& ) " (E1 "

:



:
/

/






























.




.





.









Transmission Systems

) (





.

:




) (audio signals
) (video signals
) (text & graphic signals
) (data signals


) (transducers

) (analog



.

) Claude
(Shannon ) (information theory

""







.

)(Digital Technology

) (Edmund Whittaker
) (sampling theory

) Harry
(Nyquist







) (Nyquist rate

 ) (lowpass filter



Time division TDM
multiplexing
) (codes ) (binary numbers
""

) (64kbps
) (90Mbps
) (Alex Reeves
) Pulse Code Modulation(PCM
) (noise













.

)(Digital Signal Processing

) (analog


) digital
(filters


) (microprocessors


) (adaptive filters

 ) (image processing



.



)(TMS32010


.

)(Transmitter & Receivers

) (input transducer

) (output transducer

) Baseband
(transmission system
) Passband transmission
(system
) (Modulator ) (Demodulator
) (Modulation


) (Sinusoidal carrier
) Amplitude Modulation
) (AM ) Frequency Modulation (FM ) Phase
) Modulation (PM
) (noise



) (Multiplexer ) (Multiplexing

)) Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM
)) Wave Division Multiplexing (WDM
Time Division
) Multiplexing (TDM
)) Code Division Multiplexing (CDM



) (Amplitude-Shift Keying ASK )Frequency-
(Shift Keying FSK ) (Phase-Shift Keying PSK


) (source encoders ) data

 (compression
) (
) (channel encoders
) (encryption

.

)(Wire & Wireless Channels

) (channel bandwidth )(channel loss
) (time delay

) (antennas


.

TDM :






.... TDM Kb/s us
Mb/s (E1 .
(T1) 1.536Mb/s ,, .
TDM
.

:
*
Communications
*
Transportation
*
Social
*
Biological
*
Utilities

:

.
MAN .
CAN
.
LAN
.
(
)
.

.
) (
)(Novell NetWare



.

) (LAN
) (WAN


.

:
( :

.
- :
)( ) .( Server
-
) -
.. ( .
-:
.
-:
.
-:

) ( .
.
- :

.

- :
:

)( . LAN
)( . MAN
)( .WAN

- : Topology
) (
:
)(- ):(Bus topology
) ( ) ( Coaxial .


" "Ethernet " -"

) ( Hardware
.

) ( N.I.C ) ( Coaxial ) T.
( Connector ) ( Terminator .

)(- ) :(ring topology

:
. ) : ( M.S.A.U
Hub . I.B.M
. :
) . ( M.S.A.U
.
) ( Token ring

) ( M.S.A.U ) . ( Mbps -

)( - ):(star topology
) . ( Switch , Hub
hub

 :
:

) ( UTP .

) ( Hub .

)( - ):(Mesh topology


.

- :
:
)( .General network
)( . Special network
)( .Additional network

 )(Telephone Networks


. ) (Alexander Graham Bell



) (





DC






) Almon
(Strowger - ) step-by-step
(exchange









) (cross-bar exchange
-












Dual Tone Multi Frequency
(DTMF) Dialing














.

.

) (local exchange




)(







PBX

.

 ISDN
) (Integrated Services Digital Network




)(analog modems


bit


.




.






.

) Digital Subscriber Line (DSL

) Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL






) Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM
) Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH

) (packet switching


) (circuit switching
) Synchronous optical networking
) ((SONET

.

 :
- :PSTN (pots) Local Loop

PSTN Public Switching Telecommunication Network

6-12

.

.
.

digital
concentrator
-bit
- - .

loop

.

 - : (LOCAL AREA NETWORK) LANs

/
.

- : (Metropolitan Area Networks) MANs

) (.

.
.
%. .
). (ATM
). (MPLS

 - : (Wide Area Networks) WAN

LANs MAN
WAN WAN
MAN .

-
): (Telecommunications Components
LAN

:

ISDN - Integrated Services Digital Network

Private Branch Exchanges - PBXs, Key Systems
INTRANET
EXTRANET
Cell Relay - Digital packet switching WAN protocol
Frame Relay - Digital packet switching WAN protocol
X.25 - Analog packet switching WAN protocol
ATM - Asynchronous Transfer Mode WAN protocol
ADSL - Asymmetrical digital subscriber line
)Voice over IP (VOIP

 :
!

 PSTN
) (:

Switches


.

) (


NGN .
) Transmission Systems( )(




.


! .

) ( ) (DSL
DSL Modem )
(
.

) :(


leased lines
' ' "

"

ringdown
) (E1 ) ( ) (E3
) , ( ) (
.

):( E1 E3

.

.

E1
E1 2.048 Mbs

) (
T1 1.544 Mbs
E1 E1 T1
Digital leased lines
kbps channel TDM
.

 E1

E1 :E3
E1 2 Mbps
33.6 Kbps .
E3 34 Mbps E1
E1 E3
.
SONET
T1 (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy) SDH
.E1
SDH
.
SDH . Synchronous
Transport Module -1 STM-1 STM-1 STM-3
. .
. SONET SDH.
Sonet . SDH
E1 & T1 :
T3 = 44.736 Mbps
E3 = 34.368 Mbps

T2 = 6.312 Mbps
E2 = 8.448 Mbps

T1 = 1.544 Mbps
E1 = 2.048 Mbps

:
SONET
STS-1 .
SDH . STM-1
SMDS .
:
: )( .

 DSL E1 : T1
* DSL ) (
leased line

.
* DSL .
* DSL
Sharing .
* DSL
.

MPLS
Multi Protocol Label Switching MPLS
VPN

.
:
- ) 2 / ( .
- . Frame Relay
- . Layer 3
- .
- ATM . IP
- .
- .
- .
- QoS .
- ) . (failure
- .
.
VPNs
) (



.

 :
-
-
-
-
-

.
.
E1 .
.
.

kjjasir@stc.com.sa