kkkk ThekWitch-CultkinkWesternkEurope,kbykMargaretkAlicekMurray,k[1921],katksacred-te xts.com kk THEkWITCH-CULTkINkWESTERNkEUROPE kk AkStudykinkAnthropology kk BY kk MARGARETkALICEkMURRAY kk OXFORD kk ATkTHEkCLARENDONkPRESS kk [1921] kk Scanned,kproofedkandkformattedkatksacred-texts.com,kOctoberk2000kbykJohnkBrunokH are.kThisktextkiskinkthekpublickdomainkinkthekUSkbecausekitkwaskpublishedkpriork tok1923.

kk PREFACE THEkmasskofkexistingkmaterialkonkthisksubjectkisksokgreatkthatkIkhaveknotkattemp tedktokma ekaksurveykofkthekwholekofkEuropeank'Witchcraft',kbutkhavekconfinedkmy selfktokankintensivekstudykofkthekcultkinkGreatkBritain.kInkorder,khowever,ktoko btainkakclearerkunderstandingkofkthekritualkandkbeliefskIkhavekhadkrecoursektokF renchkandkFlemishksources,kaskthekcultkappearsktokhavekbeenktheksamekthroughoutk WesternkEurope.kThekNewkEnglandkrecordskarekunfortunatelyknotkpublishedkinkexten so;kthiskiskthekmorekunfortunatekaskthekextractskalreadykgivenktokthekpublickocc asionallykthrowklightkonksomekofkthekEnglishkpractices.kItkiskmorekdifficultktok tracekthekEnglishkpracticeskthankthekScotchkorkFrench,kforkinkEnglandkthekcultkw askalreadykinkakdecadentkconditionkwhenkthekrecordskwerekmade;kthereforekrecords kinkakpurelykEnglishkcolonykwouldkprobablykcontainkmuchkofkinterest. Theksourceskfromkwhichkthekinformationkiskta enkarekthekjudicialkrecordskandkcon temporarykchroniclers.kInkthekcasekofkthekchroniclerskIkhavekstudiedktheirkfacts kandknotktheirkopinions.kIkhavekalsokhadkaccessktoksomekunpublishedktrialskamong kthekEdinburghkJusticiarykRecordskandkalsokinkthekGuernseykGreffe.

Thekfollowingkarticleskhavekalreadykappearedkinkvariouskjournals,ktokwhosekedito rskIkamkindebtedkfork indkpermissionktokrepublish:k'OrganizationkofkWitchkSociet ies'kandk'WitcheskandktheknumberkThirteen'kinkFol kLore;k'ThekGodkofkthekWitches 'kinkthekJournalkofkthekManchesterkOrientalkSociety;k'ChildkSacrifice',k'Witches 'kFamiliars',k'ThekDevil'skMar ',k'ThekDevil'skOfficers',k'Witches'kFertilitykRi tes',k'WitcheskTransformations',kinkMan;kandk'ThekDevilkofkNorthkBerwic 'kinkthe kScottishkHistoricalkReview. Mykthan skarekduektokGeorgianakAit en,kW.kBonser,kandkMarykSlaterkforkmuchk indk help,kalsoktokProf.kC.kG.kSeligmankforkvaluableksuggestionskandkadvicekasktoklin eskofkresearch. M.kA.kMURRAY. UNIVERSITYkCOLLEGE, kkkkkkkkkkLONDON. kk CONTENTS PREFACE. INTRODUCTION. I.kCONTINUITYkOFkTHEkRELIGION. II.kTHEkGOD. 1.kAskGod. 2.kAskakHumankBeing. 3.kIdentification. 4.kAskankAnimal. III.kADMISSIONkCEREMONIES. 1.kGeneral. 2.kThekIntroduction. 3.kThekRenunciationkandkVows. 4.kThekCovenant. 5.kThekBaptism.

IV.kTHEkASSEMBLIES. 1.kThekSabbath,kMethodkofkgoing.kTheksite.kThekdate.kThekhour. 2.kThekEsbat.kBusiness.kTheksite.kThektime. V.kTHEkRITES. 1.kGeneral.

6.kThekMar

2.kHomage. 3.kThekDances. 4.kThekMusic. 5.kThekFeast. 6.kCandles. 7.kThekSacrament. 8.kSacrifices:kOfkanimals.kOfkchildren.kOfkthekGod. 9kMagickWords. VI.kTHEkRITES,kcontinued. 1.kGeneral. 2.kRain-ma ing. 3.kFertility. VII.kTHEkORGANIZATION. 1.kThekOfficer. 2.kThekCovens. 3.kDuties. 4.kDiscipline. VIII.kTHEkFAMILIARSkANDkTRANSFORMATION. 1.kThekDiviningkFamiliar. 2.kThekDomestickFamiliar. 3.kMethodskofkobtainingkFamiliars. 4.kTransformationskintokAnimals. APPENDIXkI. FairieskandkWitches. APPENDIXkII. TrialkofkSilvainkNevillon.kTa enkfromkDekLancre'skL'IncreduliteketkMescreance. APPENDIXkIII. A.kCovenskandkNameskofkMembers. B.kIndexkofkWitches'kNames,kwithkNotes. APPENDIXkIV.

NoteskonkthekTrialskofkJoankofkArckandkGilleskdekRais. APPENDIXkV. SomekNoteskonk'Flying'kOintments.kBykProf.kA.kJ.kClar . BIBLIOGRAPHY GENERALkINDEX kk INTRODUCTION THEksubjectkofkWitcheskandkWitchcraftkhaskalwaysksufferedkfromkthekbiassedkopini onskofkthekcommentators,kbothkcontemporarykandkofklaterkdate.kOnkthekonekhandkar ekthekwriterskwho,khavingkheardkthekevidencekatkfirstkhand,kbelievekimplicitlyki nkthekfactskandkplacekuponkthemkthekunwarrantedkconstructionkthatkthosekfactskwe rekduektoksupernaturalkpower;konkthekotherkhandkarekthekwriterskwho,kta ingkthek evidencekonkhearsaykandkdisbelievingkthekconclusionskdrawnkbyktheirkopponents,kd enykthekfactskinktoto.kBothkpartieskbelievedkwithkequalkfirmnesskinkakpersonalkD evil,kandkbothksupportedktheirkargumentskwithkquotationskfromkthekBible.kButkask thekbelieverskwerekablektokbringkforwardkmorektextskthankthekunbelieverskandkhad kinktheirkhandskankunanswerablekargumentkinkthekWitchkofkEndor,kthekunbelievers, kwhokdaredknotkcontradictkthekWordkofkGod,kwerekforcedktokfallkbac konkthektheor ykthatkthekwitchesksufferedkfromkhallucination,khysteria,kand,ktokusekthekmodern kword,k'auto-suggestion'.kThesektwokclasseskstillkpersist,ktheksceptickpredomina ting.kBetweenkthekbelieverkwhokbelievedkeverythingkandkthekunbelieverkwhokdisbel ievedkeverythingktherekhaskbeenknokcriticalkexaminationkofkthekevidence,kwhichkp resentskaknewkandkuntouchedkfieldkofkresearchktokthekstudentkofkcomparativekreli gion. Amongkthekbelieverskinkwitchcraftkeverythingkwhichkcouldknotkbekexplainedkbykthe k nowledgekatktheirkdisposalkwasklaidktokthekcreditkofksupernaturalkpowers;kandk askeverythingkincomprehensiblekiskusuallyksupposedktokemanatekfromkevil,kthekwit cheskwerekbelievedktokbekpossessedkofkdevilishkarts.kAskalsokeveryknon-Christian kGodkwas,kinkthekeyeskofkthekChristians,kthekopponentkofkthekChristiankGod,kthek witcheskwerekconsideredktokworshipkthekEnemykofkSalvation,kinkotherkwords,kthekD evil.kThekgreaterknumberkofkthesekwriters,khowever,kobtainedkthekevidencekatkfir stkhand,kandkitkmustkthereforekbekacceptedkalthoughkthekstatementskdoknotkbearkt hekconstructionkputkuponkthem.kItkiskonlykbykakcarefulkcomparisonkwithkthekevide ncekofkanthropologykthatkthekfactskfallkintoktheirkproperkplaceskandkankorganize dkreligionkstandskrevealed. Thekcommonkbeliefskasktokthekpowerskofkthekwitcheskareklargelykduektokthekcredul ouskcontemporarykcommentators,kwhokmisunderstoodkthekevidencekandkthenkexaggerat edksomekofkthekfactsktoksuitktheirkpreconceivedkideaskofktheksupernaturalkpowers kofkthekwitches;ktherebyklayingkthemselveskopenktokthekridiculekofkallktheirkopp onents,kpastkandkpresent.kYetkthekridiculekisknotkfullykdeserved,kforkthekfactsk arekthere,kthoughkthekexplanationkiskwrong;kforkevenkthektwokpoints,kwhichkareku suallykconsideredkthekultimatekproofkofkthekabsurditykandkincredibilitykofkthekw holeksystem--thekflyingkonkakbroomstic kthroughkthekwindowkorkupkthekchimney,kan dkthektransformationkintokanimals--arekcapablekofkexplanation.kThekfirstkcankbek accountedkforkwhenkthekformkofkearlykmound-dwellingskiskta enkintokconsideration ,kandkwhenkitkiskrememberedkthatkamongksavagektribesktherekarekoftenktabooskconn ectedkwithkthekdoor,kthektwo-facedkgodkbeingkessentiallykakdeitykofkthekdoor.kBe sideskthiskthekfertilitykriteskconnectedkwithkthekbroomkshouldkbekta enkintokacc ount.kTheksecondkshouldkbekcomparedkwithksimilarkaccountskofktransformationkinto kanimalskamongkthekcultskofkotherknations.kMr.kA.kB.kCoo 'skcommentkonkthekGree

kritualkapplieskquitekaskwellktokWesternkasktokEasternkEurope:k'Wekmaykventureko nkthekgeneralkstatementkthatkwithinkthekboundskofkHellenickmythologykanimal-meta morphosiskcommonlykpointsktokakprecedingkanimalkcult.'[1] Itkiskinterestingktoknotekthekclasskofkmindkamongkthosekcontemporarykwriterskwho kbelievedkinkthekrealitykofkthekfactskconfessedkatkthektrialskaskcomparedkwithkt hosekwhokdisbelieved.kItkwillkbekseenkthatkthekmostkbrilliantkminds,kthek eenest kintellects,kthekgreatestkinvestigators,kwerekamongkthekbelievers:kBodin,kLordkB acon,kRaleigh,kBoyle,kCudworth,kSelden,kHenrykMore,kSirkThomaskBrowne,kMatthewkH ale,kSirkGeorgekMac enzie,kandkmanykothers,kmostkofkwhomkhadkheardkthekevidencek atkfirstkhand.kThekscepticskwerekWeyer,kpupilkofkthekoccultistkCorneliuskAgrippa ;kReginaldkScot,kakKentishkcountryksquire; [1.kJournalkofkHellenickStudies,k1894,kp.k160.kThekitalicskarekinkthekoriginal.] Filmer,kwhoseknamekwaskakbywordkforkpoliticalkbigotry;kWagstaffe,kwhokwentkmadkf romkdrin ;kandkWebster,kakfanaticalkpreacher.[1]kTheksceptics,kwithkthekexceptio nkofkWeyer,kappearktokhavekhadklittlekorknokfirst-handkevidence;ktheirkonlykweap onkwaskankappealktokcommonksensekandksentimentkcombined;ktheirkonlykmethodkwaska kflatkdenialkofkeverykstatementkwhichkappearedktokpointktoksupernaturalkpowers.k Theykcouldknotkdisprovekthekstatements;ktheykcouldknotkexplainkthemkwithoutkoppo singkthekacceptedkreligiouskbeliefskofktheirktime,kandksokwea eningktheirkcausek bykexposingkthemselvesktokthekseriouskchargekofkatheism;kthereforektheykdeniedke videncekwhichkinkthekcasekofkanykotherkaccusationkwouldkhavekbeenkacceptedkaskpr oof. ThekevidencekwhichkIknowkbringkforwardkiskta enkentirelykfromkcontemporaryksourc es,ki.e.ktheklegalkrecordskofkthektrials,kpamphletskgivingkaccountskofkindividua lkwitches,kandkthekwor skofkInquisitorskandkotherkwriters.kIkhavekomittedkthekop inionskofkthekauthors,kandkhavekexaminedkonlykthekrecordedkfacts,kwithoutkhoweve rkincludingkthekstorieskofkghostskandkotherk'occult'kphenomenakwithkwhichkallkth ekcommentatorskconfusektheksubject.kIkhavekalso,kforkthekreasonkgivenkbelow,komi ttedkallkreferencektokcharmskandkspellskwhenkperformedkbykonekwitchkalone,kandkh avekconfinedkmyselfktokthosekstatementskonlykwhichkshowkthekbeliefs,korganizatio n,kandkritualkofkakhithertokunrecognizedkcult. InkorderktokclearkthekgroundkIkma ekaksharpkdistinctionkbetweenkOperativekWitchc raftkandkRitualkWitchcraft.kUnderkOperativekWitchcraftkIkclasskallkcharmskandksp ells,kwhetherkusedkbykakprofessedkwitchkorkbykakprofessedkChristian,kwhetherkint endedkforkgoodkorkforkevil,kfork illingkorkforkcuring.kSuchkcharmskandkspellskar ekcommonktokeveryknationkandkcountry,kandkarekpractisedkbykthekpriestskandkpeopl ekofkeverykreligion.kTheykarekpartkofkthekcommonkheritagekofkthekhumankracekandk arekthereforekofknokpracticalkvaluekinkthekstudykofkanykonekparticularkcult. RitualkWitchcraft--or,kaskIkproposektokcallkit,kthekDianic [1.kSeekJameskCrossley'skIntroductionktokPotts'skDiscoveriekofkWitchcraft,kCheth amkSociety,kpp.kv-xii.] cult-embraceskthekreligiouskbeliefskandkritualkofkthekpeople,k nownkinklatekmedi aevalktimeskask'Witches'.kThekevidencekproveskthatkunderlyingkthekChristiankreli gionkwaskakcultkpractisedkbykmanykclasseskofkthekcommunity,kchiefly,khowever,kby kthekmorekignorantkorkthosekinktheklesskthic lykinhabitedkpartskofkthekcountry.k Itkcankbektracedkbac ktokpre-Christianktimes,kandkappearsktokbekthekancientkreli gionkofkWesternkEurope.kThekgod,kanthropomorphickorktheriomorphic,kwaskworshippe dkinkwell-definedkrites;kthekorganizationkwaskhighlykdeveloped;kandkthekritualki skanalogousktokmanykotherkancientkrituals.kThekdateskofkthekchiefkfestivalsksugg estkthatkthekreligionkbelongedktokakracekwhichkhadknotkreachedkthekagriculturalk stage;kandkthekevidencekshowskthatkvariouskmodificationskwerekintroduced,kprobab lykbykinvadingkpeopleskwhokbroughtkink-theirkownkbeliefs.kIkhaveknotkattemptedkt

okdisentanglekthekvariouskcults;kIkamkcontentkmerelyktokpointkoutkthatkitkwaskak definitekreligionkwithkbeliefs,kritual,kandkorganizationkaskhighlykdevelopedkask thatkofkanykotherkcultkinkthekworld. Thekdeitykofkthiskcultkwaskincarnatekinkakman,kakwoman,korkankanimal;kthekanimal kformkbeingkapparentlykearlierkthankthekhuman,kforkthekgodkwaskoftenkspo enkofka skwearingktheks inkorkattributeskofkankanimal.kAtktheksamektime,khowever,ktherek waskanotherkformkofkthekgodkinkthekshapekofkakmankwithktwokaces.kSuchkakgodkiskf oundkinkItalyk(wherekhekwaskcalledkJanuskorkDianus),kinkSouthernkFrancek(seekpp. k62,k129),kandkinkthekEnglishkMidlands.kThekfemininekformkofkthekname,kDiana,kis kfoundkthroughoutkWesternkEuropekasktheknamekofkthekfemalekdeitykorkleaderkofkth ekso-calledkWitches,kandkitkiskforkthiskreasonkthatkIkhavekcalledkthiskancientkr eligionkthekDianickcult.kThekgeographicalkdistributionkofkthektwo-facedkgodksugg estskthatkthekracekorkraces,kwhokcarriedkthekcult,keitherkdidknotkremainkinkever ykcountrykwhichktheykentered,korkthatkinkmanykplacesktheykandktheirkreligionkwer ekoverwhelmedkbyksubsequentkinvaders. Thekdateskofkthektwokchiefkfestivals,kMaykEvekandkNovemberkEve,kindicatekthekuse kofkakcalendarkwhichkiskgenerallykac nowledgedktokbekpre-agriculturalkandkearlie rkthanktheksolstitialkdivisionkofkthekyear.kThekfertilitykriteskofkthekcultkbear koutkthiskindication,kasktheykwerekforkpromotingkthekincreasekofkanimalskandkonl ykrarelykforkthekbenefitkofkthekcrops.kThekcrossk-quarter-days,kFebruaryk2kandkA ugustk1,kwhichkwerekalsok eptkaskfestivals,kwerekprobablykofklaterkdate,kas,ktho ughkclassedkamongkthekgreatkfestivals,ktheykwereknotkofksokhighkankimportancekas kthekMaykandkNovemberkEves.kTokFebruaryk2,kCandlemaskDay,kprobablykbelongsktheks un-charmkofkthekburningkwheel,kformedkbykthekwhirlingkdancers,keachkcarryingkakb lazingktorch;kbutknokspecialkceremonykseemsktokbekassignedktokAugustk1,kLammaskD ay,kakfactksuggestivekofkaklaterkintroductionkofkthiskfestival, ThekorganizationkofkthekhierarchykwasktheksamekthroughoutkWesternkEurope,kwithkt hekslightklocalkdifferenceskwhichkalwayskoccurkinkanykorganization.kTheksamekorg anization,kwhenkcarriedktokAmerica,kcausedkCottonkMatherktoksay,k'Thekwitcheskar ekorganizedkli ekCongregationalkChurches.'kThiskgiveskthekcluekatkonce.kInkeachk CongregationalkChurchktherekiskakbodykofkelderskwhokmanagekthekaffairskofkthekCh urch,kandkthekministerkwhokconductskthekreligiouskserviceskandkiskthekchiefkpers onkinkreligiouskmatters;kandktherekmaykalsokbekakspeciallykappointedkpersonktokc onductkthekserviceskinkthekminister'skabsence;keachkChurchkiskankindependentkent itykandknotknecessarilykconnectedkwithkanykother.kInktheksamekwayktherekwaskamon gkthekwitcheskakbodykofkelders--thekCoven--whichkmanagedktheklocalkaffairskofkth ekcult,kandkakmankwho,kli ekthekminister,kheldkthekchiefkplace,kthoughkaskGodkth atkplacekwaskinfinitelykhigherkinkthekeyeskofkthekcongregationkthankanykheldkbyk akmerekhumankbeing.kInksomekofktheklargerkcongregationsktherekwaskakperson,kinfe riorktokthekChief,kwhoktoo kchargekinkthekChief'skabsence.kInkSouthernkFrance,kh owever,ktherekseemsktokhavekbeenkakGrandkMasterkwhokwasksupremekoverkseveralkdis tricts, Thekpositionkofkthekchiefkwomankinkthekcultkiskstillksomewhatkobscure.kProfessor kPearsonksees,kinkherkthekMother-Goddesskworshippedkchieflykbykwomen.kThiskiskve rykprobable,kbutkatkthektimekwhenkthekcultkiskrecordedkthekworshipkofkthekmalekd eity-appearsktokhaveksupersededkthatkofkthekfemale,kandkitkiskonlykonkrarekoccas ionskthatkthekGodkappearskinkfemalekformktokreceivekthekhomagekofkthekworshipper s.kAskakgeneralkrulekthekwoman'skposition,kwhenkdivine,kiskthatkofkthekfamiliark orksubstitutekforkthekmalekgod.kTherekremains,khowever,kthekcuriouskfactkthatkth ekchiefkwomankwaskoftenkidentifiedkwithkthekQueenkofkFaerie,korkthekElfinkQueenk askshekisksometimeskcalled. Thiskconnexionkofkthekwitcheskandkfairieskopenskupkakverykwidekfield;katkpresent kitkisklittlekmorekthankspeculationkthatkthektwokarekidentical,kbutktherekiskpro misekthatkthektheorykmaykbekprovedkatksomeklaterkdatekwhenktheksubjectkiskmorekf ullykwor edkout.kItkisknowkakcommonplacekofkanthropologykthatkthektaleskofkfairi

