JO\~. nxx = J~OQ#,
Z^~ =Q _ "_`~. #<# =O@< HH |,
`
i =i HO^#Q
"_`~. =OzQO^O , =, Qc, ` #O_ QO^ ` f~ . K~ #O_ KH ~# f~ .
3

Hxfl ~H "H#O_ ''Ja~O [H J#Q ~OQ# `

~ K~ .
` H ~zHO QO^
^
"
P~ ^~ x= K _O "_`~. qi, , =OQ, "^Q#q
q`<
#O_ ~|
#O_ a~. > , , ", ^=^~, _~l
,
<
"^Q#q H#
WK "H. Z~ KO^#O H~ #
"}[ ~O Q =, Ow` iH~ `
iH L
y<
fl~ .
=^ , #^, K~ =, ^=
L`u^
~ =
, K<
Q_ =
L^~}.
^#
''Qg} *u @OxH KO^# [ , ~Q, "^~# ^#
# z~ ^#

JO\~. JkH `O \< J~ yO[ a~. J`kHO Q \< # Hey L#fl ^#
=
z_. Hi # ^q
H qz#flH~ JO\~. tbOk #O_
xe<,
"
<

O\ =O^ `
~=`~. H Q_Q@ jeO^H KO^#.
<
"H #O_ ~ <#
`
~
K~ . =i B+^O Q Hfi<<
#
"_`~. QO_[| _l@e# B+^O Q "_`~. JkH
J~`ux Z= qx QK_O ^fi~ =i L#fl q< ^u#
LyOz Z= L`ux K=K. Lxfl q< Z= J~`uH =~}`H [#=,
OH~}
= =# HO Z= P~xfl WK "H# =i "k x~^H "Hefl $+
<
flO.
==O Z=Q ~<# "__O = L`u^
~
~Q`Ok. =i D ~<,
K_

"xfl K`~. P~xfl x= K _xH ~ O_ ^L
L<fl~. Jq 1. ZO_
@_O , 2.
H rq ~ `O K _O. P~O HO =#=_
H $ ug^ P^~_
` _, J_=# #~H_
O =#
[O`=, =$H =^ LO_ `u
Kki`Ok. ~xH U~= "_HO =
=
H}
=i ==xH xH ~O_ `~. Q` O=`~ P~Q i~H}
=# =#=
[#
~yOk. [#
~Q_
O = P~ ^~ J=~O K Z=Q
iyOk. r=O =YOQ
[#O Q}O z# i*#O P~ = i~xH L
Q_
`Ok. =~}`H
[ ##=,
O~}
= ^` ^fi~ "k
u
~^H O Hey# "H# L`u K _O ^fi~ i` q"
xH
<^ U~_~. P~`u
iyOk. Z= # WK O^, Z= Q_
> H} L`u
K _O, " ~HO =O =~}`H
[ ##= ^u
=# O^=K. Ju ` = HO H}*
=~#
O =# J<H "H# L`u K =K#. [## QiOz "\x H =
OQ xK

[#=` i K_O [# zH` ^fi~ ^O. H$u= Z~=, HqO~H #O

''|\[ ~#
"__O [~Q`Ok. [#= HQ JH H =~# ''L`i =~<
JO\~.

xe< jeO^=
#O_ a O k. Wk XH H rq <H=
. Ju=` "k x"~}
Wxe< Heq, ~fi= [O`= #O_ Wxe< O^"~. Ju =`"
k XH [#"k. <_ ''[x\H
WO[hiOQ ^fi~ W#e< L`u H~H"
#
[#=# "~ K Hi
"

_`~. Z=
OY Hi #
Oz `^fi~ JkH "`O W#e<x ` = ^~ L`u K <
fl~ . r=#
"@"
^@ =sHi OzOk Ji\ . ^Q~ eH Hey XH^x` XH
fiKQ O~O [~<
r=~ =<fl ''*u JO\~. =$H
~#
~@_ "^@
* u `~ "` *u
~ `~ "`
4

* x

~# ~~ . J ~#
~#
<=OO JO\~.
<= w , \<,
+ LO\~.
n=xflO\x 5 ~*Q ql
OK~. Jq : 1. "x~, 2. \, 3. O l, 4. O>, 5.
Jx"e.

1. \ 2 =~ H=. 1. H~\, 2. \*<

H~\
i` ~ }= LO\~. g\ H}=KO, e H, H LO_=K. \*<
r= Zq = Zq J# "kx _ O = =i "kx HQ* ~. P~OQ
L
Q_
`Ok. JO^= "\x =^O `e_ Kx | JO\~.
Ol
q Li`O LO_ r= O|Ok` =~ ^~#

~ ~. JO^=#
Ol#
qx

i K `\ JO\~. Ol ^[ # L`u K~. D ^ c* J#
iu

iy J<H Q# U~~ ~. O \ ^[O 1.



\
, 2. >
H


\
J# ~ O_
=~ H=. r= LO_ eH# |\ "\ =Q K _xfl ''=sH~ }
O JO\~. W
=sHiOK <fl ''=sH~} O JO\~. ''H~ e~fl ~# =$H O|OkOz# QO^O ~
''
O \~O HQ ~ O_=k [O`= O|OkOz# =
''=
<K~ OlH i~
=~xH, ''_=
@" H~\
=~xH, H@H J~_ =~xH KO^`~. *` Jxfl ^xfl "^\
iQ ''*<~
"

\<
_. kfi<=H~}
^u
x ''H~
eifl
"

\_ . kfi<qH~}
^u

rq H "^\
~
* uH O|OkOz#k HQ ~ O_=
~ *uH OO kOz#kQ LO@Ok.
Jxfl ^q H [O`= ''"x~ ~[H KOk#q. Wq =YOQ he PK =
. P= "`=~}O
x=OK r= L^~} r~
Ox Hi , J#Q Ol HQ "`=~}Ox =~#
Q
OK H}= <_ H}=. =i,
qa O\ "^ \*< r= =#
HQ`~. H, `_ XH @OxH KOk#q. K #O_ =#=_ =~ ''H~_\
=~xH
KO^`~.
"H x H#Q#fl " ` ''JO^x
"< q< H W`_ _K P=_. qO ~ fi [O`=
$^ O H~

~ }
==
i^#
K_. @ ~Q Q_, ^
H ~=, K_ =_xH
H~}=, H r=x "_ K _O =# Hi #tOz K_ O_ K _xfl ''~ * +
<

JO\~. nxx `e# "_ ''~ ~
Q~ H PO`H "kH \H, ~a, "kH #O K _xH KH` ^u
x ''~
~ H#Q<fl_ . ^= `~ "__O , ^=,
iQ O` _._.\. K_
O =# =i#
J^ LOK=Kx ~ ~< `e~. =i g^ [i# H$+H Q# ''~, ~ < ~ 1902
<| |=u =zOk. _.<.U. J#Q ''_JH~
# HH P== J<k XH [#^~=
. nxx
HH J< a\ "` H#Q<fl~. _.<.U. XH kfiO_eH x~}=x HH =i "@<
5

ukOK~. H}= xK_xH H=# =K~xfl _.<.U. Z x= K H}xH

JO^K
O ^ "~ q=iOK~. _II ZQ _
~=x J^` B+^ $+H =O`Q _ JO\~. W`_
eH P==, >\H<, =i H#~ x~^H# Hx\_. ''eO "#n< J| Jb
''Jifl^ l g^ iH^
#
K_. J^ #O g^ J`_ K#
H$+H ''Q \ |=#O
J`_ O^_. J<H J~`u
OK_xfl i` q=
O JO\~. =#HO|fiq<^<
J#"
`
=# ^O i` q" xfl
"
\_ . ~QqO^ Y~# H$u
=OQ [#=x


Q `
~
K#
O^ Q# 1968 OII J`xH ''<| |=u =zOk.
YO_ XH^xH XH\ ^~OQ [~Q`<fl x ` ^O`xfl ''YO_ H^e H ^O `O
JO\~. D ^O`xH |A= Wz# "_ ''c~ x J`_ ~=$H xH J<H
=
K_. ~. \.Z. "OH\~=< K~#, "^~# OH~}O K K~ O@# Ja=$k K
KH ~ L`ux

OK_. ixH nH~}
O J< ^u
x H#Q<fl_ . ''OK#< ==i W`_x

P^ xH O_`u xH `=_x ~ . QO_ #O_ ~HO ^=

#H O|_ uiy ~
^fi~ QO_ K~ `O^x H#Q#fl "_ qeO ~ fi.
i^#
H O^ ~f

`fiO
^#
O K O k. ^O
=
Y
O [iQ iH^
#
W`~ ^ "
`
_ O\~. *f =^ i^#
O =^* x=OK [O`= i^#
K O k.
nx< ''<+#
Wx@
\ P |+<Q
Jx JO\~. *f +H~ O +H~O
i^#

K O k. Wk ^
^ H^. ''WO@~<+
#
H i~ Wx@
\ ~
q\H WH \ ^
^
^Q~ H^ WH_ =# ^O O\ L+=
O_ ^ O@ "H g^ i^#
[~Q`<fl~.
''WO_ < JyH~ i^#
O == L`` # #`# q^<# ~OkOK_O
i^#
K O k. <+#
\xH i^#
O =$H O i^#
K O k.
O@ Wx@
\
~ H@< i~
O@~ O qk u =OQ_# Ja=$k ~ K@.
Wk <Q ~ H^. =i =OQ_ # =i L`ux

OK@ i^#
K
O
''O@ ~
i~ Wx@
\ Wk H@H H^. K~ =OQ_# =i L`` #
OOkOK@
i^#
K
O ''WO_ < Wx@
\ P +Q~ i~ Wk Hfl H^. "^
~OQO
iH^
#
K
O ''*f "^
i^#
=O_e Wk #_b H^. ''<+#
Wx@
\
P "~ l Wk } H^. Wk "~

iH^
#
K O k. =$H# QiOz J^#O K

XH
^ qQ" ''=$H O =$H, r= xfl J<H H} `e
J<H z#flz#fl qQ nx
LO\~. [O`=# QiOz `e
XH
^ qQ= ''[O`=
nx J<H z#flY H=
Wq [O`= QiOz qq^ H} ``~. =$H,[O`= JO`~ x~} `e
r=
qQO "~ ''s~ x~} s~ J=" Jq K
r=H
QiOz `e
k 's~ ^~ O
L^~} r~H
, fiH
, ~H

~ }
,
` `u "^~#q. "\x QiOz KiOKk s~
^~ =
. [O`=, =$H, Q_, ^#
O_ _ ^ =~ [iQ
~Q^ Ja=$k QiOz `e

Y O_`u Y. [O`=$H =iH~ }

O QiOz `e
k =sH~ }
O r= x~}=, r=H
,
[#x~}=, r= i}= ~`# P^~OQ K Hx =sH~ }
O [~Q`Ok. "k = r=
HeQ =~# `e
=
''"k q*# =
.
D =~ x~}O Hx r=~xH == Hx HQ=K r= Jx rqOK P=~}xH
=^Q O|O^xfl ` " ''r"=~} O J# =OtH`# `e* = ~
''[#=
D =
=$H [O`= J#=OtH`#
`e* O k. `e` O _
#O_
Uq^O Q eH = D O ``Ok.

O KO [O`= q~ }
xfl ''[O`
Q O
``Ok.
q`<
# Z=~ K O_ U ~H}
WfiO_< @ W~"
J@ , "^
<, J_=
J<H ~H z#fl,
^ "H Hx~. g\< =#*u "H JO\~. H "H ^~}OQ
O@
=
iy <, h~, +H ^~ H Q K |_ "H` \ _` ~.
u
U_k
XH xq` HO q`<
[e Q K
OK "H< Q "H JO\~. P
, PH ,
J"iH ^ ^^ 18 ~H J_q *u =i~HL H=. =i ''F~[ `<
WO_H ''~ [
>"
''[xH J< =_ ~H H=. =i "H i^#
=# ^O H@Hx ''WO_ <
~
i~ Wx@
\# =xx ''JO`~u=i i^#
O # [~Q`Ok.
=#=x ~H}
+} O_
~Q "H# H "H JO\~. xH "H q`<
#

HiOz q
+` L
QxH "\H ~H` O Q LO_ i` x= LOK`<fl~ . nxx
''c[ ^~
H~}
^ ''q`#

H~}
JO\~. Hxfl "H =O #O_ `# H=# H}

Q "\x *Q` Q ZOH K~ . D
H
< ''=~}= JO\~. =~}= ~ O_ ~H 1. q
=~}=, 2. =O=o =~}=. H=# =Oz H}
Q fiK" #
*u "H L^q
OK =~
O~ O ^fi~
HiOK@< =O=o ^u
JO\~. qa#fl H}
Q "H# O~ OQqOz
"\ e `OQ =z# q`<
# P =~\ O@ L
y~ . D ^u
< OH~}
^u
JO\~.
[xH "H H#fl OH~ *u "H "~# H}
LO\~. nx< OH~ [= ^ ''\<
JO\~. =# W# K@ LO_ J<H [O`=#
O_ [O`=, JO\~.
O_ [O`=
=# J`xH =OO, Q_, , ^ , a~. H#H [O`=# =#=_ =zH K <fl_ .
[O`= O_ =#=_ rqOK_
=#=_ JO_ O_ D [O`=, =#} rqOK=

JO^=# [O`=, =#= XHi
XH~ P^~_
` ~. [O`= i=}=, PH~=, ~OQ,
|~=,
=
~#
, P~ @"@,
~ ~ @,
` `u =~
OHO =# =K~. J_qH_ =~
0.6 #O_ 0.7 H r |~= LO_ O=`~ xH 12 #O_ 20 Q_#

_`Ok.
O_ H_ 3 #O_ 5
H r |~= LO_ O=`~ xH 300 Q_#

_`Ok. P=, Z^ , Q ^, "^Q"\x "
H
JO\~. 6000 OII H ` O = =zH ~O"
O k. ~A 20 #O_ 30 b@~ HO> Z=
=zH K |_# P= WO k. Q_ HO
OK|_# Hx '' ~ Jx =OO HO
OK|_
7

Hx ''~~ Jx JO\~. # Hx ~H`

^
Hx LOz H# "\H +H ^~
O~kQ LO_ =Oz P~O Wz
OK`~. JO@ "^ ~O_ *Q` fHx
P~QOQ `O^~Q
iQ@@ H ~= K~ . =# ^O ''~_ S_ ''Q ~< *u
HH Z= y~H H=. "H *`H =Y"#
k ''JOQ~ *u nx Lxfl "`Q , "~
LO@Ok. Q~ ~ O_ ~H ~= H= XH\ ^q
H ~= ~ O_ kfiu ~=. ^qH
~=. ^q
H ~= _=Q, a~Q, x\~Q LO\~ kfif ~= \Q , "`Q ,
@ =Ouiy LO\~. Lxfl ^ =# L+x
fl |@ O_ PQ H LxflH LOk H=#
j`HO ^i OK_xH Wq KH Q L
Q_
` ~
~< ^xH KOk# ''"i< #lO_
^xH KOk# ''Fi_~ Q~ #O_ " *u Lxfl a O k. Ok =Oxfl ''~ JO\~.
Ok U_kH ~ O_ H =_ ~ e fl HO@Ok. `_=H XH\ #O_ 20 e fl HO@Ok. O^efl
i
"`=~}O
Oz "H*#fl P~xfl W~ . D Ok =OxH y~H Z=. Ok K~ O
` =#, ==
`
~ K~ . ~fiO Q~ O =Oxfl P~OQ, Q~ # ~"} ^#
OQ
L
yOK"~. Q~ # ` ^ ==xH _ "_"~. = Q_^ HO>
^k
Q#
Q~ O HO> \q
Q# LO\~. "O^= JO> # L`u K xq Jx J~O . =
~fi ` |~= "_xH ~HH ^
O "~ =#
"_`~. ~<
*u P= =i [i*u
P= Z= x~.
"~ * u Q ^ Z= # WO k. "H #O_ aOK ^~ # |\ "x P~=,
H, <~, B+^ WK "HQ ql
OK=K H# HH O Q He Q U~_ `Ok. Hxfl
O=`~ H ` O
q H |_# "H#O_ [ #< a O k. D #<#
H f Hxfl

H
^fi~
\
Q `
~ K~ . H QA Hy`O `
~=`Ok. "H# P~ ^~,
H, S+^ Q WK"\Q ql
OK=K. ''H\
H O , "<O, ''\\
H O , _H HHO J<q ~ O_ Q^ =
~H. ~>efl `~ K< Q^= ~HO ''\\HO Z=O Q^= O_x J `i
L
y~ . Q^ = Q_x
HOQ J@Q#, Q$ x~}O L
Q_
~ `
~ K _xH,
= "` , WO\H
"_`~. "H*#fl
<=O ''l" z#fl yO[` _#
UH=iH Q_ *uH KOk# "H z~^#
. z~^#
L^~} *#fl, [ , ~Q,
^#
x J~ JO\~. L^~}
, q#=, HO^, "^~#q. J~ =OH$`
Z=Q H=. g\ #O_ M~ H=# =OH$ ` a~.

<==
''


Ji q#=
<== ''


=OQ HO^
<=O ''H*#
H*< "# #< "O_~, x=, H~ ~ ` = "^~# "\ #O_ f~ . " yO[
#<# H rq <HO Q "_`~.
t[ WO^<
L^~} Q,
\
eO "^~#q. ~*=_
<== ''_i

\e
<=O ''i~|~ >
<=O ''>Hx Q O_ "

8

<== ''J[_~H WO_H u ''Q

" *uH KOk#k. QQ
<== '' a
H <flz# [#=
<== ''H@i [OH

QQ =i <~# Q< OK,
`, ^~O, u"z, H~ <
, =`H = `
iH "_`~. H|i K@
<=O ''HH
#~ H|i _ L^
=
}O Hxfl < LOz` ^x <~ =^`Ok. ^xx k <~#
"~ K H_y P~_
` ~. H|i <~ `eHQ, Q Q}O LO@Ok. h\x HO_ LO_ Q}O
nxH H^. H|i <~# `,
+
, Q= =^ iK z#fl \, +< @, kO_ xO_xH
xH=K ^~O Q L
y~ . ~|~ ` He# H|i <~` ~< +< , ~ , \,
`
~ K~ .
Pk=#=_ "H#O_
HiOz# Hxfl ^~ #, Hxfl
` H "^ zH` "_`~. D
"Hefl B+^ "H JO@~. h~, H~<_


H_
# L
yOz "H ~~t ` i`O
O` O_ ^~xfl `
~ K
H
< H~}
[# OQ H
JO\~. =#= P~OQ,
QOQ P, H, QHA, ~<, Hy`O i= =_^~OQ "H*#fl#
L
y<
fl~ . <
=
~ Z= `O e, J<K~>_ \
P=# Hey LO_@ =# $^
HeyOK J=H `y
O ^x #=HO LOk. JO^=# nx "_HO <_
iyOk. qq^ ~<,
B+^, ~OQ, QyO, #<, a~_ H~, J`~ , ~|~ "^Q#q =$H`k`=# JO\~.
=i K@#

OK_O , Q_#

HiOK_O , QOQo ~Q#
OK_=
. H<# L`u K
@^~# L`u K _xfl ''@ O=~#
O JO\~. H.. 2600 OII O`O K<
@
i =
# ~OaOK|_Ok. [<, K<
^=
, kfif < @ i=
LO_Q, ~`^
O
`$f#O LOk. @ ^~# ^ `
i< HH
z
H` Q# He @_xH
Qe =@, < `
~ K \xH L
y~ . =# ^O H~@H @ L`uH
^
=

#O. J#O` ~, qY@flO l _ @x L`u K~. @ ~Q ~ Q H=.
''OH "i J< @ =` H QOQo ~Q.
`HHzH qOu u O@#fl _ ^x ~ H x\~Q LO\~. Hx =` ~ H
J_O Q "e LO\~. @ ~Q [ Q O ^ Q O ^ Q =~KO ^`~. `^fi~
@^~ =~. @ =i @, @~ , Wi, =OQ, "^~# ~H H= @=` 300
#O_ 500 =~ Q_#

_`Ok. ` H=Kxfl =ke H` H=KO# U~@K H=_<fl ''x~K#O
JO\~. QOQo~Q P~O fH=@O =x s~O K@ ^~` Hxfl J O@Ok kx<
''< JO\~.
@ Q \< ''|
~_ < =~ 48 QO@ =`Q =~`Ok. =`
=~ "~O ~A rq~. O~ O KOk Q_#
L`u KH Jq =~} ~. @ ~Q
~fi "~
, Hi , jeO^ ,
|
~< J< UH H}rq = "^ OH q
~. l DQ
@ ~Q# Ki` #+O HQ`Ok. JO^=# @~Q# OK Q^ < <\
9

H_` ~. Wi @, ''J@H
WOk J< ~Q #O_ a O k. Wk @ P~O P=^=, H,
~, Q~ P, =OQ @ ''u iel J< =OQ @ ~ Q #O_ a O k.
Hxfl "H o~# =OO #Oz =K ^~fi#O\ ^xx Hey LO\~. o#
=Oxfl u< DQ
=
_ J+ =^H "_O =# ~Q
O ~ O [~Q#. ~` qHO K
+ KH \ "# Hey LO\~. Wq =` "O\ xK~ # PHi~.
+Ox ~Q ~ }= HQx
fl K~ @< ~Q O~ O JO\~. xHeyOK H@H HH
L
Q_
H@H _ H q O~H# Z= "__O = #t~. JOH~} =Q +e+,
H"fi` , ` i =
"<
xfl "_`~. `#\Q #O_ f# qxfl H"` "kx #O
K _xH "_`~. XH ~} DQ, =~ DQ J<H " e DQ `#`@ LO\~. =#^O
`<\
Q *` ~ O_ H= 1. ~H `<\
Q , 2. WO_ < `<\
Q ~H `#\Q =#OQ LO_ ~_\
xH
O Q LO@Ok. JO^=# ^xx =zH K =#. WO_ < `<\
Q _ =#OQ LO@Ok.
=zH K ~ . ~H `<\
Q @ XH\ #O_ =~ 25 #O_ 100 H r `< =O k. WO_ <
`<\
Q #O_ 2.5 #O_ 4 H r `< =O k. ''Z qe
~ J< *u `<\
Q # =#^O
=zH K <fl~ . `< i =

` H" #

> # xiOz "xxH XH ~} DQx Hxfl e
DQefl O`~. ~~} DQ Q_#

_`Ok. ~A DQ D ~} DQ Q_#

@_xH HiO k.
e DQ# |> xiK_xH Hi~. `< i =
H "H=
` J< H@H= ` =. Wk `<
@
x
"#
=# ux @x Q^ # <#O K O k. H~Q, `=, ~, ~q "^~#
K@q
^ LO\~. p_ ~Q#
H@H ~< ^fi~ OiOK_xfl ''~xH xO`}

^u
JO\~.
H $ u ~O Q p_ ~Q# J^
@_xfl ''r=
xO`}
JO\~.
kfiH=@ H~~"
#O_ aOK J``=
PiH q=H x~}O ''=`= =`

~~ #O_ a~. i~HH O`# ''O=

i JO\~. kfiH"@ J#Q Jz,
=Oz h\ Jz =O\"\x kfiH"@ JO\~. ZO^H#Q kx s~O
~ O_ H~~ LO\~.
O`<`u HO = XH
^
O #O_ "~
^
xH XHHi YO_ ^\

}O K~. L^~}
|
i HOQ ~ ^O #O_ =# ^O x ~ `
~# =
=O k. =`O ` ~ ^~=
HeO H~<\
.
a
i< HOQ HxOz# ''OHi ~ `
~
''O=i ~ ~ LO_ @ ''yO_ ZH =# " KO^ "k

. ~ # Oi
Ox ZH [<# =YOQ == J^ LOK=
. ^# kQ|_ `Q ` Ok.
XH rq r=# ~o =~H rq r=# ~o ` =__
LO@Ok. n<fl J<#
O JO\~. XH
*uH KOk# J<H r= XHK@ x=OK@_ "\ =^ `y#O` x"OxH, P~xH =^ \
LO@Ok. r= =^ ~@O ^$_"
#
q, Z= H =~ Hq =`"
rq~. ^~"#
q
#tOz `~. nx< ''Q`J= ~H r=#O JO\~. XH rqH ` = #O_ ~HO KH=_xH
10

H P~xfl OkOK_xH `y#O` H H =K Hx XH =O^Q L#fl _ ` = #O_ ~H}

P~ O^#
=~=
~O`OQ K H=K. e DQ P~xfl OkOz, `\x
~H ~. #~
PQ Q_#
, ~fi# ~H ~.
H $ u qq^ r= OY `u
H^ nxH U=`O `_
=z# P J"O XH\ HO> Z= *` #+ `~. J"O XH *u r= =^ P~=,
==
, K~ HO [iQ ~
~ O|O^x ''*`O` ~
~ O|O^ JO\~. P"O
x=OK ~ O_ H JO`HO > Z= *` =^ LOO_ ~
~ O|O^ # *` =^ ~
~
OO ^ JO\~. ~
H H , aHH O|O^O *` =^ ~
~ O|O^ L^~}. rqOK,
rqOKx=fi J#flk =# ^~ ` O H"e. Hxfl r=# `yOK_O = XH *uH KOk# [<
OY xOuOK |_`Ok. J"O U rq _ `#O`@ `#Q rqOz =#Q_ OyK^
.
` = LQ ` =^ Qe h\ Pqi hq
Oz h~Q
qx K~ `Ok. kx =# Qe _Q
`
~=`Ok.
q D LQ
O g^ 1/5 =O` H^.
h~, LQ ` < H uH H}
Q ~u = [iQ =~ r=

"xfl
K`~. Z_i K@ P z#flQ LO_\xH H~}O +=# `= [iy h~ P^
K |_`Ok.
P x "H HO_O PKQ LO_ H~}
[# OQ H
[~`Ok. U_i
"HH XH" PO> P L#fl _ "\ Li`O g^ ~ "#
OO\ ^~ ` LO_#.
^x =# Li`O ^fi~ h~ PqiQ |@ ^. Z_i HO_ ~i `OQ LO\~. s~^~
K~ xfl XH xi` LQ ` =~ J`#fl` ~ [~Q`~. D LQ ` JO`# LQ `
JO\~. , H~ ^
=O\ [O`= "`=~} LQ ` x =~` O|O^O O_ `=
s~ LQ ` #
~ O Q LOKO\~.
W@=O\ [O`=# ''~ [O`= JO\~. H~ ^
` qye# r= `=
s~ LQ ` #
~ O Q LOKH=. g\x ''J~ r= JO\~.
~_
Q O\ Hxfl [O`=
j`HO ~OxH =O^ "\ K~ O H O ^ H=fi ~# U~~ KHx j`HO JO` x^ =_xfl
''j`H#=
JO\~. |`=# J#iOz h\ H~` LO_ O`O x=OK [O`=
"q
< |~^ e ~e H KKHx ~ rqOK@# ''y+H J
= JO\~. U_i
"H P# H LOK ~ "#
=. qi#
^~= iH P==. =
#

^
i OKrq

~
Q, w +H =
[iQ H= ZO_HO fi`OQ HO_Q x=OK [O`=
OK J=" H , P"O h~, LQ ` ,
q, H~H r= "xfl K`~.
`y#O` h~ aOK O`O _"#
"_ PH K@ LO\~. Z_i "H H~}
[#
OQ H
[i Q= HO_O. Z= Q_` Hey# ^
=
~Ox HH # ~OQx
qiO K [O`=`O_, w +=
K
k #`,
^
xfl |\ ~u, Q\
LQ ` =~ 20 #O_
30 _Q
O\Q _.
11

=^^
=
@O

u
150 q@~H LQ ` 1
O\Q _ K# `Q ` Ok. =^ H #_ Hxfl
O` j`HO LQ ` (-30) _w
O\Q _(0) LO@Ok. "`=~} LQ ` x =~`
OO ^O O_ `# LQ ` #
~ O Q LOK r= ''~ [O`=. =} `, LQ ` Hey
LO_ "= HOu +H ^~ "^Q#q [# P"O r=#

q`O K
H~H.
=Oz h\x QiOz# uH, ~xH, r=O J^<xfl ''J=fll JO\~. #^,
U~, ~
, =Oz h\ P".
[" ~ O_ ~H 1. =^, 2. =Ozh\ P" =Oz h\ 1.8% =} H=.
=Oz h\ Q =} _ O, \+ O, HeO, "yfl+
O, H~ _
, H~
_
_
Z=Q
H=. =Oz h\ "H H}`fiK= *` xi`==`Ok. [O`= Z= h\x
f"
_xH OHz` iHH , *fi H}, =$H, =`
O _ `__` ~. =Oz h\ r=
=`xfl Z= "`^ ` = Q_` Q =`xfl qi ~. <\
[< O|Ok` =~ ^~ #
J"x H i ~O =i ~.

q PH[ < `= 21% `= LO_Q h\ 10% H^. h\ "q

PH[ < `=
h\ O@ ~
LQ ` , =} Q` ~ O_
~Q_
O = `Q` Ok. h\H PH[ < _

@",
=
h\ =xy LO_ P Q "H H~}
[# OQH
^fi~ PH[ <x h\xH
=^`~. "`=~}Ox H~<_


H _
h\ Hiy H ~<\
, H~<\
U~_` ~. h\
x=OK r= ~# JO@a` @O\~. ["O x=OK [O`= _@"
=
# P~OQ fO\~. ["Ox =O~ \*#<, PH~ H, ~fi#,
z#fl [O`=# _ =O ~OQ fO\~.
=Oz h\ r= s~OH h~ |@ #O_ ^
=
a~ }
O =#
"
t
O k. h\ J_Q#
x=OK r=# ''O` JO\~.
q Q
^ P" =^ . =^ 200qII`
=~ =`"
H~}
[# OQ H
H=# HOu a O k. P =O_xfl ''iH =O_O
JO\~. =^O ` Hk HOu, LQ ` `Q ` Ok. `
iQ Hk _#
=
u

10qII` _#
H 1 J\ ~ K#
~Q`Ok.
lH r= =^O Li`O
LO_ =#Q O_ LO_\xH "\ s~ q++ Q~`fixfl `yO KO\~.
"\ s~O ` O, Qex, W`~" =# xfiLOKO\~. =^O ''O`H r=
H=. Wq _<
xfl `@H=_xH s~O |~ Q, |# J
O [~O H^. Wq =O ~
HOu Q J=",
^ ^=_, =_ g\H LO\~. g\x ''"O[~ JO\~ #k =#
^fi~O =^ xkx =^xfl HO k. P^
xfl ''Z i JO\~.
=Oz h\ HO> =^O h\ =} Z=Q LO\~ =^* = 3.5% =}
LO\~. J#Q 100 g@~ h\ 3.5 Q = =} LO\~. JO^=# =^
h~ LQ
12

LO@Ok. =^O 2000qII kQ=#O_ =^

h\ J_Q# LO_
q =~ HOu LO_^ .
D O`O Z _ pH\Q LO@Ok. nxx ''Za =O_O JO\~. =^ ` O`O x=OK
r= s~O |~ Q LO_ |#OQ J
O [~O Hey LO_@O =# P` LO_ _<
xfl
Jq i OKQ Q`~.
s~O #O_ h~ |\H O_ Lh\ r= x=K < ^~=
i.
=^Q ~ O`O pH\Q KQ LO@Ok. =^ Q =O_ ''\H =O_= ''Z\H
=O_= ''OuH =O_=. =#=_ =^O 200qII =~ r=OQ LO_Q Q`_.
=^O 10qII ` _#
H 1 \ ~ K#
~Q`Ok.

e # ''~w =< P" ~ JO\~. =^* O J`kHO Q LO_ =}= _ O
H~ _
. "`=~} uH ~xH JO x~=
JO, qH~}
,
~ H , L+=
, =~`= H
=`O "^~#q "`=~} JO, <~H=
, _#
=, HOu
qPH~ } H, `, Z`,
"^Q#q uH JO. Hi , jeO^ =
, x#fl, L#fl` *u "H, *O`=
P"~} == x r= JOQ. P=~} == =#Q_ ^x LO_ Jqz#fl" #
r=#O g^ P^~_

LO@Ok. r=H
~Q^H,
` `uH , =#Q_H H H"e. P H Jq f< P~O #O_
O^`~. Y~
^
=
}
qxQ^~ L^~} O^ , , ~
. Y ~#
u< =O~ kfif }
qxQ^~. L^~} O^# u< `_ kfiu }

qxQ^~# u< =O~ L^II H# u< =, Kefl u< `$f }
qxQ^~ P~ Q
u
~ =^ JO^@ LO_ Hx
+H ~ Jx JO\~.
P~ Q
u
~# LO_ "`O H `Q ` LO@Ok.
D `Q_
O
u
+H ~ =^ r= ` = OY LO__O = JO`HH
u
~ LO_
r= `= HO HO` Hx
qxQOKO\~. ~_ #O_ J"~} == H H
"
t
Oz
L`u ^~ Jk ~# HQ =~`Ok.

q g^ r=~ =#Q_ J^~xflK =O_# JxflO\x He ''r"=~}O JO\~.

q g^ r=~ =#Q_ J^~xflK J=# O`# ''J=~} =O_ JO\~.

D HOk "\ L`u ^~ "H ^qH qxQ^~ H@H, kfif
qxQ^~, H , `$f qxQ^~ =, qz#flH~ Hi .
Jyfl ~fi ` |^ =_xH
HO, [OQ JO@< J_=, Kx~# =$H[ O`=
s~ o=@O, [ HxH H~}. "Qa< He H}H PH[ < ~
~ `yO K
H+= H~<"

<H_
. [O`= fiH W|O^, H#~, H O^<
_ =O_O iQ xK H
=_O ~ }~ H+` = HeQ #+O , i =
#O_ =K =~ ^~# ''Z
< JO\~.

