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WOODLANDS SECONDARY SCHOOL PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION 2009

Level: Subject: Paper: Duration:

5 Normal Academic Geography Elective 2190/02 1 hr 30 min

Marks: Day: Date: Time:

50 Thursday 27 August 2009 0800-0930

READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST This paper consists of Sections A and B. Write in dark blue or black pen on both sides of the Answer Paper. Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue, correction fluid or correction tape. Section A: Answer Question 1 (compulsory) and one other question. Section B: Answer one question only. Answers for all questions must be written on the writing paper provided. Start Section B on a new sheet of writing paper. At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. The number of marks is given in brackets ( ) at the end of each question or part question.

DO NOT TURN THE PAGE UNTIL YOU ARE TOLD TO DO SO.

This document consists of 12 printed pages including this cover page. Section A (25 marks) Answer Question 1 and either Question 2 OR Question 3. 1. a) Study the map extract provided which is part of the island of Dominica in the Lesser Antilles. The scale of the map is 1:25 000. Describe the steps in calculating the gradient of Warner River from 698002 to 696010. [2]

b)

Identify and suggest reasons for the settlement pattern in the following area. [3]
63 02 65 02

00 63

00 65

c) [4]

Describe the relief and drainage pattern shown in the following area.

[2]
69 01 72 01

97 69

97 72

d)

What is the main economic activity of people living north of northing 01? [1]

2a)

Read the article in Fig 1A and answer the following question. With reference to Fig. 1A and studies you have made, explain how physical factors affect the cultivation of crops in Asia. [5] Farmers across the Asian region are facing devastating times as millions of hectares of farmland are ruined by scorching weather. Some of Indonesias poorest regions are on the brink of a famine after disastrous crop failure; Thailand has started restricting water supplies nationwide, worried padi planters in the Malaysian state of Kedah are a month behind their planting schedule and Guangdong in China has had to divert water from nearby provinces. Straits Times 29th March 2005
Fig. 1A

2b)

Outline some of the practices to intensify food production in areas with dense population growth and limited land. [4] Fig. 1B shows green revolution techniques to increase food production in developing countries of Asia. Do you think green revolution techniques will improve the standard of living of farmers living in these countries? Explain your answer. [6]

2c)

Changes in Factors of Production in Developing Countries of Asia

Adoption of Modern Varieties Irrigation (million Fertiliser Nutrient Tractors Cereal Production

Year

1961 1970 1980 1990 2000

Wheat Rice (million ha/% (million Area) ha/% Area) 0 / 0% 0/0% 14 / 20% 15 /20% 14 / 20% 55 / 43% 60 / 70% 85 / 85% 60 / 70% 100/74%

ha)

Use (million tons) 2 10 29 54 70

(millions)

(million tons) 309 463 618 858 962

87 106 129 158 175

0.2 0.5 2.0 3.4 4.8

Fig. 1B: Changes in Factors of Production in Developing Countries of Asia

(Source: www.fao.org/.../meeting/008/J3205e/j3205e00.htm)

3a)

Proton is Malaysias largest manufacturer of passenger cars. It has a factory which is located in an industrial estate in Shah Alam in Malaysia, as shown in the map in Fig. 2A. Using information from the map, explain why Shah Alam is a good location for the factory. [5]

Fig. 2A: Location Map of Shah Alam, Malaysia

3b)

With reference to Fig. 2B, explain how space-shrinking technologies have allowed MNCs to set up businesses in different parts of the world. [4]

Multinational corporations (MNCs) are worldwide collections of businesses owned and operated by the same people. Usually, they have a headquarter location where most key decisions are made. They carry out important production activities in other countries. Their products are then exported to an international market.

Fig. 2B: Multinational Corporations

3c)

Is globalisation a force for good?

Globalisation has made the world a smaller place, with increased trade, communications and workforce mobility. It has touched every country, and its supporters say it increases wealth, consumer choice, and promotes democracy. But critics say globalisation gives too much power to multinational business, weakening states and making underdeveloped countries poorer.

Using the information in Fig. 2C, explain the problems and benefits of globalization of manufacturing industries for the developing countries [6]

Fig. 2C: Challenges and Benefits of Globalisation

(Source: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/talking_point/4534519.stm?

Section B (25 marks) Answer one question from this section. 4a) Figure 3A below shows the tourist arrivals for Malaysia and the income earned from the tourist sector. Describe and account for the main changes between 1999 and 2002. [6]

Fig. 3A: Visitor Arrivals to Malaysia

(Source: http://www.tourism.gov.my/statistic/tourist_arrivals.asp)

4b)

With reference to some examples, describe and explain the reasons for development of new attractions in Singapore. [9]

4c)

Tourism is the best way to achieve development in a developing country. Explain how far you agree with this statement with reference to Fig. 3B and from your own knowledge. [10]