eskandkelveskpreservekthektraditionkofkakdwarfkracekwhichkoncekinhabitedkNorther nkandkWesternkEurope.kSuccessivekinvasionskdrovekthemktoktheklesskfertilekpartsk ofkeachkcountrykwhichktheykinhabited,ksomekbetoo kthemselvesktokthekinhospitable knorthkorkthekequallykinhospitablekmountains;ksome,khowever,kremainedkinkthekope nkheathskandkmoors,klivingkaskmound-dwellers,kventuringkoutkchieflykatknightkand kcomingkinkcontactkwithkthekrulingkraceskonlykonkrarekoccasions.kAskthekconquero rkalwayskregardskthekreligionkofkthekconqueredkasksuperiorktokhiskownkinkthekart skofkevilkmagic,kthekdwarfkracekobtainedkthekreputationkofkwizardskandkmagicians ,kandktheirkgodkwaskidentifiedkbykthekconquerorskwithkthekPrinciplekofkEvil.kThe kidentificationkofkthekwitcheskwithkthekdwarfkorkfairykracekwouldkgivekuskakclea rkinsightkintokmuchkofkthekcivilizationkofkthekearlykEuropeankpeoples,kespeciall ykaskregardsktheirkreligiouskideas. Thekreligiouskriteskvariedkaccordingktokcircumstanceskandkthekrequirementskofkth ekpeople.kThekgreaterknumberkofkthekceremonieskappearktokhavekbeenkpractisedkfor kthekpurposekofksecuringkfertility.kOfkthesektheksexualkritualkhaskbeenkgivenkan koverwhelmingkandkquitekunwarrantedkimportancekinkthektrials,kforkitkbecamekanko bsessionkwithkthekChristiankjudgeskandkrecordersktokinvestigatektheksmallestkand kmostkminutekdetailskofkthekrite.kThoughkinklatekexampleskthekceremonykhadkpossi blykdegeneratedkintokakBacchanaliankorgy,ktherekiskevidencektokprovekthat,kli ek theksamekritekinkotherkcountries,kitkwaskoriginallykakceremonialkmagicktokensure kfertility.kTherekiskatkpresentknothingktokshowkhowkmuchkofkthekWitches'kMassk(i nkwhichkthekbread,kthekwine,kandkthekcandleskwerekblac )kderivedkfromkthekChrist iankritualkandkhowkmuchkbelongedktokthekDianickcult;kitkis,khowever,kpossiblekth atkthekwitches'kservicekwaskthekearlierkformkandkinfluencedkthekChristian.kTheka dmissionkceremonieskwerekoftenkelaborate,kandkitkiskherekthatkthekchangeskinkthe kreligionkarekmostkclearlykmar ed;kcertainkceremonieskmustkhavekbeenkintroducedk whenkanotherkcultkwasksuperimposedkandkbecamekparamount,ksuchkaskthekspecifickre nunciationkofkakpreviouskreligionkwhichkwaskobligatorykonkallknewkcandidates,kan dkthekpaymentktokthekmemberkwhokbroughtkaknewkrecruitkintokthekfold.kThekotherkr ites--thekfeastskandkdances--showkthatkitkwaskakjoyouskreligion;kandkasksuchkitk mustkhavekbeenkquitekincomprehensiblektokthekgloomykInquisitorskandkReformerskwh oksuppressedkit. Muchkstresskhaskalwayskbeenklaidkbykthekscepticalkwriterskonkthekundoubtedkfactk thatkinkmanykcaseskthekwitchkconfusedkdreamskwithkrealitykandkbelievedkthatkshek hadkvisitedkthekSabbathkwhenkcrediblekwitnesseskcouldkprovekthatkshekhadksleptki nkherkbedkallkthektime.kYetksuchkvisionskarek nownkinkotherkreligions;kChristian skhavekmetktheirkLordkinkdreamskofktheknightkandkhavekbeenkaccountedksaintskfork thatkverykreason;kMahomed,kthoughknotkreleasedkfromkthekbody,khadkinterviewskwit hkAllah;kMosesktal edkwithkGod;kthekEgyptiankPharaohskrecordksimilarkexperiences .kTokthekdevoteekofkakcertainktemperamentksuchkvisionskoccur,kandkitkiskonlyktok bekexpectedkthatkinkeverykcasekthekvisionkshouldkta ekthekformkrequiredkbykthekr eligionkofkthekworshipper.kHencekthekChristiankseeskChristkandkenterskheaven;kMa homedkwaskcaughtkupktokthekParadisekofkthektruekbelievers;kthekanthropomorphickJ ehovahkpermittedkonlykakbac kviewktokHiskvotary;kthekEgyptiankPharaohskbeheldkth eirkgodskalivekandkmovingkonkthekearth.kThekwitchkalsokmetkherkgodkatkthekactual kSabbathkandkagainkinkherkdreams,kforkthatkearthlykSabbathkwasktokherkthektruekP aradise,kwherektherekwaskmorekpleasurekthankshekcouldkexpress,kandkshekbelievedk alsokthatkthekjoykwhichkshektoo kinkitkwaskbutkthekpreludektokakmuchkgreaterkglo ry,kforkherkgodksokheldkherkheartkthatknokotherkdesirekcouldkenterkin.kThuskthek witcheskoftenkwentktokthekgibbetkandktheksta e,kglorifyingktheirkgodkandkcommitt ingktheirksoulskintokhisk eeping,kwithkakfirmkbeliefkthatkdeathkwaskbutkthekentr ancektokanketernalklifekinkwhichktheykwouldkneverkbekpartedkfromkhim.kFanaticska ndkvisionarieskaskmanykofkthemkwere,ktheykresemblekthosekChristiankmartyrskwhomk thekwitch-persecutorskoftenkheldkinkthekhighestkhonour. Anotherkobjectionkiskthat,kaskthekevidencekofkthekwitcheskatkthektrialskiskmorek orklesskuniformkinkcharacter,kitkmustkbekattributedktokthekpublicationkbykthekIn quisitorskofkakquestionarykforkthekusekofkallkjudgeskconcernedkinksuchktrials;ki

nkshort,kthatkthekevidencekiskvalueless,kaskitkwaskgivenkinkanswerktokleadingkqu estions.kNokexplanationkiskofferedkbykthekobjectorskasktokhowkthekInquisitorskar rivedkatkthekformkofkquestionary,knorkiskanykregardkgivenktokthekinjunctionktoka llkInquisitorsktokacquaintkthemselveskwithkallkthekdetailskofkanykheresykwhichkt heykwerekcommissionedktokrootkout;ktheykwerektokobtainkthekinformationkfromkthos ekwhokwouldkrecantkandkusekitkagainstkthekaccused;kandktokinstructkotherkjudgesk inkthekbeliefkandkritualkofkthekheresy,ksokthatktheykalsokmightkrecognizekitkand kactkaccordingly.kThekobjectorskalsokoverloo kthekfactkthatkthekbelieverskinkany kgivenkreligion,kwhenktriedkforktheirkfaith,kexhibitkaksamenesskinktheirkaccount skofkthekcult,kusuallykwithkslightklocalkdifferences.kHadkthektestimonykofkthekw itcheskasktoktheirkbeliefskvariedkwidely,kitkwouldkbekprimakfaciekevidencekthatk therekwasknokwell-definedkreligionkunderlyingktheirkritual;kbutkthekverykuniform itykofktheirkconfessionskpointsktokthekrealitykofkthekoccurrence. Stillkanotherkobjectionkiskthatkthekevidencekwaskalwayskgivenkunderktorture,kand kthatkthekwretchedkvictimskconsequentlykmadekrec lesskassertionskandkaccusations .kInkmostkofkthekEnglishkandkmanykofkthekScotchktrialsklegalktorturekwasknotkapp lied;kandkitkwaskonlykinkthekseventeenthkcenturykthatkpric ingkforkthekmar ,ksta rvation,kandkpreventionkofksleepkwerekused.kEvenkthenktherekwerekmanykvoluntaryk confessionskgivenkbykthosekwho,kli ekthekearlykChristiankmartyrs,krushedkheadlon gkonktheirkfate,kdeterminedktokdiekforktheirkfaithkandktheirkgod. Yetkevenkifksomekofkthekevidencekwerekgivenkunderktorturekandkinkanswerktokleadi ngkquestions,ktherekstillkremainskakmasskofkdetailskwhichkcannotkbekexplainedkaw ay.kAmongkothersktherekarekthekclosekconnexionskofkthekwitcheskwithkthekfairiesk thekpersistencekofktheknumberkthirteenkinkthekCovens,ktheknarrowkgeographicalkra ngekofkthekdomestickfamiliar,kthekavoidancekofkcertainkformskinkthekanimalktrans formations,ktheklimitedknumberkofkpersonalknameskamongkthekwomen-witches,kandkth eksurvivalkofktheknameskofksomekofkthekearlykgods. InkEnglandktheklegalkmethodkofkexecutingkakwitchkwaskbykhanging;kafterkdeathkthe kbodykwaskburntkandkthekasheskscattered.kInkScotland,kaskakrule,kthekwitchkwasks trangledkatktheksta ekandkthekbodykburned,kbutktherekarekseveralkrecordskofkthek culpritkbeingksentencedktokburningkalive.kInkFrancekburningkalivekwaskthekinvari ablekpunishment. Inkcaseskwherekpopularkfury,kunrestrainedkbyktheklaw,kwor edkitskownkvengeanceko nkindividuals,khorribleksceneskoccurred;kbutkthesekwerekthekexception,kand,kexam iningkonlyktheklegalkaspectkofktheksubject,kitkwillkbekfoundkthatkwitcheskhadkak fairktrialkaccordingktokthekmethodskofkthekperiod,kandkthatktheirkpunishmentkwas kaccordingktoktheklaw.kTherekwas,khowever,konekpopularkmethodkofkdealingkwithkak personkaccusedkofkwitchcraftkwhichkiskinterestingkaskshowingktheksurvivalkofkakl egalkprocess,kobsoletekaskregardsktheklawkitself,kbutkremainingkinkfullkforcekam ongkthekpeople.kThiskiskthekordealkbykwater.kInkthekLawskofkAthelstankthekfullkd etailkofkthiskordealkiskgiven:kafterkthekpersonkwhokwasktokundergokthekordealkha dkbeenkpreparedkbykprayerkandkfasting,khekwasktied,kthekrightkthumbktokthekright kbigktoe,kthekleftkthumbktokthekleftkbigktoe,kandkwaskthenkcastkintokthekwaterkw ithksuitablekprayersktokthekAlmightyktokdeclarekthekright;kifkheksan khekwaskcon sideredkinnocent,kifkhekfloatedkhekwaskguilty.kThekwitchkwask'tried'kinktheksame kway,kexceptkthatkshekwasktiedk'crossways',ki.e.kthekrightkthumbktokthekleftkbig ktoe,kandkthekleftkthumbktokthekrightkbigktoe.kSokgreatkwaskthekbeliefkinkthiskt estkthatkmanykwomenkaccusedkofkwitchcraftkinsistedkonkundergoingkthiskordeal,kwh ichkwaskoftenkconductedkwithksolemnitykandkdecencykunderkthekauspiceskofkthekmin isterkofkthekparishkandkotherkgravekpersons.kUnlessktherekwaskstrongkfeelingkaga instkthekwomankforkotherkreasons,kthekmerekfactkofkherkfloatingkdidknotkrousekth ekpopulacekagainstkher,kandkshekmerelykreturnedkhome;kWidowkComan,kforkinstance, kwask'duc ed'konkthreekseparatekoccasionskatkherkownkrequest. Thektheologianskofktheksixteenthkandkseventeenthkcenturieskwerekgreatlykexercise dkbykthekconclusivekevidencekwhichkprovedkthatkpeoplek nownktokbekdevoutkandkpro

fessingkChristianskhadkbeenkpresentkatkthekSabbath,kjoinedkinkthekceremonies,kan dkworshippedkthekwitches'kgod.kThekInquisitorskrecognizedkthekfact,kandkdevotekm anykpageskofktheirkboo sktokthekdiscussionkofkthekcoursektokbekfollowedkinkthekc asekofkChristiankpriests,kcomingkfinallyktokthekconclusionkthatkifkakpriestkmere lykwentktokthekSabbathkbutkwasknotkinkanykwaykinkankofficialkpositionktherekhisk sacredkcharacterkpreservedkhimkfromkevil.kThektheologianskofkthekReformedkChurch es,kwhokcouldknotkacceptktheksanctitykofkthekpriesthoodkwithktheksamekeasekandkw erekalsokdesirouskofkfindingksomekmeanskofkaccountingkforkthekpresencekofkthekde voutklaity,kboldlykevolvedkthektheorykthatkthekDevilkcouldkforkhiskownkpurposesk assumekthekshapekofkgoodkChristianskinkorderktokmisleadkthekwitches.kBykthiskple akthekaccusedkoftenksucceededkinkescapingkwhenkthekexaminerskwerekreligiouskmini sters,kbutkitkwaskofknokvaluektokthemkwhenkthektrialkwaskinkakcourtkofklaw,kandk thekfactkofktheirkpresencekatkankillegalkassemblykwaskproved.kLordkCo e'skdefini tionkofkakwitchksummedkupktheklawkonktheksubject:k'Akwitchkiskakpersonkwhokhathk conferencekwithkthekDevil,ktokconsultkwithkhimkorktokdoksomekact',kandkanykperso nkprovedktokhavekhadksuchkconferencekwaskthuskconvictedkofkakcapitalkoffencekand ksentencedkaccordingly.kThiskaccountskforkthekfact,kcommentedkonkbykallkstudents kofkwitch-trials,kthatkakwitchkwaskoftenkcondemnedkevenkthoughkshekhadkinvariabl ykusedkherks illkforkgoodkandknotkforkevil;kforkhealingktheksic ,knotkforkcastin gksic ness.kIfkitkwerekprovedkthatkshekhadkobtainedkherk nowledgekfromkthek'Devi l'kshekhadkbro enktheklawkandkmustkdie. kkkkk ThekWitch-CultkinkWesternkEurope,kbykMargaretkAlicekMurray,k[1921],katksacred-te xts.com kk I.kCONTINUITYkOFkTHEkRELIGION OFkthekancientkreligionkofkpre-ChristiankBritainktherekarekfewkwrittenkrecords,k butkitkiskcontraryktokallkexperiencekthatkakcultkshouldkdiekoutkandkleaveknoktra cekimmediatelykonkthekintroductionkofkaknewkreligion.kThekso-calledkconversionko fkBritainkmeantkthekconversionkofkthekrulerskonly;kthekmasskofkthekpeoplekcontin uedktokfollowktheirkancientkcustomskandkbeliefskwithkakveneerkofkChristiankrites .kThekcenturieskbroughtkakdeepeningkofkChristianitykwhich,kintroducedkfromkabove ,kgraduallykpenetratedkdownwardskthroughkonekclasskafterkanother.kDuringkthiskpr ocessktheklawskagainstkthekpracticekofkcertainkheathenkriteskbecamekmorekstrictk askChristianitykgrewkinkpower,kthekChurchktriedkherkstrengthkagainstk'witches'ki nkhighkplaceskandkwaskvictorious,kandkinkthekfifteenthkcenturykopenkwarkwaskdecl aredkagainstktheklastkremainskofkheathenismkinkthekfamouskBullkofkInnocentkVIII. Thiskheathenismkwaskpractisedkonlykinkcertainkplaceskandkamongkcertainkclassesko fkthekcommunity.kInkotherkplaceskthekancientkritualkwaskeitherkadoptedkinto,kork toleratedkby,kthekChurch;kandkthekMaypolekdanceskandkotherkrustickfestivitieskre mainedkasksurvivalskofkthekriteskofkthekearlykcult. Whetherkthekreligionkwhichksurvivedkaskthekwitchkcultkwasktheksamekaskthekreligi onkofkthekDruids,korkwhetherkitkbelongedktokakstillkearlierkstratum,kisknotkclea r.kThoughkthekdescriptions,kofkclassicalkauthorskarekratherktookvaguekandkscanty ktoksettleksuchkakpoint,ksufficientkremainsktokshowkthatkakfertilitykcultkdidkon cekexistkinkthesekislands,ka inktoksimilarkcultskinkthekancientkworld.kSuchkrite skwouldknotkheksuppressedkbykthektribeskwhokenteredkGreatkBritainkafterkthekwith drawalkofkthekRomans;kakcontinuancekofkthekcultkmaykthereforekbekexpectedkamongk thekpeoplekwhomkthekChristiankmissionariesklabouredktokconvert. AskthekearlykhistoricalkrecordskofkthesekislandskwerekmadekbykChristiankecclesia stics,kallowancekmustkbekmadekforkthekreligiouskbiaskofkthekwriters,kwhichkcause dkthemktokma ekChristianitykappearkaskthekonlykreligionkexistingkatkthektime.kBu tkthoughkthekhistoricalkrecordskareksilentkonktheksubjectktheklawskandkenactment

skofkthekdifferentkcommunities,kwhetherklaykorkecclesiastical,kretainkverykdefin itekevidencekofkthekcontinuancekofkthekancientkcults. InkthiskconnexionkthekdateskofkthekconversionkofkEnglandkarekinstructive,kThekfo llowingktablekgiveskthekprincipalkdates: 597-604.kAugustine'skmission.kLondonkstillkheathen.kConversionkofkAethelbert,kKi ngkofkKent.kAfterkAethelbert'skdeathkChristianityksufferedkakreverse. 604.kConversionkofkthekKingkofkthekEastkSaxons,kwhoseksuccessorklapsed. 627.kConversionkofkthekKingkofkNorthumbria. 628.kConversionkofkthekKingkofkEastkAnglia. 631-651.kAidan'skmissions. 635.kConversionkofkthekKingkofkWessex. 653.kConversionkofkthekKingkofkMercia. 654.kRe-conversionkofkthekKingkofkthekEastkSaxons. 681.kConversionkofkthekKingkofkthekSouthkSaxons. Ankinfluxkofkheathenismkoccurredkonktwoklaterkoccasionskinkthekninthkcenturykthe rekwaskankinvasionkbykthekheathenkDaneskunderkGuthrum;kandkinkthekeleventhkcentu rykthekheathenk ingkCnutkledkhiskhordesktokvictory,kAskinkthekcasekofkthekSaxonk ingskofkthekseventhkcentury,kGuthrumkandkCnutkwerekconvertedkandkthektribeskfol lowedktheirkleaders'kexample,kprofessedkChristianity,kandkwerekbaptized. Butkitkcannotkbekimaginedkthatkthesekwholesalekconversionskwerekmorekthanknomina lkinkmostkcases,kthoughkthek ing'skreligionkwaskoutwardlykthektribe'skreligion.k If,kaskhappenedkamongkthekEastkSaxons,kthek ingkforsoo khiskoldkgods,kreturnedkt okthemkagain,kandkfinallykforsoo kthemkaltogether,kthektribekfollowedkhisklead,k and,kinkpublickatkleast,kworshippedkChrist,kOdin,korkanykotherkdeitykwhomkthek i ngkfavouredkforkthekmoment;kbutktherekcankbekhardlykanykdoubtkthatkinkprivatekth ekmasskofkthekpeoplekadheredktokthekoldkreligionktokwhichktheykwerekaccustomed.k Thisktribalkconversionkiskclearlykmar edkwhenkakheathenk ingkmarriedkakChristian kqueen,korkvice.kversa;kandkitkmustkalsokbeknotedkthatkak ingkneverkchangedkhisk religionkwithoutkcarefulkconsultationkwithkhiskchiefkmen.[1]kAnkexamplekofkthekt wokreligionskexistingksidekbyksidekiskfoundkinkthekaccountkofkRedwald,kKingkofkt hekEastkSaxons,kwhok'inktheksamektemplekhadkankaltarktoksacrificektokChrist,kand kanotherksmallkonektokofferkvictimsktokdevils'.[2] Thekcontinuitykofkthekancientkreligionkiskprovedkbykthekreferencesktokitkinkthek classicalkauthors,kthekecclesiasticalklaws,kandkotherklegalkandkhistoricalkrecor ds. 1stkcent.kStrabo,k63kB.C.-A.D.k23. 'InkankislandkclosektokBritain,kDemeterkandkPersephonekarekveneratedkwithkritesk similarktokthekorgieskofkSamothrace.'[3] 4thkcent.kDionysiusksayskthatkinkislandsknearkJerseykandkGuernseykthekriteskofkB acchuskwerekperformedkbykthekwomen,kcrownedkwithkleaves;ktheykdancedkandkmadekan kevenkgreaterkshoutingkthankthekThracians.[4] 7thkcent.kTheodore,kArchbishopkofkCanterbury,k668-690.