13

O@
qH "#
Z~=, ~
, #^H H@Hx ~ _

@", jeO^ , W`~ h\
"H
~Q^ `__` ~.
nxfl ''#@H +< JO\~. ''#@H +< =# U~_#
"H PH[ <x qxy~. [
r= `y# PH[ < aOKH #t~. F_g^ ~"} J=`#fl
\
=^O _ K=~
h\H#
fl `eH #k =# h\g^ K\ ~ " O k. nx< K=~ `@ JO\~. nx= [
r= #t~ K`K
^
~# H =
OQ
HiOK_O , =#
Hxfl `yO K=K. i q
H
O`, [# O=~"
#
~ ^~#, ~ fi
+
<
, q=<
^Q~ LO_
^
#,

^
= |H +O U~_ `Ok. H~H=
KiH =# P=~} == x r=, xi= JO
HeQ J=~" #
, xH~" #
=~< H+O JO\~. Hxfl HQ*
^~xfl H+`O JO\~.
Qe H+O KO^_xfl "`=~} H+O JO\~. =^
h\ Ju Z= "`O H~<_


H_

Hiy# u
L@Ok H|\ "\x H~<
_


H_
`> JO\~. "~ H+`O =iQ LQ
200 HO> ` =Q LO@Ok. QQ #
ZQ
LO_ H+` H~<"

<H_

\
# =O_KH
>
q
^ _ U~_ `Ok. H~< _

H_
=^ OHQ xK~.
"< #O_ q_^ J "=# L`~` ^fi~ O`~. Hi< h\x
Hi# HiOK_xH "_ "=. H~<_H_ =$H, [O`= fiH
q_` "=.
u
=x+ Q@
# aOK
q q~ =
0.48
H~ , =^O U~_ K=~
`@# `yOK_xH "_ ^u
''[#\H WO[hiOQ ~ } ~ H+` =iQ LQ ` 200 HO>
Z=
QO g^ F*< ~# <#O K
"= ''H~ ~q^<
.
i =
L+H xfl `yO K@ L
yOK\q
''eOQ @=~ . H~< "<H_
~OQ,
~z LO_^. nxfl ` =~}O O|qOk. il~@~ =# ''H~~ q^< QeH
=^|_`Ok. <
, H@_
P= =~O =# #+
_
`~. L+H +O =# PH[ < i=}O
`y `Ok. P=, Q ^, =#= H}* =OO _._.\. L#fl^x
H#Q<fl~ . Qe, h~ `H_ t
H =
H
O =
q U~_ `Ok. Jyfl ~fi ` |^ =_O |H xH H~}O.
Qe <\
[< PH_
WH ~ }~ H++`O , H~<
"

<H_
~HO x "Qa< HO k.
>
q ^ _
\
#O_ U~_ `Ok. =~ q^` J=H
H ^u
x ~ } ~ H+` JiH@_
xH
"_`~. ~
''\

H +< Z~= = [~Q`Ok.
q =} `
H+O = [~Q`Ok.

q Hxfl #KH
O ^fi~ JiH@=
K. =#= H~H = H+O U~_ `Ok.
Hxfl HeyOK ^~xfl H+`O JO\~. Qex
_
H~< = PHOQ P, =fi,
O_ ~_O "H J<H Q ~OQefl H`~. "\~ "< q_^ K
_ " #
H}* Ki <_ =O_xH x HQ* ~ Qex PH[ <x h\H KKHx O_ K=~
`@ J_
_
`Ok.
~ O|O^ ==
# Q K uiy
~#
`
~K =K.
q

14

=} i=}O
~Q\
xfl L K~@
O JO\~. ''Z
< J#Q i =
=~ ^~ P~
H J#Q =^O
\
~. ''\
H +
<
J#Q _@", jeO^ , |H +O J#Q ~ fi

+
<
, q=<=
= HQ`Ok. L`i` H @e JO\~.

15

CHAPTER - II

H}= x~}=
r=, xi= x~}= ~=
}=` "^=`Ok. J}=` Qx ^ \H , H
H~_` xi= x~}O Py`Ok. xi= J}= J=iH ~o OQ LO@Ok. r= J}=efl
He #H"

>_
Q, J"<
P=Q =i O_ ^~Q U~_` ~. H}* J=",
J="` J== ==` U~_` ~. qq^ r=xfl He [< U~_ # O
" #O
=# J=~} == ` r"=~} == U~_ #. H}= x~}`H H
`H
=
}=. H}xflO\x
He H}*=, H}* #O_ J===, J="xfl He J=" ==, J====
XH rqQ ~O^`~. r= H~ #O,
_
[<, PH[ < J#=` xi`" <
~. D J}=<
QH * JO\~. WO^#
, H~ #= =i
_
[<` xi`O J=`~.
u
H}O x~}O H~}
[#
OQ H
[~_
xH qQ LO@Ok.
1965 ~|~ H =H# ijeOz `<
@
=O\ Q^ H=x H#Qx, H}* Ki` #

~OaOz<_. r= ^~=
h~ `O 70% #O_ 80% LO@Ok. x~+
"
#
H O^O #O^#
Hi # H O^H
~fiH} H ''Hi@ JO\~. UH~} r= i=}= XH "H g@~
#O_ 2 "H g@~ LO@Ok.
|H} r= Ju^"
#
H}= LH O_H}
=. Wk =~ 15 #O_ 20O.q
=~ LO@Ok. |H} r= H} qq^ PH~ J#Q QO_O Q, #H` PH~=, O H~=
J<H *`#, HO_ PH~O# LO_=K. H =\<, _.Z<.U. =i \< ` xi`O J=`Ok.
* *" qz#fl H} q<<xH ^if~. QOQ L#fl ~
*"# e*" JO\~.
~
*" \< # O+
}
K~. r= s~ x~}O =eH "#
q. H}, r=x Jxfl
H
H H}= == H#H H}xfl x~}`H, H

`H
=
}=x JO\~. JO`i=
^
=
*H
< =^ Q xfl ''=< JO\~. Qe OH+
=
_ <= =kiQ< LO\~. =^
H~~O K@ UH`fi K ~H
|_ LO@Ok. Qe OH+
=
H} =H
`__ `Ok. ~,
e_ =i \< ` xi`==`Ok. H}Ox Q# H}OQ JO\~. "\
HO_

x
H JQ~ Z#i
JO\~. [O`H}O H}O K@ H}H=KO LO_^ . H}xfl =O^`~O
H}#O_ U~_` ~.
u
H}= e_ , \< ` xi`" `fiKOK H |_ L#flk. H}O Q
lQ~=O\ ^~" r=^~O. H}OQ x H}# HO^H~fiH H} JO\~. g\x
''Hi@ Jx _ JO\~.
|H} r= LO_ Ju^ H}= H O^H O = Wk H}xflO\ =Y"#
k. H O^H =

H}Ox r=H
x xOuOz J^ LOK`Ok. "<fl=Hx <_ H} XH qO@~ _Q
LOQ= LO@Ok. _.Z<.U. XH [#^~=
H}= "\
HO_

x H JQ~ H =~
16

* JO\~. H}= [#=K~xfl LOK

` H
=
}# [#= JO\~. H} x~}xfl
q=~OQ K_O> ZHxH H ^ixx L
yOKe. Hi #O^ _.Z<.U. ~ * *"
` U W`~ H}OQ LO_= Hi H} x["#
H O^H =
LO_^ . " Q
H=Kxfl H}H=KO JO\~. Wk Hi , =
, jeO^ =i L#fl` }
KOk# "H
H}` H^.
*,
q*,
H<
, Jyfl< =i |i<` xi`" #
H}H=K= L#fl`
}
"H H^. h~ `y#O`Q #_ H}O i=}O `Q ` Ok. nx = H}H=KO g^
ZO\ _#
= LO_^ . e `OQ "H Q\` #
O H~ =OQ# nx< ''=_@ JO\~. H H
H} z#fl < ^fi~ XH ^x` XH\ O|O^O Hey LO\~. nxx '' _@ JO\~.
iHH# JO\@#fl ~x ''\< JO\~. iHH Q ~xfl ~HH~O JO\~. nx
H~_@, J"<P=L, =~^=, q~# ^~, H=. _ =# "H qq^ =~
=<
fl~. fi`` _
P~xfl x= K~. H~ ~
*", _.Z<.U. H=.
H QO_O Q Hx, Q Hx, H_Q _ PH~O Qx LO\~. ` @=\,
`~OQ#, =ki# Hk PK ~OQ# O_ JHk Z~Q#, q~H # `Q
L#fl _ PKQ# O_# `~ "` Z~Q# =~Q H H " LO@Ok. =$H H}x
H O^H O =i i`~ }= _.Z<.U. LO@Ok. |i< H}H=KOx XH Q"
O\

H}
q[ # K~ O\~. i` ~ }= ` LO\~. =$HH }
~O Q OK = LO_q
iHH . "H ~~tHx O`O LO_q fi`=~ _
.
H~}
[# OQ H
# [iq H~ , Hi H}H=K
* LO_^ .
=$HH }
H}H=K=
*` K |_`Ok. =$HH }
h\ LOz#_ `O KO^`~.
\< iHH #
H LOK ~. iHH [O` H}O LO_=. [O`H}O H} H=KO _ LO_^ .
H~ ^ ` i`= i` ~ }= LO@Ok. ~H x
Q Oz ^xx ~xH HQ =~_"
i` ~ }= qk. H`H }
=O^#fl `~ H} #O_ H}q[ # ^fi~ U~_ #. =q[ #
^fi~ XH\ #O_ ~ O_, ~ O_ #O_ <Q #O_ Uxqk D q^O Q U~_` ~. = q[ # =
vH} U~_` ~. v H} #O_ "H ^ Q U~_ #.
L^~} "~ , HO_=, ` =
"^Q#q, v H} #O_ [O`= K~ =,
Z=H, Ti` , =`
O _, HO_~, "^_ , H=, "^Q ^ Q U~_ #.
v H} =q[ # KO^`~.
` `u H} H
H~}
q[ # KO^`~. H "*"
OY `_ = J=="#
H} U~_ `^fi~ Jfiq
H H} `
~ H=K#. nx = rq
=~}O K=K. O_= ^ *Q \ #O_ U~_ H} ~ O_ ~H 1. v H}, 2.
` `u
H}. HO_ `O`= U~_ O\


x J~ JO\~.

17

== s~ ^~ JO`~ ^ # H =\< = ^=
^ # =^ HO =^ ^ #,
H "* JO`^ # U~_` ~.
, ~+ OQc* L`u K
JOQ
` `u H}
#O_ U~_` ~. Wq H
H~}
q[ # = U~_ #. =
^ L#fl H} q[ # Z=Q,
"QO Q [~Q#. =^~ Q q[ # ` = "QO Q [~Q#. =[ # =O^ H "*"
~\O JQ#. H"*" [#= LO_#. [#= [# =K~xfl `~"` `~xH
JO^K ~. H i"~ <
q[ # H O^H O [~Q`Ok.
H =\< =
^
=
^ LO@Ok. H O^H x~}O JO`"
^
^
=
^ D ^
H "*" OY ~ \O J=`Ok. HO_ `O`= J^$+"

^ JO`~ ^. H "*"
[#= LO\~.
H}= r=H
xfl [~ O@ i=}O
iy
^k
J ^ JO`~ ^. r=^~O
=`"
q[ # KO^^ H O^H q[ # ^. H
H~}
q[ # U~_#
H}x
, ~+
OQ c* *Q \ U~_ #. nx< nH~}
O JO\~. XH [@ H "*"# <. Q#
~ O_ [@ H "*"# 2< Q~ Qi~ .
, ~+ OQ c[ H} XH [@ <.
H "*" H=. Jxfl s~H H} ~ O_ [@ 2< H "* LO\~. XH [@ H "

*"
L#fl H}xfl UHu
H= Jx, ~ O_ [@ H "*" L#fl H}xfl ^fiu
H H}= Jx JO\~. ~ O_=
H
H~}
q[ #= #O^ H "*" OY ~ \O JQ#. qx=O [~Q#, Z~~ H H}
120 ~A rq~. Q =<O> =q[ # ^fi~ H`H }
U~_e. QO =x`
=q[ # Jy`Ok. Wq Z=H =Q #O_ U~_ #.
u
rq H "*" xi+" #
OY
LO\~. [# L#fl H "*" OYx =~ O_ JO^*

e.

` `u H} H
H~}
q[ # H ` rq `= [# Q H "* ~ \O
LO\~. H}q[ # J^ ` #_ H#~ Q_ U~_ `Ok. H#~ Q_ ~ O_ ~H 1. a<<

Q_ , 2. =eQ<O \ Q_ . `~ H H} ^|u#@O = =K H#~#
Hq JO\~. nx<
''`O_ ~QO Jx _ JO\~. H#~ ~=_xH H~}= H}[# ^~= _.<.U
=~~=_" . nx< L`i=~#
O JO\~. Z=H, HO_~=
, +~
Q O ^ =O\ Q O|qOK
H#~x
''~= JO\~. ^ J=" LH}
=K H#~#
''HF= JO@\~. Q
Q ''xH_< J< ^~O = Tiu` H#~ =O k. a<<
=
} J#Q xH~O Hx H#~.
''=ePQ<x
J#Q xH~"
x
H#~ ''~= J#Q Q O ^ H =K H#~. HilH Z*O\
J#Q H#~H H~}
`. J@
H<
J#Q "~ #Q K^ Wk XH H#~ H~H=
. L`i=~<

J#Q _.<.U.x =~. J"
\ H~}
J#Q Juh` H~}
Wq _ H#~#

HQ* ~. H#~ uH H~HxH L^~} ZH- ~ H#~ , ~# H~H L^~}
Q.

18

r= ^~O q[ #KO^ qq^ ^

^
=
^ H O^H x~}O J^$+==`Ok. =^ ^
H "*" H} =^ Qxfl Ki =^ HO U~_ `Ok. JO`~^
H} q~=O LO\~.
K# ^ H "*" ^$=H Ke~. JO`^ H "*" K#= Py H O^H O U~_ `Ok.
H}^= q[# ^ r= ^~O q[# [~Q`Ok. ''@_H# J#Q H}^= q[#
''HiH #
H J#Q _ H}^= q[ #<.

Z=Q =K H#~ Q~
H#~, ~+ Z=Q =K H#~ Tiu`
H#~.
zH` ^fi~ x"iOK|_ H#~ a<<
H#~, XH JO@"k H^. `H O_ x K

Q_x a<< Q_ JO\~. HO_~ =K H#~ ~ ''~= Hq ` ~H H}

^|uO\~. _.<.U. J# =~#
O = H#~ Q`Ok. ''J\
y< J#Q ''Hi<lH ZO*@
H} q[ # =
}O L#fl XH
H
. H} ~tx H#~ JO\~. Q_ K@ O^~H H}*O U~__
O
= a<x
Q_ xH~O H^. ^ O W`~ Q H JH_ _ JO\ H}# L`u K

=}xfl ''=eQ O@ JO\~. Li`O H} =K H#~x ''Hi<= JO\~. H#~

J#=OtHOQ =K [| H^. H#~ H~}O [# ^~O ^ _.<.U. =~~=_" ZH-
~ Q, Q= H~}
# *Q` Q L
yOz, H#~ H}# #tOK
=K.
~+ <~, QO` H#~ =
} Z=Q Hx~. Q~
O ~= H#~

`~ KQ H#|_`Ok. Q \ J< XH H}O H O^H O x H "

*" L#fl [#= Jxfl
q^ J=~"
#
=K~O LO@Ok. "~ , HO_O, JQ
Q =i H=, "Q , q[ #
KO^ H}. "QO Q q[ # KO^ H}*xfl q[ H}*O JO\~.
H} q[ # rq`H=O` [~Q`Ok. =$^ = L=O_
^ =$H =##
H#_ K_=K#. =$H
~Q^ |`= =~# |\ =~KO_#. Q , ~u
HOu, =H~}, LQ`, Qe =O _ =$H ~Q^ LO@Ok. ''PH[ ''l|i<
''Wke< "^Q#q
~Q^# xOuOK ~<. O_= ~ O_ H} ^ L#fl _ H}#
~ #
W`~ ` Q~ HO
"

_`
u
H}= XH ^_Q =~`Ok. "H
~Q^
x~O`~=
[~Q#. q^
#
O _ x~O`~O [~Q@ =# "H P q^O Q O|qO k.
"H, [O`= qK^#
= ~< =# J^ K |_`Ok.
~Q^ [~Q`#fl _
H} Hxfl q^ [~_
O HO PkQ Ja=$k "^=`Ok. nx< q^
#
= JO\~. H "*"
g^ L#fl [#= =#~OQ ~<x q_^ K~. "H LO_ H} * #O_
XHH}xfl "eHf J# iu
=~#
O K
XH H` "H =O k. "H H H} ^
H}*O L#fl D H<
''\\>x JO\~.
q[ H}*O "QO Q q* O ^ H} LO\~. "H "HKO KO^ Q q[ H}
*O H O ^ LO@Ok. =$k == | =iH "H LO\~. PH[ < H W^e < H ''a|~ e<

19

"Hx
~Q^# xOuOK ~<H L^~} "^_ `fiKO #O_ U~_ `Ok.
|H~}
r=xfl OH c[H}O #O_ H *Q \ H}O #O_ U~_ `Ok.
~Q^ [~Q`#fl _ .
H}H Hxfl q^ [~_O HO PkQ Ja=$k "^=`Ok. ^x< q^#O JO\~.
=$k== "H J# i` "QO Q#,
u
i` ` = "QO Q# H}
q[ # = U~_` ~. JQ
Qxfl `O"
H O ^ Y
~Q^ "QO
~Q`Ok. JQk
H ` "H
H^. [O`= z#fl = i=}O ` H}
"i [xx e LO\~. [O`=

~Q^ ~ @ |"
P~=, LQ ` g^ P^~_
LO@Ok. q^ x~fiO|_ LO_x
H}xfl Jqk
H H}O JO\~. r~=
=, fiH
==, JO``fi KO #O_ U~_ #.
XH H
HO x~t
O|_# QOx H}xfl x~}O XH LO\~. D H}=<fl
H}*= JO\~. H}` H}*O, H}*` J==O, J==O` J== ==
xi`==`~. XH H} r= XH H}" Jxfl ## x~fiiOK#. ''"=H Hxfl =O^ H}
He x"+}
O K~. nx Hxfl Y H}, Hxfl
` `u H} LO\~. D q^O Q
x,
` `u H} q^
#
` r=#O yO k. H}# He
^~xfl H}` ~ =uH JO\~.
\< =i O_ ^~` H}` ~ =uH K |_`Ok. H}` ~ =uH H}xflO\x "\
#O LOK`Ok. H}H P^~xfl W~. H}` ~ =uHx H} XH^x` XH\ OO ^|O^=
Hey LO\~. =$^H}*=, ^$_H }
*= "H ~ H}*L L^~}. "H
=Oy#_, y _#
_ , Xu_H <#
_ ^$ _H '' iOH=
H}*= L
Q_
`Ok.
P` ~ K#
P~= +H H}*= "Hx Jxfl Q ~
~ K O k. LH H }
*=
=Oz [O`= xH, ~=, H= U~_ #. ~K
J
O [~= =$^H }
*=`
U~_ `Ok. =#= s~O =$^ H}*O` K#
Q
H >=H z=~, <HQ=
,
Kq^, "<=, "^~#q =$^ xi`. Z=H HeO \, HeO H~<\
`
xi`==`Ok. ''J


\
H} J=
[ H=. ''eQ"O\ Z=H# H`Ok. ''Ha<
\<` K |_`Ok. HO_~# Z=H` He
*~O@ Wq H=. Hl<` xi`==`~.
K~ H O ^ =` O_ K@, J=
[ Q H}*= ''Z_ ^ H=fiH}.
P~O ^iH#_, L" =# H K~ O H O ^ LO_ ''J_ H}*O ^fi~
O^K#fl=. "_x |@H x=fiO_ Wq H_`~. =#= XH qeb@~ ~H
500qe# Z~~ H H }
LO\~. Zi`\
Z~Q LO_\xH H~}O "Qa< J# Z~
=~
\< H~HO , _ =#= Z~~ H H }
J=
[ `
~=`~.
`~ H H }
~ O_ ~H XH\ H}H
H }
, H}H ~ ` H}, H}H
H }
=_ ~H, 1.
#F, 2. . W< H}H ~` H} ~O_ ~H 1. WO\, 2. "<\.

20

HO_~ =_ ~H 1. ~ d`HO _~, 2. P~d`HO _~, 3. $^ HO_~, =#

KeQe `ye#_ `fi~Q OHzOz _ _O =# JkH "`O "_
\
s~xfl "KQ LOK`Ok.
<_ =O_O Q H} ~ O_ ~H 1. <_H}
, g\x #~< JO\~. 2. y H}
<_ H}xH JkH OY X\Q J<H Y# Heyx Q# _>
\
JO\~. <_ H}xH
XH"
# _Q O |H~O LO_ JH
Q" ''PH<
J<H <_ H} JH=
H@ Q He<_Q
U~_ `Ok. _O_
\
^fi~ <_H}
= =K~xfl Q
Oz ^xfl PHO ^fi~ =#O K O k. PH<

XH ~K H |_ LO@Ok. P `_Q< "e < `_Q JO\~. H}^ O =^ q^`
" O ~OO
J~ JHO ^fi~ }Oz WOHH #~<H JO^*|_`Ok. _O_@ ^fi~ =K~=
JO^*
|_`Ok. h\ q^ `` "H LO_ ''Zi<H =
H " i` =$^ *=x
H} "Q^ LO\~. JO^=# P "H h\
``~.
<_== L#fl H}=
~ y
H}=,
u
^ # `
~K
H} ''eO@
Z~~ H H }
r=#H= 120 ~A H=fixfi LO_ H}= ''Z_\
H}=. =}#, h\x
"~#O_ W`~ Q ~~ K H} ''^~= ~K JO[~= =$^`
xi`==`Ok. XH qe b@~ ~HO ^^ 500 qe# Z~H H} LO\~.
_
\

''Z~OH =
H}*O LO@Ok.
"H PKQ LO_\xH ''Hi H~}=. H} H}, H=K ''*
=i ''H<
LO@Ok. ^~= h\x, =}# ~
~ K _O _ `Ok. P~
^~ ` #O_ W`~ Q ''
" ^ +H H} ^fi~ ~
~ J=`~. LH H }

*= J<H =~ #O_ ^xx ''\

_
H}*= JO\=. ''
| H} ''"~"

~
H}*= LO\~. J


\
H} Z=H LO\~. eO\
, "<\
H}= ~HO
LO\~. J_K
~ Q JxOu` HO_~ ~ d` LO\~. ''=H =
KO^`~. XH
x~}O Hey XH q^ x~fiiOK H}=^xfl ''H}*O JO\~. H}*Ox H} O[~OQ
U~_ LO_#.
^xx H}` ~ =uH JO\~. ^~= +H H}* OH+
H}*. `H O_, ` ,
+ =$^H} xi`=. P i` ~ }= LO\~.
_
\
''i<H =
H}
LO\~. Z_i "H h\x xfiK
H}*= H} LO\~. J=
[ J


\
H}
LO_#. Z=H =^ Q Mox ''Z=H =[ JO\~. Z=H# eQ"
\ H Ok|O^#
= Hey
LO@Ok. ^~ }
= =H ^^ 5 b@~ ~HO LO@Ok. ^
=
~O L#fl O[H H}*"
~H=
. Z~~ H H }
# Zi`\
JO\~. ~HO `~ H }
"Qa< #O^ = Jq `Q
LO\~. ` ~H H} ~HO
"
t
Oz#
H r=# Z^~x <#O K~.

21

CHAPTER - III

Hr= "\ ~ ~H
"~
=# `@, z#="~, Q=^a , e, [ fi~O Z~, [| =O\ "^
HQ`~. =
=_ ~H 1. he PK =
, 2. PK =
, 3. Q^ = =~

=
. Hxfl H r= H ^ix` HxOK=. "\x ZH< "H ` K=. ZH<
H ^ix XH H~ @
^q
Q K O k. H r= 5 ~H H=. Jq : 1. "~
, 2. Hi ,
3. \ *=, 4. =, 5. jeO^.
H r= XH H}= LO@Ok. nx _.Z<.U., P~.Z<.U. HkQ r=^~=
, [^~=

LO@Ok. H r= H O^=
LxHx |\ ~ O_ ~HQ ql
OK=K#. 1. HxflO\ H O^O H^
"\x x[ H OkH r= JO\~. 2. HxflO\ H O^H O LO_^ J\ "\x H O^H ~ r=x
JO\~. "~
H uH "#
q. Wq HO\H H#|_= g\x ZH< "H ` =`" K_Q =.
"~
QiOz J^ #O K
xfl ''"~ r JO\~. Z= OY Hi He LO\~.
D QO# x"#
= JO\~. Hi Qe, <, h~, "H, [O`=, =#+
"^~# ~H O x=~.
Ju ` =, Ju Z= LQ ` # `#
=^ x=OK H Hi H^.
Hi rqOK_xH J#"#
i` #_ Jq
O=O\ H}H=K Q ~x

L`u K~. J# i` Jq uiy Hi Q ~O`~O KO^`~. h\ Qx `_

< Qx LO_ H r= =_ ~H Jq : 1. he J K =
, 2. PK =
, 3.
Q^ = =~
=
. \*" K#OQ, q^#
^=, e H, H, "^efl HQ*

H r= "\ "^ , ZO\Jq, e_H =# [Q@ q~K<, ''Jqz HQ`Ok.

_ O =# =#=x Z~~ H H}# Z^~x ''=i "kx HQ*
O k.
ZO_ Q_x
z#fl "HQ K h\ =iyOz nxH Hxfl J#flO "` He =`
" O_ LOz "\x H ^ix` ije ~q+ O, Jq, Hi Hx~. `_
K#
~>#
Hxfl ~A `~ "` ije P ~> g^ |A
~Q_
O Hx O k. Hi qq^
PH~ Hey LO\~. Jq : 1. H_ JH~O#, 2. Hxfl H# Q~ #, 3. i H~O# LO\~.
=#=x HO\H HxOKx z#fl r=< H r= JO\~.
H O^H ~fi r= Q =iH ~ ''Hi\ x[HO^H r= Q =iH ~
''H i"\ . ''Hi\ ''H i\ Q =Y ^
=
H O^H =
LxH, Hi QiOz
J^ #O K
xfl ''Hi l JO\~. he PK "
H O^H O W`~ H}OQ LO_=.
qye# =
H O^H =
, H}OQ LO\~. he PK =
# e LO_q Hi .
_ O J< ''\*"< Q*
"k ''=i H r=# H#Q#fl "
` ''JO^x"<
22

e=< H "~
=# HQ "k [fi~O. Jq q^ ^O ^fi~ KeO k. "~
# ZH<
"H ^fi~ =`"
K_Q Q`=. fiO +H i` ~ }== LO\~. H r=
x=Oz LO_ H}xfl ''Ju`^ H}O JO\~. ~, Hi#, H \*"<#
`
~=`~. he PK =
, Hi XH eH` LO\~. _

@" Ju H "#

r= Wq =^O x=~. HO\H Hx

OK H O^H jeO^x
H L^~} : ''HQ_Q
xe<

xe" J< teO^O #O_ L`u J=`Ok. H r= J^ <xfl ''"H

l JO\~.
"~
QiOz J^ #O K
xfl ''"~ r JO\~. "~
Qx H

W`~ r=
P
O WK H}xfl Ju` H}O JO\~. Ju`~ H}Ox x=OK rqx ~#flrq JO\~.
Hi Q xfl`"# Q Q x~}# ''H JO\~. QOQ LO_
Hi # '' x"+#
O JO\~. x"+}
Q =iH
~ ''Hx ~q+ O
K#OQ e H. rq ~ O_Q q[ # KOk "\ OY =$k K # ^u
x ''kfi^qzu JO\~.
Jq<#
HQ*

rq ''ZO\ Jq We\H #
~QQ =~ Hi ''HH J
_
Hi . ''HH J
_ Hi #
~QQ =~_O x \< , H=fi ^~#
^Q~ Ki ~QQ =~~. H>* A#fl# Hxfl ^` ^fi~ =~_xfl ''iHfi` H ''iOQ
JO\~.
"`=~} #`[ x #`[ x =}Q =~|_
qx Ki`Qx "H Q
OK=
. J
=~_<fl #`[ x #
O JO\~. z_ *u @O| "
` H` Uq@O> g\H
~ _

LO\~. "\ ~ * a" J# #`[ x H Hi x=~. D H} PH[ < "x_
[i XH ~H"
#
fiH
''H}fi#H
. nx =# J` `
~ K ##. Z~= ~ O_
~H : 1. H$u= Z~=, 2. [ Z~=, P=
_ H r= KiH =# |Q U~_ #.
nxx =O@ Q, gk n "eyOK_xH "_`~.
xe<# ''JQO_~
q
OQ J# "
`
H#Q<fl_ . r= }K L`u J ~# ^~ ''O\ \H W`~ H r=#
KOQ H g\H H^. "#H, ''~"\<, >`H<, Zi`"< "^~#q Hrq
#H .
KH ~, |i, KH ~ i =
aOK "< "H*#fl O_ ^
H~
=
, `\ H , P
x `
iH "_`~. O_ ^~O H=$#H
eK\x
_ . P `
~=`Ok.
#`[x # _ XH Hi ~ ''J[\H~ ~QQ ''HH PH_ Hi
=# =~`Ok. z_ "H "~ _
LO_ Hi
~ ''~* a" `Q z`~"

J"x~ OQ Hi J"<
P==# J"<
yHQ =~~. H r=#,
Ki ''H< \<#
`
~ K~ . O^#=# XQ
+< JO\~. "H
~Q^
Ja=$kH H=# "\ #`[ x H =Y =H=, "`=~}=x #`[ xx, #`[ x =}Q
=~@H ''#`[ x #
= JO\~. <
fiKQ rqOK Hi L^~} ''J*\H~
23

Hi "H XH^xHH\ \Q = K H#@# '' r=#= JO\~.