Tourism and national economies in developing countries

International tourism arrivals in developing countries have grown by an average of 9.5 per cent per year since 1990, compared to 4.6 per cent worldwide. The contribution that tourism makes to national economies is also far more pronounced in the developing countries. Some of the possible reasons for the rise in tourism in developing countries Tourism delivers consumers to the product rather than the other way round. This opens up huge opportunities for local access to markets for other goods and services. Tourism has considerable potential for linkage with other economic sectors particularly agriculture and fisheries. Realising these linkages will increase the proportion of tourism revenue retained in the host country. Tourism provides relatively labour-intensive opportunities. Tourism products can be built on, and help to preserve, natural resources and culture. These are assets that some of the poor have, even though they may lack financial assets, and whose protection can serve as a safety net for some of the poorest. 7

Fig. 3B: Tourism and National Economies in Developing Countries

(Adapted from source: http://www.iied.org/SM/tourism/about.html)

5ai) aii)

Describe the relationship between the global infant mortality rate and global literacy rate as shown in Fig. 4A (page 8). [5] Explain why each of the measures shown in Fig. 4A might be a good indicator of development. [7]

5a)

Developing Nations

World Developed Nations

1980

2002

Fig. 4A: Global Infant Mortality Rate and Global Literacy Rate
(Source: krusekronicle.typepad.com/.../)

5b) bi) bii)

Study the information in Fig. 4B about a slum area in India. Describe some measures that can be taken to improve the living conditions of the people of Dharavi. [5] Do you think the measures taken by the government will be successful? [8]

Finding a better future for Dharavi

DIANE SQUIRES - Monash Univeristy - Monash Magazine

Midway between the airport and main business district of Mumbai, in India, is an area few visitors dare venture into. Known as the Dharavi slums, it is strewn with rubbish, excrement and pools of filthy water. One and two-storey houses so densely populate the area that there is no public access for service vehicles or open space for children to play. With a population of just over one million, it is one of Asia's largest slums, and there are repeated calls for its buildings to be knocked down to make way for new housing. But Monash Asia Institute director Professor Marika Vicziany believes that although the area is chaotic and in need of an overhaul, the solution is not as simple as destroying buildings. A survey of toilet facilities in Dharavi in 1997 revealed that there was one toilet for every 1488 people. However, 80 per cent of these public toilets were unusable because of blockages, filth and disrepair. While some homes have their own facilities, these are few and far between. 9

Fig. 4B: Improving Living Conditions in the Slums of Dharavi, India

(Source: http://www.geographyalltheway.com/igcse_geography/population_settlement/settlement /squatter_settlements.htm)

6a)

Using information in Fig. 5A describe and explain the world carbon dioxide emissions per capita between 1990 and 2002. [7]

Carbon dioxide emissions per capita, 1990 and 2002 (metric tons)

Carbon dioxide emission per capita (metric tons)

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Fig. 5A: Carbon Dioxide emissions per capita (metric tons) in Different
Regions

(Source: http://devdata.worldbank.org/wdi2006/contents/Section3.htm)

World: Desertificationis an extract describing the rate Global Population 6b) Read Fig. 5B, which Threatens One-Fifth Of and causes for
By Jeremy Bransten

desertification in Nations' parts of the world. Today marks the United different annual World Day to Combat Desertification -- a process by which fertile land gradually turns into desert. One-fifth of the world's Explain the causes for desertification and suggest some measures to control population is currently threatened by the impact of desertification in Asia, Africa, the desertification. [10] Americas, and even parts of southern Europe.
Prague, 17 June 2004 (RFE/RL) -- It has been exactly 10 years since the United Nations adopted its Convention to Combat Desertification, calling attention to a problem that affects hundreds of million of people around the world. And yet, the deserts keep growing. In Central Asia alone, for instance, scientists estimate that 8,000 to 10,000 square kilometers of desert is created every year where cattle once grazed or lakes once existed. In neighboring China, the problem continues to grow in severity, with sand dunes advancing to less than 100 kilometers from the capital Beijing. The annual spring dust storms that used to be a minor local annoyance have become an international problem, darkening skies across the sea in Korea and Japan. So what is responsible for desertification, and can anything be done to prevent it? RFE/RL spoke to an expert on arid regions at the UN's Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) in Rome. Michel Malagnou says a combination of factors, including global warming, is to blame, but that the biggest culprit is man. "Climate change and change in rain patterns can induce desertification," Malagnou said. "But more often, it is created by man. Desertification is caused by overexploitation of the natural resources, whatever they are -- range [land] or forest or even soil fertility which is overexploited." Soil in dry regions tends to be fragile and offers limited yields. That means that overgrazing or intensive farming can quickly strip it of its nutrients. When a patch of grassland has been stripped, rain and wind will wash the topsoil away, leading eventually to desertification. The 11 year-round grazing of cattle in Turkmenistan and the Kazakh steppe is contributing to desertification in those regions.

Fig. 5B: Rate and Causes of Desertification in the World

(Source: http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2004/06/26afdd97-b56a-4a86-82981b7f0db95e97.html)

6c)

Using the information in Fig. 5C, what can you infer about the use of world energy sources and explain the reasons for the trend. [8]

Energy use (billions of metric tons of oil equivalent)

Fig. 5C: World Energy Use in the years 1990, 2003 and 2030

(Source: http://devdata.worldbank.org/wdi2006/contents/Section3.htm)

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End of Paper

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