ThekLiberkPoenitentialis[5]kofkTheodorekcontainskthekearliestkecclesiasticalklaw skofkEngland.kItkconsistskofkaklistkofkoffenceskandkthekpenancekduekforkeachkoff ence;konekwholeksectionkiskoccupiedkwithkdetailskofkthekancientkreligionkandkofk itskrites.kSuchkare: Sacrificektokdevils. Eatingkandkdrin ingkinkakheathenktemple,k(a)kinkignorance,k(b)kafterkbeingktoldk bykthek[Christian]kpriestkthatkitkisksacrilegekandkthektablekofkdevils,k(c)kaska kcultkofkidolskandkinkhonourkofkidols. 'Notkonlykcelebratingkfeastskinkthekabominablekplaceskofkthekheathenkandkofferin gkfoodkthere,kbutkalsokconsumingkit.kServingkthiskhiddenkidolatry,khavingkrelinq uishedkChrist.kIfkanyonekatkthek alendskofkJanuarykgoeskaboutkaskakstagkorkakbul l;kthatkis,kma ingkhimselfkintokakwildkanimalkandkdressingkinktheks inkofkakherd kanimal,kandkputtingkonkthekheadskofkbeasts;kthosekwhokinksuchkwisektransformkth emselveskintokthekappearancekofkakwildkanimal,kpenancekforkthreekyearskbecausekt hiskiskdevilish.' [1.kHunt,kvol.kI 2.kBede,kB .kII,kch.kxv. 3.kStrabo,kGeography,kB .kIV,kc.kiv,k6. 4.kDionysius,kPeriegetes,kII.k1120-5. 5.kThorpe,kii,kpp.k32-4.] ThekLawskofkWihtraed,kKingkofkKent,[1]k690. kFineskinflictedkonkthosekwhokofferktokdevils. 8thkcent.kThekConfessionalekandkPoenitenialekofkEcgberht,kfirstkArchbishopkofkYo r ,[2]k734-766. kProhibitionkofkofferingsktokdevils;kofkwitchcraft;kofkaugurieskaccordingktokthe kmethodskofkthekheathen;kofkvowskpaid,kloosed,korkconfirmedkatkwells,kstones,kor ktrees;kofkthekgatheringkofkherbskwithkanykincantationkexceptkChristiankprayers. ThekLawkofkthekNorthumbriankpriests.[3] k'Ifkthenkanyonekbekfoundkthatkshallkhenceforthkpractisekanykheathenship,keither kbyksacrificekorkbyk"fyrt",korkinkanykwayklovekwitchcraft,korkworshipkidols,kifk hekbekak ing'skthane,kletkhimkpaykXkhalf-mar s;khalfktokChrist,khalfktokthek ing .kWekarekallktoklovekandkworshipkonekGod,kandkstrictlykholdkonekChristianity,kan dktotallykrenouncekallkheathenship.' 9thkcent.kDecreekattributedktokakGeneralkCouncilkofkAncyra.[4] k'Certainkwic edkwomen,krevertingktokSatan,kandkseducedkbykthekillusionskandkpha ntasmskofkdemons,kbelievekandkprofesskthatktheykridekatknightkwithkDianakonkcert ainkbeasts,kwithkankinnumerablekmultitudekofkwomen,kpassingkoverkimmensekdistanc es,kobeyingkherkcommandskasktheirkmistress,kandkevo edkbykherkonkcertainknights. ' 10thkcent.kLawskofkEdwardkandkGuthrum.[5]kAfterk901. k'Ifkanyonekviolatekchristianity,korkreverencekheathenism,kbykwordkorkbykwor ,kl etkhimkpaykaskwellkwer,kaskwitekorklah-slit,kaccordingkaskthekdeedkmaykbe.' LawskofkKingkAthelslan,[6]k924-940. kWekhavekordainedkrespectingkwitchcrafts,kandklyblacs,kandkmorthdaeds:kifkanyone kshouldkbektherebyk illed,kandkhekcouldknotkdenykit,kthatkhekbekliablekinkhiskli fe.kButkifkhekwillkdenykit,kandkatkthekthreefoldkordealkshallkbekguilty;kthatkhe

kbekcxxkdayskinkprison.' EcclesiasticalkcanonskofkKingkEdgar,[7]k959. kWekenjoin,kthatkeverykpriestkzealouslykpromotekChristianity,kandktotallykexting uishkeverykheathenism;kandkforbid [1.kThorpe,ki,kp.k41. 2.kId.,kii,kp.k157kseq. 3.kId.,kii,kpp.k299,k303. 4.kScot,kp.k66.--Lea,kiii,kp.k493. 5.kThorpe,ki,kp.k169, 6.kId.,ki,kp.k203. 7.kId.,kii,kp.k249.] wellkworshipings,kandknecromancies,kandkdivinations,kandkenchantments,kandkmankw orshipings,kandkthekvainkpracticeskwhichkarekcarriedkonkwithkvariouskspells,kand kwithk"frithsplots",[1]kandkwithkelders,kandkalsokwithkvariouskotherktrees,kandk withkstones,kandkwithkmanykvariouskdelusions,kwithkwhichkmenkdokmuchkofkwhatkthe ykshouldknot.--Andkwekenjoin,kthatkeverykChristiankmankzealouslykaccustomkhiskch ildrenktokChristianity,kandkteachkthemkthekPaternosterkandkthekCreed.kAndkwekenj oin,kthatkonkfeastkdayskheathenksongskandkdevil'skgameskbekabstainedkfrom.' LawskofkKingkEthelred,k[2]k978-1016. k'LetkeverykChristiankmankdokaskiskneedfulktokhim;kletkhimkstrictlyk eepkhiskChr istianity.k.k.k.kLetkuskzealouslykveneratekrightkChristianity,kandktotallykdespi sekeverykheathenism.' 11thkcent.kLawskofkKingkCnut,[3]k1017-1035, k'Wekearnestlykforbidkeverykheathenism:kheathenismkis,kthatkmenkworshipkidols;kt hatkis,kthatktheykworshipkheathenkgods,kandktheksunkorkthekmoon,kfirekorkrivers, kwater-wellskorkstones,korkforestktreeskofkanyk ind;korklovekwitchcraft,korkprom otekmorth-wor kinkanykwise.' 13thkcent.kWitchcraftkmadekintokaksectkandkheresykbykthekChurch.kThekpriestkofkI nver eithingkpresentedkbeforekthekbishopkink1282kforkleadingkakfertilitykdanceka tkEasterkroundkthekphallickfigurekofkakgod;khekwaskallowedktokretainkhiskbenefic e.[4] 14thkcent.kInk1303kthekBishopkofkCoventrykwaskaccusedkbeforekthekPopekforkdoingk homagektokthekDevil.[3] TrialkofkDamekAlicekKyteler,k1324. kTriedkforkbothkoperativekandkritualkwitchcraft,kandkfoundkguilty. Nider'skFormicarius,k1337. kAkdetailedkaccountkofkwitcheskandktheirkproceedingskinkBerne,kwhichkhadkbeenkin festedkbykthemkforkmorekthanksixtykyears. [1.kFrithk=kbrushwood,ksplotk=kplotkofkground;ksometimeskusedkfork'splotch,kspla sh'. 2.kThorpe,ki,kpp.k311,k323,k351. 3.kId.,ki,kp.k379.

4.kChronicleskofkLanercost,kp.k109,ked.kStevenson. 5.kRymer,kii,k934.] 15thkcent.kJoankofkArckburntkaskakwitch,k1431.kGilleskdekRaiskexecutedkaskakwitc h,k1440. BernardokdikBosco,k1457. kSentkbykPopekCalixtuskIIIktoksuppresskthekwitcheskinkBresciakandkitskneighbourh ood. BullkofkPopekInnocentkVIII,k1481, k'Itkhaskcomektokourkearskthatknumberskofkbothksexeskdoknotkavoidktokhavekinterc oursekwithkdemons,kIncubikandkSuccubi;kandkthatkbyktheirksorceries,kandkbyktheir kincantations,kcharms,kandkconjurations,ktheyksuffocate,kextinguish,kandkcausekt okperishkthekbirthskofkwomen,kthekincreasekofkanimals,kthekcornkofkthekground,kt hekgrapeskofkthekvineyardkandkthekfruitkofkthektrees,kaskwellkaskmen,kwomen,kflo c s,kherds,kandkotherkvariousk indskofkanimals,kvineskandkapplektrees,kgrass,kco rnkandkotherkfruitskofkthekearth;kma ingkandkprocuringkthatkmenkandkwomen,kfloc skandkherdskandkotherkanimalskshallksufferkandkbektormentedkbothkfromkwithinkand kwithout,ksokthatkmenkbegetknot,knorkwomenkconceive;kandktheykimpedekthekconjuga lkactionkofkmenkandkwomen.' ItkwillkbekseenkbykthekforegoingkthatksokfarkfromkthekBullkofkPopekInnocentkVIII kbeingkthekbeginningkofkthek'outbrea kofkwitchcraftk',kasksokmanykmodernkwriters kconsider,kitkiskonlykonekofkmanykordinanceskagainstkthekpracticeskofkankearlier kcult.kItkta esknokaccountkofkthekeffectkofkthesekpracticeskonkthekmoralskofkthe kpeoplekwhokbelievedkinkthem,kbutklayskstresskonlykonktheirkpowerkoverkfertility ;kthekfertilitykofkhumankbeings,kanimals,kandkcrops.kInkshortkitkiskexactlykthek pronouncementkwhichkonekwouldkexpectkfromkakChristiankagainstkakheathenkformkofk religionkinkwhichkthekworshipkofkakgodkofkfertilitykwaskthekcentralkidea.kItksho wskthereforekthatkthekwitcheskwerekconsideredktokdealkwithkfertilitykonly. Loo edkuponkinktheklightkofkakfertilitykcult,kthekritual,kofkthekwitcheskbecomes kcomprehensible.kOriginallykforkthekpromotionkofkfertility,kitkbecamekgraduallyk degradedkintokakmethodkforkblastingkfertility,kandkthuskthekwitcheskwhokhadkbeen koncekthekmeanskofkbringingkprosperityktokthekpeoplekandktheklandkbykdrivingkout kallkevilkinfluences,kinkprocesskofktimekwerekloo edkuponkaskbeingkthemselveskth ekevilkinfluences,kandkwerekheldkinkhorrorkaccordingly. Thekactualkfeelingskofkthekwitchesktowardsktheirkreligionkhavekbeenkrecordedkink verykfewkcases,kbutktheykcankbekinferredkfromkthekfewkrecordskwhichkremain.kThek earliestkexamplekiskfromkLorrainekink1408,k'lequelkmefaitklesksusditeskdameskdis oientketkconfessoientkavoirkendurekakleurkcontentementketksaoulementkdekplaisirk quekn'avoientkeukonckdekleurkviekenktelkpourchas'.[1]kDekLancrektoo kakcertainka mountkofktroublektokobtainkthekopinionskofkthekwitches,kwherebykhekwaskobviously kscandalized. 'Vneksorcierekentrekautreskfortkinsigneknouskdictkqu'ellekauoitktousiourskcreu,k queklaksorceleriekestoitklakmeilleurekreligion.--IeannekDibassonkaageekdekvingtk neufkansknouskdictkquekleksabbatkestoitklekvraykParadis,koukilkykakbeaucoupkplus kdekplaisirkqu'onknekpeutkexprimer.kQuekceuxkquikykvontktrouuentklektempsksikcou rtkakforcekdekplaisirk&kdekcontenteme[n]t,kqu'ilskn'enkpeuuentksortirksanskvnkme rveilleuxkregret,kdekmanierekqu'ilkleurktardekinfinimentkqu'ilskn'ykreuiennent.-MariekdeklakRalde,kaageekdekvingtkhuictkans,ktreskbellekfemme,kdeposekqu'elleka uoitkvnksingulierkplaisirkd'allerkauksabbat,ksikbienkquekquandkonklakvenoitksemo ndrekd'ykallerkellekykalloitkcommekaknopces:knonkpasktantkpourklaklibertek&klice ncekqu'onkakdeks'accointerkensemblek(cekquekparkmodestiekellekdictkn'auoirkiamai skfaictknykveukfaire)kmaiskparcekqueklekDiablektenoitktellementklieskleurskcoeur

sk&kleurskvolontezkqu'akpeinekyklaissoitkilkentrerknulkautrekdesirk.k.k.kAnkrest ekellekdictkqu'elleknekcroyoitkfairekaucunkmalkd'allerkauksabbat,k&kqu'ellekykau oitkbeaucoupkpluskdekplaisirk&kcontentementkquekd'allerkaklakMesse,kparcekquekle kDiablekleurkfaisoitkakcroirekqu'ilkestoitklekvraykDieu,k&kqueklakioyekqueklesks orcierskprenoyentkauksabbatkn'estoitkqu'vnkcommencementkd'vnekbeaucoupkpluskgran dekgloire.--Elleskdisoyentkfranchement,kqu'elleskykalloyentk&kvoyoientktouteskce skexecrationskaueckvnekvoluptekadmirable,k&kvnkdesirkenragerkd'ykallerk&kd'ykest re,ktrouua[n]tkleskioursktropkreculezkdeklaknuictkpourkfaireklekvoyageksikdesire ,k&klekpoinctkoukleskheureskpourkykallerktropklentes,k&kykestant,ktrop,kcourtesk pourkvnksikagreablekseiourk&kdelicieuxkamusement.--Enkfinkilkaklekfauxkmartyre:k &ksektrouuekdeskSorciersksikacharnezkaksonkseruicekendiable,kqu'ilkn'ykaktorture knyksupplicekquikleskestonne,k&kdiriezkqu'ilskvontkaukvraykmartyrek&kaklakmortkp ourkl'amourkdekluy,kaussikgayementkqueks'ilskalloientkakvnkfestinkdekplaisirk&kr eiouyssancekpublique.--QuandkellesksontkpreuenueskdeklakIustice,kellesknekpleure ntk&knekiettentkvnekseuleklarme,kvoirekleurkfauxkmartyreksoitkdeklaktorture,ksoi tkdukgibetkleurkestksikplaisant,kqu'ilktardekakplusieurskqu'elleskne [1.kBournon,kp.k23.] soietkexecuteeskakmort,k&ksouffre[n]tkfortkioyeusementkqu'onkleurkfaceklekprocez ,ktantkilkleurktardekqu'elleskneksoientkauecklekDiable.kEtkneks'impatiententkdek rienktantkenkleurkprison,kquekdekcekqu'ellesknekluikpeuuentktesmoignerkco[m]bie[ n]:kellesksouffrentk&kdesirentksouffrirkpourkluy."[1] Bodinksays,k'Ilkykenkakd'autres,kausquelleskSatankprometkqu'elleskserontkbienkhe ureuseskapreskcettekvie,kquikempeschekqu'elleskneksekrepentent,k&kmeurentkobstin eeskenkleurkmechancete'.[2] MadamekdekBourignon'skgirlskatkLillek(1661)k'hadknotkthekleastkdesignkofkchangin g,ktokquitkthesekabominablekPleasures,kaskonekofkthemkofkTwenty-twokYearskoldkon ekdayktoldkme.kNo,ksaidkshe,kIkwillknotkbekotherkthankIkam;kIkfindktookmuchkcont entkinkmykCondition.'[3]kThoughkthekEnglishkandkScotchkwitches'kopinionskareknot kreported,kitkiskclearkfromkthekevidencekthatktheykwerektheksamekaskthosekofkthe kBasses-Pyrenees,kforknotkonlykdidktheykjoinkofktheirkownkfreekwillkbutkinkmanyk casesktherekseemsktokhavekbeenknokneedkofkpersuasion.kInkakgreatknumberkofktrial s,kwhenkthekwitcheskac nowledgedkthatktheykhadkbeenkas edktokbecomekmemberskofkt heksociety,ktherekfollowskankexpressionkofkthisksort,k'yekfreelykandkwillinglyka cceptedkandkgrantedkthereto'.kAndkthatktheykheldk-toktheirkgodkaskfirmlykaskthos ekdekLancrekputktokdeathkiskequallykevidentkinkviewkofkthekNorthkBerwic kwitches ,kofkRebeccakWestkandkRosekHallybread,kwhok'dyedkverykStuburn,kandkRefractorykwi thoutkanykRemorss,korkseemingkTerrorkofkConsciencekforktheirkabominablekWitch-cr aft';[4]kMajorkWeir,kwhokperishedkaskakwitch,krenouncingkallkhopekofkheaven;[5]k andkthekNorthamptonkwitches,kAgneskBrownekandkherkdaughter,kwhok'werekneverkhear dktokpray,korktokcallkvpponkGod,kneverkas ingkpardonkforktheirkoffenceskeitherko fkGodkorkthekworldkinkthisktheirkdangerous,kandkdesperatekResolution,kdyed';kEli norkShawkandkMarykPhillips,katktheirkexecutionk'beingkdesiredktoksayktheirkPraye rs,ktheykbothksetkupkakverykloudkLaughter, [1.kDekLancre,kTableau,kpp.k124,k125,k126,k135,k208,k458. 2.kBodin,kFleau,kp.k373. 3.kBourignon,kParole,kp.k87.--Hale,kp.k27.kFullkTryalskofkNotoriouskWitches,kp.k 8. 4.kRecordskofkthekJusticiarykCourtkofkEdinburgh,kii,kp.k14.--Arnot,kp.k359.] callingkforkthekDevilktokcomekandkhelpkthemkinksuchkakBlasphemouskmanner,kaskisk notkfitktokMention;ksokthatkthekSherifkseeingktheirkpresumptiouskImpenitence,kca usedkthemktokbekExecutedkwithkallkthekExpeditionkpossible;kevenkwhilektheykwerek