''H#fi< H
# ''~ O>+<
Jx _ JO\~. i =
B+^=
`
~K
@ P#
^
=}Q L
y~ . H$u= Z~= H~Q~O `
~K |_ ~<, [ Z~=
< LO_ Hi , jeO^ , Kx~# "H [O`=
[i K~ =# L`u J=`~.
#`[ x H Hi H~< J# #`[ xx P"<
P= \< Q =~~. r"~ =
`
~Q @ "=_ "=# ''Q JO\~. H rq <H=
# ''O\|\H
Jx _ JO\~.
u
e<,
x
e O #@@O J< jeO^ #O_ L`u J=`Ok. "kx HQ*

r=# ''"k[#H= JO\~. "kx " K

H~H=
# ''"H= JO\~. Hxfl [O`=
"k [#H# KHO "Hx`#fl \H x
, Jq "k[#H

"xH #H=. W@=O\
[O`=# P = H i[~fi" JO\~. ''Jy`Q J# "k "iH jeO^O =#
=O k. K~ O@ `~ KQ =K "k U~ `Q . Q^= jeO^O =# =K "k
''O=`Q "k H# Pg^ JO_H~ =K =O\~. D =K =^ `
=O_, ^xK@ Q^ =~OQ JOK =O@Ok. W@=O\ "kx ''Jy`Q `ey# =i"H
JO\~. ''`l JO> "kx J^
#O K
=
. =i P ''~ \ "^x
HQ*
k
Hi "^x
HQ*
r=# ''[#H= JO\~. "k [#H= xHx [O`=#
''P = JO\~.
Q^ = ''Z~ `Q jeO^O =# =O k. "^x
^x H}
` QiOK=K. "^
J^ # xfl ''`l JO\~. "~
#Q Pg^ QO_x
=K ''uH`Q "k Hx~.
"~
Hu H ~ }= =O\ r=, g\x ZHxH "H ` =`"
K_Q =, z#fl
= < <\^fi~ e KH =O^ ", e "k ~O_ JiH@=
K#. Hxfl
"~
Hi # =@_O z "\x <#O K Q=. W@=O\ "\x Hi q<H=

H ''Hi JO\~. "~
_ PH~
#iH P== J#Q _.Z<.U. Hx H ~
#iH
P==, P~.Z<.U. Hx =O\~. "~
H}H=K=, \<` xi`" =O@Ok. "~
=$H, [O`,
=#=x H} Jxfl ~#fl Q rq~. Ju^~ H} |@ "~
r=O` =O_=
.
"~
"k H# Q H}* =~}O z =KQ JQ~. nx< ''H
H}*= JO\~.
==i "k JO> Hxfl "^ XH
^
O Ju"QO Q " KO^_O , "k H =
rqH

"
t
OKH, HO`HxH
H P "k HxOK#, D Hxfl WO+
<
^ ''kQ H= JO\~.
=#= "~
=# HeQ "^ `@, P@=, Q=^a, e, "^Q#q, `@ "kx
''~a JO\~ `@ "kH kQ H= 10-12 ~A. XO\
, ^^ ~ , [fi~O X <,
"^Q H} P@= "kH KOk#q. `H_ =# ''P@= "k "Ok. i~
i|
OQ#, P~Q =O`OQ# =OKe, "k H# =H = "_h
\ =~Q
\
, LuH ZO_
P~"

e. W`~ "\x ^i OK~^. L=h\ Q O ^ "K@, Q=^a "^ H}
D

24

"k K= HOkQ [ QO^ "K@ [~Q#. Q=^a 5 #O_ 15 O=`~

= =O k. e "kx tH" `O JO\~. z#fl = < <\^fi~
e KH =O^" D "kx JiH@=
K. "~


=O <_=O_O S _ `Ok. HO_~
iQ xK =. J=" HO_~
A
`Q ^
=O@Ok. D H}
xfl e "^ H}
,
= #O_, HO\ #O_ h~ H~_O X<, [fi~O` `< ~=_O [| k H}
.
''~__ QOk " Q=^a ~QO HxOk. e` <_=O_O q`O
KO^`Ok. ''P@= "k `H_ ^fi~ "
O k. ''~a J<k "k `@"kH Q =~

~. [| "~
=# HQ`Ok. =$H, [O`, =#=x H} "~
~#fl Q rq~.
e ''tH`O J<k =~H ~. H~, >~_, HiO`^Q, ^#~fi`O, H "^
Hi = HQ`~. ''qa H~ J< Hi =# H~ "k HQ`Ok. s~O #O_
Z= h~ |@ =_xfl ''x~e H~}
O JO\~. XH Q Hz, Ki# h\ 3 KOK
KH ~, XH z\H _ L He# xxfl ''[eH~}
^
=}O JO\~.
''_..\. \H =O^ ^fi~ _i, HiO`^Q, ^#~fi`O ~O_ K=K. <
> ~_ J< Hi = ''> ~_ "k HQ`Ok. H+`"
#
h~, `Q_O , H_Q O_
z ~ u#_O =# ''> ~_ "k OH q
O k. DQ ~y qi` ^~ #O_, ~Q[#H
H =
# "Hx =z =#O u< P~=, h\x H+`O K
''> ~_ "k =O k. q_=x
[fi~O, @ QO zQ =O__O , <H
`, ` QO, > ~_ [fi~O H H}
. _i ,
HiO`^Q, ^#~fi`O ~O_ '' _..\ H ''\O\< "H< z#fl "~. HiO`^Q D
"k kQHO 10-16 ~A. Wk i>, ~, Hi =# =Ok. Q#
P=`xQx, O\
H ^
=}O`Qx,

~ K
e. P QO
O\
H _~ Ke
O Q,
_Q=O_ ^k |@` H@H\
e. W=xfl ''>\# "k ~O_ f< *Q` . z#fl
a..l. \H, H
"k ~H}
WOKe. _ O ~O J< \*" =# =i
"k HQ`Ok. P_ Z< ^=H@ =# Wk " O k. ZeH= H
<=O
'Zi OaiH_. P_ ZeH = XH~A 2,00,000 Q_
_`Ok. lQ@ q~K<
HQ*
H q

~ ZO\q WeM, _ O =i "kx HQ*
O k. _..\. \H
_i , ^#~fi`O, HiO`^Q , J< =_ "^ ~O_ W~ . =i ~#fl H =#=x
Z~~H H} rqOk. >~_ "k ''< >" J< Hq =# HQ`Ok. HiO`^Q
"k [fi~O` ~O"
, =x ^Q , ^Q z=~x ''=) J< |O ` JO`=`Ok. Qe, "`~
` = LO_ Q$= x=OK"~ ''H
"kH Qi J=`~. K~ Q~#fl _ Hx, ^|
`ye#_ Hx, HeQ "kx ''^#
~fi`O JO\~. ''+"
k JO@"k H^. \*" =#
HQ "^ =i, Jqa. P_ ZeH= XH~A 2,00,000 Q_#

_`Ok.
ZeH= z#fl
Q r~O J~# P~xfl fO\~. H~ "kx HQ*
Hi ''qa

25

H~ > ~_ "kx HQ*

Hi ''< > , ''_i "kx HQ*
Hi
Hifl Hi O. HiO`^Q #
"kx HQ*
Hi ''Hk>
H . ''>\# "kx HQ*

Hi ^#
~fi`O. H
"kx HQ*
Hi "H Hi O @|~, +" kx HQ*

Hi "H Hi O
, =i "kx HQ*
Hi _ O. lQ@ q~K<
HQ*
Hi Jq, "k zH`H O > "k x~^= ", H =
s~OH
" t
OKH, =O^`
#O K H#@HO> Jq s~OH
" t
OK O_ K H=_" =Ozk. "k XHi #O_ =~HiH
~O_ J^ K H"e. z=_, Ql "^Q#q K~ "^ , e, H~, > ~_ lQ@
q~K< "^#
q ` Qh\ ^fi~ " KO^`~. ` Qh\x #^, #` #O_ `z
"_`~. #^, #` =^ ~Q fl< K _O, |@ L`H_
O , =# H_ Q@O =O\
# K
P h~ H+`O J=`Ok. @}
#, = #Q~# HeQ h\x =_Q@
_
O Hi<+<

^fi~ =O^Q |
~z
, ~ ^fi~ O} K~ . h\x
O K @O ~ "_@O,
K =_` "#
|@` P h~ =_Q\
` Q_xH "_=K. Hxfl ~#= `
~K
H =
#
<#O K =K. e=~ H J<
~O` qQxH KOk# ~#fl HH #~ "#OQ LO@Ok.
JO@"^ q^Q " KO^`~. Jq : 1.
` H `H_ ^fi~, 2. Qe ^fi~, 3. h~, P~O
^fi~, 4. [O`= ^fi~, =i "kx " K
rq, P_ Z<e ^=, H ^= =#
''^[fi~O =Ok. `H `H_ ^fi~ Ql, Qe ^fi~ H, h\ ^fi~ H~, "^ =~.
Hr= s~OH "tOz# `~fi`, q+^~# L`u K~. WO+< =O
H r= "\ OY#
OKH=_O, Jq L`u K
q+^
~# _ Z= K~. nx=#
=HH Jfi` HQ`Ok. s~ ~H}
H
q^#O H=
O`O J~#_ , H r= `fi~Q <#O
J=`~. s~O "k #O_ HO@Ok. s~ ~H} H q^#O Hr=# J^

@HH ` P=H Jfi` Q~ "k H}

HQ`~. =~ =K XH "kx Z^~x,
^xH
u
~^H KQ Hx
''JOH =` JO\~. JOH =` ~ O_ ~H. 1. ["#
k, 2.
H$u
="#
k. @H` =K "k x~^H Hx
'' ["#
JOH =` JO\~. =#O
~Q`#fl
Hk =#O OkOK "k x~^H` #
H$u
= JOH =` JO\~. H$u
= JOH =` 2 ~H. 1.
OHi` JOH=`, 2. "H<+<, ''"H<+<# 1976 O=`~O a\+ ~A J@=O\
''Z_fi~l#fl~ H#Q<fl_ . "H<
+
<
=# H~, _i , HiO`^Q , e, H
"^#
~Q#
x~kOK=K, ufiH JOH =`# O^_xH \H# ^O #O_ u~ .
"k[#H H r= s~OH
"
t
Oz#_ ,
u
~HH =
''O\|_< s~O
L`u J=`~. PH "iHO> ~f H
"kH ~H}
H Z=Q LO@Ok.
u
~HH
[#H= "kx Z^~#_xH
u
~HH # L`u K~. "_K

<#O K |_# H r=
"H<+< s~OxH ZH~. _._.\. H@H << XH L^~}. q+^~# ''\H< Jx
_ JO\~. "kx~^H HH Q =~H
~ JOH =`. [ JOH =`#, "~` fi OQ =K

26

JOH =` Jx _ JO\~. H$u="#

JOH =`# Pi` JOH =` Jx JO\~. ~f
lQ@ q~K<#, Z[fi~O# ` =
u
^fi~H Hey L<fl~ . "kx~^H H Hey# "H#
LyOK_O, "k x"~} L`= ^u, Hr= =#=s~O "tOz# `~fi`
q+^
~# L`u K~. ''Z_fi~ K#fl~ "H<
+
#
H# H#Q<fl_ . P~O o~, "\g^
jeO^
iy K_ "# =O k. "\ H r=, p_ ~Q, ZH, =Y H~H,
[#=i < ^<xfl 1,2 ~A L
yOK=
. ZO^H#Q U_k JO` [<xH JO^@
K
O> "\x xfi K
e. Jxfl P~ ^~ =#O x=OK gO O_OK=
.
L^ :

Apple, Mango, Pine Apple =~= Q

= O_~ . Hi , jeO^

=O\ H r= P~xfl _K~. P~xfl 20 _w

O\Q _ #O_ 40 _w

O\Q _ =^ # =Oz` Hi "QO Q Ja=$k KO^`~.

P~ ^~ K_ O_ =O_O> ''il
~ @~ =OKe, il
~ @~ LO_ LQ `
H r= x^#OQ
~Q#. JO^=# il
~ @~ P~O `fi~Q _=fi^. O_~
O , KH ~
^
=}O, *"=O\ ^~
''D J< XH sH jeO^O
~Q`Ok. iQ xfi K x "~
#Q
H

iQ jeO^O ''Z\
< J< q+^
~xfl L`u K O k. P~# ZO_ P~_
`
P~O LO_ h~ 60 #OW 70% =~ `Q` Ok. nx e `OQ P~^
~ ZO_ "#x
Hr= ~Q^ `Q`Ok. il~@~ LQ` ''0 _w O\Q_ #O_ 10 _w O\Q_
=^ =O@Ok. D LQ ` Hi
~Q=
. hq
Oz# ^~# -5 _y
O\Q _ LQ `
=^ xfi =OKe.
L^ : xfi =Oz# |~x, H_=OO, K "^#
q.
~ * +
< =# _i , > ~_ H
"k HQ*
#
Hi
" t
OK=
. ~ * +
<
# 72 _w
O\Q _ =~ "_ K, 15
H# LOK`~. z_ ~Q H@H xO`}
2
~HQ K~ . 1. =O^ K_
O , 2. QiOK_O . QiOK ^u
D ^e < ^"_
H x,
JqxO _Q x L
y~ . ZH# xOuOK_xH <# L
yOK_O ^
q+ i`" #
lOH _ ~i< ~< "_, ZH# KO`~. iQ xfi K x,
_#
P~O u#_O =# P~QO ^|uO@Ok. "O`, q~K<, =~}O _ Oq
OK#.
WO\ ux ''_[xOQ JO\~.

27

CHAPTER - IV

=#= s~O - P~QO

*<Ok :- *<O k
i~
~} ~ #

u
O^# K~. *<O k
=K~xfl
q^` `~O Q ~O "^_ O`~. *<O k
2 ~H H=. 1. ^
H H}, 2.
H H}, XH *<OQO, Hxfl QH` U~_`Ok. *<Ok =# *# "~
Q
OKQ Q`<fl=. *<O k
# >e<` =K. =#O H`\ K#
fl ^~O Q, =#
"^_ ` K#
fl=x K =K, *<O k
*# =K~xfl Q
OKQe Q H}# Q H
^ Q HH}
JO\~. "`=~}Ox i=}H, Q}`H =~ "\H ` rq OkOz
u
H~H
K~# KO^ "\x ''H` JO\~. *<Ok QH HiOz# H}#
'' H< JO\~. J<H Q
H He, XH *<xfl U~~ ~. *<O k
O =Y H}
O
Uq@O> Jk XH
` H" #
Q_` H |O Hey# H ` =`"
OkO k. Kq J^#OQ s~
=` u H#Qx H__xH QH L<fl~. x#fl_, ~#fl_, ~Q`@_ Kqx
QH `__`~. HO\ ^=, ^o _O_ H#= HO\ H=, HO\~
H_`~. HO\ J QO^ H=. Hhfl\ =# H q
O~O#, HO\x `_Q =OK@O#,
^=# f " _O#, Hhfl~ _ `Ok. H O k ~ =O =^ =O_ #fl\
~O^
O ^fi~ Hhfl\ ^
=
= x`O H~`Ok.
D ~O^O J<O ^fi~ =` O|O^xfl Hey LO@Ok. H#flx |\ ~x
''^$_fi ~= JO\~. H#flx 2= ~ ~H
@
=. HO\ e ~# ''<`
@
= JO\~. HO\x
*# Q=. 3= ~ Wk HOux Q
Oz, HOu Hx
<_
K
^<Q =~O k. H#QO`
=#fl HO\ Q_#
H^
_
xH 6 HO_~ H=. ^$_fi ~O HO\=O^~ QO H
@
xfl U~~ O k.
H
@
O H O k H# H^. Wk QO_O Q ~O\ x~}=. HO\ =^ QO_O Q LO_
~O^xfl ''`~H JO\~. HO\e ~OxH HOux OOKk `~H. pH\ H#
"HzO k. J_ ''`~H
^^
=
`Ok, nx=# Z= HOu xH `Ok. HOu Z=Q
L#fl _ HO\ ''OHKO KO^_O = `~H z#fl^=
`Ok. JO^K` ` = HOuxH `Ok.
H# `~H xx H "~x ''_
"` =K. HO\ ~OQ H## |\ =O@Ok.
H# =O_ =~H ^~O HO\x #, |_^~ O Q, , hO~OQ =O_#. H#
"#H# ''H@H= H^. nxx ''\H H @
H= JO\~. Wk HOuH~}
Jxfl <`
@
=
H OkHiO k.
HuH" #
HO_~ H@Hxfl ^x#O LOK`~. ^O_ H}O x+u 15 x+u 1 =O@Ok.
^O_ Z~\
=~H ^~O =O@Ok. nxfl ''qA= =~ H "
_<
JO\~. HOu <`
@
=
g^ _
_ D =~H =
qK#fl" "O@< `iy U~_ `Ok. _
"<
U~__
xH q@q< 'Z J=~O
J=`Ok. `~H Z^~Q LO_ <`
@
= QO ''H< Z= OY LO\~. D Qxfl
Z\ ^ ''q JO\~. ^$<_ HO\#O_ "~ # "^_ K~"

O k. <` ~=
28

^$<_x He =O_K@ ^O_ H H< =O_#. D ^xfl ''JO_KH JO\~. Kq

q<Ok
" HH, s~ =`u
x H_ J=OQ _ x K O k. , `~O Q~
O

}~. Kq 3 Q LO\~. 1. Kq, 2. =^ Kq, 3. e Kq, ^ =$^u`
U~_, K~ O` H |_ =O@Ok. "e Kqx e x~}O` fi~OQO =O_ x~}" }

~=. }
~= z=~# fi~
i `fiK= H^. Wk }
~= z=~y
=O@Ok. Kq H=O_ |` ~ O Q H OkH~}
L
Q_
`Ok. =^ KqQ Z=H
Q 3 Z=H H=. 1. \H=, 2. kOQe, 3. H~O `~ JO\~. g\x u, >_
,
JOH=~

O Jx _ JO\~. =^ Kq ~=, <\Kq ~= nx` H|_ =O@O^#Q,
W = <= ^fi~ =^ Kq ~= <\ ~O` H|_`Ok. ''W+<
= H~
i
~ O_
H =# _#
= =O__xH `__ `Ok. H =
=Q q#_xH, ~ O_
H _#
=
=#OQ =O_e. e Kq ~xfl PQ #O JO\~. Wk HOx Z=H =O@Ok.
s~ =`ux H_ Kqx Q= ''J~=~ H~fl=~#O q#_O ` =Ok.
''~`fi KO H~fl=~<
xfl 2Q ql
OO k. xqxH 16 #O_ 40,000 _ =^ ~ O* =O_
# q#Q`=. }
<_ q^`
H O <# "^_ K~"

O k. "`O "
O k
Kq
XH z#fl Q=. = 2 =K =O_ Q H =# =#O "# Q
OKQ Q`=. =
2 QQ ql
OK|_Ok. 1.

QO <tH ~OQ#, 2. H O k QO PeO^OQ# ql
OK|_Ok.
j+ fi~O J<H H} =<fl~. Hxfl H} +
xfl =iOK_O =#, +
fi~O `_Q =O@Ok.
~xH ^~ LxH# Q Oz# Q H, q^`
" xfl Hey~. P q^`
" , *#<_
^fi~ "^_ =#fl
` HQOH ~# ^~ LxHx K~ #. ^$+* #O Q Ja=$k KO^_O
=# =#=xH Q
}H H}
O z =O_=K, ^~O H ~xH x~}O Jk h\ HiQ
H}
g^, "#, ~zg^ P^~_
=O@Ok. "## ~zg^ P^~_
LO@Ok. "##
=x ~# Q H Hx
_`~, = <tH ~= =i PeO^=, ~
=O\~. <tH ~xfl P=iOz, +
~= =O@Ok. ~zx, "## QiOKQ Q H
''~# Q H JO\~. ^
~O , h\ Hiy#_ =#O ^x "#, ~zx QiOKQ Q`=.
"## QiOK Q H= ''Q } Q H JO\~. Q }QH = +
~O =O\~.
Q
}QH +
O ~< "<# Q
~.
u
Q H= P~ QO #O_, <_Q
|^~ `Ok. H= <tH ~xfl, qQ` ~ QO #O_ "~ K O k. ~xH ^~
LxHx QiOK|_#_ Q q^`

"xfl He ~. q^`

"= Q <_ ^fi~
"^_# K~`Ok. <Hg^ ~zx `_xH FfiQH =O\~. JH+~H
lP=QH =O_=. H+
~H, K lfiQH =O_=. lfiQH <H

~zHxH =O\~. =~O =#fl ~O^
xfl ''lfi~O^
O JO\~.
u
Q HxH "O@
H LO_
e H =O@Ok. <Hg^ 4 ~H ~z<H H=. , K^ , L, f, ~K# Wq Qi~.
<~ =O_@O, ^~O Q ~z H^, Wk <H uHOQ P
@ i OKH =_= JH+
~H
29

lfiQH s~Og^ =O\~, =# f, K^ , , L H#H=_xH ''lfiQH

=<fl~. <H =O^i QO f, L H#HQ Q H =O\~. <H "#H QO
K^ , ~zx H#HQ Q H =O\~. <H ~QO ~zHO lfi Q H
=<fl~. lfiQH <Hx ~zH} =O\~. q~H u#fl _ <~ =O_@O ~z
H^, <H uHOQ P @ iOKH=_". K =i JH~H <H
=O_H =_O = lfiQH s~O g^ =O\~.
u
~z H}H Q ~OQ =#fl ~O^
xfl
''lfi~O^
O JO\~. "#H, ~zH O|O^O =O@Ok. ~z H ~xH *#O, ~zHoH
P~xH ~zx HeQ*
~xH ^~ LxHx Qi~. P~O <\ K~Q < P~xH ~z
JkOK ~xH ^~=
, [O H~ Q`~.
u
Q
HxH "O@
H =O_ XH ''e H
=O@Ok.
^"
i s~xfl H =OK s~O " O ^^Q XH K^~
J~ Hg@~ =O@Ok.
HO\ ~ K~ O=O^O J~q eg@~ =O_Q, J~H =~ J~
O\g@~ =O^O =O@Ok.
K~ O ~ O_ ~ Hey =O\~. 1. K~ =, 2. JO`~ K~ O, Q`O`= ^fi~ JO`~K
~ O
HO_~ JO@Hx =O@Ok. = =o# "i D `O`= Q H}
O H_O = K~ O
=^ =_` _ `Ok. JO`~K
~ O Q H =fi ~ s~xH H=# HH O L
Q_
`Ok.
j` "`=~}O s~O#O_ L+O #O_ |\H x=fiO_ K O k. K~ O =i ^xg^
"O@
H H ~OQ "x< J< =~H ^~O g^ P^~_
`Ok. "x< =~H O ZO` Z=Q
=O> K~ O ^xg^ "O@
H JO` #Q =O\~.
~~t= "x< L`u Z", K~ O Q_" #
~OQ# O`iOKO@Ok. nxx ''\xOQ
JO\~. "x< =# s~xfl Juh` H~}
^+e` #O_, ~H
O k. K~ OQ ` O
Q O ^ , fi`Q O ^ , ^+# QiOK_xH XH "e=^ , "~H "e=^ HO> a#flOQ =O\~.
H#H QiOK=K. K~O ~, L+O, _# QHOQ x KOk. Hxfl ~ QH
H ` <#
_ Jq Ok~. J^ xQ H ` <` , Jq xK _O =<~. D H}
#
''J## JO\~. ^ XH J#
u, Wk ~ , L+O , ~< _<
= HQ`Ok. g\
Q H ''<
H~ JO\~. HO^i #x ~OQ# #OK "x< =~H ^~O OK_O =
g~ `Q =O\~. gix ''Je<
< JO\~. j` Q H 10 _w
O\Q _ #O_ 35 _w

O\Q _ =~ Q =~#, L+Q H 35 _w

O\Q _ HO> Z= LQ ` #
Qi~.
"
H~ Q
OK H ^, < H} _#
Hx
Ok~. JO`~K
~ HO_~ `O`=
JO@Hx =O\~. Ku" z=~
^
O ~ Q H Z=Q =O\~. JO`~ K~ O
~=\H, fi`QO^, `QO^ J< Q H=. ''H~\< ^~O K~Ox xs=
H} =O@Ok. Z= OY ~ Q H
^= "H L<fl~. K~ O, s~O, LQ `
#, H~ ^
# H =
|^O K O k. 35 _w HO> Z= LQ ` =^ j` Q H, L+
Q HQ x K~, _#
Hx
OkOK Q H# <
H~ Q H JO\~. HO\~

30

K~ O J~q
eg@~ =O^O` =O@Ok. "x< Z= J~` K~ O Q_" #
~OQ# Hey =O@Ok.
nx< ''\xOQ JO\~. ^ O|OkOz# Q H# ''<
H~ JO\~. ~ , L+O , ~<
_<
= ^ HQ`Ok. "x< =~H =
Oz# "ix ''Je<
JO\~. K~xH Q
H}
O =O@Ok. h\x J_ < H}
_ =<fl~. Q K~ O ^fi~ JO`~ K~ O HO_~
JO@Hx =O@Ok. K~ O#
=O_ ~ xi` H}` U~_O k. xi` H}` ''H~\< J<
\< =O@Ok. K~ O ^xg^ =O_ ~= ~OQx ''"ex< J< =~H ^~O x~~ O k. ~~t
=# ''"x< Z= L`u J=`Ok. Ju h` ^+e` #O_ K~ O# ''"x< ~H
O k.
JO`~ K~ O s~xH |xfl, Q H}
xfl WO k. JO`~K
~ Ox Z`
=# "e=^
U~_ `~. JO^q^~ ''~e +# K^=
QQ`~. Zs, ZH=
, `=~, + "^Q#q,
K~O "^.
K~ O, K~ "^ xfl ''_i\l JO\~. H~+\
H HK, Ql =# =O k. Wk J~_
=~xH KO^`Ok, "eOQ H\ J#Q P_ "H \
O~ O `~fi` K~ O 5 PH~O Hey#
i K JO^ =O@Ok. D ''i# ''"eOQ H\ JO\~. "\
U~~z
# iH
W`~ H= Ki, K~"^ HQ*K, nx< a ''kfif OH=} JO\~. ''a
"kH ~ =#fl <
# "_`~. ''l "k H` ^e fl "_h
\ =~Q
\
, "_h
\
LuH ZO_ P~\
W K
e. nx= a "k ^ ^fi~ "OK^ . P_ ''DK" \

~A 2 #O_ 3 Q_#

_`Ok. ''"\
~fi 3 ~ x~K#O [~`Ok. K~ O ^xH =K
"^ <fl ''_i\l JO\~. K~ Ox q+^
~ Ki` ''Zs =O k. a Hey#
"^
xH ~ Hey# <
# "_`~. ^~^ \O K WK" _
Q ~fi 4 H =O_Q,
_ WK" _
6 H =O\~. WK" _
~fi x~K#O [~`Ok. WK" _
H

<== ''~\ K WK" _
P~
_
=~xH KOk#k. WK" _
` PH~O =O@Ok.
'' PH~O =O_ i# ''"eOQ H\ JO\~. a K#
i W`~ "kH =

Ki`, P u
x '' kfif OH =
}O JO\~. K~ O s~xH "@"
^\ ~H}
H=K=. Ql ''WK" \

J< rq= HQ`Ok. ''"\
e_# e =O@Ok.
Pi
_
=~r
= YO_=
#OQ H Q r=, P_" \
=~ 400 "\
H < i=}O
=O@Ok. "\
JO@a Hey# H H=. O~ O `~fi` =Q" \
Kx`Ok. K~ O
i a H =Y H}
=. ~yH, "^@ `<, ` u~Q@
O, iQ K_H =_O,
[fi~O =O\ H}
=_^|
= U~_` ~. ~H
_
#
O ==HO> Z=Q LO@Ok. =#^O
aOK q+=, `K=, <Q=, H@=, ~HO[~, , "~, ~ "~
"^Q#q, K~ "^ "~
, Hi , jeO^ , \*" H~}. ~HO x =}#,
h\x ''fi^Q O ^ "~ K~. JO^= Z=Q K=@ H~`Ok. s~O #O_ Z=Q h~,
=} |\H =_O J< ''x~e H~}
O JO\~. L He# Khfl~ , "_H OH~ =z# =HH
31

` Q\xH W"fie. =_^|

`ye# =HH LQ ` 105 _w ~<
\ #O_ 107 _w ~<
\
=~ =O_=K. Hxfl \H<
# <_=O_Og^ x K~. H|\ g\x ''#~\H<
JO\~.
Hxfl \H<
~H<
, ~H<
_xfl Q Q_`~. g\x ''=\
H \H<
JO\~. ` K=,
H@ = #~\H<
H=. ~H
O [i q+ O ''=\
H \H<
H=. =^ = q+=
HO_~
x K O k. q+Ox ~ H@ '' PH~O =O_, Q~# K@ |@ =z
~HO Q_H _
`Ok. q+OQ ~ H@ 1 ^ 2 ~ Q~ _ `~. H@ "#
K@ k`
Qz#@ Q~ _` ~.
~HO , ~O QO #O_ H~`Ok. = H@ "#
"O@< q+O s~O W=_ O_,
Q= J~#K@, XH H@ H\, *Q` fH"e. ~yx ^Q~ =#fl Pu
H "O@< fH e.
q+O ''=\H \H< =O> Z= ~H= #+O, H@"#K@ L|@O, Z= ^
HQ`~, ~HO #+O = $^ O OH =
OQ x K ^, Py=K#. ''<*<A J<k
` K= H
<==. '' =\H \H<
~H<
g^ x K~. "_H OH~
K=@ ^fi~ _ O H~ _
|@ =_O = U~_ `Ok. =_^|
[fi~O 105 _w
\
~< _w #O_ 107 ~< _w =O@Ok. H@ =
<== '' OQ~ ~
=#^O

u
O=`~ O 15,000 =Ok =H@ =~}
<
fl~ . "_ Z=Q =#fl _ PH HOQ, $ `_<fl
''_ <H JO\~. LQ ` Z=Q L#fl _ K~ O L+ Q H LkHO KO^`~.

32

CHAPTER - V

r=q^< - 1
r=~ +} ^` 3 ~H : 1. fiO+}, 2. i+}, 3. q=
+}, s~O
H
Ok, xiOk H PHH ~ }
=# U~_ #. "H, h~ H~<_


H_
#O_ `
i`=
~HOu H#|_ " `
~ K~. "H xiOk =} i`~. [O`=
xiO^
^~`@
Ok ^~#
O_ ^~, J"<
P=, H=fi, q@q# J=~O
J=`~. fiO+H r= Hx
2 ~HQ O^`~. Jq : 1. HOu qG+
H fiO +H,
2. ~#H q+
H fiO +H. ~HOux Hx
Q
Oz, PH P^~OQ J<H OH+

Ok +H# L`u K O\~. L^ : =

, L#fl` }
"H. W@=O\ "\x HOu
qG+
H fiO +H JO\~. HOu q+
H fiO +H
L^ : PK T^, =i PK~O Q Q
<
Hi
.
~Ok " < J@=O\
_
[<, W#= #`[ x "^Q ~#H ^~#
PHH ~ }
O K, Hx
O^ fiO +H ~# q+
}
fiO+H JO\~. =
=,
teO^O He ''H< r=<xfl K~. ^`, '' Zx"#<` He Hxfl [O`=
r=#O K~. ~#flrqH P~O JOkOK rqx ''Ju^~ rq JO\~.
U rq Ju^~ s~O
#OzQx, #OzQx P~xfl Q
O ^ P rqx ''~#flrq
JO\~. ~#flrq Ju^~ r= ~#flrq =`O O O^`Ok. Ju^~ s~ q^ # H =
O
` , JH~}
## =~}O `K , r=~ s~O +H Q
OK_<fl ''+} Jx JO\~.
`= H=# +H# `" `
~K H=_xfl ''fiO+}O JO\~.
~ O_ qq^ =~ r= He rq, +H# ~
~O =i_ K O@, ~
~O O
O^ +H q^<xfl ''fir=# +}O JO\~. +H s~ x~}xH =i H
L`#fl==fi_xH J=~O . HOu q+
H fiO +H, ~_, HOu #O_ Hx
, +H ^fi~
O^`~. uH~ + =$`H
~ #Oz Q ~. ~#flr==, q=
+}
L^~}. H # q=
+}# K=. r=~ ^ O
~Q^ s~ x~}xH H~<
~ ` ~# ^~ ~
~ x~=kHOQ [~Qe, ~ "
#
x~Ok =}# #Oz `=
H=# +H `
~K H< r=# ''fiO+H JO\~. he PK ~OQQ Hi ,
''<
Hi fiO+H L^~}. "H# =`"
Q
OK [O`=# ''H~
JO\~. <` <
\

H@H P~ "H P~O. z_ *u "H r=#O# K_=K
` '' Z<"# r=<xfl Q_ `~, ~#flrqH P~xfl JOkOKk, Ju^~ rq, Ju^~
s~O
#OzQx, #OzQx P~xfl Q
OK rqx ''~#flrq JO\~. [O`= Jxfl
~ +`, ^
=}Ox J}= x~O`~O Ke~. q~}



QO aH~ h\ \+ O
33

~@Q<\
\H # Qx, Q_Q
^
xH J}= =#OQ qi OK
H
# ''q~}
=
JO\~. H J=~O O_ qKH}
~O QO_ J}=

~ }
Z= Q_` #O_, ` = Q_`
2 "
=# Q_` =K=~ [iy#_ , P
H
# ''^"_$ u JO\~. r= qKH}
`fiKO
Hxfl ^~# =`"


i O*
O k. q~}



QO \+ O ~OQ<\
H H~ \

^
=}# "_e, Z= Q_`#
O_ ` = Q_` Q
^
xH q~}
J}= Ke~.
O\
"#Q
O\ J}= J`kH Q_` =O\~. Qkx Qex J}= Q_` "^@
K ` =Q =O_#. `^ i x J}= QkH H =
OQ q~}
^fi~
"
t
OK@ =#
"#
~Q`Ok.
_
Hi< P=O H_Q _#
=OKQ,
H
O Hiy` Ok. H_Q _
~Qx, Le~Qx K H H =`
xfl _ ^
"
q~}



QO \ Qs@ z=~
"_=K#. Hxfl ^~ =`"
`#^fi~ J#=uOK ~# ''qKH}
`fiKO JO\~. Q_`
"q
^ OQ 2 ^
=} XH qKH}
`fiKO ^fi~ "~ K #
fl _ H =O ^
=} J}= =`"

qKH}
`fiKO ^fi~

~ }
KO^ K~ # ''^=
q~}
= JO\~. Hxfl ^~# =`"
`#^fi~
"_OK J#=`OK ~# ''qKH} `fiKO Jx JO\~. "~g^ #flx HQ x~}#
''=H JO\~. =H K~ O #O_ L^q
~. "~ `fiKO qKH}
`fiKOQ
x K O k. "~ #Oz h~, <
=O_ "H W`~ Q

i OK
H
# ''^"
^Q =

JO\~. ^~"Q Q_ eHfi< =i
Q< J< ^~O xi`O J=`~. h\ |O^O
=^ PH~ } H H~}=
_
[< J}=. ^~ < h\ O |O "OY h\ J}=`
|O^# U~~K
Hx XH H O k #Oz,
H XH h\ O |O U~_ `Ok. =H h\x <@_
"=iOK _<
xfl ''"~ _#
= JO\=. K#fl QH, h~ ~
~ H "~ _#
= i`Ok.
"H Q
Oz# h\ 2% h~=`O L
yOK|_#. "Hx h~, Pqi ~
O ` ~ O ^
^fi~ q_^ J=@" ''` H =
JO\~. `H =
^fi~
^ =$H ` ~ O ^
^fi~ Pq~#

h\x ^~H}O #O_ =K h~ TiO k. `H =

"~ _#
O D ~ O_
^ =$H
` O h~

H =_xH ^^_
`Ok. `H =
~ @ ` ~ O ^
`~ KH=_O, g^ P^~_
=O\~.
~ O_ =`
O _ PH~OQ H} ` ~ O ^
xH W~"
=O_#. g\x ''~HH }
JO\~.
LQ ` , `=, Qe, "Q=
=$uH=
x h~ "^#
H~H# |\, `H =
~@ =~`Ok.
`H =
= ` O x LQ ` "`=~}O L#fl ^xHO> ` =Q =O@Ok. ~ +H q^#=
2 ~H. : 1. LzH P~
H~}
, 2. *O`=H }
. Jq x` ^ ^fi~ P~xfl
HiO k.
_

~ H ^fi~ P~xfl
HiO k. #` "\ <Hg^ "_H ^O` =O\ x~} =<fl~. D
<H# ''~_ JO\~. D ~_` #` P~ ^~ Li`O #O_ P~^
~ ~ =#
qOQ`Ok. o# H~# ^~ =O_ =\x
"#= P~OQ fO\~. `HH zH
_"#
Q@O =O_ `O_O =O@Ok. D `O_O# +OH ^i =H~O ^xfl O k. ^=,
[Q=O\ [O`= ~Hxfl P~OQ Q
~. Wq ~HO Q_ HO@O_ ~HO ^~# q_^

34

K~. ` , e_, H H xfl KO, ^x s~Ox xs= ~<# =^`~. Hxfl [O`=
XH ~H"
#
P~xfl fO\~. "\x ''UH~H H H r= JO\~. J<H [O`= ~H~ H
P~ ^~# fO\~. "\x ''|H~ ~HH r= JO\~. ~ " #
r~=
= \*"
~#flr= =O@Ok. ` ^
=
~ P~xfl Q
O k.
=Q^= K@ ~xfl P~OQ fO\~. @ ~Q, QOQo ~Q, UH~HH
q^< L^~}. "H# P~OQ f< [O`=# ''H~ JO\~. W`~
[O`= P~O f< [O`=# ''=O~ JO\~. [O`=, =$H#, P~OQ
f< [O`=# ''~fi H JO\~. P_^= =x+ ~HO # P~OQ fiHiOO k. P~Ox
^~# H, L`uH s~ x~}xH L
yOKH##. [O`= P~O O_ ^~,
\< , H =fi [O`= P~Ox =MO, r~ == 4 ~H H} H=. 1. HO_~
H}, 2. Q O k H}, 3. LH H}.
Q O k H} ZO*=
# q_^ K~. r~H
= U~_ ~ ^~# Q Oz ~HO H
O`~. P~O [O`= x HeyOK q+^
~# `@H ~ }
= K, \ =# [O`=
#+O HQ O_ K _xH
` H" #
H} r~=
= H=. " O_^
~, \< ,
H=fi, #HH P=# r~O K _xH ZO*"
H=. [ q+
H K~ # L`i OK K~
_ H ''[q+H ZO*" JO\~. ZO*" K~ [i H+"# J}=# J^H~=
Jx, U~_#
" # L`k` Jx JO\~. P~O =O_ H+
"
#
P~ J}=x
~"#, H J}=Q =~_<fl ''r~H JO\~. Hxfl ZO*" q_^ J~#_
K`~`OQ =O_#. "< H K`# ~` ~= ''<<[< H">H< H K`#
~ ` ~= H "