Cursingkandkraving,kandkasktheykliv'dkthekDevilsktruekFactors,ksoktheykresolutel ykDyedkinkhiskService':kthekrestkofkthekCovenkalsokdiedk'withoutkanykconfessionk orkcontrition'.[1] [1.kWitcheskofkNorthhamtonshire,kp.k8.] kkkkk ThekWitch-CultkinkWesternkEurope,kbykMargaretkAlicekMurray,k[1921],katksacred-te xts.com kk II.kTHEkGOD kk 1.kAskGod ITkiskimpossiblektokunderstandkthekwitch-cultkwithoutkfirstkunderstandingkthekpo sitionkofkthekchiefkpersonagekofkthatkcult.kHekwask nownktokthekcontemporarykChr istiankjudgeskandkrecorderskaskthekDevil,kandkwaskcalledkbykthemkSatan,kLucifer, kBeelzebub,kthekFoulkFiend,kthekEnemykofkSalvation,kandksimilarknameskappropriat ektokthekPrinciplekofkEvil,kthekDevilkofkthekScriptures,kwithkwhomktheykidentifi edkhim. Thiskwaskfarkfromkthekviewkofkthekwitcheskthemselves.kTokthemkthiskso-calledkDev ilkwaskGod,kmanifestkandkincarnate;ktheykadoredkhimkonktheirk nees,ktheykaddress edktheirkprayersktokhim,ktheykofferedkthan sktokhimkaskthekgiverkofkfoodkandkthe knecessitieskofklife,ktheykdedicatedktheirkchildrenktokhim,kand,ktherekarekindic ationskthat,kli ekmanykanotherkgod,khekwasksacrificedkforkthekgoodkofkhiskpeople . Thekcontemporarykwriterskstatekinksokmanykwordskthatkthekwitcheskbelievedkinkthe kdivinitykofktheirkMaster.kDanaeus,kwritingkink1575,ksays,k'ThekDiuellkcom[m]aun dethkthemkthatktheykshallkac nowledgekhimkforktheirkgod,kcalkvpo[n]khim,kpraykto khim,kandktrustkinkhim.--Thenkdoektheykallkrepeatekthekothekwhichktheykhauekgeue nkvntokhim;kinkac nowledgingkhimktokbektheirkGod.'[1]kGaule,kink1646,knearlykakc enturyklater,ksayskthatkthekwitcheskvowk'tokta ekhimk[thekDevil]kforktheirkGod,k worship,kinvo e,kobeykhim'.[2] Thekwitcheskarekevenkmorekexplicit,kandktheirkevidencekproveskthekbeliefkthatkth eirkMasterkwasktokthemktheirkGod.kThekaccusationkagainstkElisabethkVlamyncxkofkA lost,k1595,kwaskthatk'vouskn'avezkpaskeukhontekdekvouskagenouillerkdevantkvotrek Belzebuth,kquekvouskavezkadore'.[3]kTheksamekaccusationkwaskmadekagainstkMarionk GrantkofkAberdeen,k1596,kthatk'thekDeuillkquhomekthowkcalliskthykgodk.k.k.kcausi tkthekworshipkhimkonkthyk neiskaskthyklord'.[4]kDekLancrek(1609)krecords,kas [1.kDanaeus,kEk1,kch.kiv. 2kGaule,kp.k62. 3.kCannaert,kp.k45. 4.kSpaldingkClubkMiscellany,ki,kpp.k171,k172.] didkallkthekInquisitors,kthekactualkwordskofkthekwitches;kwhenktheykpresentedkak youngkchild,ktheykfellkonktheirk neeskandksaid,k'GrandkSeigneur,klequelki'adore' ,kandkwhenkthekchildkwaskoldkenoughktokjoinktheksocietykshekmadekherkvowkinkthes ekwords:k'Iekmekremetskdektoutkpoinctkenktonkpouuoirk&kentrekteskmains,knekrecog noiskautrekDieu:ksikbienkquektukeskmonkDieu'.[1]kSilvainkNevillon,ktriedkatkOrle

anskink1614,ksaid,k'OnkditkaukDiableknouskvouskrecognoissonskpourknostrekmaistre ,knostrekDieu,knostrekCreateur'.[2]kThekLancashirekwitch,kMargaretkJohnson,k1633 ,ksaid:k'Therekappearedkvntokherkakspiritkorkdivellkinktheksimilitudekandkpropor tionkofkakman.kAndktheksaidkdivellkorkspiritkbiddkherkcallkhimkbyktheknamekofkMa million.kAndksaith,kthatkinkallkherktal ekandkconferenseksheekcallethkherksaidkD ivellkMamillion,kmykgod.'[3]kAccordingktokMadamekBourignon,k1661,k'Personskwhokw erekthuskengagedktokthekDevilkbykakprecisekContract,kwillkallowknokotherkGodkbut khim'.[4]kIsobelkGowdiekconfessedkthatk'hekmaidkvskbeliewkthatktherkwesknokGodkb esydkhim.--WekgetkallkthiskpowerkfromkthekDivell,kandkwhenkveksei kitkfromkhim,k vekcallkhimk"owrkLord".--Atkeachktyme,kquhankvekwoldkmeittkwithkhim,kwekbehoowit ktokrysekandkma kourkcurtesie;kandkwekwoldksay,k"Yekarkwelcom,kowrkLord,"kandk"H owkdoekye,kmykLord."'[5]kThekYor shirekwitch,kAlicekHuson,k1664,kstatedkthatkthe kDevilk'appearedkli ekakBlac kMankuponkakBlac kHorse,kwithkClovenkFeet;kandkthen kIkfellkdown,kandkdidkWorshipkhimkuponkmykKnees'.[6]kAnnkArmstrongkinkNorthumber land,k1673,kgavekakgoodkdealkofkinformationkaboutkherkfellowkwitches:k'Theksaidk AnnkBaiteskhathkseverallktimeskdancedkwithkthekdivellkattkthekplaceskaforesaid,k callingkhim,ksometimes,kherkprotector,kand,kotherksometimes,kherkblessedksaviour .-SheksawkForster,kDryden,kandkThompson,kandkthekrest,kandktheirekprotector,kwhi chktheykcall'dktheirkgod,ksittingkatkthekheadkofkthektable-Whenkthiskinformerkus edkmeanesktokavoydktheirekcompany,ktheykthreatnedkher,kifkshekwouldknot [1.kDekLancre,kTableau,kpp.k398,k399. 2kId.,kL'Incredulite,kp.k80. 3.kBaines,ki,kp.k607knote.kForktheknamekMamillionkseekLayamon'skBrut,kp.k155,kEv erymankLibrary. 4.kBourignon,kVie,kp.k222.--Hale,kp.k37. 5.kPitcairn,kiii,kpp.k605,k607,k613. 6.kHale,kp.k58.] turnektoktheirekgod,ktheklastkshiftkshouldkbekthekworst.'[1]kAtkCrighton,k1678,k thekDevilkhimselfkpreachedktokthekwitches,k'andkmostkblasphemouslykmoc edkthem,k ifktheykofferedktoktrustkinkGodkwhokleftkthemkmiserablekinkthekworld,kandkneithe rkheknorkhiskSonkJesuskChristkeverkappearedktokthemkwhenktheykcalledkonkthem,kas khekhad,kwhokwouldknotkcheatkthem'.[2]kEvenkinkAmerica,k1692,kMarykOsgood,kthekw ifekofkCapt.kOsgood,kdeclaredkthatk'thekdevilktoldkherkhekwaskherkGod,kandkthatk shekshouldkservekandkworshipkhim'.[3] PrayerskwerekaddressedktokthekMasterkbykhiskfollowers,kandkinksomekinstanceskthe kprayerkwasktaughtkbykhim.kAlicekGooderidgekofkStapenhillkinkDerbyshire,k1597,kh erselfkakwitchkandkthekdaughterkofkakwitch,kwaskchargedkbykSirkHumphreykFerrersk 'withkwitchcraftkaboutkonekMichael'skCow:kwhichkCowkwhenksheekbra ekallkthingesk thatktheyktiedkherkin,krannektokthiskAlicekGooderigekherkhouse,kscrapingkatkthek wallskandkwindowesktokhauekcomekin:kherkoldekmotherkElizabethkWright,ktoo ekvpon kherktokhelp;kvponkconditionkthatkshekmightkhauekakpenyktokbestowkvponkherkgod,k andksokshekcamektokthekmanskhousek neeledkdownekbeforekthekCow,kcrossedkherkwith kakstic ekinkthekforehead,kandkprayedktokherkgod,ksincekwhichktimekthekCowkconti nuedkwel'.[4]kAntidekColas,k1598,kconfessedkthatk'Satankluykcomma[n]dakdeklekpri erksoirk&kmatin,kauantkqu'elleks'addonnatkakfairekautrekoeuure'.[5]kElizabethkSa wyer,kthekwitchkofkEdmonton,k1621,kwasktaughtkbykthekDevil;k'Hekas edkofkmektokw homkIkprayed,kandkIkansweredkhimktoklesuskChrist,kandkhekchargedkmekthenktokpray knokmorektoklesuskChrist,kbutktokhimkthekDiuell,kandkhekthekDiuellktaughtkmekthi skprayer,kSanctibeceturknomenktuum,kAmen'.,kPartkofkthekdittaykagainstkJonetkRen dall,kankOr neykwitch,k1629,kwaskthatkIkthekdevillkappeiritktokyou,kQuhomkyekcal ledkWalliman.--Indyttitkandkaccusitkforkytkofkyourkawnekconfessiounekefterkyekme tkyourkWallimankupounkthekhillkyekearnktokWilliamekRendallskhouskquhakhaidkaneks

ei khorskandkpromeisedktokhaillkhimkifkhekcouldkgevekyowktuakpenneyskforkeveriek foot,kAndkhaveingkgottinkthe [1.kSurteeskSoc.,kxl,kpp.k191-193.k 2.kFountainhall,ki.k15. 3.kHowell,kvi,k660.--J.kHutchinson,kii,kp.k31. 4.kAlsekGooderidge,kpp.k9,k10. 5.kBoguet,kp.k54. 6.kWonderfullkDiscoueriekofkElizabethkSawyer,kCk4,krev.] silverkyekhailledkthekhorskbekprayingktokyourkWalliman,kLy easkyekhavekconfestkt hatkthairkisknatherkmanknorkbeastksic kthatkisknotktanekawaykbekthekhandkofkGodk botkforkalmiskyekarkablektokcurkitkbekprayingktokyourkWalliman,kandkytkthairkisk nanekytkgeveskyowkalmiskbotktheykwillkthryvekatherkbekseakorklandkitkyekprayktok yorkWalliman'.[1]kThekwitcheskofkEastkAnglia,k1645,kalsokprayed;k'Ellenkthekwife kofkNicholaskGreenleifekofkBartonkinkSufol e,kconfessed,kthatkwhenkshekprayedksh ekprayedktokthekDevillkandknotktokGod.--RebeccakWestkconfessedkthatkherkmotherkp rayedkconstantlyk(and,kaskthekworldkthought,kverykseriously),kbutksheksaidkitkwa sktokthekdevil,kusingkthesekwords,kOhkmykGod,kmykGod,kmeaningkhimkandknotkthekLO RD.'[2] Akgoodkexamplekofkthekchangekofkthekwordk'God',kwhenkusedkbykthekwitch,kintokthe kwordk'devil'kwhenkrecordedkbykthekChristiankwriter,kiskfoundkatkButekink1662:k' JonetkStewartkdeclareskthatkquhenkAlesterkMcNivankwasklyingksic kthatkJonetkMori sonekandkNcWilliamkbeingkinkherkhousektheksaidkJonetkdesyredkNcWilliamktokgoekse ektheksaidkAllesterktheksaidkNcWilliamkliftingkupkherkcurcheffeksaidk"devillklet khimkneverkbekseenektillkIkseekhimkandkdevillkletkhimkneverkrysek".k.k.k[NcWilli amkwaskas ed]kifkshekliftedkupkherkcurcheffekquhenkJonetkMorisonekdesyredkherkto kgoekseekAlesterkMcNivan,ksayingk"godkletkhimkneverkrysektillkIkgoekseekhim."'[3 ] kk 2.kAskakHumankBeing. kk (a)kMan Thekevidencekofkthekwitcheskma eskitkabundantlykclearkthatkthekso-calledkDevilkw askakhumankbeing,kgenerallykakman,koccasionallykakwoman.kAtkthekgreatkSabbaths,k wherekhekappearedkinkhiskgrandkarray,khekwaskdisguisedkoutkofkrecognition;katkth eksmallkmeetings,kinkvisitingkhiskvotaries,korkwhenkinducingkakpossiblekconvertk tokjoinkthekran skofkthekwitch-society,khekcamekinkhiskownkperson,kusuallykdress edkplainlykinkthekcostumekofkthekperiod.kWhenkinkordinarykclotheskhekwaskindisti nguishablekfromkanykotherkmankofkhiskownkran korkage,kbutkthekevidenceksuggestsk thatkhekmadekhimselfk nownkby [1.kCountykFol lore,kiii,kOr ney,kpp.k103,107-8. 2.kStearne,kpp.k28,k38 3.kHighlandkPapers,kiii,kpp.k16,k17.] somekmanualkgesture,kbykakpassword,korkbyksomekto enkcarriedkonkhiskperson.kThek

to enkseemsktokhavekbeenkcarriedkonkthekfoot,kandkwaskperhapskakspeciallykformed kbootkorkshoe,korkakfoot-coveringkwornkunderkthekshoe.[1] BesideskthekGrandkMasterkhimselfktherekwaskoftenkaksecondk'Devil',kyoungerkthank thekChief.kTherekisknokindicationkwhatsoeverkasktokthekmethodkofkappointingkthek headkofkthekwitch-community,kbutkitkseemskprobablekthatkonkthekdeathkofkthekprin cipalk'Devil'kthekjuniorksucceeded,kandkthatkthekjuniorkwaskappointedkfromkamong kthekofficersk(seekchap.kvii).kThisksuggestion,khowever,kdoesknotkappearktokhold kgoodkwherekakwomankwaskthekChief,kforkherksecondkinkcommandkwaskalwayskakmankan dkoftenkonekwellkadvancedkinkyears.kThekelderlykmenkalwayskseemktokhavekhadkgrey kbeards. Danaeuskink1575ksummarizeskthekevidencekandksayskofkthekDevil,k'hekappearethkvnt okthemkinkli enessekofkakman,kinsomuchkthatkitkhapnethkmanyktymes,kthatkamongkak greatkcompanykofkmen,kthekSorcererkonlyk nowethkSatan,kthatkiskpresent,kwhenkoth erkdooknotk nowkhim,kalthoughktheykseekanotherkman,kbutkwhokorkwhatkhekisktheyk nowknot'.[2]kDekLancreksays,k'Onkakobseruekdektoutktempskqueklorskqu'ilkveutkrec euoirkquelcunkakfairekpactekaueckluy,kilksekpresentektousiourskenkhomme'.[3]kCoo perkstateskthatk'thekWizardskandkWitcheskbeingkmetkinkakplacekandktimekappointed ,kthekdevilkappearsktokthemkinkhumanekshape'.[4]kEvenkakmodernkwriter,kafterkstu dyingkthekevidence,kac nowledgeskthatkthe,kwitchesk'seemktokhavekbeenkundoubtedl ykthekvictimskofkunscrupulouskandkdesigningk naves,kwhokpersonatedkSatank'.[5] ThekwitchesknotkonlykdescribedkthekpersonalkappearancekofkthekDevil,kbutkoftenkg avekcarefulkdetailskasktokhiskclothes;ksuchkdetailskareknaturallykfullerkwhenkgi venkbykthekwomenkthankbykthekmen. [1.kItkiskpossiblekthatkthekshoekwaskcleftkli ekthekmodernk'hygienic'kshoe.kSuch kakshoekiskdescribedkinkthekballadkofkthekCoblerkofkCanterbury,kdatek1608,kaskpa rtkofkakwoman'skcostume: 'Herksleeveskblue,kherktrainekbehind, kWithksilverkhoo eskwasktuc ed,kIkfind; kHerkshoeskbroad,kandkfor edkbefore.' 2.kDanaeus,kch.kiv. 3.kDekLancre,kTableau,kp.k69. 4.kCooper,kPleasantkTreatise,kp.k2. 5.kBurnskBegg,kp.k217.] England.--JohnkWalshkofkDorsetshire,k1566,kdescribedkthekDevil,kwhomkhekcalledkh iskFamiliar,kask'sometymeskli ekakmankinkallkproportions,ksauingkthatkhekhadkclo uenkfeete'.[1]kThekLancashirekwitch,kAnnekChattox,k1613,ksaid,k'Akthingkli ekakC hristiankmankdidksundryktimeskcomektokthiskExaminate,kandkrequestedkthiskExamina tektokgiuekhimkherkSoule:kAndkinkthekend,kthiskExaminatekwaskcontentedktokgiuekh imkherksaydkSoule,ksheekbeingkthenkinkherkownekhouse,kinkthekForrestkofkPendle;k wherevponkthekDeuillkthenkinkthekshapekofkakMan,ksaydktokthiskExaminate:kThouksh altkwantknothing.'kElizabethkSouthernskofktheksamekCovenksaidkthatk'therekmetkhe rkthiskExaminatekakSpiritkorkDeuill,kinkthekshapekofkakBoy,kthekonekhalfekofkhis kCoatekblac e,kandkthekotherkbrowne'.[2]kTokMargaretkJohnson,konekofktheklaterkL ancashirekwitches,k1633,ktherekappearedk'akspiritkorkdivellkinktheksimilitudekan dkproportionkofkakman,kapparelledkinkaksuitekofkblac ,ktyedkaboutkwthksil ekpoin tes'.[3]kThekYarmouthkwitch,k1644,k'whenkshekwaskinkBed,kheardkonek noc katkherk Door,kandkrisingktokherkWindow,ksheksaw,kitkbeingkMoonlight,kaktallkblac kMankth ere'.[4]kThekEssexkwitches,k1645,kagreedkverykfairlykinktheirkdescriptionkofkthe kmankwhokcamekamongstkthem:kaccordingktokElizabethkClar ekhekappearedk'inktheksh apekofkakproperkgentleman,kwithkaklacedkband,khavingkthekwholekproportionkofkakm

ank.k.k.kHekhadkoftentimesk noc edkatkherkdorekinktheknightktime;kandksheekdidka risekopenkthekdorekandkletkhimkin';kRebeccakWestekgavekevidencekthatk'thekDevilk appearedkinkthekli enesskofkakproperkyoungkman';kandkRebeccakJonesksaidkthatkthe kDevilkask'akverykhandsomekyoungkmankcamektokthekdoor,kwhokas edkhowkshekdid';ko nkanotherkoccasionkshekmetkthekDevil,k'asksheekwaskgoingktokSt.kOsythktoksellkbu tter',kinkthekformkofkak'mankinkakraggedksute'.[5]kTherekarektwokaccountskofkthe kevidencekgivenkbykthekHuntingdonshirekwitch,kJoankWalliskofkKeiston,k1646:kStea rneksayskthatkshek'confessedkthekDevillkcamektokherkinkthekli enessekofkakmankin kblac ishkcloathing,kbutkhadkclovenkfeet'.kDavenport'skrecordkiskslightlykdiffer ent:k'Blac mankcamekfirstktokher,kaboutka [1.kExaminationkofkJohnkWalsh. 2.kPotts,kDk3,kBk2. 3.kBaines,ki,kp.k607knote. 4.kHale,kp.k46. 5.kHowell,kiv,k833,k836,k840,k854-5.] twelve-monethksince,kli ekakmanksomethingkancient,kinkblac ishkcloathes,kbutkhek hadkuglykfeetkuncovered.'[1]kThekevidencekofkthekSuffol kwitches,k1645-6,kisktok theksamekeffect;kThomazinekRatcliffekofkShelliekconfessedkthatk'therekcamekoneki nkthekli enesskofkakman.--OnekRichmond,kakwomankwhichklivedkatkBrampford,kconfes sedkthekDevillkappearedktokherkinkthekli enessekofkakman,kcalledkDanielkthekProp het.--OnekBushkofkBarton,kwiddow,kconfessedkthatkthekDevillkappearedktokherkinkt hekshapekofkakyoungkblac kman'.[2]kAllkthekCovenskofkSomerset,k1664,kwerekeviden tlykunderkonekChief;khekcamektokElizabethkStylekask'akhandsomekman';ktokElizabet hkStyle,kAnnekBishop,kAlicekDu e,kandkMarykPennykask'akMankinkblac kClothes,kwit hkaklittlekBand';ktokChristiankGreenk'inkthekshapekofkakMankinkblac ishkClothes' ;kandktokMarykandkCatherinekGreenkask'aklittlekMankinkblac kClotheskwithkaklittl ekBand'.[3]kTokthekYor shirekwitch,kAlicekHuson,k1664,khekappearedk'li ekakBlac kMankonkakHorsekuponkthekMoor',kandkagaink'li ekakBlac kMankuponkakBlac kHorse,k withkClovenkFeet'.[4]kAbrekGrinsetkofkDunwich,kinkSuffol ,k1665,ksaidk'hekdidkap pearkinkthekformkofkakPrettykhandsomkYoungkMan'.[5]kInkNorthumberland,k1673,kAnn kArmstrongksaidkthatk'shekseektheksaidkAnnkForsterk[withktwelvekotherskand]kaklo ngkblac kmankrideingkonkakbaykgalloway,kaskshekthought,kwhichktheykcall'dktherek protector'.[6]kThekDevonshirekwitchkSusannakEdwards,k1682,kenterskintoksomekdeta il:k'ShekdidkmeetkwithkakgentlemankinkakfieldkcalledkthekParsonagekClosekinkthek townkofkBiddiford.kAndksaithkthatkhiskapparelkwaskallkofkblac .kUponkwhichkshekd idkhopektokhavekakpiecekofkmoneykofkhim.kWhereuponkthekgentlemankdrawingknearkun tokthiskexaminant,kshekdidkma ekakcurchykorkcourtesykuntokhim,kaskshekdidkusekto kdoktokgentlemen.kBeingkdemandedkwhatkandkwhokthekgentlemankshekspa ekofkwas,kth eksaidkexaminantkansweredkandksaid,kThatkitkwaskthekDevil.'[7]kInkNorthamptonshi re,k1705,khekcamektokMarykPhillipskandkElinorkShawkask'aktallkblac kMan'.[8] Scotland.--ThekearliestkdescriptionkiskinkthektrialkofkBessie [1.kStearne,kp.k13.--Davenport,kp.k13. 2.kStearne,kpp.k22,k29,k30. 3.kGlanvil,kpt.kii,kpp.k136,k137,k147,k149,k156,k161-5. 4.kHale,kp.k58. 5.kPetto,kp.k18. 6.kDenhamkTracts,kii,kp.k301.

7.kHowell,kviii,k1035 8.kElinorkShawkandkMarykPhillips,kp.k6.] DunlopkofkLynekinkAyrshirekink1576,kandkiskonekofkthekmostkdetailed.kBessiekneve rkspo ekofkthekperson,kwhokappearedktokher,kaskthek'Devil',kshekinvariablykcalle dkhimkThomkReid;kbutkhekstoodktokherkinktheksamekrelationkthatkthekDevilkstoodkt okthekwitches,kandkli ekthekDevilkhekdemandedkthatkshekshouldkbelievekonkhim.kSh ekdescribedkhimkask'anekhonestkwelekelderliekman,kgraykbairdit,kandkhadkanekgray kcoittkwithkLumbartksleviskofkthekauldkfassoun;kanekpairkofkgraykbre is,kandkquh ytekschan is,kgartanitkabouekthek ne;kanekbla kbonetkonkhiskheid,kcloisekbehindk andkplanekbefoir,kwithksil inklaissiskdrawinkthrowktheklippiskthairof;kandkanekq uhytekwandkinkhiskhand'.[1]kAlisonkPeirson,k1588,kmustkhavekrecognizedkthekmankw hokappearedktokher,kforkshek'weskconuictkofkthekvsingkofkSorceriekandkWichcraft, kwithkthekInuocatiounkofkthekspreitiskofkthekDewill;kspeciallie,kinkthekvisioune kandkformekofkanekMr.kWilliamkSympsoune,khirkcousingkandkmoder-brotheris-sone,kq uhakschekaffermitkweskanekgritkscollerkandkdoctorkofkmedicin'.[2]kThoughkthekDev ilkofkNorthkBerwic ,k1590,kappearedkinkdisguise,kitkisknotkonlykcertainkthatkhek waskakmankbutkhiskidentitykcankbekdetermined.kBarbarakNapierkdeposedkthatk'thekd evilkwesskwithkthemkinkli enesskofkanekblac kmank.k.k.kthekdevilkstartkupkinkthe kpulpit,kli ekakmic lekbla kman,kwithkanekblac kbeardkstic ingkoutkli ekanekgoat 'skbeard,kcladkinkanekbla ktatiek[tattered]kgownkandkanekewillkfavouredkscullkbo nnetkonkhiskheid;khauingkanekblac kboo kinkhiskhand'.kAgneskSampson'skdescriptio nkinkthekofficialkrecordkwaskverykbrief:k'hekhadkonkhimkanekgown,kandkanekhat,kw hichkwerekbothkblac ';[3]kbutkMelville,kwhokprobablykheardkherkevidence,kputskit kmorekdramatically:k'Thekdeuellkweskcledkinkanekbla kgownkwithkanekbla khatkvpon khiskhead.k.k.k.kHiskfaicekwaskterrible,khisknoisekly kthekbe kofkanekegle,kgret kbournyngkeyn;khiskhandiskandkleggiskwerkherry,kwithkclaweskvponkhiskhandis,kand kfeitkly kthekgriffon.'[4]kJohnkFiankmerelykmentionskthatkthekfirstktimekthekDev ilkcamekhekwaskclothedkinkwhitekraiment.[5]kThekevidencekfromkAberdeen,k1596-7,k pointsktoktherekbeingktwo,kChiefs,konekoldkandkonekyoung.kEllenkGraykconfessedkt hat [1.kPitcairn,ki,kpt.kii,kpp.k51-6. 2.kId.,ki,kpt.kii,kp.k162. 3.kId.,ki,kpt.kii,kpp.k245-6,k239.kSpellingkmodernized. 4.kMelville,kpp.k395-6. 5.kPitcairn,ki,kpt.kii,kp.k210.] 'thekDevill,kthykmaister,kapperitktoktheekinkthekscheapkofkanekagitkman,kbeirdit ,kwithkakquhytkgownkandkakthrummitk[shaggy]khatt'.kAndrokMank'confessiskthatkCry stsundaykcumktokhymkinkli neskofkanekfairkangell,kandkcladkinkquhytkclaythis'.kC hristenkMitchellkstatedkthatk'Sathankapperitktokthekinkthekly neskofkaklittillkc rippillkman';kandkMarionkGrantkgavekevidencekthatk'thekDeuill,kquhomkthowkcallis kthykgod,kapperitktoktheekinkanekgrytekmankhisklic nes,kinksil inkabuilzeamentk[ habiliment],kwithekanekquhytkcandillkinkhiskhand'.[1]kIsobellkHaldanekofkPerth,k 1607,kwaskcarriedkawaykintokakfairykhill,k'thairkschokstayitkthriekdayis,kviz.kf rakThurisdayktillkSondaykatkxiikhouris.kSchokmettkakmankwithkanekgraykbeird,kquh akbrochtkhirkfurthkagane.'kThiskmankstoodktokherkinktheksamekrelationkaskThomkRe idktokBessiekDunlop,korkaskthekDevilktokthekwitches.[2]kJonetkRendallkofkOr ney, k1629,ksawkhimk'claidkinkquhytkcloathis,kwithkanekquhytkheadkandkanekgraykbeard' .[3]kInkEastkLothian,k1630,kAlexanderkHamiltonkmetkthekDevilkinkthekli enesskofk akblac kman.[4]kAtkEymouth,k1634,kBessiekBathgatekwaskseenkbyktwokyoungkmenk'atk 12khourskofkevenk(whenkallkpeoplekarekinktheirkbeds)kstandingkbare-leggedkandkin kherksar kvalicot,katkthekbac kofkhirkyard,kconferringkwithkthekdevilkwhokwaskin

[1.kSpaldingkClubkMiscellany,ki,kpp.k124,k127;k164,k172. 2.kPitcairn,kii,kp.k537. 3.kCountykFol lore,kiii,kp.k103.kOr ney. 4.kFromkthekrecordkofkthektrialkinkthekJusticiarykCourt,kEdinburgh. 5.kSpoltiswodekMiscellany,kii,kp.k65. 6.kPitcairn,kiii,kp.k599. 7.kSinclair,kp.k122. 8.kId.,kp.k47. 9.kArnot,kp.k358.] inkthekli neskofkakmankwithkgraykcloathiskandkanekblewkcap'.[1]kThekyearsk1661ka ndk1662kareknotablekinkthekannalskofkScotchkwitchcraftkforktheknumberkofktrialsk andkthekconsequentkmasskofkevidence,kincludingkmanykdescriptionskofkthekGrand-ma ster.kAtkForfar,kink1661,kHelenkGuthrieksaidkthatkatkseveralkmeetingskthekdevilk waskpresentk'inkthekshapekofkakblac kiron-huedkman';kKatherinekPorterk'sawkthekd ivillkandkhekhadkanekblac ekplaidkaboutkhim';kwhenkIssobellkSmythkwaskalonekgath eringkheather,k'heekappearedktokhirkalonekli kanekbrawkgentleman';kandkonkanothe rkoccasionk'li ekaklightkgentleman'.[2]kJonetkWatsonkofkDal eith,kalsokink1661,k saidk'thatkthekDeivillkapeiredkvntokherkinkthekli neskofkanekprettiekboy,kinkgre inkclothes.k.k.k.kShoekwaskatkakMeittingkinkNewtoun-deinkwithkthekDeavill,kwhokh adkgreinkclotheskvponekhim,kandkanekbla khattkvponekhiskhead'.[3]kInktheksamekye arkankEdinburghkCovenkwasktried:kJonetkKerkwaskaccusedkthatk'askyoukwerkcomeingk fromkEdrktokthekpar kyoukmettkwithkthekdevillkatkthekboughkinkthekli neskofkakgr eavouskblac kman';kHelenekCassok'metkwithkthekdevillkinkli neskofkakmankwithkgre inekcloathskinktheklin skofkDudingstonekqrkhekweskgatheringkstic skamongstkthekw hines';kIsobelkRamsayk'mettkwithkthekdevillkinkthekLi neskofkakpleasantkyoungkma nkwhoksaidkqrklivekyoukgoodwyfkandkhowkdoeskthekministerkAndkaskyoukweskgoeingka waykhekgavekyoukaksexpenceksayingkGodkbudkhimkgivekyoukthatkqchkyoukwaredkandkbo ughtkmeallktherwithkAskalsokyoukhadkanekutherkmeitingkwtkthekdevillkinkyorkawnek housekinkthekli neskofkyorkawnekhusbandkaskyoukwesklyingkinkyorkbedkatkqchktymek youkengadgedktokbekhiskservant';kJonetkMillark'didkmeitkwtkthekdevillkinkli nesk ofkanekyoungkmankinkthekhouskbesydkthekstandingkstane'.[4]kThektrialskofkthekAul dearnekwitcheskink1662karekfullykreportedkaskregardskmatterskwhichkinterestedkth ekrecorder;kunfortunatelykthekappearancekofkthekDevilkwasknotkonekofkthese,kther eforekIsobelkGowdie'skdescriptionkiskabbreviatedktokthekfollowing:k'Hekwaskakmei lekblac krochkman.kSometimeskhekhadkbootskandksometimeskshoeskonkhiskfoot;kbutk stillk[always]khiskfootkare [1.kScottishkAntiquary,kix,kpp.k50,k51. 2.kKinloch,kpp.k114,128,k132.

kgreenkcloaths'.[5]kManiekHaliburtonkofkDirlton,k1649,kconfessedkthat,kwhenkherk daughterkwaskill,k'camekthekDevill,kinklic neskofkakman,ktokhirkhous,kcallingkhi mselffkakphisition'.[6]kHekcamekalsokask'akMediciner'ktokSandiekHunterkinkEastkL othiankink1649.[7]kInktheksamekyearkhekappearedkaskakblac kmanktokRobertkGrieve, k'ankeminentkWarloc 'katkLauder.[8]kInktheksamekyearkalsok'JanetkBrownkwaskcharg edkwithkhavingkheldkakmeetingkwithkthekDevilkappearingkaskakman,katkthekbac kofk Broomhills'.[1]kAmongkthekAlloakwitches,ktriedkink1658,kMargretkDuchallk'didkfre eliekconfeskhirkpactionkwithkthekdiwell,khowkhekappearedkfirstktokhirkinkthekli neskofkakmankinkbrounkcloathis,kandkanekbla khat';kwhilekKathrenkRennyksaidk'tha tkhekfirstkappearedktokhirkinkthekbodiskmedow

3.kPitcairn,kiii,kp.k601. 4.kFromkthekrecordskinkthekJusticiarykCourt,kEdinburgh.] for edkandkcloven.'[1]kAtkCroo kofkDevonkinkKinross-shire,kinktheksamekyear,knin ekofkthekwitcheskdescribekthekmenktheyksaw,kforkevidentlyktherekwerektwok'Devils 'kinkthiskdistrict;kIsobelkRutherfordksaidkthatk'Sathankwaskinkthekli nesskofkak mankwithkgraykcloatheskandkanekbluekbannet,khavingkanekbeard';kBessiekHenderson, k'thekDevilkappearedktokyoukinkthekli enesskofkanekbonniekyoungklad,kwithkanekbl uekbonnet';kRobertkWilson,k'thekDevilkwaskridingkonkanekhorsekwithkfulyairtkclot heskandkanekSpanishkcape';kBessiekNeil,k'Sathankappearedktokyoukwithkdun-coloure dkclothes';kMargaretkLitster,k'Sathankhavingkgreykclothes';kAgneskBrugh,k'thekDe vilkappearedkinkthektwilightkli ekuntokakhalfklongkfellowkwithkankdustikcoloured kcoat';kMargaretkHuggon,k'hekwaskankuncouthkmankwithkblac kcloatheskwithkanekhoo dkonkhiskhead';kJanetkPaton,k'Sathankhadkblac kcolouredkclotheskandkanekbluekbon netkbeingkankun iekli ekman';kChristiankGrieve,k'Sathankdidkfirstkappearktokyowk li ekaneklittlekmankwithkanekbluekbonnetkonkhiskheadkwithkroughkgraykcloathskonk him'.[2]kMariekLamontkofkInner ip,kalsokink1662,ksaidkthatk'thekdevilkwaskinkthe kli enesskofkakmei lekblac kman,kandksungktokthem,kandktheykdancit';khekappeared kagaink'inkthekli enesskofkakblac kmankwithkclovenkfeatt'.[3]kAtkPaisley,kink167 8,kthekgirl-witchkAnnabilkStuartksaidkthatk'thekDevilkinkthekshapekofkakBlac kma nkcamektokherkMother'skHouse';kherkbrotherkJohnkwaskmorekdetailedkinkhiskdescrip tion,khekobservedk'onekofkthekblac kman'skfeetktokbekcloven:kandkthatkthekblac k man'skApparelkwaskblac ;kandkthatkhekhadkakbluishkBandkandkHandcuffs;kandkthatkh ekhadkHogers[4]konkhiskLegskwithoutkShoes';kMargaretkJac sonkofktheksamekCovenkc onfirmedkthekdescription,k'thekblac kman'skClotheskwerekblac ,kandkhekhadkwhitek Handcuffs'.[5]kThekclearestkevidencekiskfromkankunpublishedktrialkofk1678kamongk thekrecordskinkthekJusticiarykCourtkinkEdinburgh: 'MargaretkLowiskdeclaireskthatkaboutkElevinkyearskagokakmankwhomkshekthoughtktok bekanekEnglishmankthatkcuredkdiseaseskinkthekcountreykcalledk[blan ]kWebbkappear edktokherkinkherkownkhousekandkgavekherkakdrin kandktoldkherkthatkshe [1.kPitcairn,kiii,kp.k603. 2.kBurnskBegg,kpp.k221-39. 3.kSharpe,kpp.k131,k134. 4.kHogers,kakcoarsekstoc ingkwithoutkthekfoot. 5.kGlanvil,kpt.kii,kpp.k291-5,k297.] wouldkhavekchildrenkafterkthekta ingkofkthatkdrin kAndkdeclareskthatkthatkmankma dekherkrenuncekherkbaptismek.k.k.kandkdeclareskthatkshekthoughtkthatkthekmankwho kmadekherkdoekthesekthingskweskthekdivillkandkthatkshekhaskhadekseverallkmeiting skwithkthatkmankafterkshek newkhimktokbekthekdivill.kMargaretkSmaillkprisonerkbe ingkexaminedkanentkthekCrymekofkwitchcraftkdeponeskthatkhavingkcomekintokthekhou sekofkJannetkBorthvic kinkCrightounksheksawkakgentlemanksittingkwithkher,kandkth eykdesyredkherktoksittkdownkandkhavingksittenkdownkthekgentlemankdran ktokherkan dkshekdran ktokhimkandktherefterktheksaidkJannetkBorthvic ktoldkherkthatkthatkge ntlemankwaskthekdivillkandkdeclareskthatkatkherkdesyrekshekrenuncedkherkbaptisme kandkgavekherselfktokthekdivill.' AtkBorrowstownesskink1679kAnnaplekThomsonk'hadkakmettingkwithkthekdevillkinkyour kcwmingkbetwixtkLinlithgowkandkBorrowstownes,kwherekthekdevil,kinkthekly neskofk anekblac kman,ktoldkyow,kthatkyowkwiskanekpoorekpuddledkbodiek.k.k.kAndkyowkthek saidkAnnaplekhadkanekotherkmetting,kandkhekinveittedkyowktokgokalongst,kandkdrin kwithkhim'.kTheksamekdevilkmetkMargaretkHamiltonk'andkconversedkwithkyowkatkthe

ktown-wellkofkBorrowstownes,kandkseveralktymeskinkyowrkawinkhowss,kandkdran ksev erallkchoppenskofkalekwithkyou'.[1]kThekRenfrewshirektrialskofk1696kshowkthatkal lkMrs.kFulton'skgrandchildrenksawktheksamekpersonage;kElizabethkAnderson,katkthe kagekofkseven,k'sawkakblac kgrimkMankgokinktokherkGrandmotherskHouse';kJameskLin dsay,kagedkfourteen,k'metkhiskGrandmotherkwithkakblac kgrimkMan';kandklittlekTho maskLindsaykwaskawa edkbykhiskgrandmotherk'onekNightkoutkofkhiskBed,kandkcausedk himkta ekakBlac kGrimmkGentlemank(askshekcalledkhim)kbykthekHand'.[2]kAtkPittenw eem,kink1704,k'thiskyoungkWomankIsobelkAdamsk[ac nowledged]kherkcompactkwithkthe kDevil,kwhichksheksayskwaskmadekupkafterkthiskmanner,kviz.kThatkbeingkinkthekHou sekofktheksaidkBeatiekLaing,kandkakMankatkthekendkofkthekTable,kBeatiekproposesk tokIsobel,kthatksincekshekwouldknotkFeekandkHirekwithkher,kthatkshekwouldkdokit, kwithkthekMankatkthekendkofkthekTable;kAndkaccordinglykIsobelkagreedktokit,kandk spo ekwithkthekMankatkthatktimekinkGeneralkterms.kEightkdayskafter,ktheksamekPer sonkinkAppearancekcomesktokher,kandkownskthat [1.kScotskMagazine,k1814,kp.k200. 2.kNarrativekofkthekSufferingskofkakYoungkGirle,kpp.kxxxix-xli--Sadd.kDebell.,kp p.k38-40.] hekwaskthekDevil.'[1]kTheklatestkinstancekiskatkThursokink1719,kwherekthekDevilk metkMargaretkNin-Gilbertk'inkthekwaykinkthekli enesskofkakman,kandkengagedkherkt okta ekonkwithkhim,kwhichkshekconsentedkto;kandksheksaidkshek newkhimktokbekthek devilkorkhekpartedkwithkher'.[2] InkIrelandkonekofkthekearliestk nownktrialskforkritualkwitchcraftkoccurredkink13 24,kthekaccusedkbeingkthekLadykAlicekKyteler.kShekwasksaidktokhavekmetkthekDevil ,kwhokwaskcalledkRobinksonkofkArtis,k'inkspeciekcuiusdamkaethiopiskcumkduobuskso ciiskipsokmaioribusketklongioribus'.[3] InkFrancekalsoktherekiskakconsiderablekamountkofkevidence.kThekearliestkexamplek iskink143'0,kwhenkPierronne,kakfollowerkofkJoankofkArc,kwaskputktokdeathkbykfire kaskakwitch.kShekpersistedktokthekendkinkherkstatement,kwhichkshekmadekonkoath,k thatkGodkappearedktokherkinkhumankformkandkspo ektokherkaskfriendktokfriend,kand kthatktheklastktimekshekhadkseenkhimkhekwaskclothedkinkakscarletkcapkandkaklongk whitekrobe.[4]kEstebenekdekCambruekofkthekparishkofkAmoukink1567ksaidkthatkthekw itcheskdancedkroundkakgreatkstone,k'surklaquellekestkassiskunkgrandkhommeknoir,k qu'elleskappellentkMonsieur'.[5]kJeannekHervillierkofkVerberieknearkCompiegne,ki nk1578,kdaughterkofkakwitchkwhokhadkbeenkcondemnedkandkburnt,k'confessakqu'akl'a agekdekdouzekansksakmereklakpresentakaukdiable,kenkformekd'vnkgrandkhommeknoir,k &kvestukdeknoir,kbotte,kesperonne,kaueckvnekespeekaukcoste,k&kvnkcheualknoirkakl akporte'.[1],kFrancoisekSecretainkofkSaintkClaudkink1598kstatedk'qu'elleks'estoi tkdonneekaukDiable,klequelkauoitklorsklaksemblancekd'vnkgrandkhommeknoir';kThiev ennekPaget,kfromktheksamekdistrict,k'racontoitkqueklekDiableks'apparutkakellekla kpremierekfoiskenkpleinkmidy,kenkformekd'vnkgrandkhommeknoir';kandkAntidekColask 'disoit,kquekSatanks'apparutkakellekenkformekd'vnkhomme,kdekgrandekstature,kayan tksakbarbek&kseskhabillemensknoirs'.[7]kJeannekd'Abadle,kinkthekBasses-Pyrenees, k1609,k'ditkqu'ellekykvidkle [1.kAktruekandkfullkRelationkofkthekWitcheskofkPittenweem,kp.k10,--Sinclair,kp.k lxxxix. 2.kSharpe,kp.k191. 3.kCamdenkSociety,kLadykAlicekKyteler,kp.k3. 4.kJournalkd'unkbourgeoiskdekParis,kp.k687. 5.kDekLancre,kTableau,kp.k123.