><
[< |H} r= r~H
H} " [~Q`Ok. nx< ''H}
r=H
JO\~. h\ J}=# Ki, "~H J}=# q+
}
K \xfl ''[q+
}
= JO\~.
H}O [iQ r~H
# ''H}O`~ r~H
JO\~. .
K J#Q
_
[< J}= Q_` . [
q+} K~ = r~H ZO*" H+"# J}=# q_Q_`~. Z" K~ ^~O
O_^
~=
. H "

\

H K` #
~ ` ~=. H "

\<
[<, [q+
}
ZO*"
=~H

~,
_
. r~=
= _Ox HO_~H }
P~xfl r~O K
@ `__` ~. ZOE"
r~=
= x ^OkH}K q_^ J~`~, r~=
= x H} r~" #
P~xfl O\~.
H}O`~ r~H
UHH}
r= [~Q`Ok. ZO*"
K~ [i H+
"
#
J}=# ''J^~ =

JO\~.
<[< "<
H K` #
~ ` ~=. H} r= [# r~H
[~Q `Ok.
h\ J}=# Ki, "~H J}=# qK^#
= K \xfl ''[q+
}
= JO\~. H =fi
''


ZO*"
K~ [~`Ok.
<
H K` #
~ ` ~"
<
[<.
J< QH * J}=`
`
~ #
''eH~ _

# r~O K Hx, ^xfl ~ "
#
QH * J}=Q =~ O`OQOQ
=O@Ok. J H ` H~O #O_ Ju` = H a O k.
35

Hxfl Hr= Hi ,
# L`uK

,
# r~O K O\~. P=
iQ r~"
#
P~= `$f J= OH K~ `Ok. P=, Q ^ =O\ [O`= P~O#
#=O_ qOy, `~fi` Jq uiy P~xfl <\H `z <=kQ q~=OQ #=`~. D H
#
''<=~"@O JO\~. <=~" [O`= Hr= =O_#=, `=J=+=.
=|"xfl
^
i OK [O`= O^,
# U~~K
J}= QH * <=~"
[O`=
r~O Hr= QH*# H#fiH KQ U~_ ^~=, xH P==.
<=~"
[O`= r~=
= H r= OiO|_ Q= K` ~J
= =. J<H QH *
J}=`
* `
~ J=`Ok. <=~"
[O`= r~
O 2= Qk *H=, <=~"

[O`= r~
= h~, H ~<
@
, `$f J= = H|_`~. <=~"
[O`=
r~
=x K` ~ J= = P== =O@Ok. <=~"
[O`= r~
= QH *

` #
J= = Hfi#fiH
KO^`Ok. <=~"
[O`= \##
H r= #O_
Ok~. =#=xH *# r~O K< H ^. <\^fi~ P~xfl fH=_xfl
''JO`~

# JO\~. <H P~O g^ ^O`
<@` Ok. #=|_# P~xfl Q
O xH
<@` Ok. <Hg^ ''~zQoH H=. Wq ~zx ``~. P~O Q
#O_ P~"xH
K~ `Ok, nx< ''qOQ_O JO\~.
HO_<H H LrqH "<OH P~O O_ KO k. +
~ O #O_
q
OK
+
O O^#= x K O k. r~
O 1. PiH r~
=, 2. [~~ x~=
r~
= J#
Q= H=. r~
O HO_~, P=`OQ#, U@"Q#, =~ H~OQ# =O_, qq^
^ OHzOK_O =# P~O zH|_#. r~
OQ Q O ^ [~~ ~
Q O ^ , nx
=O_ r~~
O [~~ ~
O zHQ, `@Q Z_Q _
=O_ ^
=
=, [~~ ~
O Q
_
Hi_ P==
Hi# #tO*Ok. [~~~O Q ZO*" <, O*, ZO*". ~< z#fl
<,
~QQ =~O k. PO^=
xH Ki# P~xfl ''H"
JO\~. Wk P= u
"`Q
=O@Ok. "~ "~ <^fi~ H O #O_
` ~=
H=O #O_ H=~O PO`=
xfl
K~ `Ok. r~
O #O_ H "
PO`=
OH ~"O> [~~ x
~ O=~ YO_~xfl `~ KHx,

"
t
OKe. H = PO`=
xH _
H # L^~ q`<xH kQ=# H^. H O 4 `"
H=. Wq |_^~ O Q =O\~.
` ~O , |OQ~, |_^~ O Q =O_#.
` ~ =~H
ae~a<, ae=i< "^Q =~H . H=~O Q H~<@
x H "
=#fl P=xfl `@H ~ }
O
K, H"# H~ uH `Ok. \<[< \< K`# == H"\<[<, H"\< K`#
~=. ZO\H#
< J# ZO*" \

<[< H "
\

<[< K` ~ ` ~# \

<
, H "
\

<[<
J< K`# ~Q =~Ok. ZO\~H<< J# ZO*" PO`~O H^. Wk Hk\
K` #
=O`" #
\

<
U~_Q < qQ` K` #
=O`" #
ZO*"
# "\ K` #
~OH =~O k
D K~ # ''fiOL`~ }
JO\~. z#fl
Q i=}O 6 _=, 3
O\g@~ "_ Q XH Q@=.

36

z#fl
Q ^x ~fiQxfl PO`=
=x, =^ Qxfl [#O Jx, ''~
Qxfl OuH= Jx
JO\~. z#fl
Q Q K+H PO` L`#flH# Hx, ~HxH, +~
<
O`Ok.
=Qa< qz#flO J~#_ ,
` ~ =~H U~_ #. P~O, P~ "HH K~Q <, ^x
_O =O_ HO_~ UHO`~O Q _e H K~. D K<xfl
eeH K~}
JO\~.
` ~
<O U"<
J_O U~_`
` ~O ~HO He s~O

~ }
O J=`Ok. nx= H , K~
KQ J=`~. nxx ''KH"~ JO\~. `~Ox `~ =} H=fi#,
JuH"# H_ ~}=Q H~, nxx ''Z=H+< JO\~. r~H = U~_ PO`
L`#flH ~Hxfl K~\
xfl ''+}= JO\~.
Q _OHO =O_ " O\ x~}# ''+H
JO\~. OkH=
^
Q# He
K@ =O_, " O\ x~}xfl ''LO_H= JO\~. [O
=O_ ZO*"
Z"
, [~~ ~
O =O_ P==,
_
HiH P==. ZO*"
x r~~
=

`~O, PO`~O =O_ ZO*" H H" JO> HHOQ r~"# P~=. Q [iQ
K#= ''ieH K#= <\x ~xfl H
^
xfl ''~O JO\~. ~O
~ O_ [` [ Q O ^ =O_e.
"<OH P~O O_ HO_<H J_ O@Ok. s~O qq^ ^~ r=H

= U~_ =~ ^~# |@ `yOK_<fl ''q~#
= JO\~. s~O J# `u
x
H__O q~H H
H}
=. #`[ x O|Ok` ^~ PO` L`#flH. [O`=, P"x,
i, iH P= ~O qi ~. "H ` ~ O ^
^fi~, [O`= Tiu`
^fi~, fiH U~_ H~<_H_ "H, [O`= |+iOK|_#. ~
`~OQ O\ ^
=
= nxx ''>H JO\~. ~H ~OQ ''>H
q
O k. "H
~_
, P, H, "~ yO[ P~_# "H xfi =OK`Ok. "H H~<_


H _
,
h~ J"x, W`~ #u` O|Ok` ^~ q~H ^~.
#`[ x O|Ok` =~ ^~ J"x, i, iH P=, h~, Hxfl ~H
=}, H~#^~ "^Q q~H ^~, s~O O_^
~, H =fi, \< PHH ~ }
O
KOk#_ h~, H~<_


H _
, #`[ x O|O^ =~ ^~ JO`L`#flHQ U~_` ~.
_
~ }= _OxH
" t
Oz#_ Wq "^<`H# H Zsx HQ*
O k. L|O "^#
"\x
HQ*
O k. " =#fl P~_, ''x~Oa< q a
[< = aOKk ~|~ . "

<= ''J*_H~ ZO_H H

J~aH "H yO[ #O_ H <
`
~JQ#.
''Hfi<<
^~=
xOa< ^~O #O_ a O k. ''xH\< ^~=
xH\ #\|H< J#Q
Q #O_ a O k. =i<
^~=
''=~
"x~ " "H #O_ a O k. ''ii<
^~=

~"e ~<>< #O_ aOk. ''H< ^~= ''H J~aH J< "H #O_ aOk.
''\e< `="H #O_, ''~< # #O_, lQ~ `= "H #O_, ''>< ''q

37


[e #O_,
_ ~ }=. Zi< #O_ a~. \*"< O @
~ @ ZH<_~
q~H J=" =, s~ ^
"
`u
x H__O qiH == x K O k. =}#
H=# Q_` =OK@O, `y#O` h\x =`"
s~O =OK@O, =i s~ i=}xfl
J^ =OK_O q~H == x K O k. J=<# `u
=OK@O# ^
"
a~ }

H =
`#, OHK~ H` x K~. \*=<, OlH, eO@~@, UH<_~ "#

H
^fi~ ''q~#
H
[~Q`Ok. "#=, [Q q~H J=" =$H ^fi~ q~#

H
[~`~. " =`
O _O ^fi~ q~#
O [~Q`Ok. kOH, `, e_, =el
<
<H ^fi~ qi ~. r= =~
^
~, O_ ^~, H =fi\# r=H
= s~O,
H~< _H_, h~ #`[x O|Ok` ^~ U~_#. Wq qiOK|_`~, =#=x
=`
O _ =Y"#
q~H J=", Tiu` K~ _ q~H H
`__ `~.
*fi H} x, =~ ^~# qiO K@. OHKiHH K
x ^
"
a~ }
H =
`. "
r= =`O_= $^ P=~} ~OxH `~KO@Ok. =el< <H
r~=
= H `~ KHx =O\~. \#
\ #O_ Kx=~ =~ ^~# |+iOKx
q~H J=" =`
O _. Wq "#fl=H W~
H
rq "Silver Fish" =#= =Y"#
s~ _xH JO\
@Hx XH [` =`
O _ H=. $^ O #O_ ~Hxfl `K =$H^=
x
=`
O _ <a ^fi~ =`
O _xfl K~ `Ok. =`
O _ ~fiO` Q= "_ Q =O@Ok.
nx< ''=$H^} JO\~. =`
O _O
#
Jk=$H Q O k, q<Q O k H^. Wk q~#
#^,
zO | q"#
Y O= ~HH ` = =O_# nxx ''"e
JO\~. =#=x
=`
O _O 2,00,000 =`<
oH H=. =`<
oH ~ O_ Q H=. 1. H Q =O_
q# QoH, 2. <oH Q=, =< QoH Ja" ^=
x
"
t
Oz, ~HH <oHQ U~_, XH
=O\k U~_ #, nxx ''~HH <oH QK= JO\~. =`
O _O xqxH 120 qeg@~
=`O `
~Q #. 24 QO@ =~ 175 b@~ =`O `
~Q `Ok. =`O 1 H 2 b@~
=`O qiO K|_`Ok. qQ`k s~O #+}O J=`Ok. =`q
~#

^" xO``
K~ . z#fl J#u K~ , =`H O =~ 200 #O_ 300 qeg@~ =`O K~Q <,
^x _Ox HO_~ OHKO _eH [i, =`= qiOK|_`Ok. =`=
qiO K|_H ` ~HO
~x, q+ ^~Q =~`Ok. nx =# = `= K` <
xfl H`~.
Hxfl i` =~} ~ . =#= qiH == Q XH [` =`
O _, XH [` =`<
,
XH =`H O =O\~. H$u
= ^u
^fi~ ~HO #O_ =~
^
~# "~ K \xfl ''_
e
JO\~. =#=x =`
O _=
^
# qiH J="Q x K~. =`
O _O "e
JOK OH ~OQ#, e JOK \H~OQ# =O\~. ^=fi 9 #O_ 12 =~ zO
=<fl~. =`<
oH ~ O_ ~ H # ''=<Q oH JO\~. =`<

ie H K~}
##
Jx#` HO_~ = HQ`~ AfiH< ''<
i =O\~. =`
O _ z_ yO[
PH~O =O\~. =`O

HO ^fi~ |@ O|_`~.
38

=`
O _ 24 QO@ 175 b@~ =`O U~_ `Ok. UHH}
r= PH[ < #O_ h~
Q
~.
K~r
= Qe #O_ PH[ <# fO\~. kOH fiOk, "<,
Jq fi H

q^#O q~}
O. K~ fiH
'=O_~ [~Q`Ok. `O_ K~ <xH
fiH
` ^
. "#= s~ ~=, ^
=
= g\^fi~ |@ =O ^#Q +/~ O ^
,
H L
rq.
"<Q rq `HHzH. kOH "< == fi~O ^
^fi~ |@
`~ O@Ok. Li Q rq Jr
q, "Q# Tiu` =O\~. kOH fi~O ^

OY 10 [`, HO~a
Og^ =` xK
x~}= HO_<H, "<O "^\ Q"
fi~
\H. =#= " <xH P^~O WKk =$^H LOQ~ PH~O '' PH~O. J_
[xOz# t= xqxH fiH
32 ~ =O@Ok. ~
fi== H^e H
=
Y
` =OKk L^~q
^#=. " h\ fiH
` =~. ~HO
"Qa< K~"

k
PH[ <, H~<_


H_
, =#= fi== Tiu` , `_~fi fiH
^u

[fiH
, K `iO~fi fiOk ", [Q =O_~ fi==
K~ =. ''Jq \*" =~xH KO^`Ok. H K~ = J^# fiOk=Q H rq.
K~ O ^fi~ fiH
[~QO> Jk `_Q , ~H<
# Hey =O_e, fi=~H =
"Qa<.
PH[ <# H}* = JO^*
_O `__ #k "Qa<. s~, ~OQ rq "#=,
H # @ O> *i=@ H~}= K~ g^ =O_ +
O~, H `~ KQ h\H ^@
H~}= K~xfl `=Q LOKH=_xH. H , "#= K~ O `_Q =OK@ `__ Q O ^
+
Q O ^ , P
O [~OQ rq kOH ~HO ~OQ `. P~fi =~ _e Q
u
~ O_
D Tiu` _ Tiuu, Z_=^xHO> HOKO
^k
Q =O@Ok. =#=x Tiu`
`" OY 3. =#=x Z_= Tiu` `" OY 2 P=[<` ~Hxfl QO_ #O_,
Tiu` f=Kk ^=
x, Tiu` #O_ P=[x ` ~Hxfl $^
xH fHx
k ~. 5 O=`~ =
xqxH fiH
~ @ 26 ~. 25 O=`~ ~+
xqxH fiH
~ @ 15 ~. 50 O=`~ ~+ xqxH fiH
~ @ 18 ~.
LKfiH
T~ ~ i=}O
~Q`Ok. xKfi H
S~ ~ i=}O `Q` Ok.
Tiu` | fiH [i [O`= fiOk, kOH "<
fiOk. fi~
\H#
''|
\H Jx _ JO\~. =#= L^q
H Q
x
=O@Ok.

H >=H fiH^
e H
=
Y` =~. ''`~ Tiu` K@ =O_, ^xfl ~H
O k.
"#=
"Qa< ~HO x =O@Ok. =#=_ "<O 2 fi<Q q[ #
KO^`Ok.
q^ x=OK [O`=# ''
K~r
= JO\~. <g^ h\xH _ x=OK
r=# ''Lr= JO\~. fiH H, QH* PHH~} #O_ q_^ J=`Ok.
H~}[#OQH xfi K|_ H ~HOu #O_ aOk. PHH~}, H~}O

39

"\HO_ [~Q`Ok. HOu H~}= i`~}= [~Q`Ok. fiH Jxfl

r=~# [~Q#. P~O `
~K |_ r~H
H~}
[# OQH
. H~<
" #O
[~Q H
, H~}
[# OQH
. r=H
q_^#
H U\ =O_ H Z= LO_ |O^
xfi K |_`Ok. $^ =~}O, $^ =# O|OkOz#k. <Q Q^ $^=Q r=
, H~ ^
, JO~O Q q[ # KOk# [~i H r= i$. =#= ~fi= P~`
"_ #O_ ~Hxfl Q O k. =#= ~fi~ =~ _H~ H H `~ KO\~. $^
xH
P=[x ` ~Hxfl `Kq ~ . $^ ^=
xH J_O U~_` QO_@ Oq
O k.
=#= JQ`
H=@= =O_ #= _Hi H , _ [~i H. Z_= HiH , Z_= [~i H =^ Q
H"@= q@ H"@=. L=
^=x |^~ #= _ [~i H, V$^ O #O_ P=[x
~ ` ~H=
K~ J=== Tiuu. ^
H=^q# ~OO J Qk Z_= [~i H a..x
HeK iH~=
''Qfl=<q@~ Z_= [~i H =^=x ~OO J K@ =O_ H"\
OY 3 _ [~i H ^=
x |^~ K@ =O_ H"\ J~K
O ^
H"\. =#=x
_Hi H K~ k P=[x ~ ` ~H=
. ~ Tiu` J==O#O_, ~Hxfl
HiO k.
^
H =^=x fHk P=[x ` ~H=
. a.. J#Q [~i H _e H. =#= =#
~H
_
#
= 120/80. $^ PH~O u
[ PH~=.
$^
xH ~Hxfl fHKk ~ , $^ O #O_ ~HO # f~ <= ^=
#=.
=#= i=OH, K` #O_ ~Hxfl
HiO k. ~ =O_k P=[x ` ~H=
.
$^ O _Hi H =O_ ~H=
, P=[x q` ~H=
, P=[x ~ ` ~H=
, q=
~H=
. $^ O
Q^ OHzOK ^# '' JO\~. $^O Q^ _ Wx ''_ JO\~.
PH[ <# "Qa< JuH=
O`OQ "O k. $^ O^# XH OHK=, XH _e H =O\~.
~H
_
#
O
^"
iHO> 1,2 O=`~ =
=Q Z=Q =O@Ok. XH =H H
$^ O H i=}= P =H _H e JO` =O@Ok. `, "_ #O_ K_ ~Hxfl `Kk
~fi
=~. kQ= Q #O_ =e# ~Hxfl `Kq J^=~. Tiu` #O_ =Oz ~HO `Kq
~ , $^ _O #O_ =e# ~HO `Kq $^ ~ , s~ Q =Oz ~HO ~
~
K
k ^
H =^=x ~HO =O_ "`O =} `= 0.85 #O_ 0.9 ~H<
Q_H @
O_
Kk ''Wi< ~H i<Q H} Z~~H H}. "<\ ZOQ# \, Q#\ H}=
W '' PH~O =O_ H OkH= Q ~HH }
= '' H~H }
xflO\ Ju z#flk eO
\
.
~O_ `"Q HO^ ~HH}= W~fl. J<H HO^ `"Q ~HH}= #\. Z~_ "k
#tOKk ~HH }
= eO
\
. =`
O _O PH~O =#fl H O^H =
~HH }
= "<\
, Ju
^
`~ H H }
"<
\
, ~H=
Q_H \
#
`~fi` aOK ^
=
= ~=
.
`Oa< ` Q_H@_O LQ_`Ok. s~O H H ~HH@ #\.
H O^H O x ~HH }
= Zi` \
. Z~~ H H }
rqOK H= 12 #O_ 13 ~A, ~HO x
^
=
Q=
40

~. ~HO ^
q
=
~} _<
xfl H__O ` =OKq Ja<
e< Z~~ H H }
=~H
~
Zi` \
Z~~ H H }
rq` HO =~Q 120 ~A. Z~~ H H }
#"\H Jx, =|_#k
O. s~O ~HO ^=~O =O_ H}*O. ~HO H} ``O> ^"xfl '' JO\~.
~HO =`$H. HkQ P=H}
O Hey =O@Ok. ~HO "`O i=}O 60%
L@Ok. O_O Z~~ H H }
H O
O U~_` ~. eH@
#
''Z~~ H H }
JO\~.
`~ H H }
12 #O_ 13 ~A r=OQ =O\~. `~ H H <
s~O
"
t
OK H =
#
H|oOz "~. JO^K` g\x ''H H H}= Jx _ JO\~.''Zi`

J#Q Z~~ H H }

L`u. W< Zs
u
K~ # P`~. < '' PH~ H O^xfl Hey =O\~. ''~<
_ O H~ _
^
=}=, "<_
Ju^ H}. ''=\l J#Q ~H J^ #O, i<
~H x J#Q ~HO H~ #
^~=
. "Qa< J#Q \< =i S~<. ~O ~HO Q_H @
Q
qye# ^
=
O, eH J#Q Q"#
_ ~Hxfl Q_H \
O K@, ~H=
~# Hx
\#
"_ ''H~
O_#
~ XH =H ~Hxfl, =~H =HH ''~ ^fi~ ZH~ . ~HQ K~H xH H~}"#
K~
u
[#=
=i
u
~HH =
. ~HO
[ #H =O_ #= Zi` @
. ~HO
u
~HH LO> #=

u
~HH =
''a Q =H ~HO =~=
''Z
u
~HH Z.a. ~ O_x ~H=
~=
Z.a.
u
[#H
Z.a. ~ O_x ~H=
~=
''0
u
~HH =
''Z Q ~H=
~=
a.
u
[#= Z,a ~ O_ =O_ ~H=
~=

Z.a. u~HH= Z.a. ~O_ =O_ ~H=~= ''0 Z,a ~H=~=Q = ''qfiQ` JO\~.
qfi^` Jx ''0 ~H=
~O Hey =#fl = Jx JO\~. ~H=
~# 1900 O=`~ O ''O_
#
~ J< "
` H#Q<fl_ . ~HH }
QOQ U~__
O = QKH~ }
O [~Q `Ok. XH =~xH
KOk# #=#O QKH~ }
O [~Q^ . ~H^
#O ~Hxfl Q
OK ~yx ''Q
` JO\~. ~H^
#O
~Hxfl WK =Hx
''^` JO\~ XH=H ~HO =~HiH ZHOK_xfl ''~H
"
=
JO\~. =#=x
4 ~H=
~ L<fl~.
u
~HH ~HO x =O\~. ~HQ ` =~O ~HO ^` =~O ` i"e.
16 #O_ 60 O=`~ =
= P~QOQ =#fl"~ ~H^
#O K =K. ^`#O_ Q
Oz#
~Hxfl ~H
H~}
H O^ xfi K~ . "^
~H
_
#
=# ''Qfl=<q@~ J< iH~O ` H~ .
J`=~ iu
~H =~O `e#_ ~H Q ` ''0 ~H=
~xfl W=fi=K. H~}
[# OQH

q_^Q #
k PH[ <, PKx "H H~}
[# OQH
# i~HO K == "H#
2,3 QO@ ~HOu =Oz# `~fi` J_<#
O_^
~xfl i~HO K_xH L
y~ .
"H "=i_ [~Q = ` ~ O ^
=
. H~}
[# OQH
xfi K |_ H,
~HOu #O_ a O k. "H PK ~OQ =O\~. ZO^HO> Jq PK HOux
~=~#
O K~. ` ~ O ^
=
# W~"
=O_ H}= ~HH H }
=. H~<_


H_
i=}O
0.03% H~}
[# OQH
Ju =Y"#
r=H
. [O`= [~ x
k H~}
[# OQH
.
xOu K~ U~_ PO` ^~=
C6 H12 O6 "efi<, H efi< H~< #
i^#
K, <
|=u O^_. q^` JO` qH~}
= HO\H JQ_ HOuH<fl ''W<~ `~O Q H~}

Z= `~OQ ^~O H^. H L`uJ r=H fiH, H~_\ Hx q_^K H.
41

fiH
~ #
LQ ` =HO [~Q`Ok. Qi+ fiH
~ @ [iQ LQ ` 30 _w #O_ 40
_w
O\Q _ PHH ~ }
O KO^_xH H}fiH
H~
_
_
QH * =O_e. K~ OfiH

''=O_~ [~Q`Ok. Jq fiH
q^#= q~}
=. ADBQ Z= HQ \
xH [iQ H
# ''i+<
JO\~. Q H l z=~ U~_ ^~O ''~ qH
Ki, ATP Q U~__
P== ~HO x "Qa< K~"

k PH[ <, H~<
_
_
H_
, Li Q rq PK

.
HO~a
Og^ =` xK
x~}= HO_<H. ~+ fi== H^e H
=
Y`
=OKk L^~q
^#=. J_ [xOK t= 1 xq+O [iQ fiH
~ @ 32 ~, QH *
= ~H e H.

~ qH P==Q U~_#
_ O^ xH~ =
2 J}= ATP H O^H O x ~HH H }
U~_ "k aOK ~HH }
eO
\
. Z~~ H H }
H} x rq "#=. 13 Q^
$^ OQ [O`= kOH. +~
O # ~"} ==H KO^`Ok. kOH ~Hxfl $^ OxH
O|_k HH ~ HO_~, "#= s~ ~ ^
=
= +~O ^
^fi~ |@ =O k.
JO~O Q q[ #KOk# [~i H Q r= i$ Z_=HiH , Z_=[~i H =^ H"@=
q@H" @O. B.P x HeK^#
O Qfl=<q@~. =#= ^~} ~H
_
#
= 12/80 =O@Ok.
$^ ^=
# J_O U~_` QO_@ Oq
O k. ~HO =O_ "`O =} `O
0.85 #O_ 0.89 ~H=
Q_H \
#
`~fi` aOK ^
=
= , Z~~ H H }
fi#"\H Jx =|_k
O. ~H H} ~HO Q_H@O_ H_k i<. Q# \ L^~} "<\
`~HH}xflO\ Ju z#flk eO\. ''H~<O_ #~ Hx\#k ''~H=~. H}[#
OQH
i^#
Q# "efi<, H efi< < |=u =zOk. Q # J#Q ` ~_
`fiK= ^O`~. ATP x qiOKQ Z_<< >\. ~HOx "Qa< PH[<#
=~=
O`OQ "`Ok. \
H P== U~__
xH ''Z> H ZO*" A <Q H~#
i=}OQ
'' ZHH P == ^~=
K~ `Ok. he~OQ ~HO Q rq #` ^ `. UHH}
r=
^~ ~"} q~}
^u
^fi~ [~Q`Ok. ~HO s~O XH ^
=
~ H}*O. UH=
~H

~ }
== K Hx O k. "#=
"Qa< ~HO ^
=
O =O@Ok. ~"}
== OK
^#
= $^ =, =^=
x _[~i H #O_ |^~ `Ok. $^
^=
# J_O U~_` QO_@ =O k.

42

CHAPTER - VI

r=q^< - 2
r=#q^< H~}[# OQH fiO+H r= P~=, "@O`@ J"
`
~K O\~. H~
_
\
=O_ Hx
q_^ K
H

~ fiH
. =Y"#
r=H

H~}
[# OQH
, q^` JO` qH~}
=, W<~ _ H~}
HO\H JQ_ HOuH<fl
Z= `~O Q^~ =O\~. H~}
[# OQH
PH[ < q_^ J=`Ok. J_< O_^
~O
H#Q#_xH L
y~ . PKx
"H H~}
[# OQH
# iHO K =O "
2,3 QO@ ~~t =Oz# `~fi`, H~}
[# OQH
i`~ }= QO [~Q`Ok.
"efi<, Hefi< H~<
#
i^#
K < |=u O^~. "H ==i_ [iQ
= ` ~ O ^
, "H PK ~OQ =O\~. ZO^HO> Jq PKHOux ~=~#

K~. "H `= P~xfl L`u K H< r=H

H~}
[# OQH
. ~ PH~x
H ^~=

_
[<, H~<
_
H_
, <\
[<` =O@Ok. =#= =#Q_ ^ = K _xH "`=~}O
JOkOK r=H
# H~}
[# OQH
JO\~. "H H~}
[# OQH
[~
^
#
Q= PK~ O Q, k
== ~ H~}
[# OQH
`__ H~H=
H~<


H_
,
HOu, H~}
[# OQ H
`__ JO`~ H~H=
i`~ }= h~, HOu ~ }=# \<
JO\~.
Qe H~<
_


H_
0.03% ` ~ O ^
JkHO Q=O_ K@ P J_Q Q=. "=
+} ~ @ P H O kQO =O_ ` ~ O ^
OYg^ P^~_
=O@Ok. PHH ~ }
K~ , PHH ~ }

i=}= K~|_`~. H
H~}
K~ PHH ~ }
i=}= `yOK|_`~. xOu
K~ `k L`u QH*. `~O^=# W~" =O_ H}= ~HH H}= xOu K~
H
H~}
= KO^#k H~<
_
H_
, xOu K~ H~<
_
H_
Q
Oz# `~fi` U~_
HOu=O`OQ =O_@ `__ "= PH[ <. "H H~}
[#

^
=
^~=
PGA ==
OQH
# PK~O Q QO [~O\~, H~}
[# OQH
"H Q
OK
"= H~<
_
H_
, xO` K~ H~<
_

H_
#
Q
OK ^~=
i| 1,2,5 _

\. H~}
[#OQH
H=#k H~<
_


H_
HOu, h~, i`~ }=, xOu K~
H~<
_

H_
Q
OK_xH ` xiQ H=# ATP. NADTH H~}
[# OQH
HOu
J=~O JQK



QO "_ iH~=
\
w < xOuK~ U~_ PO`^~=
QH *.
xfi =OK`Ok. P
` O `~ H}= i`~ }= =O_K@, ATP x i=}= JkH H x
O_^~= `~ J~#k. xk `H=_xH K sH J_< iH, H~}[#
OQH
i`OQ "H [~Q`Ok. <y[ iH P== i 1,2,5 _

H~<_


H_

H^eH =# U~_# ``u J< r=#H *ux fi`OQ =OK_xH _`Ok.
P"<
P== \# `
~ H=# =Y"#
=_^
~=
. QH * `
~ J=fi_xH
43

H~}
[# OQH
h~, H~<
_ H_
HOu` @ `
i`=, i`~ }= _
J=~O . H~}
[# OQH
# r=#q^#O,
^
#"#
kQ
~#_xH H~}O Jk =
r= J=~"
#
P~xfl JOkO k. H#H HO\H H#OK HOu `~O Q^~ O 400 #O_ 900
<<q@~ HOu H~}
=O_ Hx
''HfiO@OH JO\~. @< =O_ H XH ==
#
HOux Q
Oz#_ P ==
=i_ J=`Ok. PK HOW, ` ~
` =~^
=
=K ~=~#
O
h\ =xy =O_ "H H~<
_

H_
, H~<
\
, H~<\
~=` q~}
KO^`Ok.
O_^
~=
=#fl@ `e
i~H L
yOK i~HH =

~ J_<. P
Q# =O_
H}
~
K~ O. "= =i_x
, h\Pqi# P #O_ xOuOKq ` ~ O ^
=
,
H~}
[# OQH
~ @ ` ~ O ^
Q O|O^=
"= +}
~ @ ` ~ O ^
OYg^
P^~_
=O@Ok.
^H_^O`~# (Q<) JO\~. `~`= J< =~^==# HQ=O_@ =#
i`~}= PKQ =O\~. ~Hx QOz ^xx K~HO^= O@
H~}
OQH
J#O ^ =~^
=
= L
Q_
` ~. ZHxH Q ` XH L^~} NAD
=i ATP H~}
[#
QH
i^#
Q# "efi<, Hefi < |=#O =zOk.
H~}
[# OQH
"@"
^\ iQ ~ O Q U~_#
L`u ^~=

~ PH<
~ ^~O ,
OH+
^~=
Q JQ@ H J=~=
. ~
^
~ =O_ ~=
}= =^ J~# |O^
U~__
xH H J=~=
, H~}
[# OQH
H~<_
H_
=i h~ #O_ QH *
`
~ J=`Ok. H~}
[# OQH
= H ~~t ^fi~ a O k, P PK
~OQ ''H~ J< =~^
=
O =# HQ`Ok. ` K~ O ''=\ J< =|_ ` ~ O ^

=O\~. i`~ }= KH |
OQ =O@Ok. i`~ }=x =~~ ` Qxfl ''P=iH JO\~. P=iH
^ H~_ ^O`~ # ''Q< ^ ''~e H ~t JO\~. H~}
[# OQH
"=_ PH[ <
h\ J}= qz#fl` =# L`u J=`Ok. H~}
[# OQH
"`~ =`"
[iQ K~ #
''HO`K~ JO\~.
ZHxH QOK ^~# ''ZHxH Q` JO\~. H~< _H_ # [iQ
K~ =xfl ''Pefi< == JO\~. H~}
[# OQH
L`u J# O_^
~=

h~ H^. ~HH H }
= =`
O _O PH~O =O\~. P ~ O_ K~ O =^ =O_ H}*#
''`O ` H}* JO\~. `O ` H}*O =~Q , x=Q J=~|_# H}*# ''O |H}*=
JO\~. `O ` H}*O XH H =
^u
O_
^ `O ` ` _# Ol H}*O JO\~.
`
=^ ''D<W`~ D<

~ }
H}*O xiOK|_ LOk. "ATP" x qi OKQ ''Z_<<
>\ HOu ~# K~ =~H~ ''\HqH K~ H~ PK ~OQ =O@Ok.
J_< "# `~fi` he~OQQ =i` Jk O_^~=# LxHx `e*Ok. H~}[#
OQH
PH[ < L`u J=`O^x
_
"H ^fi~ x~OK=K. `~O Q^~ Z=
44