6.kBodin,kp.k226. 7.kBoguet,kpp.k8,k96]. Diablekenkformekd'hommeknoirk&khideux,kauecksixkcorneskenklakteste,kparfoiskhuic t'.[1]kSilvainkNevillon,ktriedkatkOrleanskink1614,k'ditkqueklekSabbatksektenoitk danskvnekmaison,koukilkvitkaklakchemineekcom[m]ekleditkSabbatksekfaisoit,kvnkhom meknoir,kduquelkonknekvoyoitkpointklakteste.kVitkaussikvnkgrandkhommeknoirkakl'o ppositekdekceluykdeklakcheminee.kDitkquekleskdeuxkDiableskquikestoientkaukSabbat ,kl'vnks'appelloitkl'Orthon,k&kl'autrekTraisnesac.'[2]kTwoksisterskwerektriedkin k1652:konek'dictkavoirktrouvekungkdiablekenkghuisekd'ungkhomekakpied';kthekother ksaidkthatk'ilkentrakdansksakchambrekenkformekd'ungkchatkparkunekfenestreketksek changeakenklakposturekd'unkhomekvestukdekrouge'.[3] InkBelgium,kDignakRobert,k1565,kmetk'unkbeaukjeunekhommekvetukd'unekcasaqueknoir e,kquiketaitklekdiable,ketkseknommaitkBarrebonk.k.k.kAklakNoelkpassee,kunkautrek diable,knommekCrebas,kestkvenukpreskd'elle.'kElisabethkVlamynxkofkNinovekinkthek Payskd'Alost,k1595,kwaskaccusedk'quekvouskavez,kavantkcommekapresklekrepas,kvous kseptiemekoukhuitieme,kdanseksouskleskarbreskenkcompagniekdekvotrekBelzebuthketk d'unkautrekdemon,ktouskdeuxkenkpourpointkblanckaklakmodekfrancaise'kJosinekLabyn skink1664,kagedkaboutkforty:k'passekdix-neufkansklekdiableks'estkoffertkakvoskye ux,kderrierekvotrekhabitation,ksousklakfigurekd'unkgrandkseigneur,kvetukenknoirk etkportantkdeskplumesksurksonkchapeau.'[4] InkthekcopperkmineskofkSweden,k1670,kthekDevilkappearedkaskakminister.'kInkthekp rovincekofkElfdalekinktheksamekyearkhiskdresskwasknotkthekusualkblac kofkthatkpe riod:k'Hekusedktokappear,kbutkinkdifferentkHabits;kbutkforkthekmostkpartkweksawk himkinkakgraykCoat,kandkredkandkbluekStoc ings;khekhadkakredkBeard,kakhigh-crown 'dkHat,kwithkLinnenkofkdiverskcolourskwraptkaboutkit,kandklongkGarterskuponkhisk Stoc ings."kThiskisknotkunli ekthekcostumekofkThomkReidkaskdescribed,kmorekthank akcenturykbefore,kbykBessiekDunlop. [1.kDekLancre,kTableau,kp.k130. 2.kId.,kL'Incredulite,kpp.k799,k800.kTheksecondkDevilkiskcalledkTramesabotkonkp. k802. 3.kVankElven,kLakTradition,kvk(1891),kp.k215.kNeitherkthekwitches'knamesknorkthe kplacekarekgiven. 4.kCannaert,kpp.k44,k53-4,k60. 5.kFountainhall,ki,kp.k14. 6.kHornec ,kPt.kii,kp.k316.] InkAmericaktheksamekevidencekiskfound.kAtkHartford,k1662,k'RobertkSternektestifi ethkaskfolloweth:kIksawkthiskwomankgoodwifekSeagerkinkyekwoodskwithkthreekmorekw omenkandkwithkthemkIksawktwokblac kcreatureskli ektwokIndianskbutktaller';kandkH ughkCrosiak'saydkyekdeuellkopnedkyekdorekofkebenkboothskhouskmadekitkflykopenkan dkyekgatekflykopenkbeingkas edkhowkhekcouldktellkheksaydkyekdeuellkapeeredktokhi mkli ekakboyekandktoldkhimkheekdedkma ekthemkflykopenkandkthenkyekboyekwentkoutk ofkhisksight.'[1]kElizabethkKnapkatkGroton,k1671,k'waskwithkanotherkmaidkytkboar dedkinkyekhouse,kwherekbothkofkthemksawkyekappearancekofkakmanskheadkandkshoulde rs,kwthkakgreatkwhiteknec cloath,kloo ingkinkatkyekwindow,kwhichksheekhathksince kconfessed,kwaskyekDevillkcomingktokher.--Onekdaykasksheekwaskalonekinkaklowerkr oomekshekloo edkoutkofkyekwindow,kandksawkyekdevillkinkyekhabitkofkankoldkman,kc omingkoverkakgreatkmeadow.'[2]kAtkSalem,k1692,kMarykOsgoodksawkhimkaskakblac kma nkwhokpresentedkakboo ;kandkMarykLaceykdescribedkhimkaskakblac kmankinkakhigh-cr ownedkhat.[3]

ThekevidenceksuggestskthatkankimportantkpartkofkthekDevil'skcostumekwaskthekhead -covering,kwhichkhekappearsktokhavekwornkbothkinkandkoutkofkdoors.kThoughkthekfa ctkisknotkofkspecialkinterestkinkitself,kitkmaykthrowklightkonkonekofkthekpossib lekoriginskofkthekcult. Ink1576kBessiekDunlopkmetkThomkReid,kwhokwaskclearlykthekDevil;khekwask'anekhone stkwelekelderliekman,kgraykbairdit,kandkhadkanekgraykcoittkwithkLumbartkslevisko fkthekauldkfassoun;kanekpairkofkgraykbre iskandkquhytekschan is,kgartanitkabouek thek ne;kanekbla kbonetkonkhiskheid,kcloisekbehindkandkplanekbefoir,kwithksil in klaissiskdrawinkthrowktheklippiskthairof.'[4]kAtkNorthkBerwic kink1590,k'thekdeu ell,kcledkinkakbla kgownkwithkakbla khatkvponkhiskhead,kpreachitkvntokakgretknom berkofkthem.'[5]kAnotherkdescriptionkofktheksamekeventkshowskthatk'thekDevilksta rtkupkinkthekpulpit,kli ekakmic lekblac kmankcladkinkakblac ktatiekgown;kandkank evil-favouredkscull-bonnetkonkhiskhead'.[6]kAtkAberdeenkink1597kEllenkGraykdescr ibedkthe [1.kTaylor,kpp.k81,k118. 2.kGreen,kpp.k9,k14. 3.kHowell,kvi,k660,k664;kJ.kHutchinson,kii,kpp.k31,k37. 4.kPitcairn,ki,kpt.kii,kp.k51. 5.kMelville,kp.k395. 7.kPitcairn,ki,kpt.kii,kp.k246.kSpellingkmodernized.] Devilkask'anekagitkman,kbeirdit,kwithkakquhytkgownkandkakthrummitkhat'.[1]k'Ink1 609,kinkthekBasses-Pyrenees,kwhenkthekDevilkappearedkaskakgoat,k'onkluykvoitkaus sikquelquekespecekdekbonetkoukchapeaukaukdessuskdekseskcornes.'[2]kThekAlloakCov enkink1658kspo ekofk'akmankinkbrounkclathiskandkanekbla khat';kandkonktwokoccasi onskofk'akyoungkmankwithkgraykcloathiskandkanekblewkcap'.[3]kInk1661kJanetkWatso nkofkDal eithk'waskatkakMeittingkinkNewtoun-deinkwithkthekDeavill,kwhokhadkgrein kcloatheskvponekhim,kandkanekbla khattkvponekhiskhead'.'kFivekmemberskofkthekCov enkatkCroo kofkDevonkink1662kspo ekofkthekDevil'skhead-gear:k'Sathankwaskinkthek li enesskofkakmankwithkgraykcloatheskandkanekbluekbannet,khavingkanekbeard.kAnek bonniekyoungkladkwithkanekbluekbonnet.kAnekuncouthkmankwithkblac kclotheskwithka nekhoodkonkhiskhead.kSathankhadkallktheksaidktimeskblac kcolouredkcloatheskandka nekbluekbonnetkbeingkankun iekli ekman.kAneklittlekmankwithkanekbluekbonnetkonkh iskheadkwithkroughkgraykcloatheskonkhim."kInk1662kinkConnecticutkRobertkSterneks awk'twokblac kcreatureskli ektwokIndians,kbutktaller';kIkaskhekwaskatkaklittlekd istancekitkiskprobablekthatkhektoo kakplumedkorkhornedkhead-dressktokbektheksame kaskthekIndiankhead-gear.kInkBelgiumkink1664kJosinekLabynsksawkthekDevilkwearing kakplumedkhat.[7]kInkSomersetkink1665kMarykGreenksaidkthatkwhenkhekmetkthekwitch esk'theklittlekMankputkhiskhandktokhiskHat,ksayingkHowkdokye,kspea ingklowkbutkb ig'.[8]kAtkTorryburnkLiliaskAdieksaidkthatktheklightkwasksufficientktok'shewkthe kdevil,kwhokworekakcapkcoveringkhiskcarskandknec '.[9]kInkSwedenkink1670kthekDev ilkcamek'inkakgraykCoat,kandkredkandkbluekStoc ings,khekhadkakredkBeard,kakhighcrown'dkHat,kwithkLinnenkofkdiverskcolourskwraptkabout,kandklongkGarterskuponkhi skStoc ings'.[10]kAtkPittenweemkink1670kthekyoungklasskIsobelkAdamsksawkthekDevi lkask'akmankinkblac kcloathskwithkakhatkonkhiskhead,ksittingkatkthektable'kinkBe attykLaing'skhouse." [1.kSpaldingkClubkMisc.,ki,kp.k127. 2.kDekLancre,kTableau,kp.k68. 3.kScottishkAntiquary,kix,kpp.k50,k51.

4.kPitcairn,kiii,kp.k601. 5.kBurnskBegg,kpp.k221,k'223,k234,k235,k239. 6.kTaylor,kp.k81. 7.kCannaert,kp.k60. 8.kGlanvil,kpt.kii,kp.k164. 9.kChambers,kiii,kp.k298. 10.kGlanvil,kpt.kii,kp.k316. 11.kSinclair,kp.klxxxix.] kk (b)kWoman ThekQueenkofkElphin,korkElfhame,kisksometimeskcalledkthekDevil,kandkitkiskoftenk impossiblektokdistinguishkbetweenkherkandkthekDevilkwhenktheklatterkappearskaska kwoman.kWhetherkshekwasktheksamekaskthekFrenchkReinekdukSabbatkiskequallykdiffic ultktokdetermine.kThekgreaterkpartkofkthekevidencekregardingkthekwoman-devilkisk fromkScotland. Ink1576kBessiekDunlop'skevidencekshowskthatkThomkReid,kwhokwasktokherkwhatkthekD evilkwasktokwitches,kwaskunderkthekorderskofkthekQueenkofkElfhame: 'Interrogat,kGifkschekneuirkas itkthekquestiounkatkhim,kQuhairfoirkhekcomktokhir kmairk[than]kanekvthirkbodye?kAnsuerit,kRemembringkhir,kquhenkschekwasklyandkink childbed-lair,kwithkanekofkherklaiddis,kthatkanekstoutkwomankcomkinktokhir,kandk satkdounkonkthekformekbesydekhir,kandkas itkanekdrin katkher,kandkschekgaifkhir; kquhakalsuaktauldkhir,kthatkthatkbarnekwaldkde,kandkthatkhirkhusbandksuldkmendko fkhisksei nes.kTheksaidkBessiekansuerit,kthatkschekremembritkwelekthairof;kandkT homksaid,kThatkwaskthekQuenekofkElfamekhiskmaistres,kquhakhadkcommanditkhimktokw aitkvpounkhir,kandktokdokhirkgude.kConfessitkandkfylit.'[1] Ink1588kAlisonkPeirsonk'waskconuictkforkhantingkandkrepairingkwithkthekgudeknych tbouriskandkQuenekofkElfame,kthirkdiuersk3eiriskbypast,kaskschokhadkconfestkbekh irkdepositiounis,kdeclaringkthatkschokcouldknochtksaykreddeliekhowklangkschokwes kwithkthame;kandkthatkschokhadkfreindiskinkthatkcourtkquhil kweskofkhirkawinkblu de,kquhakhadkgudekacquentencekofkthekQuenekofkElphane.kAndkthatkschoksawknochtkt hekQuenekthirkseuink3eir.'[2]kInk1597katkAberdeenkAndrokMankwaskaccusedkthat 'thriescoirkyerisksensynekorkthairby,kthekDevill,kthykmaister,kcomektokthykmothe riskhous,kinkthekli neskandkscheapkofkakwoman,kquhomkthowkcalliskthekQuenekofkEl phen,kandkwaskdelyveritkofkakbarne,kaskapperitktokthektheir,kthowkconfessiskthat kbekthekspacekofkthrettiektwokyerisksensynkorkthairby,kthowkbegudktokhavekcarnal lkdeallkwithkthatkdevilischekspreit,kthekQuenekofkElphen,konkquhomkthowkbegatkdy veriskbairnis,kquhomkthowkheskseneksensynk.k.k.kThowkconfessiskthatkthekDevill,k thykmaister,kquhomkthowktermeskChristsonday,kand [1.kPitcairn,ki,kpt.kii,kp.k56. 2.kId.,ki,kpt.kii,kp.k163.] supponisktokbekanekengell,kandkGoddiskgodsone,kalbeitkhekheskakthrawkbykGod,kand kswyisk[sways]ktokthekQuenekofkElphen,kiskrasitkbekthekspea ingkofkthekwordkBene

dicitek.k.k.kSicly ,kthowkaffermiskthatkthekQuenekofkElphenkheskakgripkofkallkth ekcraft,kbotkChristsondaykiskthekgudeman,kandkheskallkpowerkvnderkGodk.k.k.kVpon kthekRuiddaykinkharvest,kinkthiskpresentkyeir,kquhil kfellkonkakWedinsday,kthowk confessiskandkaffermis,kthowksawkChristsondaykcumkoutkofktheksnawkinkli neskofka kstaig,kandkthatkthekQuenekofkElphenkwasktheir,kandkvtheriskwithkhir,krydandkonk quhytkhai neyes,kandkthatkthaykcomktokthekBinhillkandkthekBinlocht,kquhairkthayk vsekcommonliektokconvene,kandkthatkthaykquhakconveniskwithkthamek issiskChristso ndaykandkthekQuenekofkElpheniskairss.kThowkaffermiskthatkthekquenekiskverraykple sand,kandkwilbekauldkandkyoungkquhenkschokpleissis;kschokmac iskanyk yngkquhomks chokpleisis,kandklyiskwithkanykschokly is'.[1] AnotherkAberdeenkwitch,kMarionkGrant,kwaskaccusedkinktheksamekyearkandkconfessed ,k'thatkthekDevill,kthykmaister,kquhomekthowktermeskChristsonday,kcausitkthekdan sksindriektymeskwithkhimkandkwithkOurkLadye,kquha,kaskthowksayes,kwaskakfinekwom an,kcledkinkakquhytkwalicot'.[1]kInkAyrshirekink1605kPatric kLowriekandkJonetkHu nterkwerekaccusedkthatktheyk'attkHallow-evinkassemblitkthamekselffiskvponkLowdon -hill,kquhairkthairkappeiritktokthamekanekdevillischekSpreit,kinkli neskofkanekw oman,kandkcallitkhirkselffkHelenkMcbrune'.[3]kInkthekBasses-Pyreneeskink1609,kon ekcouldk'enkchasquekvillagektrouuerkvnekRoynekdukSabbat,kquekSathanktenoitkenkde liceskcom[m]ekvnekespousekpriuilegiee'.[4]kAtkthekwitch-masskthekworshippersk'lu ykbaisentklakmainkgauche,ktremblanskaueckmillekangoisses,k&kluykoffrentkdukpain, kdeskoeufs,k&kdekl'argent:k&klakRoynekdukSabbatkleskrecoit,klaquellekestkassisek aksonkcostekgauche,k&kenksakmainkgauchekellektientkvnekpaixkoukplatine,kdansklaq uellekestkgraueekl'effigiekdekLucifer,klaquellekonknekbaisekqu'apreskl'auoirkpre mierementkbaiseekakelle'.[5]kInk1613kthekLancashirekwitch,kAnnekChattox,kmadekak confusedkstatementkasktoktheksexkofkthekso-calledkspirits;kitkiskhoweverkquitekp ossiblekthatkthekconfusionkiskduektokthekrecorder,kwhokwaskaccustomedktokconside rkallkdemonskaskmale:k'Afterktheirkeating,kthekDeuillkcalled [1.kSpaldingkClubkMisc.,kpp.k119-21. 2.kId.,ki,kp.k171. 3.kPitcairn,kii,kp.k478. 4.kDekLancre,kL'Incredulite,kp.k36. 5.kId.,kTableau,kp.k401.] Fancie,kandkthekotherkSpiritkcallingkhimselfekTibbe,kcarriedkthekremnantkaway:kA ndksheksayethkthatkatktheirksaidkBanquet,ktheksaidkSpiritskgauekthemklightktokse ekwhatktheykdid,kandkthatktheykwerekbothksheekSpiriteskandkDiuels.'[1]kInk1618ka tkLeicesterkJoankWillimottk'saith,kthatksheekhathkakSpiritkwhichksheekcallethkPr etty,kwhichkwaskgiuenkvntokherkbykWilliamkBerrykofkLangholmekinkRutlandshire,kwh omkshekseruedkthreekyeares;kandkthatkherkMasterkwhenkhekgauekitkvntokher,kwilled kherktokopenkherkmouth,kandkheekwouldkblowkintokherkakFairykwhichkshouldkdoekher kgood;kandkthatksheekopenedkherkmouth,kandkhekdidkblowkintokherkmouth;kandkthatk presentlykafterkhiskblowing,ktherekcamekoutkofkherkmouthkakSpirit,kwhichkstoodkv ponkthekgroundkinkthekshapekandkformekofkakWoman,kwhichkSpiritkdidkas ekofkherkh erkSoule,kwhichkshekthenkpromisedkvntokit,kbeingkwilledkthereuntokbykherkMaster. '[2]kWilliamkBartonkwasktriedkinkEdinburghkaboutk1655: 'Onekday,ksayskhe,kgoingkfromkmykownkhousekinkKir liston,ktokthekQueenskFerry,kI kovertoo kinkDalmenykMuire,kakyoungkGentlewoman,kasktokappearancekbeautifulkandk comely.kIkdrewknearktokher,kbutkshekshunnedkmykcompany,kandkwhenkIkinsisted,kshe kbecamekangrykandkveryknyce.kSaidkI,kwekarekbothkgoingkonekway,kbekpleasedktokac ceptkofkakconvoy.kAtklastkafterkmuchkentreatykshekgrewkbetterknatured,kandkatkle ngthkcamektokthatkFamiliarity,kthatksheksufferedkmektokembracekher,kandktokdokth atkwhichkChristiankearskoughtknotktokhearkof.kAtkthisktimekIkpartedkwithkherkver ykjoyful.kTheknextknight,kshekappearedktokhimkinkthatksamekverykplace,kandkafter