J=`#fl _ HfiO@O H H =
OQ `Q` Ok. HOu H H XH L~
=, HOuH~}
x
~}=# ''\< JO\~. `i`= HOu U `~OQ^~= Z= QO^, P
`~O Q^~ = HOu H~}
[# OQH
Z= Hx
JO^*
O k. H~}
[# OQH

HOu XH =Y H~H=
x ''\
H <



QO ^fi~ x~OK=K.
K~ O "= =iXH ` ~ O ^
=O\~. i`~ }= =~k
= J}=
^ H~_ `fiKO
K~ H O^=
Q xiOK|_ =O\~. HOu H#_ ` ~ ` J}= PHH ~ }
O
KOk, h\ J}= #O_ uiy ZH<#
O^`Ok. HOuK L`[ "#
`
i`O J}= h\ J}=
qK^
#
O K O k. PGA + y[~_
_ u

_Q =i, P`~fi` QH *Q =~ KO^`Ok. Jk
J}= GTP # L
yOz "R" J}= ~ | 1,5 _
\ J}= $+O K|_`~. Q <
J#Q ^ H~_ `fiKO ^O`~ , H~}
[# OQH
|_ xfi K |_ H, ~HOu #O_
aOk. ATP x qi OKQ ''Z_<< >
\
Jx J~=
. NADP J#Q ''Z_<< _
\
Jx
J~=
. NADP J#Q xH\#"_
''Z_x< _x
H ~ _
_
PGA J#Q y[ iH P==
KOH J#Q ''\+ O
_
H_

"H fiH : fiH [~Q`#fl_ ZO*= `~=`~. J"fiH

^~}OQ U~_ `k L`u D^ J, PH_
\
"
_ i+<
U~_k
"
` fiH

U~_k
ATP QH *
~
qH P==Q U~_
_ O^ xH~ =
2 ATP J}=, Qi+ fiH

~ @ [iQ LQ ` 30 _w
O\Q _ #O_ 45 _w
O\Q _ fiH
^ #K~ J<H ^
"_q
, L`u J=`Ok.
"
fiH
=`"
[iQk "H` q`<
. PHH ~ }
KO^_xH H}fiH

P~ ^~ QH * =O_e. H}fiH
[iQ = "\
HO_

, fiH
~ #
LQ `
=HO [~Q`Ok. [O`= [~ x
k H~}
[# OQH
. H L`uJ
r=H
fiH
.
Q H l `k^ U~_ P==
~
qH P==. ATP
\ J}= OY 3 ^ #K~ ,
fiH
D ~ O_O\x H=#k PH[ <. r= qq^ K~ H~H [iO^ J=~"


# P~ ^~=
~"} `__ #k ~H=
. UHH}

Hx
JOkOKk. ATP [O`= r~=
r= xk
` H r~=
=. "\
HO_


^
#qk H L`^#
^=^O K~. H}O H
L`^H H O^H =
"\
HO_

. "\
HO_

# ijeOK@ L
yOK iH~=

ZHxH H ^ix. fiH
~ @# xOuOK H~H=
LQ ` , PH[ < #fl `@# =
=~ "= H~<_


H_
fiH
KO^ ^~xfl fiH
P^~= JO\~. H}fi#O =
L`u J ^~ W^< HH P==, "\
HO_

=O_ e =_` # H
JO\~.
"\
HO_

=O_ e qQO
~ =uH, PH[ < O_ H r= [i fiH
#
''P"fiH
JO\~. fiH
"^\^

~ Q H fiH
[~_
xH J#
u LO_ H~__ ~~O ~ QH*.
45

 j` O =OK#_ fiH
~ @ `Q ` Ok. XH Qk # 30 _w

O\Q _ #O_ 40 _w
O\Q _ =^ =Oz#_ Jq `O^~Q HfixH =~. \
H P==
[iQ =~ K~# J^#O K A_ ''~ O_ H \H P== U~__xH Z>
^~Q PH ZH\
H P== ^~=
` K~ `Ok. "

`
ZO*"
A <Q H~ #
fiH U~_ L`` H~< _ H_ h~. ATP Z= H z=i
\ |O^"
#
H~ #

J}= xfi K |_`Ok. "H "`=~}Ox ~H x

Q
Oz, ^xx ~# HQ
=~~. PH[ < #_ , D H}
~
qH P=xfl D^ < PQ =~~. H


=O\ Hi= ~qH P=xfl HH P=OQ =~~. ~Q `~K_O
''H
e =O\ Hi = L
yOK|_`~. s~O L`u J~# H ATP J< yHO
\ , Z_<
J}= K~|_ =O\~. ADP H~}H \`
xfi K |_`Ok. ATP
He, ATP Q =~`Ok. ATP H H=
O`" #

\ H^e H# i+<
JO\~. PH[ < =HO
[~Q i+< K~# ''PH_\" i+< JO\~. QH* =O\ J}= PHH~} ^fi~ H
q_^ J=`Ok. QHl J< ^u ^fi~ QH*~qH P==Q =~|_`Ok. =#O
L
yOK OK^~, QH * =i H J< 2 ~H KH ~` `
~ J=`Ok. H =fi
^~ OH+
J}= H =fi P==` `
~ J=`~. "H `
~ QH * qq^
H}# +H H}*O^fi~ K |_`Ok. Q H l "^\ K~ QH *
\ J}=#
K~_O = Jk L`l
`= J=`Ok. XH ATP #O_ 7,200 Hs H a O k. K ~H=

Hi = PH[ < aOK#_ HH P== L`u K~. Qi+ fiH
~ @ [iQ LQ `
30 _w
O\Q _ #O_ 45 _w
O\Q _, HO_~
~
qH P==, HH P==Q =~`Ok.
PH[ < #_ , D H}
~
qH P==xfl D ^<
Q =~~. P L`uH "H`
iH Q^=yO[# L
y~ . ADP Z_<< _
\, "O \HO_

H}H L`kH
H O^. "\
HO_

# ZHxH "H ^fi~ =`"
K_Q=. fiH
# J=~O
J ZO*"
"\
HO_

u `fiK= =uH ^q
H ~ }= =O\~. ''H J#Q KH ~.

<
J#Q qz#fl=, Q H l ^ 6 H =O 10 K~ [~Q`~, Z> ZO*"
A
x H~#
i=}= OY 2 PHH P== H~<
i=}= OY 4 ZTP J#Q ''_<
<
>

\ fiH
"_q
q_^ J=`Ok. Q H l z=~ U~_ ^~=

~
qH P==.
H~
_
_
=O_ Hx
q_^ K
H
fiH
. PHH ~ }
, H~ }
= fiH
[~Q`Ok.
QH * PHH ~ }
"^\^
#
''QH l JO\~. H~}
[# OQH
`
~ #
qq^ ~H
H~
_
_
# xfi =O_ Hx
q_^ K _O fiH
XH
=
Y` =Ok.

[O`= fiOk : UHH} r= PH[ <# h~ #O_ fO\~. K~ r= Qe

#O_ PH[ <# fO\~. kOH fiOk "<, Jq fiH
q^#=
q~}
=. K~ fiH
''=O_~ [~Q`Ok. `O_ K~xH Q fiH
` ^ .

46

"#= s~ ~ ^
=
=
+~ O ^
^fi~ |@ =O k. L
K~ rq H . "<
Q rq `HHzH. kOH "< == fi~O ^
^fi~ |@ `~ KO@Ok.
LiH rq PK

. "Q# Tiu` =O\~. kOH fi~O ^
OY 10, [`.
HO~a
Og^ =` xK
x~}O HO_<H, fi~
\H "<= 1 Q=. =#=
"<xH ^fi~ =$^ LOQ~ PH~=, C PH~O J_ [xOz# t= xqxH
fiH
32 ~ [~Q`Ok. ~+ fi == H^e H
=
Y ` =OKk L^~ q^#=.
" h\ fiH
` =~. ~HO "Qa< K~"
k PH[ <, H~<
_


H_
. =#=
fi == Tiu` `_~fi fiH
^u
[fiH
, K `_~fi
fiOk ", [Q =O_~ fiJ=== K~ =. Jq \*" =~xH
KO^`Ok. K~ = J^# fiOk=Q Q rq H , K~ O ^fi~ fiH
[~QO> Jk
`_Q ~H<
# Hey =O_e, fi=~H =
"Qa<.
PH. <# H}* JO^K
_xH `__ #k "Q_<
. s~ ~OQ rq "#=.
H # @ O> *i=@ H~}= K~ g^ =O_ +
O ~. H `~ KQ h\H ^@
H~}= K~xfl `=Q =OK_=. H , "#= K~ = `_Q =O_@ `__ Q O ^
+
Q O ^ , J
O K~O Q rq kOH. kOH ~H=
~OQ `. P~ fi=~ H_e
Q u. 2 Tiu` _ Tiuu `" OY 3. =#=x Z_= Tiu` `" OY
2. P=[x ~ ` ~Hxfl QO_ #O_ P=[x ` ~Hxfl $^
xH fHx k ~ . 5
O=`~ =
xqxH fiH
~ @ 26 ~. 25 O=`~ ~+ xqxH fiH

~ @ 15 ~. 50 O=`~ ~+x xqxH fiH
~@ 18 ~. LKfiH
L~ ~
i=}=
~Q`Ok. xKfiH
L~ ~ i=}= `Q ` Ok. Tiu` [O`=
fiH
[i fiOk kOH "< fiOk. Jq fiH

q~}
^u
[~Q`Ok. "#= fiH
K~ O ^fi~ [~Q#.
+~ O ^
"#=
K~ Og^ =O\~.
kOH fi~O ^
"< == O|OkOz# fiH
Tiu` ^fi~
[~Q`Ok. "Q#= Tiu` x~} =i H

`H i=}, =#= <tH
~ 1 q[HO ^fi~ "~ K |_~. =#= LrqH Q x =Ok. ''fi~
\H#
|
\H
Jx _ JO\~. =#=x fi~
\H "<=xH `~ KO@Ok. =#= QeQ\xfl
fi H^e H
=
Y` =~. ''`~ Tiu` K@ =O_, ^xfl ~H
O k.
=#= fiH
, Qe ~= `=Q J=`Ok. LKfi= Qe Tiu` H
K~ `Ok. =#= C PH~O =O_ =$^ "<O Q_ =<fl~. =#=x JOyo
~xfl, <H ~xfl "~ K~. =#= HO_<H HO~a
O
=` =O@Ok.
H < ~OH `~KO\~. K JO`~ [fi ~O^ QOxH
47

`~ KO\~. y +HH =
JO> "_Q , _Q "q
< =O_ H , i K, JO^
x=OK@, H j`H H=
K~ O ^fi~ fiH
[~Q`Ok. H , K~ O ZO_` Jk
K~ O ^fi~ fiH
[~ ^
. "#= < `#
i= x= O k. "#=
"Qa< ~HO ^
=
O =Ok. =#= "<= 2 fi <Q q[ # KO^`Ok.

q^ x=OK [O`=# ''

K~ r= JO\~. h\ x=OK [O`=# ''[K~ r=
JO\~. [K~r= h\ Hiy=#fl PH[<# Q~. Qe H h~ fiOk=xH
fH|_@# xKfi= ^ Ti@ JO\~. Qe H h~ fiOk #O_ |\H
O"

@ xKfi= ^ Ti=^@ JO\~. fiOk ~H=
=^ [iQ "=
=i_x
''fiH
JO\~. ~H=
H}* =^ [iQ "= =i_x
JO`~ fiH

JO\~. K~ O ^fi~ [iQ fiH
# ''K~ fiH
JO\~. H f< "`O PH[ < i=}O
3= =O` K~ O ^fi~ fO@Ok. xfl
q
Oz J<H Q O ^ H K~ O =<fl~. [
fi ~O^
=
^fi~ "H |@ h\ `~ KO\~. h\x P=~OH fH=_xH
K Z _ <\x `~ =O@Ok. ZOH K [fi ~O^
|@ s~Og^
Hx~. =#= 2 <tH ~O^
<tH ~OxH `~ KO\~. ~O #O_ P~=
fii\HxH O_ HO_<H J_ O@Ok. Qe Q
O #O_ fi~
\H xH
"
t
O k. Q
O
#O_ P~O P~ "HxH
"
t
O k. Tiu` x "Q# _= ~HH <oH
=O\~. \*" q~}
^u
^fi~ PH[ <# Q
Oz, H~<_


H_
#
|@ O~.
fiH
x~O`~O [iH
. H@H J
O [~O s~= " =O@Ok. H@H J=x
J
O [~O xK O k. kOH fi~O ^
O Z\
"xH `~ KO@Ok. K fiH

[~ J=== ", K "H+"
# P=iOK +
+
~ O =O@Ok. [O`=#
Qe, Tiu` # K~ =O^ ^xH h\ Pqix K~ ~. Tiu` Q H}
O H^. P
K L^~} \e LiH rq P K . s~O XHK@ L`u J~ "~HK@ f|_
~<, +~
O ~"} == KO^`Ok. Z~~ H H }
x rq "#=.
fiK
` ~H`


~ }

== L^~} `HHzH. "#=x ~Hxfl

HiOKk =$+ ~H<
=. "#= ~Hxfl
~
~ K
k L^~ ~HH }
O. 3 Q^ $^ O Q [O`= H . JO~O Q q[ # KOk# [~i H
Q [O`= `O_. x~+~ O x [O`= =#=_.
fiK
` ~H

~ }
O =O_ QO_, ~HH @~
13 Q^ $^ O Q [O`= kOH. kfi
~ }
, ~H

~ }
==Q rq Hu. iQ q[ #
KOk# [~i H Q rq =~=. "^_ q<+Q Q O k q+ Q O k. =`
O _Og^ =O_
q<Q O k Jk=$HQOk.
\*"H L^~} Jg. #` ~HO ~OQ h=. =#=x $^ O Q^ OY 4
kOH qiH J== =el
< <H. =#= s~O P=[x ~ ` ~H=
, P=[x
KO^ K@ Tiu` . K $^ Ox Q^ OY 2. K P=[x ~ ` ~H=
P=[xH~}
O

48

KO^K@ ", H [~i Hx ~H=

q=
~H=
. JO~O Q q[ # KOk# 4 Q^ QO_
Hk =. H}= r=OQ =O__xH P~ ^~=
` @
~Q_
xH h~ J=~=
. ~"}
== ~Hxfl QO_ O K
^#
=. "#= L^~ ~H<
= qq^ s~ Q ~Hxfl
JO^*
O k. K =O_ 2 Q^ $^ O L
r= =O_ 3 Q^ $^ OQ i=}O
KOkOk. H $^ O H
H # =O_ Q^ # ''HiH JO\~. H $^ O HiH "#H
[~i H =O@Ok. iix =~ H~H = U~_ `Ok. =#= =^=x P=[x `
~Hxfl s~O Jxfl Q. ~~ KOk. Tiu` ~Hxfl ~~ Kk $^xfl
''$^O JO\~. H $^O [~iH =O^Q =O_ 2 Q^# ''HiH JO\~.
K $^ = ~Hxfl " OQ, H~ ^
, , i$ $^ O ~Hxfl qq^ s~
Q O`Ok. r=^~O =~ 80% <~O =O@Ok. P~= PHH ~ }
xH PH[ < J=~=
.
Q= ~H=
`~OQ =O@Ok. ` ~HO hO ~OQ =O@Ok. "#=

<=O. "QH ~HO =O_ PH[ <# " \< "Qa<. "#= 8
[` $^
~Q# =<fl~. , H~ ^
Q $^ O Q^ OY 4. K ~H=

$^ O ^fi~ XH~ x K O k. K UH= ~H

~ }
== =O@Ok. H , W`~
L#fl` ~ r= ~H=
$^ O ^fi~ 2 ~


} O k. JO~O Q q[ # KOk# [~i H
Q r= i$, =#= ~fi=~ `, "_ #O_ ~Hxfl QOk. =#=
~fi=~ _HiHH `~KO\~. $^xH P=[x ` ~Hxfl `Kq ~.
$^ ^=xH J_O U~_` QO_@ Oq
O k. =#= JQ`
H"@O =O_#O
_Hi H , _ [~i H, Z_= HiH , Z_= [~i H =^ Q H"@= q@ H"@=. LO ^O
|^~ #= _ [~i H. $^ O #O_ P=[x ~ ` ~H=
K~ J==O Tiuu,
^
H =^=x ~O=
Qk Z_= [~i H. Z_= [~i H =^=x ~O=
K@
=O_ H"\ J~K
` ~
H"\. =#=x _Hi H K~ k P=[x ~ ` ~H=
. ~
Tiuu J=" #O_ ~Hxfl
HiO k.
^
H =^=
x fHk P=[x ` ~H=
. =#= ^~} ~H _#
= 120/
80 =O@Ok. $^ O PH~= u
*H~=. $^ O =# HxOK `#
Q_ 1 J_O Q#,
2=k x=Q# =O\~. $^xH ~Hxfl u=Kk ~, $^O #O_ ~HO#
fk <= ^=
#, ~ =#=x ~=
~, H, K` #O_ ~Hxfl
HiO k.
~ =O_k P=[x ` ~H=
, P=[x ~ ` ~H=
q=
~H=
$^ Z_=HiH
LO_ ~H=
P=[x ` ~H=
. Tiu` P=[x ~ ` ~Hxfl f" ~H<
= ^=
x
P=[x ~ ` ~Hxfl Tiu` OK
k _[~i H $^ O Jxfl"

H >=H Q_
=# "#H "
# "<fl=H =# ~HO |_`Ok. =#= =~ $^ OH `~ KO\~.
=^=x
QO #O_ ~Hxfl $^
xH f=O k. _ HiH x s~O Jxfl Q
49

#O_ Tiu` #O_ ` P=[x ~ ` ~H=

K~ `Ok. =#=s~O =^=x Ju
^
^=
x Z_= [~i HH P=[x q` ~H=
Z_= HiH #O_ =O k. =^=
x _
[~i H #O_ ^
HO =^=x |^~ `Ok, Z_= [~i H ` Tiu` s~O Jxfl
Q= ~Hxfl O K O k. $^ ^=# J_O U~_` $^ HO_~ P=[x
q` ~H=
JO^^ . ~H
_
#
=
^"
i HO> 1,2 O=`~ =
Z=Q =O@Ok.
$^ Ox 4 Q^ XH^x #O_ "~H\ q[H= ^fi~ "~ K |_~. $^ Ox
H"\# "\ #O =OK_xH `__ |O^#
H"K`O`# ''fl~~A=
JO\~. ^~}
i~=
$^ = xqxH 70 #Oz 80 ~ OHK _e H [~L`~. $^ Ox
H"\ ~Hxfl UH=~O <

i O* ~. PQk
fi[ H"\xfl Z_= HiH #O_, Z_= [~i HxH
xO k. H"\ ~Hxfl _Hi H #O_, =^=xxH x~.

~HO ^xx JOO

~H=~ : ~HO x "`O =} `= 0.85 #O_ 0.9% ~H< O ~HO Q_ O_ K k
''i< ~HO ~i<Q H} Z~~HH}, "<\, ZQ#\. Q#Q \ W<.
'' PH~O =O_ H O^H =
Q ~HH }
= '' ~HH }
xflO\ Ju z#flk eO
\
. 2 `" `
H O^H O Q ~HH }
= W< , J<H `" ` Q ~HH }
= #\ . Z~_ "k #tOK ~HH }

eO
\
. Ju
^ ` ~HH }
"<\
~HO Q_ H\#
`~fi` aOKk =}=, ~=
, `O a<
` ~HO Q_H@_O =_`Ok. s~O H H ~HH @ #\ HOkHO x
~HH }
O Z~` \
`~ H H }
rqOz =O_ H= 12 #O_ 13 ~A ~HO x ^
=
Q= .
~H=
^
"
a~ }
_<
xfl H__O ` =Oz#k Ja<, |a~ <, Z~~ H H }
=~H

~ Zi` \
, Z~~ H H }
rq`HO =~Q 120 ~A =O@Ok. Jiy~# Z~~ ~ H H }

qz#flO K |_K@ =. "Qa< =O_ ~H
Q= Zi` \
. ~HO x H H H} ~<.
s~O Zs
u
K~ # `yO Kq W< s~O ~HO ^
=
~O =O_ H}*=. ~HO
H} `` =O_ ^"xfl '' JO\~. ~HOx =`$H. ~HsH ~Hxfl Q_H@O_.
L
yOK ^~ _ O, PH \
, _ O >
\
. ~H=
Q_H \
#
_ ^xg^ =O_ +" #

^
"
xfl ''~=
JO\~. ~HO =O_ H}O`~ ^
"
xfl '' JO\~. ~HO x h~ J`kH
`OQ =O@Ok. HkQ P= H}
O Hey =O@Ok. ~HO x
"Qa<, PH[ <#, H~<_

PH_
#
`Ok. ~H \<
|
~<, =i `O a< ~H=
Q_H @
O_ =O_ O_
= K~. Z~~ H H }
QO_O Q, kfi@H~OQ LO\~. XO> =\ H~ ^
Z~~ H H }
O
H OkHO =O@Ok.
^"
i Z~~ H H }
_"_ JH =^ U~_` ~. Z~~ H H }
L`ux

''Zi`

JO\~. Z~~ H H }

"Qa< Hey =O__O = Z~Q LO\~. # \
H}#
s~Ox H~HH@ JO\~. ~HH} Juz#fl H} eO\. WQ# \,
Q #\
, eO
\
KOk# H} ~HO Q_H @
O_, ~H
e H =Y` =~. 0.9%
50

_ OH~ _
, ^
=
}xfl ''< JO\~. PH[ <, H~<_


H_
=O\ "= fiOQ
Hiy =O\~. =~ 6 #O_ 8% H~#
~< =O\~. XH qeb@~ ~HO
=~Q 4.5 #O_ 5.5 x 10 the Powerof Z~~ H H} =O\~. O_^ Z~~ H H}

O U~_` ~. ~H=
"`O i=}O 60% =O@Ok.
u
~A =#=~HO U~_
Z~~ H H}= OY 10 x 102 W< P=~O [H` ~OQ# O`iOKO@Ok. a
H~~O [HQ ~OQ# O`iOKO\~. #\ `@ ~O[H` ~OQ# O`iOKO\~.
Z~_ "k i
~ ZHfi _ Wq< _+


O _
=
. ~H
HH H O^H =
=O_^ . ~Hxfl QiOz#
J^ <xfl ''=\l JO\~. ~H=
=O_ i< ~H<
= ~H=
Q_H @
O_ KO k.
Ja
<, |~<
a
<~< uOK J< \< LO\~. ~HO Z~~ H H }
Z=
OY =O\~. i}u KOk# Z~~HH}OQ =O_=. ''eH\# `~HH} JO^~.
`~ H H }
12 #O_ 13 ~A r=OQ =O\~. `~ H H} s~O
"
t
OK H =
#
Ho Oz "~. JO^K` "\x ''H H H}= JO\~. ~H=
~# ''H~ O_ #
~ Hx
\#
k.
XH =H ~Hxfl, =~H =HH ~^
fi~ ZH~ . ~HQ KH~ }
H~}"#
K~
u
[#H=
u
~HH =
.
~HO
u
[#H =O_ #= Zi` \
.
~HO u~HH =O_ #= ''a u~HH=H =H =~= ''Z u~HH Z
=i a ~ O_ x ~H=
~=
Z,a,
u
[#H Z,a, ~ O_ x ~H=
~=
0.
~ H H =
Z H =H
=~=
a
u
[#H= Z,a ~ O_ =O_ ~H=
~=
Z,a,
u
~HH =
Z,a ~ O_ =O_ ~H=
~=
0.
Z.a. ~H=~=Q =# kfiQ` JO\~. ~HH< QOQ U~__O = QKH~}O
[~Q`Ok.
u
~HH #
Z.a. # Hey
u
[#H# #@=O\ =H 0 =~=
~xH KO^`_. XH
=~xH KOk# ~H=
#=< QKH~ }
O [~Q^
. ~H^
#O ~Hxfl Q OK ~yx Q ` JO\~.
~H^#O ~Hxfl WK =Hx ''^` JO\~. XH =H ~HO, =~H =HH ~ ^fi~ ''~H "#O
JO\~. qq^ =~ ~H #=<# He` QKH~ }
= [~Q`Ok. =#= 4 ~H=
~ =<fl~.
PH[< ~Hxfl QOz# "i ~HQK U~_=. ~HQ` =~O ~H^` =~O` i"e. 16 #O_
60 O=`~ =
= P~QOQ =O_"~ ~H^
#O K =K. ^` #O_ Q
Oz# ~Hxfl
~H
H~}
H O^ xfi K~ . "^
~H _#
= Qfl=<q@~ J< iH~=
` H~ .
J`=~ i` ~H= =~= `e#_ ~H Q` ''0 ~H =~xfl W=fi=K, K.S.q.
Z~_, HeyOK rq "~
, ^~}OQ
K.S.q. "H J#eOK =~=
~H=
,
K.S.q. H
"H= =#=~HO
K.S.q. H# =H "O@< "k zfl# K_
.
K.S.q. LxHx `e

iH ~H
i H. K.S.q " =i Z~_ " =^ ^Qi O|O^O =Ok. K.S.q iH [~_
xfl
~Hxfl fHO_, Z~_ H O_ fH^y# *Q`
K.S.q. " KO^x =~=
^=H@.

K.S.q. H# # ~ K~ < q^#O W`~ == =< i# x~

xfl
f< <
}xfl J=~O O+} <
}=. 2003 =~ Z~_ "k =# Kx~# OY 3
qe#.
51

 K.S.q L`u K ZO*" ''i=~ \< H@ WO\Q_ \Q Z~_ "k = `Q s~

|~= `= 10%
K.S.q x~iOK@ K
iH Ze, " <, H>



~. "^\
Z~_ H # ~`^
O H#Q#|_# T~ K< . ~`^
O "^@ Z~_ H H#Q#|_#
O=`~ =
1986.
K.S.q JkH Q_` =O_ ^
=
= ~H=
. Z_ "k H}
O [fi~O, q~K<,
K~ "^, W\=e HO 3 qe#
Q = # |eQ#fl "k Z~_. ~H` O Hx O yH
O|O^ J#Q HO_O L
yOKH =_=,
K.S.q. H_O = HeQ `~ "` e `O Z~_
^. XH =HH
K.S.q. H#_ , J`xH P q+ O `e^. i` J#Q}OQ
=
iOK_O
J<k =# JkQq OK <
}=, r=# <
}=. =H
fiKQ =\_Q Q_xH H=# <
}=
O+} <
}= qq^ ~H = ` ==iOK <
}=. x J#Q ''<>
_
<+<

WO@~<+
#
[#~ Z_H+< O_.

K.S.q. =#="k x~^H ==#

|#~ O k.
K.S.q. "k zfl HxOKx

K.S.q ^ Jx _ JO\~.
K.S.q =#=x s~O "= 10 #O_ 30
H# HO =`"

rqO k.
K.S.q. OH =
} [iy# 5 #O_ 10 O=`~ =
`~fi` P =H Z~_ u
x K~ `_.
eH "O@H<~
K.S.q x 1983 i H#Q<fl_ . ''~|~ Q~
K.S.q.x q_Q
J"iH 1984= O=`#
= H#Q<fl_ . K.S.q. i=~ \
<H
<
J# ZO*" H~}OQ PH~xfl
=~O k. J< Z~_ J#Q J<>_
<+<
Z~_ ~fi
H ~O PO^
^
x 23 l, 19
l 1% HO> Z=Q
K.S.q. OH =
}


u zH`O =#fl@ `O@<fl~ .
[O, Hhfl~ ,
fi^O, =`=
"^#
q
K.S.q O^` ` =Q =O@Ok. ''Ze J#Q
ZO*"
eOH W=< ~ O\x ..P~ J#Q e=~\
K<
iH<
, ''ZHfi _ J#Q Ji`"
#
,
''W=< J#Q =#= s~Ox ["k x~^H Hx
, _+
x J#Q OK_O =#, O_
"
J#Q J<H ~Q =i J=H JO@"^ OQO XHi HQ_=
, OQ
K.S.q.
J#Q Pi`"
#
=#= s~Ox ["#
"k x~^H H OK_O =# J<H ~Q =i
J=H JO@"^ "
O XHi HQ_=
. ''PHfi _ W=< _+

< O_
" ~HO K.S.q.
"~
=#fl\H x
HxOKx ^x
''qO_ ~ _ JO\~. K.S.q. O^` ~HO J`kHO Q =O@Ok.
PO\ ZO\"~ ^~
^fi~,
K.S.q f=` `y, =H H P+#
OK=K#.
K.S.q H
=O^^ x"~} XH> =~=
.

52

CHAPTER - VII

xO`} =#fi =
"H ~xH =#fi= :"~ H
iQ Q=, ^x H# H O kQ=, "H PH[ < `
~K = q[
H}, "H H# "H `Oz` ~ H=
~Q`~.

JQk` :J#Q H# "Q ~ "Q#

J^K _=. [O~ OyQ, \ "Q #, _=Q K _O
JkH K
@
=
Y` =~.
\
Hx
#
` HK~ Z= PH#
`
~K _=. ` ,
~@ <.Z. ~< =# [~Q`Ok. kfi^a[ H "H# <#O K
~#=
2. Z._. "H h~ #+ O_ HiOK ~<
~, Z,a,Z, O~ H=K JQ
Q= ` Oz,
uiy J^ #= =Oz` h= Q=xOK =~ Jk ^qkQ
~Q`Ok. iQ u#_ H
HO_~=
Z_ `O^~Q J`~ J#Q ~H

~ }
H HO_~ `y#
_ .

PH< :
J#Q
~Q^# =$kK
k Jx J~=
. "H HOuH J#H
Q =OQ@# ''HOu
J#=~#
= JO\~. P~ O@# `O^~Q =kiO_ `*Q =OK@ ^^O
K
#q
\
H
#
. JaH P== "H
~Q^ x~^H ^~=
. H}* =~#
O qq^
J=" ^
O U~__
xH `__q
PH<

\
Hx
#. "
~Q^#

q`O K
#q PH<
,
We <, [O`= ~#, Jq L`u J~ K@ HH ^~O =O_ =~K@ "\

"xfl
K`~. # `fii`OQ Hfi ^ =K@ `__ #k D^e <, i~ HeQ =~ XH
rq J#H
K
H}
x 'H` Jx JO\~. "H
~Q^ ^~ =O\x "^\ iQ

u
kOz#"_ 'K~
_ifi<, P, "H #O_ "~ iK ~
~ 'J

~,
P<fi+} JO> q`#
= x Jx J~=
,
` HOQ H}q[ ## `
OK ~<
~

\
Hx
< P~@ H~}= ~<
~ JaH P==, } x~t
Oz# # J^ H=
J=~K
_
xH =OkQ x~fiOK|_# H~H =
= [#O|O^ "\ J=i=O@Ok. =#O
~ Q `@
_ =# He HO_~ QH * =i PH[ < JkH "`O H"e, XH
~} J#H

KO> qq^ J== Q H
=#fi= J=~=
. ` = Q_` "H
=#fiiK ^~# "H
~Q^ xOuH ^~ JO\~. WO_ Z\H P==
J< ~xH yHxfl ^~}OQ 'PH<
Jx JO\~. "H JQkH ` H~}= PH<
J<
^~=
. "HH Q~`fiH~ }
~} J#H

q"
=OQ_xfl 'Q~`fi=~#
= JO\~.
"H "~ Q~fi`fi =~<xH J#OQ qH ~Q`~.
"H HO_O, H=

53

Q~`fiH~#
=u~HOQ
qH
~Q`~. 2,4 _ UHH}
c[O "H


=O K^ .
[O|ie<#
, [O|i A
H~ J< teO^O LO_ `
~ K~ . [O|i A
H =i
"H `eq` = "H [|# HQ*
O k. HO_ Qxfl _Q K _O [O|ie<

=O
=Ok. \Q =O_ |~x "H [O|ie< "_#_ Jq _=Q
~Q`~.
"=# ~H
Qa PH$u =O_ Hl "H# [O|ie` zH` K
Jq _=Q
Z^Q`~. [|ie< PH<
` @ H}a=$k ` "
Ja=$k ^^O K~. "}[i`
J=~=
[|ie # teO^ =~#
O ^fi~ L`u K~ . i< q`<
Z" * K~ # L`u
K _xH [|ie<#
L
y~ .
P ==$kx PO K
Q}=
\
Hx
< H^. "H
\
Hx
<
=
}=
O_\ OY# `y
O k. "H
^
# QO #O_ P H +O H =# "~ iK
~# 'J|
x
H ~ JO\~. JkH O^` PH<
=O>, Jk D^e < U~_xH ^^_
`Ok.

@
H x
< " `
~ , ^~H}
= ^fi~ H= K~ `~. "Hx XH Qxfl =~ Qxfl

~Q^ ^~ ^fi~ xOuO ^x `_xH JQkH` XH =Oz L^~}. "H

~Q^
xO`}
"\
~Q^# Z"#
K~ ^ `yO J~# K~. "H "~ , HO_O
H# H O kQO
~Q^ Q= =O@Ok.
IAA

^~=
K^
#
= K#
H# , JQkH`# P " =K. l|i [ H~ J<
teO^O =~#
O #O_ [|ie< "^\ iQ "~ K |_Ok. q`=
x OH~ l|ie<
L
Q_
`Ok.

\
Hx
< H}q[ ## H}_=#
~ OzOk. Hfi `# D^e < J< "^~=

L
Q_
`Ok. Ja=$k,
~Q^ xOuOK ^~ HiOz, XH^iHH\ =u~HOQ
xK, "H
~Q^# xOu~. J|

H , P== H "H
~Q^# xOuO k.