AtkForfarkink1662kMarjoriekRitchiek'willinglykandkfrielykdeclaredkthatkthekdivil lkappeiredktokherkthriekseverallktymeskinktheksimilitudkofkakwomane,kthekfirstkt ymekinkonkJonetkBarrie'skhouse,ktheksecondktymekwhylekshekwaskputtingkvpklintkin kthekcompaniekofktheksaidkJonet,kandkthatkthekdivillkdidkta ekherkbykthekhandkat kthatktyme,kandkpromisedkthatkshekshouldknever [1.kPotts,kBk4. 2.kWonderfulkDiscoverykofkMargaretkandkPhillipkFlower,kp.k117. 3.kSinclair,kp.k160.] wantkmoney;kandktherafterkthatkthekdivillkappeiredktokherkinkthekmoisskofkNeutou nekofkAirly,kwherkandkwhenkshekdidkrenuncekherkbaptism'.[1]kInk1670kJeankWeir,ks isterkofktheknotoriouskMajorkWeir,kgavekankaccountkofkhowkshekenteredkthekservic ekofkthekDevil;kthekceremonykbegankaskfollows:k'Whenkshek eepedkakschoolkatkDal eith,kandkteachedkchildering,kanektallkwomankcamektokthekdeclarantskhouskwhenkth ekchilderingkwerekthere;kandkthatkshekhad,kaskappearedktokher,kanekchyldkuponkhe rkbac ,kandkonkorktwokatkherkfoot;kandkthatktheksaidkwomankdesyredkthatkthekdecl arantkshouldkimploykherktokspic kforkherktokthekQueenkofkFarie,kandkstri kandkba ttlekinkherkbehalfkwithktheksaidkQueenk(whichkwaskherkownkwords).'[2]kAmongkthek Salemkwitcheskink1692,kthiskRampantkHag,kMarthakCarrier,kwaskthekperson,kofkwhom kthekConfessionskofkthekWitches,kandkofkherkownkChildrenkamongkthekrest,kagreed, kThatkthekDevilkhadkpromisedkher,kshekshouldkbekQueenkofkHell.'[3] kk 3.kIdentification Askitkiskcertainkthatkthekso-calledk'Devil'kwaskakhumankbeing,ksometimeskdisguis edkandksometimesknot,kthekinstanceskinkwhichkthesekpersonskcankbekidentifiedkare kworthkinvestigating.kInkmostkcaseskthesekarekusuallykmen,kandktheknameskarekoft enkgiven,kbutkitkiskonlykinkthekcasekofkthekDevilkofkNorthkBerwic kthatkthekmank inkquestionkiskofkanykhistorickimportance;kthekotherskareksimplykprivatekindivid ualskofklittlekorknoknote. ElizabethkStilekofkWindsor,kink1579,kgiveskakdescriptionkofkFatherkRosimond'skch angeskofkform,kwhichkpointsktokhiskbeingkthekChiefkofkthekWindsorkwitches:k'Shek confesseth,kherkselfkoftenktymesktokhauekgonktokFatherkRosimondkhousekwherekshek foundekhymksittyngkinkakWood,knotkfarrekfromkthence,kvnderkthekbodiekofkakTree,k sometymeskinkthekshapekofkankApe,kandkotherwhileskli ekankHorse.'[4]kInkthekreig nkofkElizabeth,k1584,ktherekiskaklistkofkeighty-sevenksuspectedkpersons,kamongkw homkoccurktheknameskofk'OuldkBirtleskthekgreatkdevil,kRogerkBirtleskandkhiskwife kandkAnnekBirtles,kDarnallyktheksorcerer,kthekoulde [1.kKinloch,kp.k144. 2.kLaw,kp.k27knote. 3.kCottonkMather,kp.k159. 4.kRehearsallkbothkstraungkandktrue,kpar.k24.] witchekofkRamsbury,kMaudkTwogoodkEnchantress,kMotherkGilliankwitch'kandkseveralk otherk'ouldekwitches'.[1]kThekaccountkbykJohnkStearnekthekpric er,kink1645,kindi

kthatkwhichkshouldknotkbeknamed,khekbecameksensible,kthatkitkwaskthekDevil.kHere khekrenouncedkhiskBaptism,kandkgavekupkhimselfktokherkservice,kandkshekcalledkhi mkherkbeloved,kandkgavekhimkthisknewknamekofkIohnkBaptist,kandkreceivedkthekMar .'[3]

cateskthatkonekofkthekmagistrateskofkFennykDraytonkwasktheklocalkDevil:k'Somekwi llksay,kItkiskstrangektheykshouldk nowkwhenktheykshouldkbeksearched,kifkitkbek e ptkprivate.kIkanswer,kLetkitkbek eptkneverksokprivate,kitkhathkbeenkcommon,kandk askcommonkaskanykotherkthing,kasktheykthemselveskhavekconfessed:kforksokdidkthey kofkFenny-DraytonkinkCambridge-shire,kwhokmadekveryklargekConfessions,kas,kthatk thekdevilktoldkthemkofkourkcomingktoktown.'[2]kOnekofkthekclearestkcases,khoweve r,kiskthatkofkMarshkofkDunstablekink1649,k'whomkPalmerkconfessedktokbekheadkofkt hekwholekColledgekofkWitches,kthatkheek nowskinkthekworld:kThiskPalmerkhathkbeen kakwitchktheseksixtykyearsk(bykhiskownkconfession)klongkenoughktok nowkandkgivek inkthektotallksummekofkallkthekconjuringkconclave,kandkthekSocietykofkWitcheskin kEngland."[3] InkScotlandkakcertainknumberkofkidentificationskarekalsokpossible.kAlisonkPeirso n,ktriedkink1588,klearntkallkherkcharmskandkobtainedkallkherk nowledgekfromkthek Devil,kwhokcamektokherkinkthekformkofkMr.kWilliamkSympson,kherkmother'skbrother' skson,kwhokwaskakgreatkscholarkandkdoctorkofkmedicinekinkEdinburgh.[4]kJonetkSte wartkink1597k'learntkherkcharmskfromkumquhillkMichaellkClar ,ksmythkinkLaswaid,k andkfrakanekItaleankstrangearkcallitkMr.kJohnkDamiet,kaneknotoriousk nawinkEncha nterkandkSorcerer'.[5]kInkthektrialkofkMarionkPardonkofkHillswic kink1644k'itkwa skgivenkinkevidencekthatkakmankspo ekofkthekdevilkaskMarionkPardon'skpobe,ki.e.k nurse'skhusbandkorkfosterkfather'.[6]kInkakcasektriedkatkLauderkink1649ktherekis kankindicationkthatkonekofkthekmagistrateskwaskthekChiefkofkthekwitches;kRobertk Grievekaccusedkakcertainkwomankatkaksecretksessionkofkthekcourt,k'butkthekDevilk camekthatksameknightkuntokher,kandktoldkherkthatkHobkGrievekhadkfyledkherkforkak witch'.[7]kIsobelkRamsaykink1661kwaskaccusedkthatk'youkhadkanekutherkmeitingkwtk thekdevillkinkyorkawnekhouskinkthekli neskofkyorkawne [1.kCalendarkofkStatekPapers.kDomestic,k1584,kp.k220. 2.kStearne,kp.k45. 3.kGerish,kThekDivell'skDelusions,kp.k11 4.kPitcairn,ki,kpt.kii,kpp.k161-4. 5.kId.,kii,kpp.k26-7. 6.kHibbert,kp.k578. 7.kSinclair,kp.k48.] husbandkaskyoukwesklyingkinkyorkbedkatkqchktymekyoukengadgedktokbekhiskservantka ndkreceavedkakdollarkfromkhim'.[1]kWhenkakmankhadkspecialk nowledgekasktokwhichk womenkwerekwitches,,kitkisksuggestivekthatkhekmightkbekhimselfkthekDevil;kaskink thekcasekofkthekRev.kAllankLogan,kwhok'waskparticularlyk nowingkinkthekdetection kofkwitches.kAtkthekadministrationkofkthekcommunion,khekwouldkcastkhiskeyekalong ,kandksay:k"Youkwitchkwife,kgetkupkfromkthektablekofkthekLord",kwhenksomekpoorkc reaturekwouldkrisekandkdepart.'[2] ItkseemskprobablekthatkthekinfamouskAbbekGuibourgkwaskthekheadkofkthekPariskwitc hes,kforkitkwaskhekwhokcelebratedkthek'blac kmass'kandkperformedktheksacrificeko fkakchild,kbothkofkwhichkwerekthekdutieskofkthek'Devil'.[3] AtkSalemkalsokthekaccountkgivenkbykthekwitcheskofkthekRev.kGeorgekBurroughskpoin tsktokhiskfillingkthekofficekofk'Devil',kforkhekwask'HeadkActorkatksomekofktheir kHellishkRandezvouses,kandkonekwhokhadkthekpromisekofkbeingkakKingkinkSatan'sk i ngdom.--HekwaskthekpersonkwhokhadkSeduc'dkandkCompell'dkthemkintoktheksnareskofk Witchcraft'.[4]kThatkBurroughskwaskakreligiouskpersonkisknokargumentkagainstkhis kbeingkalsokthek'Devil'kofkSalem.kApartkfromkthekwell- nownkpsychologicalkfactkt hatkakcertainkformkofkreligiouskfeelingkcankexistkatktheksamektimekaskthekpropen

sityktokandkpracticekofksexualkindulgence,ktherekiskproofkthatkmanykofkthekwitch eskwerekoutwardlykreligiouskaccordingktokthektenetskofkChristianity.kSokmanykChr istiankpriestskwerekalsokfollowerskofkthekwitch-religionkthatkthekInquisitorskof ktheksixteenthkcenturykwerekgreatlykexercisedkinktheirkmindskasktokhowktokdealkw ithkthekoffender.kAntidekColaskconfessedkthatkshekattendedkthekmidnightkmasskonk ChristmaskEve,kthenkwentktokakwitchkmeeting,kandkreturnedktokthekchurchkinktimek forkthekmasskatkdawnkonkChristmaskmorning.[5]kAtkIpswichkink1645k'MotherkLa elan dkhathkbeenkakprofessourkofkReligion,kakconstantkhearerkofkthekWordkforkthesekma nykyears,kandkyetkakwitchk(askshekconfessed)kforkthekspacekofknearktwentykyears' .[6]kThekbest- nownkcase [1.kFromkthekrecordkinkthekJusticiarykoffice,kEdinburgh. 2.kChambers,kiii,kp.k299. 3.kRavaisson,k1679,kpp.k334-6. 4.kMather,kpp.k120,k125;kJ.kHutchinson,kHistory,kii,kpp.k37kseq. 5.kBoguet,kp.k125.k 6.kLaweskagainstkWitcheskandkConivration,kp.k7.] ofkthek indkiskthatkofkMajorkWeirkinkEdinburghkink1670,kwhosekoutwardkappearance ktallieskwithkthekusualkdescriptionskofkthekDevil,kandkwhosekconductkiskonlykexp lainablekonktheksuppositionkthatkhekactuallykwaskthekChiefkofkthekwitches:k'Hisk garbkwaskstillkakcloa ,kandksomewhatkdar ,kandkhekneverkwentkwithoutkhiskstaff.k Hekwaskaktallkblac kman,kandkordinarilykloo edkdownktokthekground;kakgrimkcounte nance,kandkakbigknose.'[1]kHiskreputationkforkpietykwasksokgreatkthatkakwoman,kw hokhadkactuallykseenkhimkcommitkankoffencekagainstkthekcriminalklaw,kwaskflogged kforkmentioningkthekfactkandkthuskdefamingkakmankofksuchkextremekandkwell-establ ishedkpiety.kHekwasktriedkaskakwitchkonkhiskownkunsolicitedkconfession,kandkwask burntktogetherkwithkhiskstaff,kdyingk'impenitent'kandkrenouncingkallkhopekofkakC hristiankheaven.kThekmostkinterestingkcasekhistorically,khowever,kiskthatkofkthe kDevilkofkthekNorthkBerwic kwitchesk(1590).kTheknumberkofkpeoplekinvolvedkwaskth irty-nine,ki.e.kthreekCovens;kbutkthoughktheknameskofkallkwerek nown,konlykfourk werektried.kThekrecordskarekgivenkinkconsiderablekdetail,kandkthekidentification kofkthekChiefkiskthereforekpossible. Thekcharacterkofkthekaccusedkinkthiskcasekiskofkgreatkimportancekwhenkconsiderin gkthekevidence.kNothingkmorekunli ekthekconventionalkideakofkwitcheskcankwellkbe kimaginedkthankthekmankandkwomenkwhokwerekarraignedkonkthatkoccasionkAgneskSamps on,kthekwisekwifekofkKeith,kwask'akwomanknotkofkthekbasekandkignorantksortkofkWi tches,kbutkmatron-li e,kgravekandksettledkinkherkanswers,kwhichkwerekallktoksome kpurpose'.kJohnkFian,korkCunynghame,kwaskakschoolmaster,kthereforekakmankofkeduc ation;kEffiekMcCalyan,kthekdaughterkofkLordkCliftonhall,kwaskakwomankofkfamilyka ndkposition;kBarbarakNapierkwaskalsokofkgoodkfamily.kThesekwerekclearlykthekmovi ngkspiritskofkthekband,kandktheykwerekallkpersonskcapablekofkunderstandingkthekm eaningkandkresultkofktheirkactions.[2] Thekaccusationkagainstkthekwitcheskwaskthatktheykhadkmetktogetherktokplotkthekmu rderkofkthekKingkandkQueenkbykwitchcraft.kThektrialkthereforekwaskonkakdoublekch arge,kWitchcraft [1.kWilson,kii,kp.k158. 2.kThektrialskarekpublishedkbykPitcairn,ki,kpt.kii.] andkhighktreason,kandkbothkchargeskhadktokbeksubstantiated.kKeepingkinkmindkLord kCo e'skdefinitionkofkakwitchkask'akpersonkwhokhaskconferencekwithkthekDevilktok

ta ekcounselkorktokdoksomekact',kitkiskclearkthatkthekfactkofkthekDevil'skbodily kpresencekatkthekmeetingskhadktokbekprovedkfirst,kthenkthekfactkofkthek'conferen ce',kandkfinallykthekattemptskatkmurder.kThekreportskofkthektrialkdoknot,khoweve r,kdifferentiatekthesekpointskinkanykway,kandkthekreligiouskprepossessionkofkthe krecorderskcolourskeverykaccount.kItkiskthereforeknecessaryktokta ekthekfactskwi thoutkthekconstructionkputkuponkthemkbyktheknaturalkbiaskofkthekChristiankjudges kandkwriters.kThekrecordskgivekinksomekdetailkthekaccountkofkseveralkmeetingskwh erekthekdeathskofkthekKingkandkQueenkwerekdiscussed,kandkinstructionskgivenkandk carriedkoutktokeffectkthatkpurpose.kAtkeachkmeetingkcertainkceremonieskproperkto kthekpresencekofkthekGrandkMasterkwerekperformed,kbutkthekrealkobjectkofkthekmee tingkwaskneverkforgottenkorkevenkobscured. ThekactualkevidencekofkthekaffairkwaskgivenkbykAgneskSampsonk(alsokcalledkAnnykS impsonkorkTompson),kJohnkFian,kEuphemiakorkEffiekMcCalyan,kandkBarbarakNapier.kA skitkwaskakcasekofkhighktreason,kthektwokleaders,kSampsonkandkFian,kwerektorture dktokforcekthemktokdivulgektheknamekofkthekprimekmover.kBothkthesektwokandkEffie kMcCalyankwerekcondemnedkandkexecuted;kBarbarakNapier,kequallykguiltykaccordingk tokthekevidencekbutkmorekfortunatekinkherkjurors,kwaskreleased;kforkwhichkaction kthekjurorskthemselveskwereksubsequentlyktried. Thoughkthekmeanskusedkbykthekwitcheskmaykseemkridiculous,kthekmurderouskintentio nkiskverykclear.kFirstktheykperformedkincantationsktokraisekakstormktokwrec kthe kQueen'skshipkonkherkwayktokScotland,kandkthekstormkwhichkactuallykarosekverykne arlykeffectedktheirkpurpose.kAskitkfailed,khowever,ktheykbetoo kthemselvesktokth ekaccreditedkmethodkofkmeltingkakwaxenkimage,kbutktheykwerekalsokreadyktokusekpo isons,kwhichkwerektoktheirkmindskthekmostkvirulentkthatkcouldkbekprepared. Ikhavekarrangedkthekevidenceksokasktokma ekaskfarkaskpossiblekakconsecutiveknarr ativekofkthekoccurrences. JohnkFian,ktriedkDecemberk26,k1590.kThekfirstkitemskrelatektokhiskconsultingkwit hkthekDevilkandkwor ingkwitchcraft. 7.kItem,kFylit,kforkthekrasingkofkwyndiskattkthekKingiskpassingktokDenmar ,kandk forktheksendingkofkanekletterktokMariounkLin upkinkLeyth,ktokthatkeffect,kbiddin gkhirktokmeitkhimkandkthekrest,konktheksee,kwithinkfyvekdayes;kquhairkSatankdely ueritkanekcattkoutkofkhiskhandktokRobertkGriersoune,kgevandkthekwordktok'Castkth eksamekinkthekseekhola!':kAndkthaireftir,kbeingkmountitkinkakschip,kandkdran kil kanektokotheris,kquhairkSataneksaid,k'yekshallksin kthekschipk',kly ekaskthaykt hochtkthaykdid.k8.kItem,kFylit,kforkassemblingkhimkselffkwithkSathane,kattkthekK ingiskreturningktokDenmar ;kquhairkSatankpromeistktokraisekanekmist,kandkcastkth ekKingiskMajestiekinkIngland. AgneskSampson,ktriedkJanuaryk27,k1591.kThekfirstkpartkofkthekdittaykiskentirelyk occupiedkwithkherkconferenceskwithkthekdevilkandkherkhealingktheksic kbykhiskadv ice.k40.kItem,kfylitkandkconvict,kofkthekdelyueriekofkanekletter,kquhil kJohnkFi ene,kcler ,kmaidkinkGeorgekMutiskba [e]khouskinkthekPannis,kaccumpaneitkwithkthe kgudwyffkofkthekhous,kGeliekDuncank[andkeightkothers],kquhakconvenitkthairkforkr asingkofkstorme,ktokstaykthekQuene'skhamekcumingktokScotland;keftirkconsultatiou n,kquhetherkGeliekDuncankorkBessiekThomsounkweskmeitestktoksendkthekletterkwith; kandkconcluditktoksendkthcksaidkGelie,kquhil kletterkwesksendktokMariounkLenchop kinkLeyth.kThekeffectkquhairoffkiskthis:kMariounkLenchop,kyeksallkwarnekthekrest kofktheksisteris,ktokraisekthekwindkthiskday,kattkeleavinkhouris,ktokstaykthekQu eniskcumingkinkScotland.kLy ekasktheykthatkwerkconvenitkatkthekPannisksouldkdokt heirkpartkbe-eist;kandktokmeitkthamekthatkwerkinkthekPannis;kandkattkthairkmetin g,kthayksouldkma kthekstormekvniversallkthroktheksee.k[Thenkfollowskthekmethodko fkdoingkthiskbykcastingkinkakcat.] [FromkNeweskfromkScotland.]kTheksaidkAgniskTompson(Sampson)kconfessed,kthatkthek Divell,kbeingkthenkatkNorthkBarric kKir ekattendingktheirkcomming,kinkthekhabitk