[O`= ~xH =#fi= : q<Q O ^ Q rq =#=_, q<Q O ^ q OK ^~=

~< s~O Ju =Y"#
Q O k
+Q O k. <_=O_xH JO`~
q
Q O k "~kQ xK

Q O k
+Q O k, "<xH ^Q~ Q =O_ Q O k J"@QO k, ~HO HeO, \ ~x
xO`}
K
~< ~~< s~O H~ _
_
, \< , H =fi r~H
# H =
|^O K

~< Hi*, OQ~

O_, \H H== =O\~. Q H *#, QH *Q =~ ~< QH Q <
U ~< O = _
\
qe@~ "k HQ`O^#Q W#e< a~ < O_ #

_ ~< s~O ~H =#fi= [i ^~=
~<, ` QO =O_
q<Q O k
+Q O k.
U ~< L`uH J_< J=~"
^i H<
, Hie < L`u K
Q= Jk=$HQ O k ==
q=
QO kH L^~} H== s~O r=H
~ @# =$ki z, Z= Lxfl K
@ `__
54

~< ^~ H<
s~O qq^ J=" =^ =#fiO# `__ #k <_
K
^#= H
~<.
+Q O k `" OY 3
+Q O k
q
OK ~<
~Q^ ~<, H<

PH \<. =~QA`#
= H~}=
~Q^ ~< ` =Q
q
OK@. Juk~H`fiO
H~}=
~Q^ ~< Z= "`
q
OK@ JkH =`q
~#
[~Q@ H~}=
"<
< `y#O` i=}= L`u HH=@. ^~} =#= ~A qiO K|_ =`=

~A =~Q 1 b@~ J=@ Q O k
q
OK ~< ^~ H<
. H \
q
[O eH H~}= `y#O`
^~ H<
L`u HH=_O. ~J=@QO ^ L`u J= ~< ~~< Jk=$H Q O ^ #=
=`
O _=
#
=O@Ok. =#H L^H # HQ*
~< Z_ <O QH *#, Q H *<#

=~ ~< W#e<, ~+ O yH ~< >~ <
,
c
[ H= q_^ K
~< l~ <,
W[<.
kfif O yH H}
= Ja=$kH `__ #k D[<, J="# =#fiiK
~xH ^~# '~< JO\~.
<x Q O ^ # 'q<Q O ^ JO\~. ~<# "\ "#, ~HO xH q_^
K~.
+Q O k
~Q^ ~<# q_^ K O k. `y#O` "` "# L`u HH`
_
\
, Wx_
"k HQ`Ok. "_ "<xH ^Q~ Q =O_ Q O kx J=@QO k JO\~.
P~O `y#O` J_< H `, J=@QO k i=}O
^k
J=`Ok. ~^~ <, ~H=

=i Z=Hx He" \
~x xO`}
K O k. ~^~ < JkHO Q L`u
J~` Jk HO_~
O H+O J< u
H ^iuO k. Jk=$HQ O k == Hi =i J~ <

J< ~<# L`u K O k. s~O Ji < ~< _ O, h~, #+}O `__ `Ok.
Jk=$H Q O kx ^=fiQ= ZO_ < P~O ~<#
q
O k. ~HO QH *
i=}O ` = J~#_ QH Q<
q
OK|_`Ok. [~= U~_O O K
~<#
'*~ < JO\~. O_
u
#
_ ~<# '*~ < JO\~. ~# ^~#

q
OK
` H H}*xfl Q O ^ JO\~.
q< ` Q O ^ J#fl<O` O|O^xfl Hey =O\~. JO`~
q
H~}
Q O ^ <=
=O_= JO`~
q
H~}
Q O ^=
~H=
^fi~ s~ Q fHx|_`Ok.
+Q O k
^
|~xyO[ i=}O =O@Ok. ^~ H<
~< L`uH J_< J=~=
. J=@QO k ==
r=H
~ @#
OK`Ok. ~J=@QO ^ , J=@QO kH ^Q~ =O\~. Jk=$HQ O k |@
Qxfl '== JO\~. Jk=$HQ O k e Qxfl '^=fi JO\~. JO`~
q
H H}# 'OQ~<

\H JO\~. _
\
` ^_
"
~ W#e<#, WO[H<
^fi~ uO\~. =+ ~+
OyH ~<# q~. Q~O, #QO^ Q~< Ja=$kH D[< J< ~<
`__ `Ok. Q O ^ 2 ~H=
. JO`~
q
H Q O ^ ~<# L`u K~. XH ~< 1 ^
JO`HO > Z= x~fiH H}q^ xK =K.
+Q O k i=}O K z#flk.
+Q O k
Jk#O W`~ q<Q O ^ =O\~.
55

J=@QO kk ^~ H_
#

q
O k. ~fi J=@QO ^ , J=@QO kH ^Q~ Q =O\~. ~fi
J=@
~^~ <#
q
~. XHH =`
O _O
#
XHH J=@QO k =O@Ok. H== XH
q=
QO k H==x JO`~
q
Q= W#e, QH Q##
q
~.
+Q O k "^_
L^i`# =O@Ok. J=@QO k "_ "<= ^Q~ =O@Ok. Jk=$H Q O k =`
O _

#
=O@Ok. =+= =+Qx =O@Ok. H=QO k PO`=
O =O LO@Ok.
~Q^
~< O= =~QA`#
O =O k. ^~ H<
O= =# Q @
~ "k =O k. Z_ <
O
= =#H L^H HQ`~. W#e< O = _
a\ qe@~ "k =O k. W[<
O = kfif
H}
U~_` ~.

<_H} x~}= : s~xH " [iQ =~# <_== "~ # Q Oz "\x O+ O z,

=#fiiK =Y H O^=
"^_ . s~O >e< "~ ^fi~ xK
x~} <_ <_H}

+H# JO^*
H} y < H} x H}H Q H} <_H}
^ = <_H}
x ZH<

Qxfl =#OQ '<_Q JO\~. H _ =$HPH~O J=i =#fl <_H}
Q _O_
@

"^_ H "#fl= #O_ x~fiH JOQ =K~xfl JO^*
<_ J"<_, *#OQ
#O_ "^_ H "#fl= "~ # "~ <_ Ja" <_. e =O\
"^ "~
K
#tOK|_ H} KH<_ H} "^_ #O_ "~ # J== K~"

k
H~<_ ^O_=. <_=O_= U~O_ H}= XH PH$ux Hey =O_= <_H}
=
^
=
H O^H =
Q =O_K@
` < x ^~=
RNA =i \#` U~_ #. <_H}
J=i=O_ UH< OY 1 "e < `_Q Z=Q =O_#k
<
.
"e< `_Q =#fl ZH< ^fi~ K^= Ju"QOQ }O K# <_H}=
Lk<
Qi J~#_ , L`u JQ q^` H~ O\ 55 qe X* <_ H}=
` H` KOk#
`~fi` q[ # Hx
H`~ e "k =# <_ H} fi` #+O HQ`Ok. <_=O_O
s~O [iQ =~# Q H= J<
` H H}= ^fi~ Q O k. "^_ , H~ <_^O _=
=i <_ D 3 <_ == Q. <_H}
y H} +H ^~xfl JO^* ~.
<_H}
= H}^ = _O_
@
=i ZH<
=O\~. <_H}
^ O` x H}H J< H}H
=O\~. <_H}
= W`~ <_H}
#O_ =K~=# Q Oz H}^ xH O K i=}#
_O_
@
JO\~. <_ H}= H} ^ = #O_ "~ # fH Qxfl 'ZH< JO\~.

<
HH =^ <_PO` `fiK =i x~fiH JOQ H}`fiK XH^xHH\ O|O^O

@ O\~. XH H =
O "e < `_Q` =O_ Mm# '~<q
~ H} JO\~. KH<_,
"^_ , "#fl= #O_ "~ # HO_~ fHx`~. *#OQ #O_
K
^<# "^_
*#= H "#fl= Ja" <_ ^fi~ K~ `~. <H #O_
K
^< "#fl=
*#<_ ^fi~ K~ `~. q=
<_ *#<_ Q, KH<_ Q =O\~. e
=O\ "^ "~
K
` #tO|_q KH<_ H}.
56

q<Q O ^ s~xH " [iQ =~

u
K~ KOK=
. "^_ "~ #
K
^#
~O Q
Oz, q+

O k. <_H}
^ =# =~H
~
@
< H
iH~. <_H}
= [iQ
Jxfl O}
K~ H}^ = [~Q`~. _O_
@
x ^~=
=O_^ . UH<
z=~ =O_
U~_ Y <_ PO`=` JO`O J=`~.
ZH< Q `_Q# '"e< `_Q JO\~. "e< `_Q =#fl <_ H}# '"e<
` <_ H}= JO\~. "e < `_Q x <_H}
# '"e < ~ ` <_ H}= JO\~.
ZH< #O_ q^`
K
^< O_ "e < `_Q H_`Ok. KH<_ K` #
O =#
HO_~ OHz~. H, K` KH<_ K~ = HQ`~. q<Q O ^ =# s~O
" [i =~# Q
OK=
. <_=O_O ~ O_ ~H ~HH }
=<fl~.
_O _
@
H}^ = #O_ U~_` ~. _O _
@
<_H}
OxH "~ # f =~. JQ<,
_O _
@
HO> _=Q =O\~. <_H}
= Lk<
Q~ #
_ q^` H~ O\ L^q O k. H

`~H
H~ O\# '<_
K
^#= Jx_ JO\~. J<H UH< He '<_ U~_ # J"H <_x,
'KH<_ Jx _ JO\~. J"H <_ "^_, "#fl= #O_ "~# x~fiH
JOQ= fHx "~. Ja" <_x, *#<_ JO\~. *#<_ *<O k
#O_
"~ # "^_ , "#fl= #O_ fHx "~. <_H}
q[ # KO^ Hx
H
~.
<_H}
rq O_^ =`"
q[ # KO^`Ok.
<_H}

u
K~ # K~. y < H} <_H}
+H# JOk~. PH<

"~ #
~= K~. KH<_ "^_ #O_ "~ # s~xH WKq *#<_ s~O
#O_ "^_ WKq. H Ok <_= ~}
<_==, $^ O^## xOuOK H<_
'"Q
<
_ "^_ "#fl= <_=O_= H Ok <_== qQxH KO^`~. "^_
y < H} Q Q= |_^~ O QQ ^~=
"^_ # H =O_ |\ ~ '=$kfi "^_ #
H =O_ "e =^ ~ =^ =O_ ^
=
= =+=, "~ , ^
=
=, "^_ "#fl= 3
~K` H |_ =O@Ok. g\ =^ ~ 'uH "^_ # H =O_ ~ e ~ =~+H
"^_ ~H}
WK
> O\ x~}=.
H= =+= Li` " xfl =$kK
q Q i "^_ s~= qq^ K~ `#
xOuOK L#fl` H O^H =
=+=. =O^ =^ "_# He
"^_ ^fi~= ^fi~Q^=
,
"#fl=H ^fi~


}Oz JOHe`
u
H~ K~ # xOuOKk "#fl= "#fl= J_H`
'K PH~= =O_ ^~=
, |_^~ O Q ^~=
=#=x "#fl<_ [` OY 31
=#=x H <_ OY 12 =#=x ik <_ [` OY 43 "#fl<_ Jxfl
*#<_.
KH<_ `O`= L^q OK Q= L^~ $ OQO =^ =YO "#fl= x~}OQ "O_O

} O k. "#fl= |_^~ O Q ^~=
=O_K@ e Q=. "^_ HO_Ox ~ O_
57

Q <
~ e<O =^ =Y= J#=+= "#H "^_ x Q= "^_ "#fl=#
P=iOz =O_ `fiK= OY 3 "#fl=# x HQ O_ ~HO K#k =+ "~ ^
=
=,
"^_ xHQ O_ ~HO K#k =+ "~ ^
=
= "#fl= H#Q#k "#H "^_
"#fl= PH~=
H ~=.
"^_ Li`= g^ QO@ =O\ "\x 'Qi JO\~. Q i =^ =O_ Q_#fl e
JO\~. s~= _ QO K~ # xOuOz#k Z_= =+ Q~=
. s~ =`u
x

q g^ s~O =O_ ` # x~fiOK#k J#=+=. fiH

, $^ O^# ~H
_
#
O
=O\ Ju =Y"#
K~ xOuOK H O^Qk =^ =Y=. ` kQ= =O_ s~ Q
#O_ "~ # "^_ K~"


#k. "#fl=.
JOHe`
u
H~ K~ =Y ` =OKx^ "#fl= H<_ "Q
H <_
10 =k, q=
<_, *#<_ `O`=, KH<_ `O`= ~ O_ =O\~. Hj
~H=
<_=O_Ox 3 qQ H O^<
_ == ~k
<_==, =i fiOk`<
_ ==,
"^_ , "#fl= H O^<
_== Q, #
` <_== #
` ~<
_ ==
fiOk` <_== Q, "#fl=, "^_ <_H}
, y < H} =O\~. "^_
|\ ~ |_^~ O Q =O\~. JO^K`^
xx |_^~ O Q ^~=
JO\~. "^_ x
` ^~O "e < `_Q =#fl UH< =O__O = Jk `Q Hx O k.
"#fl= ` ^~=
, |\"
# |_^
^
~O , e"
# =O\~. "^_
=+"~ ^
=
= |@ =O_ `fiK" #
=$kfi, =^ `fiK" #
iH =^ =O@Ok. "^_
H} =+"~ ^
=
= +H
^
~# JO^*
O k. =#= "^_ =O_ PH ` `
~ #

> # 'H= JO\~. =O^ "^_ # '=+= '+i |

O Jx _ JO\~. "^_
=O^ "^_ ^ =+= Ju
^ Q= ~k
<_== H <_, "#fl <_,
=O\~. =+= e |_^~ O Q Qxfl '=+ == JO\~. Q i , u =+
=Og^ =O\~. s~O Z_=Q# =O_ J=" # _=+ Q~=
Jk#O
=O\~.
_=+~ Q= s~Ox Z_= QO =O_ J=" ## xOuO k.
=+ Q ZQ=# =O_ "^_ Qxfl ^fi~Q~=
JO\~. "#H "^_ J#=+=
=i "^_ HO_= =O\~. "^_ x =^ =Y= "#fl=Q "#fl"
H


} O k.
"#fl=, "#fl"
H ^fi~


}Oz ~H}
O^`Ok. $^ O^# "^ H<_ Jn#O
=O\~. "#fl<_ *#<_ `O`=, KH<_ `O`= =O__O = Jq q=
<_
J=`~. KH<_ "#fl"
H H L^~ $ OQ #O_ L^q
OK~. "#fl= L^~ $OQO
#O_ K<_ `O`= L^q
~. "^_ "#fl= #O_ L^q
OK <_xfl ~k
<_

58

== x Q= "^_ x <_H}
H}^ |\ ~ =O\~. "^_ ~

~ =O_ H}^ ZH< =O\~.

HO ~ x Z=H` U~_ `Ok. =+ J^
Qxfl '=+ Q~=
JO\~. =+
Q~ "e Q= |_^~OQ =O@Ok. =K~xfl QOz, q+OK_xH =+
=O J<H *#HO^ =<fl~. J#=+= =+=# "#HQ =O@Ok.
J#=+= Li`O |_^~ O Q ^~=
=O@Ok. J#=+ e ~ `~OQ
^~=
=O@Ok s~ xOu` K< =+ J#n#O =O\~. "#fl"
H =O_
"#fl , "#fl= xHQ O_ ~H}
W~.
"#fl= |_^~ O Q ^~=
=O_ # '<_ JO\~. <_ =+"~
^
=
=` xO_ =O@Ok. "^_ "#fl= #O_ L^q
OK <_xflO\x He ~k
<_==
JO\~. <_ "~ # "^_ #O_ JOQ, JOQ #O_ "^_ K~"
~. H<_
"^_ qq^ Q #O_ L^q ~. H <_ =Y"#
k "Q
<_, "Q
H<_ H=QO k

"
# xOuO k. "#fl<_, "#fl= #O_ L^q
~. *#<_ `O`= "#fl=
"~ # K~"

<_ *#<_. =O^ "^_ =O_
= ~<#
q
O k. "^_
e ~# `~OQ ^~=
JO\~. "^_ # "#fl= H `
=$kfi`uH =~+H J#
~ =O\~.
=O^ "^_ =O_ ' ^= ~<#
q
O k. =^ "^_ s~ HO_~
H^e H# xOuO k. fiH
$^ O^#= J#=+= xO`}
=O\~.
~H
_
#
= s~ LQ ` J#=+= xO`}
=O\~. "#fl= +` = _=#
=O@Ok. "#fl "#fl= x HQ O_ ~H ~. =^ =Y= "#fl=Q


} O k.
n <_== 43 [` <_ =<fl~. H <_ OY 12 [`. "#fl<_ OY 31
[` *#<_ `O`= "#fl=
+ $ OQ #O_ L^q
~. KH<_ `O`= "#fl=
L^~ $OQ #O_ L^q
~.

=#= "^_ : JOHe` u H~ K~ <_=O_O "#fl= Jn#O =O\~. "#fl=

=K~xfl q+
O z,
u
K~ # L`u K
H}# '=^ <
_ H} =K~xfl Q
Oz,

K
^<# L`uK

JOQ= Q H=, "#fl= #O_ =K~xfl Q
Oz
u
K~ # J=
[ik x~fiH=. s~O "`O |~= "^_ |~= 2% s~O Hq`fiO "^#
"\W P#OkOK
O^~
#
JO^= "^_ 1,900 #O_ 2,000 `
xfl "^_ Q=Q iQ} ~ . =#
q+OK_O `__ "^_ Q= =+= W"<" [i# Q x|O^ `

u
K~ g^
u
H~K~ KO "~ # Q
OK
H O <# L`u K
#k Q H=.

u
H~ K~ K "~ # Q
OK
H O <# L`u K
#k Q H=,
u
H~K~
KO "~ # Q H= #O_ =^ <
_ H} K~"


#k *<_ H}= "_=
=
U^#

59

KuH `H#_ "O@< Kux "#H fH=_O J<k x|O^#

~ `
u
K~ JOHe`
u
H~K~
L^~} Z= HOug^ _
_ "O@< =H#@, <_H H ^
o U^#

"
t

`=@,
^= HO~O H` ^Q @
"^#
q "~` fi OQ OH q
OK K~ x|O^#
`
u
K~ .
[O`~[O Ju H+
"
#
x~}OQ iQ}O |_#k. =#=x "^_ , =+ == =O_
<_H}
OY =~ 2,6 ae# PH HOQ =# `eO_ [iy, =## P^ #O_
~HOK K~# 'JOHe` uH~ K~ JO\~.
JOHe`
u
H~ K~ x@# 'u
H~ K~ K= JO\~. JOHe`
u
H~ K~
Q H= LO_ Lk<
"#fl= K~ `~. JOHe`
u
H~ K~ *<_ =K~xfl
"#fl= =^ <_ H} K~"
O k. Lk<
=K~xfl "#fl=x =^ <_H}
O#
q+
~. =^ <_H}
H J +< <_H}
"#fl= =O\~. Wq JOHe`
K~
=
Y ` =~. JOHe`
u
H~ K~ "#fl= #O_ KH<_ =K~xfl
x~fiH JOQxH K~"
O k. x|O^#
`
K
~ g^ '"" J< ~ " ` i^#
[i_
=#O *fw`xfl q#Q< ^
z x|__O XH x|O^#
` K~ JOHe`
u
H~ K~ #

H

u
H~K~ Jx JO\~. J<H
u
H~ K~ "^_ ` O|O^O O_ [~Q`~.
Q
HO x H}=
~} =K~xfl Q
Oz, q^` `~O Q=# L`u K~. @H`
=K
u
K~ # x|O^#
~ `
u
K~ JO\~. "~` fi OQ = JO^i ^q
HOQ XH
=O_
K
~ # x|O^#
~ `
u
K~ JO\~.
x|O^#
`
u
K~ QiOz '=< H g^


Q= K_. =#=_
"^_ 10 ae#
Q <_ H} =O\~ =#=_ f< "`O PH[ < "^_ 20%
PH[ <# qxyOKO@Ok. H HO "^_ iQ QH <g^ P^~_
`Ok. H =
HO_~=
HH O \P ==# L
yOKH^. Z= HOu Hg ^ _Q < H =H=_O
XH JOHe`
u
K~ L^~}, JOHe`
u
K~ =#efl ^H~ "
#
, JH~"
#
=$k<
H
~} #O_ H_`~. =#= "^_ J`J^` " #
, JuH+
" #
x~}OQ JOQ= =#=x
"^_ 10 ae# qOz <_H}
= H=, =# q+
O z ^xH i~O H#Q#@
H "^_ =`" =Ok.
s~O "`O |~= "^_ |~= 2% =+ == =~ 2,6 a# <_H}
=
H=. =$k<
=K~xfl "#fl=x <_H}
q+
~.

60

CHAPTER - VIII

` `u
"H ``u : Z) [#H=x x H` H} `ifi` `~O rq HxOK_xH H~}=
H "" H~H O yH L`u Z=Q
"
= =O_k OQc* U~_ @ =#
HO_ K^#
= HO_=# U@" QO K
= H#HO^ JO@H@_
O # LOQ~O
=kiQ ~_
# HO_O HOk Q= f@ H~}= P~O H O k Q=#

~ }
`yO K_xH,
H}c =~#
^u
H #O_ qq^ Q U~__
xH H~}= #O L
yOK, ZOH
K#

~^x xO`H .

` `u H
"H ^ # H O : XH *u ^x H} , [#H H} fi`OQ LO_@ ^^_ @
r=
` `u K
@ =# Kx~# r= OY s J=` =O@Ok. JO yH
` `u
OQc* U~_=
*u i=}
H

H $ u =~}=# Z=Q _ #k O yH

` `u, =H~ ^u
^c
* U~@K@ ^ c[+ O. D ^~}OQ [iQ JO yH
L`u q^#= H~H Q=. ^c
*# U~@ K
@ ^c
[ O H O^H [~ ^u

=q[ #, 'w< UHH}

rqH L^~} y< [~Q JO yH
` `u q^#O kfi^qzu
JOH~}
L^#=# "H Ja=$kH L
yOK|_
` `u q^#= d`u.
|OQ^ O H ~O`~O KOk# HO_ Q= ` H ~H=
Q "H ~} Hi",
" "H d`uH `__ #k "~ "Q , K^#
= ^fi~ d`u [~ "H
`~ @ JkHO Q LO_@ H~}=, `e "H #O_ "~ K |_# HO_
J|~
" "O@<

~Q`~.
i`Q$ H
` H` "\ xOuOK|_# LQ ` , `= =O@Ok. HO_ K^#
O
"H "H [ L^[iH P== U q^O Q# O|O^O x XH P==. "K
^
#
O ^fi~
d`u [~ "H H~\, JO@Q@ ^u
x 2 Q ^Q~ Q O|OkOz# "H *` =^
J= K~ . ~ O_ Q ^Q~ Q O|OkOz "H *` =^ JO@H\
_ H` "Hx
u

Q= ^x
` H` H}
# U =~ O_ xO\~. JO^ H~}= P ~ O_ "H
=^ Z@=O\ [#^~=
=i_ =O_^ H#H, XH "H H}= i "H W=fiQ Hx

'\\>x JO\~. OyH L`u `~fiu `~O "H H` H} U~_@ H~}=

H"*".
OQc* L`uH Q x, OQOHx JO yH
` `u [~Q^ . jO^ , JO yH
L`u
` H x~}O ^c
*= K OY U~_ `~. K=Ou "H ^~}OQ H"
H
^fi~ " KO^`Ok. ~} Pg^ =O_ "Q # '`
i ` H ~ ~= JO\~. JO@H@
q^#O H= JO@ `e "H# Ki =O_Q< "# L`u K O k. "H 2 JO@Q\#
Q
61

He K@ H}*O U~_ P 2 JO@ He`~. "H H}O #O_ iQ XH "H U~_ Hx

'\\>x JO\~. H}* =~#

^` r=~ ` i` JOH_ O_ J=Oa~ .
~Q~}=# =~###O LyOK =#OQ UHuH= "H# `~K~.
[#Hr= H}
= =i_ [#H `~O #O_ P `~fi` `~O x [#^~=
=i_ =# [~Q`Ok.
XH *u fi` =#Q_ J=~"
#
r=H

` `u XH rq`~xfl =~H `~xH L`u K Q
Hx

` `u JO\~.
OyH ``u =Q, P_ OQc[ H} OQO KO^`~. J~l_
Hx_
~ ~ J# x~}= ^ c* U~_` ~. Hi kfi^q
zu ^u
^fi~ JO yH

` `u J=`Ok. jeO^ ^c
* U~_ ^u
x '~ +<
JO\~.
` HOK|_# ^a
[+
x~}O ^c
* U~_ `~. HO_O
` O =K Qxfl 'H} JO\~.
HO_O
~ O_ =~ H} =^ ^~xfl 'H} #_q JO\~. "H HO_O z=~Q
QO H~H=
Q JO`O JQ#. HO_= z=i Q=Q H~H=
'JQH ~H=
JO\~. ` =

w=OQ H~H=# 'w=H~H= JO\~. "H ~Q^ LQ_ H~H=
'vH~H=
JO\~. "H WK H~H=
'+H~H=
JO\~. |OQ^O
i "H# W=fiQeQ HH e y# Qxfl 'H#fl JO\~. K^
#
=# "k[#H r= x <

OK`~. K=^i# "H HO> "`\

HO_ "H "
`O^~Q =~. K~ XH
H# =O_ Hk Q HO_xfl H, <\` H ` "H U~_` ~. =$^ HO_ K^
# =OK
^~# "k[#H r= #O_ "~ ~K
_
xH x~e H~}
K~ . PH<
` PHH ~ }
K#
_ "

=$kK
_xH f< H= `Q ` Ok. "
K^<
KkO|_# "
# =`H WH <
=Oz` =iO` Ja=$k KO^`Ok.
`e "H# JO\
@ O> =O> HO_= #O_ " U~_#
"\x 'JO@ JO\~.
^x=, <iO[, *=, "^#

^ O_ "H JO@H> XH q^<xfl 'Q\ ^u
JO\~.
~ O_ "H# *_O|_ JO@H\|
_#_ "x J
qK H O k Qxfl H ^ "~ H
JO\~. ~ O_ "H *_O|_ JO@H\#
_ , J *_OK|_# H` "H
Qxfl '
<
JO\~. H~H =
<xH JO@H@_
xH d`u XH J^~OQ x K O k. "H H}#
H$u
=#=
OK=K#x Q=xOz# "
`
|~O_, H}* =^#
O U "H #O_
H}# "~K, P" ^xx 'ZHO\ JO\~. H}* =~< 'ZHO\ H}* q[#
KO^@ =# U~_#
xi+ PH~O Hey# H}*xfl 'H JO\~.
K=Ou d`u HH "H ^fi~ [~Q`Ok. +OK "H ^~}OQ O yH
L`u, q^#O =O@Ok. JO yH L`u, d L`u D ~ O_O\ XH [#H
"
O =O__O
eH =O@Ok. D H~H =
#= JO yH L`u H~HO Q [~Q`Ok. " HO_ K^#
=
H ` "H# W~. XH "H Qxfl, =~ "H
"

\, P ~ O_ *_OK|_# P
#
"\
62


~Q^ H#Q ^u
x 'JO@H@_
O JO\~. ~Q~ }= H}* =~#
O ^fi~ UHu
H
"H# L`u K =K. H$u
= #HO "H H}#
OK=K Jx "^\ iQ H#Q#fl
A_ '|~O_

"H OyH ``u : O yH`u =# `^ i `~O J^ #=< =O_ r= U~_@ O

O@# [~Q^. ^ =O_>q JO_H= OyH ``uH =YOQ J=~=
Q= JO_H+=, H ~=o H~ }
q[ # ~Q=`$H} QO [~Q`Ok. JO_ O
La# QO #O_ JO_
iQ Q=
~ JO_#+#
=, O_H+= kH~}
O KO^
=O ^fiu
H =O_ Q= kfif H O^H =
, kH~}
=. J~# `~ "` "^\ iQ
Q=^fiH
Q= OHc
[=. ~+ OQc[= kfif H O^H =
OQO
KOu` JO~K^
H O^H O U~_ `Ok. kH~}
O J~# `~fi` _ L
Q_
+ Q
JO_=. Q U~_#
O_O "~ Q<xfl zOK
^
=
== H
H~}
q[ # = ~ O_
[# L`u H} =O_ H "" OY QxH `Q ` Ok. L`u H} #O_ =z# H }

=K H "" U u
H =O_#, UHu
H =O_# L#fl` ~ "H O yH
` `u
L
Q_
Q= +=. +Q O`= z=~ La# Q=# #
= JO\~. +=x
Q ~H}
WK@ `__q
~HH ` =o, ~QO ~=# H@H=# PHiOK_xH
L
Q_
+ Q= PH~ } ` =
, += ~+
` `u J== H ~=
, HHO
z=i Q= HQ =.
HQ = x~fiiOK x ~Q~ }=# fiHiOK@ ^fi~ kH~}
^^_
`Ok.
+O

` `u J== JO_H=, ~Q =`$H H u
Q` 2, Z<, ~Q~ }= H
u
Q` < JO_=# H =OK ~ OY 2 JO_ H=K, JO_xfl iQ H O_ XH z#fl
~O^
xfl =^`~. ^xx JO_^fi~= JO\~. H
H~}
q[ # J#O`~=
^ c[=
OY 4 kH~}
=O iQ U~_#
O_= H= 3 QOx 7 H}=, 1

c[H}=, 2 #~[_, 1 kfif H O^H =
3
u
^H}
=. O_H= ^fiu
H
=O_#k H O^H }
=. O_H= ~Q<=
c[H}= ^Q~ Hk@@ _ #k
#~ *_. e kH~ }
O [~QO>
_ ~ }= HQ = Li`=# K~e. ~ Q#O
~+ OQ c* OY 2. ^fiu
H OH c[= XH ~+ Or[=,
c[H}=`
OQ= KO^@O =# U~_ #.
JO~z` H O^H =
H u
Q` 3Z<. JO~K^
O Q q`#
= P=^O, JO~K^
~ `
q`#
= "H*#fl, kfi^*c[ "H c[^=
OY 2. UH^ c[= "H kfi^*c[
OY 1 "Hx "~ ==#
U~iz#
^
=
== ` ~ =
[#"q
^ = =O_xH
^~}OQ O yH
` `u PKiOK|_`Ok. "H H "" OY `Q_
O ,
` `u ^
L`u H} [~Q`Ok. +Q `=
La#
Q= J~# #
Og^ + Q x~}
63

=O\~. += 3= =O H ~O J=~|_ =O\~. += 3= ==x

H ~=
# H ~=o, H ~+
` `u J== JO\~.
~Q+} =O_ ~Q=`$H} H
H~}
q[ # [~Q`Ok. J_O`~ H}*O
^fiu
H =O_ H
H~}
q[ # J#O`~O O_HO WK H}O
~ ^c
[ H}=. kH~}
=
JO> ~+O Q c[=,
OQc[= H#. ~+ OQc[=
c[=
OQ= KOk# `~fi` U~_ H}xfl 'OH c[= JO\~. H
< J# H O^H =
kfif
H O^H =
`, ~+ H O^H =
O_H+= HQ@K U~_ `Ok.
O yH
` `u ^u
`~=
[#=~# J=H= WO k. H
H~}
q[ # =#
~ O_ [# L`uH }
=O_ H "" OY QxH `Q ` Ok UHu
=O_ L`u H}
H~H =# uiy ^fiu
HxH =~. L#fl` ~ "H ^fiu
H L`u H}
=O\~. WK =O^ HO_= L`u K
HO_=Q ~O`~O KO^`Ok. +=
kQ= =O_ H_=O\ Q= +=$`=
JO\~. +=$`=
Hey=O_ # '=$O`
`
+= JO\~. =$O`O x # '=$O`~
` += JO\~. + Q + #O

=Q J=~|_ =O\~. +=x ~HH ` =
^~}OQ PK ~OQ =O\~.
JO_ O JO_= =O\~. JO_
O Q Q@= =O\ _"#
Q=#
'H= JO\~. JO_ O kO_ =O\ x~}= JO_<O #O JO_ J=~|_ =O\~.
~Q~ }= H ~ O ~QH+O U~_` ~.
_ ~ }= J^ #O# '^c
[` =

JO\~. JO_O JO_=$O`O ^fi~ JO_Ox JO_<#=# J`H|_ =O\~.
JO_Ox H}*xfl JO_O`~ H}*= JO\~. JO_O H O ^ Q= JO_= H ~ O_
H=K= ~O=
xfl 'K[ JW ~ .
^ c[=$` H}= ^fiu
H =O@Ok. O_H O H O^H }
Ox 2 H O^H O
OQOKOk, XH kfif H O^H =
U~_ `Ok. #~E_# ' H} Jx _ JO\~.
O_H+O 2 K["
=O_ 3
u
^ H}= HkHO =`"
rq~. O_H+O
u
^
H}= K[ "
=O\~. ~+,
OQ c* H~H# ' nH~}
= JO\~. HQ =
Ki# _ JOiOz ~Q<=# W~. ^~}OQ JO_ ^fi~O ^fi~ ~Q<oH JO_OxH
K~ `Ok. O yH
` `u L`u H} H "" OY QxH `Q ` Ok. JO_H+O JO_
JO_< # =` =~|
__~. e kH~}
O XH =Q c[H}O kfif H O^H =
` OQO
KOk, +H=
=~ JO~K H}=ox U~~ O k. O yH
` `u `e^
O _
[#^~=

He H`` ~ O r= =~. =#OQ +=# 4 =H~ =~ +=Y Q=
J=~|_ =O\~.

[O`= O yH ` `u : JO yH ` `u [iQ [O`= \*", ~+ c[ H}# 'H H }

JO\~. nH~}
O [i [O`= H , K, JO`~ nH~}
O [i [O`= i$=,
64

H~ ^
=
, OH c[= [i q[ # =q[ #, XH [O`= ~+,
L`u J="
=O_ u
L
O yH`, OQO ^fi~
` `u [i rq '~ q+ < OQ= XH ~H"
#

O yH
` `u.
kfi^qzu =# H~# Hx
uiy OkOK_xH
~q+ < [i K~ OQ=
~q+< s~H K~ xOuOK HO^H= HOkH=. ~q+< HHO^H=
Jk#= =O_ K~
` `u XH OQH=
L`u K
r= OY 4. OQ K~

~q+ < H O^H ^~ ~

~ =i_ [~Q`Ok.

"QH : J#Q "#= = =O_ YO_` 1011 "#= H = `$ H}

H +

O H H }
Q i}u KO^`~. "#=, "~H = #O_ Q
Oz# H H }
#
HQH xfi KOk. "#= kH~}= Q_H+O [~Q`Ok. "#=
H Q H xfi K |_>q
H H }
. "#= Q_u
ux U~@ K
k H >
=
O~ O
`__ ZOHi "` Q [O`= =QH.
=QH =`O_ JO\ @< =O_ ``u J=" =, H
=`[ <Ok
<OQ xK
<= =`<
=. H q =O_q H H }
H O_
=O_q JO_H}
. JO_H}
Ox KK O^ L
Q_
q
H H }
x~}= ZH*",
H >
"
` =#fl "#= ZHO yH rq, O yH
` `u [i r= ~+
` `u J===
=+=, O yH
` `u [iQ r=

` `u J=O
c[ H+=
rq L`u K

OQ c*# 'JO_= JO\~.

H H }
OY` e JO_ ` = OY L`u J=`~. XH O yH
` `u q^#=
'OQO L
O yH= "#= "#= J` nH~}
O [~Q O_@ H~}= =+

c[ H} HO> =O^Q ~}
u KO^= "#=
c[H= LO_ = ^=
_=
HO_`=
JO_# L`u K
q
c[H, "#= H >
" Lz LO_ HO_`=
^flQ,
k #, ^ ~, k _, HO_`=
=Q DQ =+= OY XH [`, J_ DQ c[H=

OY XH [` DQ nH~}
= P_ DQ s~O [~Q`Ok. ~#fl r= L^~} |^
~Q, ZeH=, UHO yH rqH L^~} H H =+= JO_H~O K~ O Q LO@Ok.
H H }
= D^_O _ #k `H, J_H
, =`
O _xH JO\
@Hx LO_ J="

c[H, H
c[ "H ~fiO`= Q e H =Q~@O\ x~} =Y= JO\~.
H` O`<`u HQ H= E< #O_ O|~ H [~Q nH~}=
| kH~}
O XH [O`= ~+
` `u J="# Qx

` `u J="# Qx Z^
XH
` `u J=" ==#
Hey LO_ 'u
'UHO yH` O yH kfi~^` K
[O`= '"#=
OQO ~+ H O^H =
=i
H O^H =
He~H = OH H O^H O U~_ `Ok.
qQH OH H O^H O Z= ~ =q[ # [~`Ok. =Q H =+ H <
oH
65

^fi~ =` O_=H `~ KO\~. H H }

= H O^H =
` LO@Ok. H JO_O
=~H ^~O ` #Q LO_ Qxfl '[O`= ^$ =O JO\~. H JO_O uH=, HO_ ^$ =O =^ x=
K |_`Ok. P_ H
c[ "H J=~OH `~ KO\~. JH_#O_ J=~O
~O^
O ^fi~ |@ `~.
L#fl` ~ =~ [O`= JO yH
` `u [~Q^
. =+=,
c[H= L`u K
H}#
OQ c[ JO\~. [K~ r=#
K, H "^~# "\ | nH~}
O [~Q` Ok.
[= r= =#OQ JO`~ nH~}
O [~Q`Ok.
, ~+
` `u J=" ~ O_
XH rq L#flK J@=O\ r=# 'L
O yH r= JO\~.
"#=
c[H ^=
_= HO_`O L^~ <_ ^O_O` W~H LO\~. DQ
O~ O Hey# =@ 6 #O_ 8 "~ Q _ q_^ J=`~. =QH
q_^ K
H }

==# 'q JO\~. J_ H #O_ =HOQ q_^ K
JO_= =xfl '<
JO\~. J<H ~ kfi^ qzu, [i# `~ "` '~q+ < |#==`~. |_#

'~q+ " O yH
` `u [~Q`~. OQO H O^O J^$==`Ok OQO
H H O^H O # q[ # [~Q`Ok. kfi^ qzu =# H~# Hx

~q+ O OQO
= uiy O^`Ok. H < LO_q JO_H}

=#= ``u == : =#= ~+ ` `u == x x~}= '=+O 'H kH <oH Q

J="= =+=, H kH <oH #O_ H H }
, H <oHH
"
t
~. H H }
xH
LO_ 'ZH*" nH~}
K~ Z__ `Ok. 'eH
q
"\O Q' ~<# L`u K
x~}=

+Q O k ~fiOzH \<l
OQ ~<# L`uK

x~}=
+Q O k ~fiOzH
c[H
x~}O Q< \H LO\~. \H #O_ q_^~# JO_= < <OH

"
t
O k.
XHi q_^ # JO_= OY XH\ `e H Q~
_#xH |$}xfl
He
x~}= <a~[ H H }
= L`u J=K@ =+= =+= L`uK


~#
>~ <, H H }
KeOK_xH H=# Hx
L`u K
#q '"\
HO_

H H }
O KeOz
JO_H}
xfl K~_
xH _ #k `H H H }
L`ux
` OK ~# >~ < eH
=
\
'u<l
OQ ~<
c[H= #= L^~ ~O =`
O _ kQ=# LO@Ok.
'Z*< 'l~ < # L`u K
#k H~
\ O. \H
~Q^# `
OK
~# 'eH =
\O Q ~<, \H Q _xfl `~ "` Jk H~<| \ OQ =~_xfl ` OK#k
'\<l
OQ ~< OuH JQ^ #O_ O_xH ~H}
xK#k 'LO LH^
=
O =#= Q~=k
H= =~ 30 "~=
x c[H OY ~ O_
nH~}
O [~Q Q=
' < <= =+O LO_ H <oH# 'H `kH <oH JO\~.
'JO_`~=

^~ }
OQ 28 ~A XHi [~Q. 'D[<
q
O*

#k
c[ H=. ~`

`fiO
H q" J^ K@=
1978 O.
"
@|_Ok. |$}= Q~
_xH [~=
66

^fi~ JO\
@Hx LO@Ok. =_= < Q~^
~ }
#O_ O_xfl |$$= JO\~.
u
#

O_= Q~
_xH JO\
@ O@Ok. Ja=$k ^ =#= O_Ox H} |`fiK=
=i =^ `fiK= ~
` H` KO^`~. O_= H} Ja=$k H~ Jk gH} q[ #
^u
x J=OaO k. H H }
xH LO_ ZH*" J< QO nH~}
O _ `Ok.
|`KH x
fl J^K
~<
+Q O k HH ~fiOzH #O_ L`u J=`~.
|`KH =
'e~ \< ^ \H |^ JO_xfl q_^ K O k.
c[HO LO_ Q
<
\H JO_# q_^ K~. ~+ Q O k =#= ~+
` `u == XH J#|O^ Q O k
H `kH <oHe `xfl J=iOz L#fl LH H}[xfl '[#<H JO\~. H H }
`QO
ZHu
H H "*" Q
^ H O^O LO@Ok. H H }


` `u == 24 #O_ 72 QO@
HO l=OQ LO\~.
c[HOx OzO\ x~}#
c
[ H \H ^ Q

<
\H JO\~. Q
< \H
^
q
H JO_ =`$H}O #O_ U~_ `Ok. ye# \H#

'~e \ O JO\~. Q~
= x J< HO_~` <OxH `~ KO@Ok Q
<
\H #O_ JO_O q_^ J=@<fl 'JO_`~ =
JO\~.
q_^~# 24 QO@ nH~}
O [~QH ` JO_= H}
O z`Ok.

` `u ==
[iQ =~ KH <
fl '|`KH O JO\~. nH~}
J#O`~=
O_= Q~

xfl Ki` t[##O
=~ '|`KH O Jy`Ok. |`KH O x "^\ ^#
'e~ \" ^ JO\~. |`KH O x
~ O_= ^#
'H @
i ^ JO\~. |`KH O x 'H @
i ^ ye# \H 'H~ \ OQ
=~`Ok. nH~}
O =# U~_#
H}xfl 'O_= JO\~. OH c[ H= '|q~
H} JO\~. ~`

`fiO H q" J^ K@O
H ~= J` q= =

18 O. ~+ 21 O.Q x~~ OK|_Ok. ~H

O |Ok =^ [iQ q"# '"#iHO
JO\~
' < <=# Hui OK_x
fl '@Hq
JO\~. ~+ H <
#
Hui OK_xfl '"H q JO\~. ~+
` `u == XH [` =+ J#|O^ Q O ^ <
== LO@Ok.
u
=+Ox H `k` <oH LO\~.
H`k` <oH H}# L`u K~. HH} H<oH ^fi~ 'Z__q#
K~`~. ~+QOk H, 'H~QO^ < ==xH Hxfl q_^ K~. \H
~
H fi O KOk XH JO_xfl s~ ~OH q_^ K O k. JO_= ' < <= Ki
H H }
O nH~}
KO^`Ok. XH JO_= 28 #O_ 30 ~A q_^ J=`Ok. kxfl |`
KH =
JO\~. '|
Q~
_xH +O\
@Hx LO@Ok. |

K@ L= Z~_ `Ok.
LO LH^
=
O LO@Ok. 40 "~ Q~^
~ #
`~ "` |$}= `e Q~
O #O_ |@
q_^ J=`Ok. =#= nH~}
xfl xOuOK_xH Q~x
~kH ^` K O Q
J=OaOK=K. O_
u
#
_ ~# '*~ <.

67

9 +}
+} J=~=Q ^~ : +H L^ ~} H~ _ @ _ O "^~#q. H
+H L^~} S~<, i< * XH H~_@ XHQ= QH* q_^ K H 4H..
(HHi) J"<
J== \< LO\~. J=H J"<
J==, 'S`< "<

qk
<<
J=H J"<
J= <, +< Z#<
\
<
J#=H J"<
J= Zi \H
J==, <
\"<
. l=
OQ O~ \# Q ^~=
=O=, , Q _, J=H
\ J= 'J<exH J== 'Z~H_
xH J== e<exH J== XH Q = H=fi q_^ K

H Hi H 9.45 >

=H L^ ~} i<, exO, lOH, =#
u
k#O H=#
HeO =~Q 400 #O_ 500 q.Q. S~< O = HeQ "k 'Zxq Q~@~ J<
"k 'S_< O = HQ`Ok. i < Z=Q fH=_O = Z=H HQ`~.
s~ J=~ JkH "`O H=# +H=
+H=
s~ J=~ fi "`O
H=# +H=
H +H XH "H Q" J#Q Q = "~==O` aO, =OO
~ O_ HeuO> =# aOKq H~
_
@
, \< ~ KH ~ == QH *, Q H*,
H*, H+"# H~_@ == 'H* 'H* * ~ H~_\ KH~ J}=
OY '1 ~ Z=Q Qk |OQ^ O
* LO_ K@ =$H r= H}= LO@Ok.
=#= l~=
= l~O Hxk
*. J"<
J== +}O KO^K@
Q
H $ u J"<

J== OY '24 QO_ [| ~O_ LO_O> Z= "`O JO`$ \ J=, ` =
H LO_ H=fi, #< u#e HeO Z=Q Q s~ Q= Z=H Z=H,
^O` Z~_@
xH H=#k HeO "Qa< =YQ= S~< J"@QO k ~< L`uH
S_< J=~O ^O` Q U~_ O_ K
#k i <, ~ "k ~O_ LO_\xH.
`Q h\ #O_ i < f"

e. =H
~Q^ s~ x~}xH J=~=
~xH
^~# +H ^~= ^ +H= JO\~. q@q< Yx[=} Hk "`O
i`~. JO^K` "\x 'H +H=
JO\~. +} JO> s~xH J=~" #
^~=
#
fH=_O aO Z=Q H~
_
@
, =i ` =Q \< LO\~. H~
_
@

H~#=, _[<, =i PH[ < LO\~. x KH ~# 'H* JO\~. K~ x K
~#
'H * JO\~. [O`=x ~x O_^
~O JO\~. Z"
J< ZO*"
~# QH * [
q+
}
O K O k.
P~= P~<O =Q, <=kQ H^ _xH
* _ `Ok. HO
xfiLO_ H~ _
>
# Q H l< JO\~. J"<
J= \< i=}
^" iH HO_
=`"
'D_
<
J=H J"<
J=O. 200 . =^ H=fi # ~O LO@Ok. =#ux =$H O|O^
#< LO_ JO`$ J= #_ `
~K~ . S~< O = ~H
#` HQ`Ok. J_<

68

O = 'Q~@~ "k ^ ' ^~ ~_[" HQ`Ok. Z= "` i< fH=_O

= '~ U~_ `Ok. s~O P~^
~=
PHH ~ }
O KO^_O =# H L`u J=`Ok.
=OO \< Z=Q# H~
_
@
` =Q# LO\~. P~ <O H+
"
#
H~
_
@

[ q+
}
O ^fi~ ~ "
#
KH ~Q q_Q@|_`~. 'H* KH ~ P~O 'H
J< ZO*"

= [q+}O K|_`Ok. 'H* KH~ P~O H< J< ZO*" = [q+}O
K |_`Ok. =#O f< P~O @~ JkH `OQ LO@Ok.
s~O JkHO Q LO_ 'QH * 'QH l< H H=fiQ =~|_ s~O xfi K |_`Ok.
\< '\
\
H ZO*"
K P"<
J==Q q_Q@|_`~. H=fi J== =i
=
~` "\x #< JO\~. P~<O H=fi \
y[~` U~_` ~. 200 =^ H=fi ^
J==Q# y[~ Q# [q+
}
O KO^`~. "H #O_ aOK H=fi# =#OQ #<
~O "_`~. [O` O|O^ H=fi JO`$ H=fi J= LO\~. s~O H=fi =YH
[#HQ L
yOK|_`~. Jxfl H}# `fiK U~_\
xH '
_
J=~=
. H} |^=

_ O =Y"#
'H\< H}r= ^~O \+ O =Y"#
H \< _ O J<
s~O ^
=
z~ }
u
x H =
~ O k. \+ O J< H}O ^
=
z~} `u
x
H =
~ ~. _ =#=x s~O HeO 1.5 #O_ '2 `O LO@Ok. s~O 60 #O_ 70
`O S~< ~HO LO@Ok. Tiu` #O_ H} PH[< fHx =_xH `__#k
'"Qa< ^O`
#
LO_ OQx U~_\
xH i < J=~O . ~ "k Hey# "i ^O`
KQ `
~=`~. r= ^~O =~ 90% h~ LO@Ok. s~O ^~ XH K@ #O_
=~H K@ ~"} K _O h~ `__ `Ok.
s~WH J=~" #
+H ^~ `y#O` i=}O L#fl P~xfl 'O`e` P~O JO\~.
[O`= #O_ aOK \< J=H J"<
J== Z=Q LO\~. =$H=
#O_
aOK \< J=H J"<
J== ` =Q LO\~. +H
^ "` J=~O
+H L^~} H~
_
@
, _ O =O\ =}= H +H fi "`
i`~. H +H L^~} q@q<, S~< "^Q Yx[ =}= H~
_
@
#
KH ~
Jx _ JO\~. ~#
Z" <
_ r~O K O k. P~ <O \< , J"<
J==Q
q_Q@|_`~. J=H J"<
J== s~O q+
}
O J=`~. J#=H J"<
J==
P~O LO_= J=~O ^ .
[O`= #O_ aOK \< J=H J"<
J== Z=Q LO\~. =$H #O_
aOK \< J=H J"<
J== ` =Q LO\~. \J==, y[~ =# H =fi
U~_` ~. JkH" #
H =# QO_ [| HQ`~ 1Q. H=fi 9.45 H Hs H WO k.
JO`$ \ J== s~O
~Q^ J=~O _ O ^O` U~_\
xH ^
=
z~}
J=~O
U=H, ^O` U~_\
xH HeO J=~O . S~< "Qa< W`~ \< =YQO
69

^~ ~~_ ~< L`uH J"_< J=~O J_< O =# 'Q~@~ "k HQ`Ok.

Q~@~ "k ~O_ =#O x`O L
yOK L J_< K~e Z=Q i< fH=_O
=# i "k HQ`Ok.

+H P~ O : s~O |~= 20% HO> Z= |~= H=fi=# J~` P =HH O|qOK

"kx ' H`fiO JO\~. W\= [iy# i^#
=# H`fixfl QiOz `e# q+ =
=O~ O ~ O H=K. s~O JkHO Q LO_ H=fi J_* H}[Ox H} xfi K |_`Ok.
` = J"<
J= L#fl P~O f< U~_ +H
~ O \< +H
~ O
HxK ^~ \< fiOQ LO_ <~H P~xfl f< Z~_ +H~O
\< Hs +H ~O +H ~O =# =K =Y "^ 'Hfi+
~~ "~<=
<
=# P~QO H =
OQ LO_O> O`e` P~xfl fH"e. Hfi+"
~~ "kH ~ #

~Q^
=O^yO k. H K` Q LO_ Z=H

@OQ JQOK XH t= "k
~ ''"~
HO Q "i s~O L`u J H s~O Y~K
H ~ O_ =# ~ LO_=.
H`fi= J<~QH~=
. XH\Q x JO`HO > Z=Qx +H ^~=
Oz# P~xfl
fH=_xfl '+H
~O JO\~. +H
~ O =# HeQ e ` =H = =i
P~Qu
g^ P^~_
LO@Ok.
^ "i xfi H~
_
@
XHi Y~ J~` s~O \<
#O_ Hx
q_^ K O@Ok. `H = i=} H~
_
@
, H=fi, f< H i
+H
~ xH Qi J=`~. Hfi+
~~ "k +H
~ O = HQ`Ok. JuQ u#_O
Hx
Z=Q fH=_O = HO HQ`Ok.
r=H
~ @
KQ LO@Ok. "^_
~Q^ <=kOK_O =# "iH
K^ =# =#H H~H# W|O^ HQ`~. Qi}

Z=Q +H=
=i
H J=~O s~O `y#O` H~_\ =i H=fi xfi LO_= Qi}
+H ~O "i g^ HO_ uH =i =#H ` g^ _

=O K O k.
P~O ` =Q \< aOK \< +H
~xH Q~=`~ H i +H
~
xfl H +H~ O Jx _ JO\~. Hfi+
~~ J# ^=
# J~=
x~H O K |_#
t= '"~= "k \< =i Hi O =# HQ`Ok. \< O =# s~O

~Q^ ` =Q LO@Ok.
H s~= =Q LO@Ok. JuQ u#_O =# J^# H H=fiQ =~|_`Ok.
H H qxQxfl
OK_xH x=|^O Q ==O K
e. H O`e`
P~xfl `O`= Z=Q LO_ P~xfl fH"e. +H
~ O =# Z=HO y`
^
"i s~O |~= `Q ` Ok. JuQ u#_O Z=Q H LO_ P~^
~=
fH=_O =#
H`fiO H`Ok. Hx fH=_O `yOK_xH H H JkHOQ LO_

70

P~^
~ # fH=_O `yO Ke.

q@q<=#~##` "^ : 'He~ q@q< O = 'iH\ "k HQ`Ok. ^q<

O = HeQ "k 'ii '# J<k q@q< a3 q@q< a3 O = HeQ "k '_
Q
Q\
<
J< "k a2 q@q< O = HQ`Ok. 'i _H<
J<k a6 q@q< ~# <=O
eH==O J<k XH q@q< O\xuH J=O O =# =O@# =O_ Q= H '

\<
'H~\< '

\< h\ HeQ q@q< ^
q< 'ZiH J==

\< q@q< @
~fi`fi 18= `|x
H KOk#q ~.
K.l. J<

~Q^ O|OkOz# ^~=
LO^x
H#H#fl_ . e+ K#
aO uO> [< <q 'i i "k HeyO^x `eOk. #HH J=
O+
}
xH J=~=
q@q< 'eH J== 'H[< U~_\
xH J=~=
q@q< 'H~\<
Q =#@O#
H >=H J`H=_O# `__ q@q< ' q@q< ' S~< Yx[
=}xfl +} K Hx x= K _O `__ `Ok. "_q
H Ju`fii`OQ #tOz q@q<
' 'l~"^
e "k fl J=<xH O|OkOzOk. ~HO Q_H @
_
xH J=~"
#
q@q< 'H
q@q< H +H=
H}= [iQ PHH ~ }
, H
H~}
K~ J=~"
#
q 'iq
<
<\ = Q _O H #O_ h~ H~_O J<q 'a2 q@q< O =# HQ`Ok. J"<

J= r=H

=
Y ` =OK#k. 'i _H<
[=H aOK q@q< 'q@q< '
zQ "z "\ #O_ ~H =O J=_O J<k 'ifi "k H}
O q@q< Z ~xH <=O
'~\# HxflO\x L`u K QO^ 'JQO^ q@q< _ ~xH <=O 'He~ q@q<
'W ~xH <=O '>H~ 'Zx
i \ q@q< q@q< 'W [O`= HO, =`
O _=
aOK q@q< '

\< JO^` fi = q@q< 'Z O =# U~_ `Ok. "H #O_ =K
P~O LO_x q@q< q@q< '_ q@q< J<
~# "^@
"

\#
"_ OH q@q<
''a1x ^
q< Jx _ JO\~.
'iq< J<k q@q< a2 H ~xH <=O q@q< a3 O =# 'Q J<
"k HQ`Ok xH~ ~H #` '#
H|q< J#Q a12 q@q< ##` =# HQ`Ok.
'#
H|q< J<k a12 q@q<
~. '
\< q@q< O =# J@ HQ`Ok. q@q<
' O = 'ifiT "k HQ`Ok. 'ZiH J=O J<k q@q< '
~ 'O\uxH J==
h\ HiQ q@q<
#
H|q< h\ HiQ q@q< 'eH J== ~xH <== '<
q@q<# "^\ iQ
K.. P<
J< "
` H#Q<fl_ .
~+ =^ `=# '>H~ ^ 'q@q< 'W O = HQ`Ok. q@q< s~O
O+
}
O K |_= JO^K` "\x J=H +H JO\~. q@q< 'H H=fi HiQ q@q<
axfl e+ K#
uiy uiy H_y # "xx ^
q< ^ q@q< 'a `Ok. 'Q
\


<H Z~Q `` _`Ok.
i _H<
J<k 'a6 q@q<
~ #HH J= r=H
eH
J== q@q<
=
Y ` =O k. ~_<
Z_<
J< =~H HO\ ~ \<x ~ =O\~.
71

~~ s~O P~O =#fl q@q< '_ Q =~O k. ~+ JO^`fi = H#

~O_
K q@q< 'W q@q< ^ '>H~ q@q< HO# u#_O =# ~zH\ J< "k
#==`Ok. x=, <iO[ u#_O =# 'ifi J< "kx #O K H=K. H_ K
#<# 'iH\ J< "kx #OK O k. q@q< H~#
~# ^~=
q@q< "H Q"
i=}O s~xH J=~=
=`~.
H}fi H

^
# ` =OK q@q< ''~q
< 'i _H<
^ 'a6 q@q<
O =# =~H W_ ~QO =O k. Z=H =[ Z~H }
U~_\
xH 'eH J==
^^O K O k. =# s~O q@q< 'a H O xfi K |_`Ok. ~ \#x ^O_
LO_ =~H x
fl '~_<
JO\~. ~ \< x OY LO_ =~H =
# ~ _<
JO\~ =$H O|O^
P~ ^~ q@q< 'Z H ~\< J< q=
~O LO@Ok. =# s~O H ~\< q@q<
'ZQ =~`Ok. ~ zH\ "k` ^
_
"
~ ` = "`~Qx ~u Qx ==
# K_ ~ .
'l~`e "k HO\x P Q O ^ P =# L`u K =. *f +H~ O Q
K@
^
^. q@q< '_ O =#
^ "i` U=H
Q J~ `O^~Q q~Q`~.
'0 q@q< ^ 'He
~ q@q< O =# ` ^_H O\H U~_` ~. q@q<
Z,_,W. =i H q@q< H=fi H~ Q`~.
OH J< "
` 'ii "kx x~kOK ^~=
zO @ ^ `_ L#fl^x
H#Q#fl_ . q@q< 'W O = Z~~ H H }
rq`H iqu `Q ` Ok. ~ zH\ q@q< 'Z O
= HQ`k. 'He
~ J<k q@q< '_
~ 'a2 q@q< ~xH <== ~ q< 'a12
q@q< ~xH <== 'x
H~|q< q@q< 'Z ~xH <== '~\# q@q< '_
~xH <== 'He
~ q@q< 'W ~xH <== '\H~ q@q< 'a1 ~xH
<== '^

q< q@q< 'a3 ~xH <== 'q< 'a6 q@q< ~xH <==
'i _H<
q@q< 'a11 ~xH <== 'eH J== 'Z q@q< H~\ a O k. '
q@q<
^ Li, [=H a O k. '_ q@q< ~~t a O k. 'W q@q< uy O[
#< a O k. 'H q@q< z#fl
Q Hi LO@Ok.

L+=O_ "^ : J
=, "H= Q `_ }O LO_ OH q
H r=# "
=@, H
, Q=^ a, QiO`^Q "^ OH =
} [iQ ^u
* `O~ "HO ^fi~
" KO^ "^
Q =i "kH~ H rq kQ Hxfl qxyOKH< u~ q[ # KO^_O
OY Ja=$k KH=_O "k =H= ^ H=K q+^~ q_^ J=_O
[~Q`Ok XH ^x ` `H # "\ H"~ ~Q H}
# K= H H}# ##O
K
B+^ # fH=_O =# U ~QO ^= `~ ~H}
WO k. "^_ " "k +~
<
+~
Q O ^ " =# =K ~QO
~ '^"k =i ~#flrq KH O i # H =
=

72

'~[~ 'H [~\ 'H q~[~\ 'H q~[~\ 'q~[~\ 'Qq\~\ J##k i #
=~ H =
= =i ~#fllq ~[~\ OH c[O #O_ U~_` ~.

Q HeyOK Hi "H= UH Z[fi~O HeyOK "\ "H= H`,

=i [fi~xH "H= ^=
>\

=O\ [fi~=# "H= =#= ~HO #
H}[=# 'ae~a< J< =~ ^
=
O K~@
O =# HeQ "k H"~ `=
zH|_ xfiK |_
K@ `
O `=
K
x H=fi `fi~xH~}
`
O ~ U~_#
_ =K "k H"~.
~ "kx "^\ iQ =iOz# "_ ''J|H~ "^_ " "k H~H=
'J~"~
"^_
" "k ~Q H~H "~
#
"K
O kOK#k.
H ^= ^ ~Qxfl HeyOK#k. 'LH~ e= ^ "k zH` =O^ '_D
^
H~=*< =i ~#flrqx Hx
\#
"_ ''K~
q~< =i ~#fl rq rq` KH O
=^qH Ju`eq =#=_ =#=xfl \ ~Hxfl q P_^= O`e` P~=, i
"`=~}O, H =
|^ "== s~xfl P~QOQ LOK`~. s~Ox H
q^#x `_
=# "k =O k. ~Q [#H r= s~O
"
t
OK_xfl "k OH =
}O JO\~. ~Q [#H r=
JkH OY L#fl \H P
O r= Jfi` HeyOK=. Z~_ "k
` H s~ `H_ =# "
KO^`Ok. [|, J@= "^ [ H aO^=x ~Q H~H "~
OH =
} ^fi~ "
KO^`~.
Q , =i "^ =~ } ^fi~ " KO^`~. P }x "HO JO\~.
s~OH ~#fl rq
"
t
OK#k "^ Pfi` H#|_ =~ LO_ ==kx kQ HO JO\~.
kQ HO ~#fl r= q+^
~ # q_^ K Ju`~x H =
s~ q^ J_
`Q `~. ~H}
== XH "kx #O`}
=i x~^x
H
=
Y ` =O k. =`O x
~OQ 'a~a< =~ ^
=
= =# HQ`Ok. ''>\

"~
P~O ^fi~#, ^fi~#
`e #O_ a_ " KO^`Ok. Q=^ a"k 'qH"~ '~\_ "~ ^fi~ HQ`Ok.
Q=^a "k =YOQ KqO^ LO_ '[ =i '~\_ QO^ "kH
#=`~. ~qH "~
'P~.Z<.Z. `@, J="~ ^ ~ "kx HeyO k. "^_ "
"kH ^= "HQ LO\~. ^"k H =
_O|H
~ '"H i ^= =i#
" KOk x K # "
` ~. ~< ~. =i ~#fl rq rq` Ki` ^q
H P_
^=, =i ~#fl rq rq` Ki` =#= Q_
^
~ JO yH KH O q~[~\
H H}O ye q_^ J=`~. 'Qq\@
Zi`\
H ^ #O_ Ja=$k KO^`~.
^= =#=xfl \#
_ [O LO_ '~ [~\ =#= s~OH
" t
~. Ke `<,
K=@ ` =i "k Q=xO.
=i ~#flrq #O_ ~H}
O^_xH =~=
^= `~ L
yOK_"
"k [#H
rq OH =
} =O^ LO_ J"xfl 'OH =
H H~H P
O JO\~. OH q
H H~H J

OH =
H H~H r= x=~. "\ [xH r= ~QH~H J
O #O_ ^Q~ ~"} K |_

73

^u
x '"k " JO\~. s~xH Z^#
^| `ye#_ 'ZO\>@
# WO[H<
fH=_O =OzOk.
"k "` "H=
=
Y ` x~fi~. ^= [< `yO K@ ^ x~eOK@ =#
=i# J^ K =K. = H+`"
#
"` u#@ =#
|
e# "k '=_H"
=#=x JOH =
` H "k x~^H H HeyOK_O
=
Y ` =O k. HH}
=~
~ '\_
HO #O_ `=
, `
OH K~ `Ok. ~HO #O_ 'a~a<#
=`
O _= "~ K =`O ^fi~ qi ~. >\

"~
HO H}# _K~.
Hxfl <#O K
q+^
~ LO_ P~^
~ # '\\H<
JO\~. 'qH"~
~\
_
[# ^~O rH Q LO_ 'P~.Z<.Z LO@Ok. \*"< ~#fl rq J~# _ O =#
=i =O k. JO yH
` `u ^ ^fi~ =i ~#fl r= OY =#= =$k KO^`Ok
^= =#=x ~HO e#_ 'QO\@
^x r~=
= H K~ `~. ~fi~A =i
[fi~xfl 'Hfi<<
J< B+^O zH` K
"~ H"~ "k ~HO #, H}*# 'ae~a< K~ @ =#
HeQ "k.
HO Z~~ H H }
= <#O J~#_ ae~|< U~_ `Ok. HH} ae~a<#
`^
=
}OH
q
OK ~. Q=^a "k kQ HO ~ O_ #O_ =_ "~. `@ "k
" `O~ ^fi~ [~Q`Ok. 'JH"~
"^_ " "kx HQ* ~. O^# [##
`yO K@ =# "^_ " "kx JiH@=
K. k "k 'LH~ iK<H 'LH~ i= J<
H
=# HQ`Ok. ^"k kQ HO 5 #O_ 18 < ^"k H}
+}Q O ^
" _ O J< <Q [` ~#fl r= =# =i "k HQ`Ok 'H q
~[~\
H H Z~~ H H }
# Z^~O\~. Hxfl `~ `~ "` q~[~\ Q q\<\
Q =~`~
^= \#
_ Q q\\
^=H |ke J=`~. Q q\\
^= l~J
==O OQ
c[# L`u K~. OQ c[ OQO KOk OH c[O U~_ `Ok. Ke, [fi~=
=i "k H}
z#fl "^_ O|OkOz# =i "k =O k. >\

"~

H}# ##O K
@ =# =K "k H"~ "^_ " "k H~H=
'P~"~
^~QO
H~HO ''LH~i|<H Q=^ a H~H= ''qH"~ ~>_ KH"~ H~HO ''>\
`@ H~H= ''~qH"~ ZH " K "~ 'Q H` ^fi~ " O^ "k 'Z
[fi~O ^= ^fi~ " KO^k =i [fi~O =#= ^fi~ "OK "k '>\

O^
^fi~ "OK "k ''"^_ " [fi~O

^= zH` : "kx QiOz i"# zH` K @ x} J=~= =H P~QO ZO`

=Y" =[ P~QO JO` =YO P~Q O~H}
== L^ =
@}
, Q g}
[ P~Q u

"~Q~K
_
" P~Q O~H}
== kOK=# H O =~} ~ @ `yO K_O . Q g}
[
P~Q J=~, @}
" P~Q J=~ a#flOQ LO\~.
u
=^H P~Q H O^=

H [< J=~# KO k. Q = "k x~^H H HeyOK H~H =
# K
\k
P~QH~H~
H+
"
#
~Q zH` ^ HQ*
k
=^H P~Q H O^O JOQ<"
_ H~H~x
XH
74

"~ =Ok [<H xq~ . 100 Q =H XH ^q

H P~Q H O^O H^. JO^` fi xH =
H~}= q@q< 'Z O
u
U_k =# ^O 60,000 =Ok JO^` fi O` ^
_
`<fl~ .
P~ 'Z q@q< ZH=Q a O k.
^
=
zH` H = ^, q` #O_ q=H K
@.
h@ =xy# =Hx
~HO K_xH K
=HH ~=#k D`,
[
^
=
zH` `i^ WK O
JO|< sfi, a
\+ ~ _H \
, JO_
JO|< sfi U=H =`"
qiQ q~ =#
q~ Z=H K@ qiy` ^xx qHO_` q~= JO\~. h@ =xy# =Hx
|@ `z#
`~ "` =O^ K =#
^
=
zH` H$u
= fi HeyOKe. =# J== JxflO\H Ju
=Y"#
k H#fl g\ JO^` fi O ~=_xH J=HO L#flk WOH |_H "x q@q<
'Z Z=Q W"fie K #< LO_ q@q< a12.
` 6 < XHi <\ ^fi~
60,000 "HQ= q@q< ''Z W"fie. ''W~ J< [~x ^_ ^= zH` P^_. ^=
zH`# "H `=_xH H$+K# O *< JO|<. ^= zH` K =H "^_ H^ Jx
*H O
@H"e.
K K@ Z=H q~# ''_
< Z=H q~ JO\~. Z=H K@ qiy#_
qYO_` Z=H q~ JO\~. XHHi XH "k =[=O`\H " O k. =# ^O JkH
[< Q =O LO@Ok. Q =
u
k" [< XH
^
q
H H O^O H^. P~Q O~H}

== "^

^
# Q=x K =K. =^~H P~Q H O^ '30 _H LO\~.
=^~H P~Q H O^O ''ZH- ~ O` _ LO\~. U "kH #
`i^ Ok# i
_

"^
K zH` K~OKH"e. ^#
P` , "^
H J#|O^OQ LO\~. +H~
O
^ = q@q< ''Z O. =# [< 44% HO` =~ \< H O`
^
_
`<fl~ . =# [< 9% =Ok f= +H~ O` ^
_
`<fl~ . P~O q@q<
''Z O = WOKqOK
u
U_kH 60 " =Ok JO^` fi O =O k. +H JO^` fi O#
''~pH\ JO\~. +H P~ JO^` fi O q@q< ''Z O = =O k. JkH "`^ q@q<
''Z Wz ~ pH\ ~O_ K
@ H~H =
xfl K\
#
O ''*f +H ~ O . i #
+H~O f#fl@~ ` JO^` fi O# iQ x~eOK=K. "k " JiH@_
xH "kH Q~ #

"i zH`#
~H}
H~H =
J= L<fl~.
P~Q O~H}
O L^ O @}
, Q g}
[ P~Q W x "~Q~K
_
"
. Q g} P~Q
H~H~
[ J@ P~Q O~H}
== _` _. `i^
Ok# =O` # =~}
~ @ `yO K_xH
=
Y ` =~ .

75

10. ==O - O=~#O

< =_ ~H H= Jq : 1. |OH=\ <, 2. WH <, 3. _ <. ^xfl` h~,
Z~= Jxfl "
=OQ O} J=`~. <# K^ # K @O =# h~, +H
^
~
=#OQ ~
@ J=`~. =#+` Hx K^ # H iH~xfl Hx
qx K^ # K _O
HO L
y~ . x= LOz# q`<
jeO^ , Hi K~ `~. q`=
O^ q`<
#
Hi , jeO^ <H ~#K k K
e. KH Q ^xfl# < q`<
# q ` O Q
"^ [_xfl ''_ HO Q JO\~. ^ "H` @ <, h~, +H
^
~ "`~
\ _ `
iy =# J=~O x "H# H"H JO\~. H "H +OK_xH
=O^Q< O #O_ f"
"\ L`ux
JiH@=
K. H "Hx f_xH ~ O_ ~H
^` H= 1. uH ^u
, 2. ~# ^u
. H "Hefl f@O <
Qe Q@H<
x"@#
"_`~. Q <HxH 2-4 _H~<H Z\H P== L^~}. Q<H q+`
~<. `y# ^
, =O^ *Q` \OKe. i # "`^, `y# HO "_e. H
"H x"~}H W`~ ^` 1. O@=i_ q^#O, 2. r=H
q^< ^u
. H "H
` =#
H@H#
"

\ H "Hefl <#O K~ . D ^u
O@ "H xH~O H^.
D ^u
x r=H
q^# ^u
"_`~.
< g^ h\x iOK_O K h\ ~ ^
OH~ ^u
"~#q h\ ~^H qq^
^` .
OkH H~< ^~ # H r= Z~=Q =~#. g\< [ Z~= JO\~.
[ Z~= =
_, pH~# Q_ "H He# q=
O LO\~. O `fi~Q
iQ
O@ "Hefl " P "H Q Zky#_ "\x < ^#fl`~. D "Hefl H r=
qz#flO K <H
Ok U~=# WO k. W@=O\ Z~=# z Z~= JO\~. z
Z~=Q [#=, ^ < "H# "_`~. H Z~= "
=O^ h\x
f" ~ . Z~=# =OQ "#
`^ i h\x i~ . Z~=efl "H h\x |\ x=fi~^
x h\` @ Z~=_ |@ `Ok. H~Q~ `
~ #
~<# ~xH
Z~= JO\~. "H J~=
=Y"#
+H ^~ <\
[<, ~
, \+ O.

u
i "~ "~ O@ =i O_OK@# O@=i_ q^#O JO\~.
qx ^#fl_O =#
+H~ ~
@ J=`~. '' OH~ ^u
h\ ~
~ L
QH~ O Q LO@Ok. ZO^HO>
Jk O@# K
~ O k h\x xOuO k. WH < L
QH~ O Q LO@Ok. O@ H=#
z#fl"
H# <~"#
`~ "` =_H =~~ . z#fl "H# <#O K
~<#
Q<H,
iz\
JO\~. 2-4 a H i <== ''_ H~<
HZ
\H J_ Z~=
"
=O^ #O_ h~ f" ~ . Z~=# Jxfl "
~
@ K#
`~ "` h\x OH
O~ .
76

zx '' q@q< Ju KHQ [OQ aOk. *, F[qH, ZHiqOQ

"~#q p# =K "~
"^. px "H P PK~ O Q =K U~__
O
''"[~H "~
`Q H}
. ''ZHifia "#
P L` Q D<, H Z`
U~_` ~. x=*u "H Ql `Q "k ''[O`"< \
J< "^ = HQ#. H=,
O_ g^ ~OQ LK` =K U~_ #. ''"<H\ ^ ''"@_ J< H@H <H=
#
P u< ~Q ~fi^ L#fl_ x"iOK_xH "_`~. ^HH ''_xq ''"<Q_z\
"^~# "^ HQ`~. H|iH =K "^ ''~<~ c\ H|i "~ q "~
"^~#q. H@H << =#=, [O`= _ P~Q q+ O W|O^x HQ*
O k.
<_ =O_O

=O K`~. ~ #
HO ~ #
"`^ "_H ` O@kQ|_ `y O@
<#O H=K. K =OO 15% #O_ 25% =~ =OH$ ` LO__O =# K \<
aOK =Y P~O. K =OO ''Z =i ''_ q@q< H= =Oz h\ K #^,
~
, z#fl K~ = a~.
JO@~Q x XH i=}O LO_ XH ~H"
#
K # Jk OY
OK_xfl ''=`
O=~#O H ''=` ==O JO\~. =` i= Q ~O_ ^ : 1. [##= ^ Q_

HiOK@, 2. Q_#
^Q@ ^ Q_#
q`<
JO\~. "# HO =O^@ Q_#

\
^
K # ''a_~ JO\~. J_ Q_#
O_ |@ =z# z#fl K # ''< JO\~.
^ K #

` HOQ xiOz# Q^ H$u

=OQ Q_#

>@
@ K~ . nxx ''H$u
=
[ ##O JO\~.
K # |@ f ^x L^~O <H#@~` "\ #O_ q_^ Hx
fl ''q
JO\~. P~H H# =i`_# O_Q K O@x K P~OQ "~ . XH O@ Zxfl
K # +OKQ ^ H H@Hx K Z= OY QOQ K~ O_ KK @< ''Hi~OQ
H \ JO\~. XH\ HO> Z= ~H K # XH O@
Oz` ^xx ''eH~ JO\~.
KH "~, Hi, Ol, \*"<, ''>=~@, ''|~ =# "^ =~. h\
g^ `` LO_ z#fl [O`= "H# ''=H JO\~. ''\, ''"[OaH, ,
''Hi
H "H x"~} L
yOK K . H$u
=
[ ##O Q_#
^Q_
xH

` H" #
U~@< ''WO@~ JO\~. `@H h\x <Q, J~^ U XHi =~e. ~K

<=O ''e_< K O@ ~Q_ < +O. =O H$`, H=fi, O_
^~ , q@q<, Yx[=} H=. WOQO_ #Oz [i, _<~ #O_ e<
*u P=#
f=K~ . ~ O_ *` KOk# "~ "~ [O`= =^ [iQ O~ " [ ##O OH~* u
P= ~A 8#O_ 20 b@~ # W~. =# ^ `+ i` # `@HQeQ~. O~xH
Z^ , P= ~ #
s~u
LO_e. D u
x ''"_ JO\~. JO`HH XH Z^ XHi XH P=
nH~}
O K QQ`Ok.

` O " *u P=# O^O> XH\ H$u
= Q~^
~}= ~ O_
77

''~H q+<
=_ O_ =i_ ^` # "_`<fl~ . Hxfl 1960 '' _w =^ #`[ x
^
=
}O Q_H \
O z xfiK~ . D u
H H }
Z= J#Q 10 #O_ 12 O=`~ =
=~
K` #
=O`OQ LO\~. x= K#
Hxfl Qkx LQ ` "Ki z P=
"

_`~. D
^u
< H$u
= Q~ ^
~ }
JO\~. XH Z^ #O_ aOK Hxfl xfiK =~ 3,00 P=
Q~^
~} K =K. P= ~=
, Q#_\<
~< ZH_ . D ~< 1 HO> Z= JO_#
q_^ K
@@
~ O k. P ^u
x ''~ X=+<
JO\~. H$u
= Q~^
~} [iQH, O_#
Hi~ P=
_`~. D O_ Hi~ P= ^_Q U~_` ~. D ^u
x O_
=i_ ^u
JO\~. [OQ XH P= O=`~ xH XH ^_ _`Ok. Hx D ^u
P= 4
H 5 ^_# L`u K O k. P= HO> Q ^ Z= # W~. Q ^ H =fi ^~
Z=Q LO\~.
=#^O 7 *` Q ^ H= Jq : 1. =~, 2. |^fii, 3. *
_, 4. i, 5. "+fl,
6. <Qi, 7. <~q.
L`ux

OK_O , #O_ aOK W`~ ^~# <}`# i=}xfl
Oz, ^ "#
O`
` = ^~ JO^@ K _= P~ +< _
H =Y L^=. P~ +< _
WOH
~
"\
~ "+<.
+=x ~Q~ }= HQ xfl K~_
"
~QO ~ =. ~QO ~ = ~ O_ ~H :
1. P` ~Q O~ =, 2. ~
~ Q O~ =.
~ #
=, =~=
, OH~}
=, L`u =~#
=
|u
H= O@ Ja=$kH J=iK q^#=,
"Hx c*xH "~ =~H "Hx ~+
c[O = O~ = [~Q@< ''~
~ Q O~ = JO\~. ~
~ Q O~ " =
. ~fi~
O~ = #`# H}
~=. ~~Q O~ = H` [#= H~H =, H` ~H
U~_` ~.
P *` =O_ H "" OY# u
H= ``Ok.
u
rqx H ""

=
}= ''ZH Jx d H} Jq ''2 ZH Jx =O_#. H "" OY 1 `y<
,

iy< ^xx ''Z<~_ JO\~. UHu

H= XH [@ H "" ''ZH ^fiu
H 2 [@
H "" ''2ZH H=. U "H<<
2 H<fl Z= H "" [@ =O_ P "H#
''|u
H JO\~. Uq^"
#

<
}= O_
H $ u |u
H U~_` "xx
''P\~_ JO\~. H<
~< =# |u
H=#
~ OK=K.
H "" OY
iy` =#H , O_ i=}=
~Q^ Hx O k. q`#

~ `" #
KH, ^x= "^#
q # g\= L`u K =K. H}# "~ K JO^H
"OzH [#=#
"

_` ''iH<
oH H$u
= P~= iQ "H# O^_xfl ''H}*
=~#
= JO\~.
78

~Q ~ }=x H$u
= i`
Oz, "\^fi~ UHu
H "H# `
~ K~ .
x H ~# HfixH ~H=O^ f"
, P` ~QO ~ = [~Q O_ K~ . J}
r=~# ^` ^fi~ "Oz` [#=# =`"
, O@ "H# KHKH OQ "~ K =K
nx< ''*#\H WO[hiOQ JO\~.
XH O`Ox
iQ "H# "~H O` #Oz fHx =z,
"

@_"
~~ =

JO\~. XH rq PH`Q J#=OtH= [#~O Q =K =~# ''L`i =~<
JO\~.
L`i =~<
#
~ OK U*O@# ''#@*# JO\~.
[#
~ O Q "H Ja=$kx ''fi
[ #= JO\~. `e "H #O_ d`u ^fi~
[#~=
Q XH LO_ "H# L`u K _xfl ''H# =~#
= JO\~.
OH~}
O =# H ` *`#,
* `# O^=K, v Q H ""
=
}=
''ZH q`<
# ^
gHiOK_xH
*#= ZO`<
J=~=
. H O^ ~+

`fi U*O@x
xqOz q`#
^
gH~}
U*x JO\~.
q`<
4 ~H : 1. = q`#
=, 2. c_~ q`#
=, 3. <k q`#
=, 4. ^
gHiOz#
q`#
=.
National Seed Carporation : J#Q *f q`<
a=$k O. "}[ i` O@ "_<

~ ` WK q`#
~H=
^
gHiOz# q`#
=. |OQ~ =~=
| Q q`<
''a_~
q`<
. ` | Q q`<
''O_+<
q`<
a_ q`#
= 100% [#~"
#
fiK" #
k.
[#~"
#
fiK`#
, uH iu
x, H O_ LO_\xfl q`#
"k O_, q`#

Hx



Q iH ~ . hO ~OQ |Q q`#
= ^
gHiOz# q`#
=.
^<xfl xfi K
=O^ _Q,
=
Q =O_e. U K_ "# O_ =O_e. ^<xfl
OK xfiK
@_ "\H `= `Q O_ KH #
, "^ ~ K
, H H=~
Q x =OKe.
^<xfl Z= H= xfi K
O> `~, P~... iOQ `> , K^ <#
~
Q=#fl
`> , \Q =O\~. ~+O "~ "~ O` ~ ` H tH}
P~O q=
"=# `e* <
fl~ . D ^H <fl q`#
i~H}
^H O JO\~. P~|@ ^#O x=

Q~O x~fiOK|_ H@_

xfl `~ JO\~. ="#
J_Q `> 20 #O_ 50
HfiO\ ^#
O x= K =K. #Q~ O|O^"
#

> 90 #O_ 300 H =~ ^#O x=
K =K. #Q~ O|O^"
#

> P~ J~ H=. x=K
^< D H O k H}
LO_e.
Jq _Q LO_e,
O Q LO_e, xO_yO[Q ^~fi# O_ LO_e. ~fiO ~ ` ^#O H@
3 #O_ 27 HfiO\ ^<xfl xfi K~.

79

W ^#O x= K < `> H _# P^ xHOQ LO_e. D._.a J#Q Wke< _

"_` Q \e. ZHefl xOuOK_xH ~HO Q_H@x B+^ "\ LyOKe.
PO^
^
[#^~} Ok# ^# x= `> P~... P~|@ ^# xfi
Q~ O
xiOK|_ H@_
xfl ''`~ JO\~. `= Jxfl H r=x =YOQ jeO^ x Ja=$k K
H~H =
O.
q`#
i~HH H~H =
H~O H` _b H^. q`#
i~HH H~H =
~+ H~O ^
^x
~*O^
#
Q~ LOk x= LOz# ^<xfl _K
D L^~} ''"xe ZHefl JiH@_
xH
i J"xO
\ a# LOz =\` ="

e. x= LOz# ^<xfl _K

Hi O ''_"< ^ ''"< . Q^ = 12% =i 13% `= L#fl@~ ` ^#O ~H` O Q

L#fl>. ^<xfl x=K#_. 0.9% =~ #+~~. [e H\ # xH ~O_
P=K jeO^ "H\H< J< q+^~# q~. H q`< ~, Q_, QiH, ^o
"^~#q q`<
<#`# `y ~. H O^

`fiO "~ ^=
O`@ ''=Q < HO< JO> q`#

i~H#
H~H =
O
"
\~ . ''"Q < HO
< H~H =
O H` _b H O^H ~O H^.
u
~+O
nx Y H=. =# ~+O nx Y
^
^x ~*O^
#
Q~ H^. x= ^<xH H@H
_^
O_ ''=u<x OK Q_
zHi K _O, ''W^ _
"_ =O^ Q\#,
x= =~ LOK_O , JqxO
\` Q " O_, O\q K~ . e# 2.5% ZH =
^xH 20 ~ @ ^#O "\ =, =`, H "\ xi= s~ = #+ `O. ZHefl `yOK_xH
J"xO
\, lOH
\, ~_ i<, ~<
, ~\<
"^Q =O^# "_e. jeO^
"H \H<
J# q+^
~ # ^#O
q
OK ~. jeO^ ^#O K~_
xH J#
i` 12% H#fl Z= `= 30 #O_ 32 _w =^ LQ ` . ^<xH `= O_ K_e.
Q^ = 12% =i 13% `= LO> ^#O ~H` O Q L#fl@. WO_ < Hx ~ JyH~ i~
"~ 1988 #<yO[ L`ux
K\
#
\ #O_ L`u
iyOk. WO_ < Hx ~ JyH~
i~ "i H~O =# ~+O
^
^x ~*O^
#
Q~ J^ xH i^#
O H^. "\
O@# Z=Q O_OK_O +
"
#
, L#fl`"
#
~H# "__O =# #<yO[ L`u
iyOk..
P~OQ "_x #<yO[ P=^O, J<
\. =<yO[ P~OQ u# ^y#q "~ #Q, #=fi,
^u
~Q_, a<, ~ _
, H|i, ", "^~#q. #< P~OQ "_=K <\
[< ~
~ H
''~* a" H~ x "_e. q`<
# <\ =O^ jeO^ "k x"~} B+^O ^fi~ q`<
#
kK

e.
1988 WO_ < Hx ~ JyH~ i~ O "~ #<yO[ L`ux
K\
#< L`ux

OK`<fl~. "~ _ Q ''~a" #`[xx # KOk. \# HeyOK

Hi ` q`<
x k K
Z= \
~ JO^`Ok. ~ H Q_H O ~ ~
H=OO HO OK`<fl~. Q_# ''WO@~ LQ`~. ^j ~H J,

80

z@QOQ, JQ "^~#q q^t H ~H J"iH, "_>i <, ^ WOw+ =~O H. ~

=i
~~ ~
~ K
"}[ O # ''J~i JO\~. ~ O_ ~HQ
Q_#
^Q`~. 1.
H $ u ^"
#
~H=
, g\x H` ky~ , 2. H$u
= ^u
D ^u

Q_# ''WO@~ ^Q`~. J"iH< ~H =OzQ_# W~. "_>i< H
Z= =Oxfl W~. = z=~# Hui O_xfl ''_aHOQ JO\~. H
~Q^
HO` P~= [O` \< ~OH =~=
O`OQ =~Qe Q Hx
''_
H <
=
~< H \
JO\~.
HH O`e` P~xfl W"fie. ~#fl r= H"\, DQ, , JO`~
~#flr= ZeH =, |^
~Q, ''HH_


"^~#q.
~~ x 8 #Oz 10
=~ = < =OO H~ "_e. H i =
=K ^~} Hi =^
HH~ ''x =i ''H~[. H =z, "k HH~ "k _ H =~. H
i =
x "^ # HeyOK ~#fl r= H" \
, DQ, =i
. =OO
HO HH 20% =OH$ ` Hey# P~O W"fie. H "^ efl HQ*
~#flr=
.
=#O rqOK_xH J=~=

^
q
H ^~=
P~O. `# HO fiK" #
P~ ^~ #
` = <}` Hey# u#x =i P~QxH xx HeyOK ^~ He He K _O [~Q=
K.
=#O He P~ ^~ uO> QO_[|, HO ^|u#_O, ^$+ =_O, z#fl
Q ^|u#_O
"^~#
=
^H~ "
#
J<~Q HQ=K. ~`

`fiO ^~ <}` ij# JyH~
_ Q _OQ JO_ =iOQ K\xfl U~@ KO k. n<fl ''JQ =~ JO\~.
JQ=~ J#Q XH ^~
^` =i ~xH H}
x =OQ ijeOz WK
<}` ` =
. qq^ == L`` =i P~ ^~ J=~"
#
<}` ~#
HeOK#H=_" ''JQ=~ H =Y H}
O. PO^
^
^iH Hxfl JQ=~ ^~
Q^ =O_, #QO _, ^<, #=fi #<, P=#<, _, JO _, H~O_, "Ou,
"#fl "^~# ^~ . JQ=~ ^~ H~}
^H}, _~"
O\ ~, ~ =~\,
H Ok O _Q~ "^~# "\ a~. JQ=~ ^~ <}` iQ H ` P ^~x
fl
=i W"fie. ^ _| " W"fie. ` _ Q` ` xfl Wz#O^ tH _e LO@Ok. PO^
^

=#

`fi= QO@~ #O^ Of JQ=~ i^#
O#
U~@ KO k. JQ=~
<
WK i^#
O 22 H=.

81

11. H= OKO
XH == xKQ =~O# H JO\~. ''U.\.. J}= Hx ~# H ^
|O^ H ~O x= K O k. r=H} `fiKO W~"
LO_ q^` u
[Q_` x `_
=# q^` H L`#fl==`Ok. H XH ~O #O_ =~H H ~xH =~@ Z= J=HO
LOk. q^` H O H OuH HQ # ZHH @~ L+ H Q #, ZHH | HOu HQ #
=~`Ok. ~_ #O_ aOK HOu Hx
''~H JO\~. r= H
2 ~H Jq :
1. x~}H
, 2. qz#flH
, " O_^
~ , \< , Yx* "^~#q LO\~.
P# H =#~Q# B+^ i =
^
=
xQ# L
y~ . K Q_ J_Oz# `~ "`
qye# =~
^
~ x ''JQ JO\~. nxx ''HO Q =i Z~=Q L
y~ . P Q e<
q=
xfl ''Q JO\~. nxx "@~ "< WO^#
OQ "_`~. qq^ ~# ^~
LO_ qq^ ~=
}= |O^ =^ |OkO|_ x= K |_ Hx
''|O^ H H ''~# H
JO\~. =Y"#
2 H [#H P~^
~=
: 1. O_^
~=
, 2. H =fi, XH yH r=#
x~} H
qz#fl H
[iQ K~ JxflO\x ''r=H
^=
^ ''r=H
q^#= JO\~.
r= 1. P~ O^#H~ , 2. ` = |i #O_ ` OKH#@ H~ , 3. XH [O`= =#Q_
H~ Ke~. XH [O`= =#Q_ = J`=~ K#= 1. $^ OHK=, 2. fi
H H^e H, 3. r~H
JO`=
H^e H J=~O . J^~ r=H
~ @ J#Q XH rq ==
LQ ` qOuQ L#fl _ LO_ r=H
~ @# ''P^~ r=H
~ @ JO\~. XH xq+=#
qx Q " # PH [ < # qe b @~ ` e * ~ . r= H ^ O " yH = U ~ @#
L
yOK|_`Ok Jk L`u K
L`W ~ @# r=H
~ @ JO\~. XH [O`= P^~ r=H

~ @# ^x i~, P rqs~ LQ ` , s~Ox ~#u
x, ~HO J"@QO k =u
Prq
W`~ K~ P^~u LO@Ok. ~HO J"@ QOk ~< `H=Q L#fl_ HQ ux
'' ^~ ~_[" JO\O. ~HO J"@QO k ~# Z=Q L#fl _ HQ u
x ~^
~ ~_
JO\~. <_H}
O |@ LO_ _ O, \+ O J< Q_` LO_ `_# |\
q^` u
[= U~_` ~. H} ~"} K~ ~ O_ ~H : 1. x+ ~"}, 2. H

~"}, H ^~=
JkH O^` #O_ ` = O^` ^ qi`=Q#_ H qxQO
LO_^ . D K~ # x+ ~"} JO\~. P"~} == XH =}HO Jxfl r= #O_ Z`O
i=} Ji# H _ ^
=
~t U~_ `O^ ^xx ''r=^=
~t JO\~.
_, =O@K =O\
WO^#
= r=#O_ L`u J=`~. D WO^<
x r= O|O^"
#
q H|\ r= WO^#
=
JO\~. M~ r~=
= r~O Hx ~ O_ ^~=
1.
* , 2. Jyfl<,
[ K`,
[
H~ Q =
LO_ qQ
= g\
OK|_ J=~"
#
=$H =^# ''=lH
J_ q JO\~ . =lH J_ = # Oz "\ #O_ =K L` ` x H Q =
82

L
yOKH#@# ''=lH J@q x~fi} JO\~. WO^<
Q "_|_ ^
=
~ Hxfl
1. =O@K, 2. Hxfl [O`= qi` ^~=
, 3. ==O, =
, "H, [O`=
L`u K =~ ^~.
J^ =~
[ "i WO^<
J=~O H~ =O@K
P^~_
@ H~}=
1. =O@ K O Q a O k, 2. =O@ K KHQ LO@Ok, =lH J_= ^^ K

H~H=
MoQ L#fl< , ~H , h\ =#~, xH
[ , H~= "^~#q. =O@
K H~ K@#
#~H_
O ^fi~#, Q$, ==, i =
H~ "H# `yOK_O
^fi~# =#=_ J_= q<<xH ^_=`<fl_. \ O@ "H _H~<#
OK #O K
~xH ^~=
Je<# OK #O K
~# ^~=
LO\~.
|Q L`u =^O aOK Q^ = =~ =
=~xH KOk# H "H H ''H
=_ ^~Q LQ_`~. \O@ O|OkOz# "H ~O_ L^~}
1. \

HH
", 2. H \
H~. K ~O #O_ OK^~# `
~ K
^u

K ~O #O_ =K ^
=
~ =~ ^~x
fl ''" JO\~. q^`
O` ~O LO_
HOux H zxfl ~ }= ~O LO@Ok. ^xfl ''HfiO@" H JO\~. ~H L
yOz
P=~} == "H H~# H
Ok ^~x
fl L`u K QeQ ~ @#
^
q
H L`kH JO\~.
"H Q H~# ^~O xfi H [= J ~ @# xH~
^
q
H L`^H JO\~. P~
Q
u
~ LO_ H i=}xfl +H ~ JO\~. P~ Q
u
~ =O_
H i=}xfl XH = ~O zuHi
Jk XH iq_ PH~O Hx O k. nxx J"~}==
H iq_ JO\~. J"~} == XH xi` HO ZO` i=}= Ji# H ^
=
~t U~_ `O^
^xx r= ^
=
~t JO\~. r=~ ` =~ ^~ #O_ "~ ` H}fi}O ^fi~ L`u JQ
"=# ''|Q JO\~. =^O LO_ Q^ = =~ =
KOk#
^ H "H#
''H JO\~. H}O H` J}= `
iH J=~"
H U.\.. z#fl ~ }=Q LO_ HOu H
q^^O` qH~}
H ~HxH KO^`Ok. XH ~O #O_ =~H ~OH H ~O`~O
KOk#_ z=i H "^\ Hx
qxyOK ~H

H
. XH r= P^~H
~ @ "\ i~,
s~ LQ ` , ~#u
x |\ "\`@ =~`Ok. XH KOK H ZH P^~ H
~ @ U#Q
HO> Z=Q LO@Ok. ZO^K`#
O> KOK s~ |~= HO> s~ Li`O Z=. "HxH~
^q
H L`kH` JO> "H L`#fl=
Ok ^~~ @. ir= ^
=
~t JO> J=~} ==
L`u J~# _ H~# ^
=
~t. =O@ K =# Z^~"e JO> Hx
K K@
=
Ja=$k K
e. Hx
L`u K
r=H
H~}
[# OQH
. Hx
qxyOK< r=H

q~#
H
,
~Q^, =i K#=, r=H
H L`^H H
` = OY# H
qxQ H
Z= OY# LO\~. H
=
}= ''Hi. h\x HK_xH J=~=

83

H LH . XH ''Hi q= 4.2 *, H H i J#Q 1000 H i.

O KOx r=
P~O ==_xH `__ H
H~}
[# OQH
. XH Q " O_^
~O aOK H 4
H i XH Q = H =fi^~O # H 9 H i.
u
~HH =
\< ` `
~=#.
~HO J"@QO k ~# ` =Q LO_ u
'' ^~ ~_["
qg^ _ HOu
"`O H~}
[#OQH
L
yOK< HOu `= 1.5% HO> ` =. J=~} ==

^
=
L`u^
~ "H, [O`= r~=
= r~O Hx ^~=

*. =Oz ~H
=O@
K JO> Q~O_ =O_k. H}r= J}HO^ O L#flK@
^
^. |~^
=
iQ
"H L^~} ''Jqx= t[ WO^<
"_HO = HeQ x+O# `yO K_xH [ H+O
HQx =#~# H#Q<fl~. "\x O^`~ H =#~ JO\~. ''~` `fi _~ "O\
P << H<"
#
# Z#s ~

` =fl =#~ i^#
K O k. K=~ ~ ~~tx
h\xH x=fiO_ J_
_
@ =# =$H
=
H H~}
[# OQH
H=#O` ~~t
aOKH Kx`~. "`=~}O H~<_


H_
Z"`

O K"`=~}O "_ Z=J=`Ok.
nx< ''QoH "K^#
O JO\~. ~ _

H_
"`=~}Ox h\ Pqi Hiy "# ~O

q g^ ~O k. nx< ''P= =~O JO\~. Kx~# [O`=, "H s~

q
J@_ Q ~ H|__O ^fi~ t[ WO^#
U~_` ~. t[ WO^#
= "__O =# H~<_


H_

H+O U~_ `Ok. nx =#

O KO "_ `Ok. P=
` =~ HQ`~. t[ WO^<

L^~} Q,
\
, [ "= "^~#q.
\
"_#_ O " ~O
"`=~}OH Ki =$H, [O` O^ xK~. WO^<
# "_#_ H~<_


H_
y < *
ZH H H~}O J=`Ok. ~ _


H_
=~O =z#_ h\ Hiy P=
` =~H+O U~_ `Ok.

H $ u ^x JO L`u, qxQ =^ [#"#

`u
LOk. J<H [K~ r= =$H
=
H
P~O, uiy `
~ K x ^~ # #~^i Ox
=#~ JO\~.
q g^ =#~
OHO J=#OQ LO@Ok. J"iH
\
qxQO Z=. i =
# ~"} H~

\
# WO^#
OQ "_`~.
\
, ["=# lO^<
JO\~.
q ~
xH
O K |_# [O`=, =$H , s~O#O_ U~_"

\
, ["=. Q#
Q#
#O_ u~ .
\
# = #O_ |@ f~ .
H $ u H `u
x H_@O <Qi
^`. =# ^O Q Q# Xi, =^^, PO^^ H=. =# ~+O OQ~},
Q^=iYx, KO
e, =^ Q Q# H=. Kx~# "H, [O`= #Oz #H fi^#O
^ H~xH +< =# Q U~_ `Ok. Jq`" #
"_, _#
= =O_@<H H=# PH[ < H
=@K =$H HH ` Q He QQ =~`Ok. n<fl #H
fi^#O JO\~. HQ`
_
[<
q^<
=i H~< "<H_
He LO\~. h\ Hiy# J"x "=# J"x
eH~ JO\~. HH Q O_ =O_ JkH HiH H Hey LO@Ok. i =
q^` H `
i

84

nxfl Z=Q "_`~. =_K=

~ #, ^
=
, " ~ L#fl
_
H~< h~, =}`
He# q=O LO@Ok. \x JOtHfi^# H =# O^=K. Q~ J_QQO
qye~# K=~ HO^# = O` "_`~. nx< ~ _= #< JO\~. [ "=
q^<
, W^<
, q=
O. [ "= = |_^ O_ H+O K O_ QH #
fl
Z= "_x
O^=K t[ WO^#
"_HO
~Q_
O =# Jq ~ 50 #O_ 100 O=`~
iQ J~`~. JO`HH g\x =O_OK_O =# "`=~} H+O J=`Ok.
JO^=#
` =fl WO^<
H~ ikOKe.
\
JO> ~~ Jx Fe" JO> #<
Jx J~=
. =_K=
~x k K _O ^fi~ =z# ~<#
\
~< JO\~.
Q`i = y<* e`= `Q`Ok. PH[< x "`=~}O qz#flH~ HiK
["= `
~=`Ok. ["= "_HO "`=~}xfl H+O K ^

` O "_#
q^O Q "_` #~^i Ox
=#~ WOH 50 #O_ 100 O=`~ =~H J~`~. J~`
WO_ eq>_
\
# i~H
O k. O~ ^Q~ #fl J~a< O`OQ
\
x=#
''O " JO\~. ~=
}= qzu =# Hx Oe#O =# Hx #H
~ H U~_ `Ok.

^
^x #H
~ HOH ~ xO# k K~ . #H
~ H ~ O_ q^
1. #H
~ +
<
, 2. #H
~ Oe#O, ~ xO 235 ^ >xO 239 =O\ =H
~=
#= H O^H =zu =# #H
~ H L`#fl==`Ok. ~ q^` =# Q_

~,
H@~, q^` n, H$u= LQ
_ xK~. #H
~ Hx
q_^ K
XH

H
# ~=
} Ob#O JO\~. Wk ~ O_ `eH #
H O^ He XH ~ H O^H O U~__
O =
H O^H Ob# K~ [~Q`Ok. Jk =#=_ ~AH 2000 #O_ 4000 H s Hx
L
y_ .
~H WO^#
O "`=~} H+O K ^. J"iH ^
_
XH ~A "_ H 2,50,000 H
Hs. #H~ H O^@ \xO ~=}=# "_e "H WO^<xfl
#~^i O=K#. #H
~ HOH
^

^ H^. `~ ~ J}q^` H O^=

=~+ H^. H@ J}q^` H O^=
~[< H^. HHO J}q^` H O^=
=^
H^. *^Q_ q^` H O^=
''a~ H^. q#O_ h\x `_@xH Qe =~# "_`~.
~fi= Qe =~ ~ H H` Qx K\ ~ ` Qx K
"~. D ~A Qe =~
~ Hx H ` K <
fl~ . J~ "`O H x= LO@Ok. ~x Li`O g^ [iQ #H
~
Obx K~ =# ~H U~_ `Ok.

85