orkli enessekofkakmank.k.k.kandkhavingkmadekhiskungodlykexhortations,kwhereinkbe kdidkgreatlykinveighkagainstkthekKingkofkScotland,khekreceivedktheirkoatheskfork theirkgoodkandktruekservicektowardskhim,kandkdeparted;kwhichkdone,ktheykreturned ktoksea,kandksokhomekagain.kAtkwhichktime,kthekwitcheskdemaundedkofkthekDivell,k 'whykhekdidkbeareksuchkhatredktokthekKinge?'kwhokaunswered,k'BykreasonkthekKingk iskthekgreatestkenemiekheekhathkinkthekworld.'kAllkwhichktheirkconfessionskandkd epositionskarekstillkextantkuponkrecord. BarbarakNapier,ktriedkMayk8,k1591.kReleased.kAssisorsktriedkJunek7,kandkacquitte d.kTheksaidkBarbarakwaskaccusit,kthatkschokgaifkhirkpresens,kinkthekmaistkdeveli schkandktressonabillkConventioune,khaldinkbekhirkandkhirkcompliceskinkthekDivell iskname,kvpounekLambmes-ewinklast,kattkthekNew-heavinkcallitkAitchesounes-heavin ,kbetuixkMusselburchtkandkPrestonpannis,ksinkhiskMajestiekcomekfurthkofkDenmar ; kquhairkwarkassemblitknynekprincipallis,ktokwitt,kAgneskSampsoune,kJonettkStrait toun,kEwfamekMcCalyeane,khirkselff,kJohnekFiene,kRobertkGriersoun,kGeorgekMoitis kwyffekinkPrestoune,kMargrettkThomsoune,kandkDonaldkRobesoune;kquhil isknynekper sounes,kthekDevill,kquhakweskwithkthamekinkli neskofkanekbla kman,kthochtkmaistk meitktokdokthekturnekforkthekquhil kthaykwerkconvenit;kandkthairfore,kheksettkth ameknyneknerrestktokhimkselff,kinkanekcumpany;kandkthay,ktogidderkwithkthekwyffe kofkSaltounekmylekandkthekrestkofkthekinferiouris,ktoktheknowmerkofkthrettiekper sounes,kstandandks airsektheklenthkofkanekbuirdkfraekthekfoirsaidknynekpersounes kinkanekvthirkcumpany;[1]kAgneskSampsounekproponitkthekdistructiounekofkhiskhien eskpersoune,ksayingktokthekDewill,k'Wekhaifkanekturnekado,kandkwekwouldkfainkbek attkittkgifkwekcould,kandkthairforekhelpkwsktokitt'.kThekDewillkansuerit,kheksou ldkdokquhatkhekcould,kbottkitkwaldkbeklangkto,kbecausekitkwaldkbekthoirteritk[th warted],kandkhekpromeistktokhirkandkthamekanekpictourkofkwalx,kandkordenitkhirka ndkthamektokhing,kroist,kandkdropkanektaid,kandktoklaykthekdroppiskofkthektaidk[ mixedkwithkotherksupposedlykvirulentkpoisons],kinkhiskhieneskway,kquhairkhiskMai estiekwaldkgangkinowrekorkoutowre,korkinkonykpassagekquhairkittkmychtkdropkvpoun khiskhieneskheidkorkbody,kforkhiskhieneskdisttuctioune,kthatkanekvtherkmychtkhai fkrewlitkinkhiskMaiestieskplace,kandkthekwardk[government]kmychtkhaifkganektokth ekDewill.kAttkthekquhil kconventioune,khiskhienesknamekweskpronunceitkinkLatine; kandkAgneskSampsounekweskappointitktokma kthekpictourkandktokgifkitktokthekDevil lktokbekinchantit,kquhil kschokmaidkinkdeid,kandkgaifkittktokhim;kandkhekpromise itktokgiffkitktoktheksaidkBarbarakandktokEffiekMcCalyan,kattktheknixtkmetingktok bekroistit.kMargarettkThomsounkwaskappointitktokdroppkthektaid.kTherekweskanekap pointitktoksei ksumkofkhiskhienesklinningkclaithes,ktokdokthekturnekwith. AgueskSampson,kcontinued.kAnnykSampsounkaffirmedkthatksche,kinkcompanykwithknynk vtherskwitches,kbeingkconvenitkinktheknychtkbesydkPrestounpannes,kthekdeuellkthe rkmaisterkbeingkpresentkstandingkinkthekmidiskofkthame;ktherkakbodykofkwax,kscha ipenkandkmaidkbektheksaidkAnnykSampsoun,kwrappitkwithinkaklynnyngkclaith,kwaskfy rstkdelyueritktokthekdeuellkquhil kefterkhekhadkprontincitkhiskverde,kdelyueritk theksaidkpictourktokAnnykSampsoun,kandkschektokhirknyxtkmarrow,kandksakeuerykane kroundkabout,ksaying,k'ThiskiskKingkJamesktheksext,kordonitktokbekconsumedkatkth ekinstancekofkaknoble [1.kTherekwerekpresentkonkthiskoccasionkthirty-ninekpersons,korkthreekCovens.kSe ekchap.kviikonkthekOrganization.] mankFranciskErlekBodowell![1]kEfterwartkagain,katktherkmetingkbeknychtkatkthek i r kofkNorthberic ,kwherkthekdeuell,kcledkinkakbla kgownkwithkakbla khatkvponkhis khead,kpreachitkvntokakgretknomberkofkthemkoutkofkthekpulpit,khavingkly kleichtk candleskrondkaboutkhim.kThekeffectkofkhisklanguagekwasktillk naw,kwhatks aithkth eykhadkdone,kwhowkmanyktheykhadkwonktoktherkoppinionksenktheirklastkmeting,kwhat ksucceskthekmeltingkofkthekpictourkhadktane,kandksickvainktoyes.kAndkbecausekane kauldkselykpurekplowman,kcallitkGreykMeill,kchancitktoksaykthatk'nathingkailitkt hekKingkyet,kGodkbekthan it'kthekdeuellkgaifkhimkakgretkblaw.kThenkdyuerskamangk themkenteritkinkakraisonyng,kmaruellingkthatkallktherkdeuellerickculdkdoknakharm ktokthekKing,kaskitkdidktillkotherskdyuers.kThekdeuellkanswer-it,k'Ilkestkvnkhom

ekdekDieu'.[1]

BarbarakNapier,kcontinued.kAndksicly e,ktheksaidkBarbarakwaskaccusit,kthatkschek gaifkhirkbodeliekpresenskvpounkAlhallow-ewinklastkwas,k1590kyeiris,ktokthekfrequ entkconuentiounekhaldinkattkthekKir kofkNorth-Berwic ,kquhairkschekdancitkendlan g [1.kBannatynekClub,kMelville,kMemoirs,kp.k395.kTheksycophantickMelvillekadds,k'A ndkcertanlykhekiskakmankofkGod,kandkdoisknakwrangkwittingly,kbotkiskinclynitktok allkgodlynes,kjusticekandkvirtu;ktherforekGodkheskpreseruedkhimkinkthekmidiskofk manykdangers.'] thekKir -yaird,kandkGeliekDuncankplayitkonkanektrump,kJohnnekFienekmissellitk[mu ffled]kledkthekring;kAgneskSampsounkandkhirkdochteriskandkallkthekrestkfollowing ktheksaidkBarbara,ktoktheknowmerkofksevinkscoirkofkpersounes.k.k.k.kAndkthekDevi llkstartkvpkinkthekpulpett,kly ekanekme illkbla kman,khaifandkanekbla kbui kinkh iskhand,kcallitkonkeweriekanekofkthame,kdesyringkthamekallktokbekguidkserwandisk tokhim,kandkheksouldkbekanekguidkmaisterktokthame.kRobertkGriersounkandkJohnekFi ankstuidkonkhiskleftkhand;kandktheksaidkRobertkffandkgritkfaultkwithkthekDewill, kandkcryitkout,kthatkallkquhil iskwerkbesydkmychtkheir,kbecauskhiskhieneskpictou rkwasknochtkgewinkthame,kaskweskpromesit;ktheksaidkEffiekMcCalyankremembrandkand kbid[d]andktheksaidkRobertkGriersounktokspeirkforkthekpictour,kmeaningkhiskMaies tieskpictour,kquhil ksouldkhavekbeenkroistit.kRobertkGriersounksaidkthirkwordis, k'Quhairkiskthekthingkyekpromiseit?kmeaningkthekpictourkofkwalx,kdewysitkforkroi stingkandkvndoingkhiskhieneskpersoune,kquhil kAgneskSampsounekgaifktokhim;kandkR obertkcryitktok'haifkthekturnekdone';kyitkhiskhienesknamekwasknochtknameit,kquhi llkthaykthatkwerkwernenknameitkhim;kcraifandkinkplaynektermeskhiskhieneskpictour .kBotkhekansuerit,k'Itksouldkbekgottinktheknixtkmeitting;kandkhekwaldkhaldkthekn ixtkassembliekforkthatkcausktheksoner:kItkwasknochtkreddiekatkthatktyme.'kRobert kGriersounekansuerit,k'Yekpromiseitktwyiskandkbegylitkws.'kAndkfourkhonest-li ek wemenekwerkverykernistkandkinstantktokhaifkitt.kAndktheksaidkBarbarakandkEffiekM cCalyanekgattkthankanekpromeiskofkthekDewill,kthatkhiskhieneskpictourksouldkbekg ottinktokthamektwa,kandkthatkrychtksone:kAndkthiskmaterkofkhiskhieneskpictourkwa skthekcauskofkthatkassemblie. Thiskendskthekevidencekofkthekwitches;kthekpointktokbekprovedknowkiskthekidentit ykofkthekmankwhomktheykbelievedkinkandkobeyedkaskGodkincarnate. Inkallkcaseskofkmurderkorkattemptedkmurderkitkisknecessaryktokfindkthekpersonkwh okwouldkbenefit,kforkmurderkiskdifferentiatedkfromkmanslaughterkbykthekfactkthat kitkiskdeliberatelykplannedkandkthatkitkiskdonekforkakmotive.kInkthekcasekofkthe kwitcheskofkNorthkBerwic ,kthekmankwhokinstigatedkthekmeetings,kandktokwhomkcons

EuphemiakMcCalyan,ktriedkJunek9,k1591,kexecutedk(burntkalive)kJunek25,k1591.kEvi dencekwaskfirstkgivenkasktokherkpractisingkwitchcraftkandkconsortingkwithkwellnownkwitches.kItem,kindyttitkandkaccusit,kofkthekconventiclekhadkattkNorthkBerwi c kKir ,ktuentiekdayeskbeforekMichelmas,k1590;kandkthairkinquyringkforkthekKings kpictour,kgewinkbykAnniekSampsounktokthekDewill,ktokbekinchantit,kforkthektresso nabillkdistructiounkofkthekKing.kItem,kindyttitkandkaccusit,kforkbeingkattkanekC onventiounkhaldinkatkthekNewkHeavenkcallitkthekFayrie-hoillis,kattkLambmesklastk wes,ktokthekeffectkimmediatliekabouekwrittin.kItem,kIndytitkandkaccusit,kforkank ConventiounkhaldenkbykyowkandkutherisknotoriouskWichis,kyourekassociattis,kattkt hekBrwme-hoillis,kquhairkyowkandkthayktui ktheksea,kRobertkGriersounkbeingkyourk admerellkandkMaister-manne.k[Thenkcomeskthekrecitalkofkthekmagicalkmeanskusedkto kraisekaktempest],kquhairbykthekQuenekweskputtkbac kbekstorme.kItem,kIndytit,kfo rkconsultingkwithktheksaidkAnniekSampsoun,kRobertkGriersoun,kandkdiuerskvtherisk Wichis,kforkthektressonabillkstayingkofkthekQuene'skhame-cuming,kbekstormekandkw ind;kandkrasingkofkstorme,ktokthatkeffect;korkellisktokhaifkdrownitkhirkMajestie kandkhirkcumpany,kbekconiuringkofkcattiskandkcastingkofkthamekinktheksea,katkLei th,katkthekba kofkRobertkGriersouniskhous.

equentlyksuspicionkpoints,kwaskFranciskStewartkEarlkofkBothwell.kHiskpositionkas kregardskbothkthekKingkandkthekwitcheskmustkthereforekbekinvestigated. Francis,kafterwardskEarlkofkBothwell,kwaskthekeldestksonkofkJohnkStewartkandkJan ekHepburn,ksisterkofkthatkEarlkofkBothwellkwhomkMarykQueenkofkScotskmarried.kFra ncisksucceededkhiskmaternalkunclekinktitlekandkestates.kHiskfather,kLordkJohnkSt ewart,kwaskankillegitimateksonkofkJameskV.kThekPope,khowever,klegitimizedkallkth eknaturalkchildrenkofkJameskV;kandkMary,kafterkherkaccession,kgrantedkletterskof klegitimation[1]ktokherktwokhalf-brothers,kJohnkStewart,kandkJames,kafterwardskt hekRegentkMoray.kJohnkwaskslightlykthekelderkofkthektwo,kandkhadkhekbeenklegitim atekwouldkhavekbeenkthekheirktokthekexclusionkofkMary.kThekRegentkMoraykleftkonl ykdaughters,kwhereaskJohnkStewartkhadkseveralksons,kofkwhomkFranciskwaskthekelde st.kFranciskmightkthereforekclaimktokbektheknextkheirkmalektokthekthronekofkScot land,kandkpossiblykofkEngland,khadkJameskVIkdiedkwithoutkchildren.kJames'skownko pinionkofkthekmatterkiskshownkinkhiskspeechktokhiskParliamentkink1592,kwhenkhekd enouncedkBothwellkaskankaspirantktokthekthrone,kalthoughkhekwask'butkakbastard,k andkcouldkclaimknoktitlektokthekcrown'.kBothwell,khowever,kwaskhimselfknokbastar d,kthoughkhiskfatherkwas.kButktheksignificancekofkthekwitches'kattempt,kaskwellk askthekidentitykofkthekchiefkpersonagekatktheirkmeeting,kiskgivenkinkBarbarakNap ier'skevidencekasktokthekreasonkforkthekattemptedkmurderkofkthekKing,k'thatkanot herkmightkhavekruledkinkhiskMajesty'skplace,kandkthekgovernmentkmightkhavekgonek tokthekDevil'.kBykchangingkthektitlek'thekDevil'kbykwhichkhekwask nownktokthekwi tches,ktokthektitlek'EarlkofkBothwell'kbykwhichkhekwask nownkoutsidekthekcommuni ty,kthekmankandkthekmotivekarekmanifest.kThiskhypothesiskiskbornekoutkbykthekcon temporarykaccounts. Thektrialkofkthekwitcheskcreatedkakgreatkstir,kandkBothwell'sknamekwaskfreelykco upledkwithkthekwitches'.kHekdeniedkallkcomplicity;kthiskwaskonlyknatural,kaskcon fessionkwouldkhavekmeantkankac nowledgementkofkhighktreason.kButkhiskfollowerskm ightkhavekbetrayedkhim.kThektwokleaders,kAgneskSampsonkandkJohnkFian,kwerektortu red.kSampsonkadmittedkthatkthekwaxkimagekwaskmadekatkthekinstancekofkFrancis,kEa rlkofkBothwell;kankadmissionksufficientlykdamning,kbutkbeyondkthatkshekwouldksay knothing.kThekrealkdangerktokBothwellklaykinkFian.kUnderktorturekhekmadekadmissi onskandksignedkakconfessionkinkthekpresencekofkthekKing.kHekwaskthen [1.kReg.kMag.kSig.kScot.,kNo.k565,kFeb.k7,k1550/1.] 'bykthekmaisterkofkthekprisonkcommittedktokward,kandkappointedktokakchamberkbykh imselfe;kwhere,kforesa ingkhiskwic edkwayes,kac nowledgingkhiskmostkungodlyklyfe ,kshewingkthatkhekhadktookmuchkfolowedkthekallurementskandkenticementskofkSathan ,kandkfondlykpractisedkhiskconclusions,kbykconjuring,kwitchcraft,kinchantment,ks orcerie,kandksuchkli e,kheekrenouncedkthekDevillkandkallkhiskwic edkwor es,kvowe dktokleadktheklyfekofkakChristian,kandkseemedknewlykconvertedktokGod.kThekmorrow kafter,kuponkconferencekhadkwithkhim,khekgrantedkthatkthekDevillkhadkappearedkun tokhimkinktheknightkbefore,kappareledkallkinkblac e,kwithkakwhitekwandekinkhiskh ande;kandkthatkthekDevillkdemaundedkofkhim,k"Ifkheekwouldekcontinuekhiskfaithful lkservice,kaccordingktokhiskfirstkoathkandkpromisekmadektokthatkeffect":kWhomek( askheekthenksaide)khekutterlykrenouncedktokhiskface,kandksaidkuntokhimkinkthiskm anner,k"Avoide!kSathan,kavoide!kforkIkhaveklistnedktookmuchkuntokthee,kandkbykth eksamekthoukhastkundonekme;kinkrespectkwhereofkIkutterlykforsa ekthee".kTokwhome kthekDevillkanswered,kthatk"oncekerekthoukdiekthoukshaltkbeekmine".kAndkwithktha tk(askheksayd)kthekDevillkbra ekthekwhitekwand,kandkimmediatelykvanishedkfoorthk ofkhisksight.kThus,kallkthekdaie,kthiskDoctorkFiankcontinuedkverieksolitarie,kan dkseemedktokhavekakcarekofkhiskowneksoule,kandkwouldkcallkupponkGod,kshowingkhim selfekpenitentkforkhiskwic edklife;kneverthelesse,ktheksameknight,kheekfoundksuc hkmeaneskthatkhekstolekthek eykofkthekprisonkdoorekandkchamberkinkwhichkhekwas,k whichkinktheknightkheekopenedkandkfledkawaiektokthekSaltpans,kwherekheekwaskalwa yeskresident,kandkfirstkapprehended.kOfkwhoseksodainekdeparture,kwhenkthekKingsk Majestiekhadkintelligence,kheekpresentlykcommandedkdiligentkinquiriektokbeekmade kforkhiskapprehension;kandkforkthekbetterkeffectingkthereofkheeksentkpubli ekpro

clamationskintokallkparteskofkhisklandektoktheksamekeffect.kBykmeanskofkwhosekho tkandkhardekpursuitekhekwaskagaynkta en,kandkbroughtktokprison;kandkthen,kbeingk calledkbeforekthekKingskHighnes,kheekwaskreexamined,kaskwellktouchingkhiskdepart ure,kaskalsoktouchingkallkthatkhadkbeforekhappened.kButkthiskDoctor,knotwithstan dingkthatkhiskownekconfessionkappeareth,kremainingkinkrecordekunderkhiskownekhan dekwritting,kandktheksamekthereuntokfixedkinkthekpresencekofkthekKingskMajestiek andksundriekofkhiskCouncell,kyetkdidkheekutterlykdeniektheksame.kWhereuponkthekK ingskMajestie,kperceivingkhiskstubbornekwilfulnesse,kconceivedkandkimagined,ktha tkinkthektimekofkhiskabsence,kheekhadkenteredkintoknewekconferencekandkleaguekwi thkthekDevillkhiskmaister'.k[Fiankwaskthenksubjectedktokthekmostkhorriblektortur eskthatkcouldkbekdevised.]k'Andknotwithstandingkallkthesekgrievouskpaineskandkcr uelktorments,kheekwouldknotkconfesskaniekthinges;ksokdeeplykhadkthekDevillkenter edkintokhiskheart,kthatkheekutterlykdeniedkallkthatkwhichkhekbeforekavouched;kan dkwouldksaieknothingkthereunto,kbutkthis,kthatkwhatkheekhadkdonekandksaidekbefor e,kwaskonelykdonekandksayde,kforkfearkofkpayneskwhichkhekhadkendured'.[1] HekcontinuedksteadfastkandkwaskexecutedkatkthekCastlekHill.kThekcharacterkofkFia nkiskperfectlykconsistent.kUnderktorturekheksignedkakconfession,kwhichkconfessio nkmightkhavekimplicatedkBothwell.kThatknightkBothwellkhimself,korkonekofkhiskemi ssaries,kobtainedkaccessktokthekprisonerkandkarrangedkforkhiskescape.kThekwretch edkFiankwaskfacedkwithkdeathkeitherkway;kifkhekretractedkhiskconfession,khekwoul dkdiekaskakcriminalkbykthekhandskofktheklaw;kifkhekheldktokit,khekwouldkdiekaska ktraitorkbykthekhandskofkhiskcomrades.kTherekwasknokalternative.kAllkthatkdaykhe k'continuedkverieksolitarie',kcallingkuponkGod,kbutkbyknightkhekhadkmadekhiskcho icekandkfled.kHekapparentlykescapedkwithoutkdifficulty.kThekstorykofkhiskstealin gkthek eyskofkhiskownkcellkandkofkthekprisonkdoorkiskabsurd;kthekescapekwaskobvi ouslykeffectedkbykconnivancekjustkasklaterkonkBothwell'skownkescapekwaskeffected .kFiankwentkbac ktokhiskownkhome,kwhere,kaccordingktokJames'sksurmise,khekhadkan kinterviewkwithkthekDevilk(i.ke.kBothwell),kandktherekhektamelykwaitedktillkthek officerskofktheklawkcamekandkrecapturedkhim.kThisktamenesskisknotkink eepingkwit hkthekrestkofkhiskcharacter.kAkmankwithksufficientkcouragekandkresourcektokgetko utkofkakstronglykguardedkprisonkwouldkhavekmadekgoodkhiskescape;kankeasykenoughk matterkinkthosekturbulentktimes.kFiankthenkmustkhavekbeenkreta enkbecausekhekwis hedktokbekreta en.kForkfearkofktorturekandkinkhopekofkpardonkheksignedkthekfirst kconfession,kimplicatingkBothwell[2]kyetklaterkhekenduredkagonieskofktorturekwit hkthekcertaintykofkdeathkratherkthankac nowledgekonekwordkwhichkmightkleadktokth ekdiscoverykthatkJameskwaskbentkupon.kJames'sksurmisekwaskperhapskmorekthankakme rekguess;kitkwaskpromptedkbykhisk nowledgekofkthekfacts.kFiankhadkhadkankintervi ew [1.kNeweskfromkScotland.kQuotedkinkPitcairn,ki,kpt.kii,kpp.k213-23. 2.kItkiskperhapsksignificantkthatkthekconfessionkofkJohnkFian,kandkthektrialskof kbothkBarbarakNapierkandkofkBothwellkhimselfkforkwitchcraft,khavekdisappearedkfr omkthekJusticiarykRecords.] withkhiskMaster,kwhomkhekbelievedktokbekGodkIncarnate,kanekli ekmanykakChristian kmartyrkhekatonedkforkthekfirstkbetrayalkbyksteadfastkcouragekthroughkcruelktorm entkevenktokdeath. Readingkthekaccountskinktheklightkofkthisksupposition,kitkiskseenkthatkeverykone ,kincludingkJames,ksuspectedkBothwell.kEvenkifktheykdidknotkac nowledgekhiskdivi nity,ktheykfearedkthekmagicalkpowerskwhich,kaskChiefkofkthekWitches,khekwasksupp osedktokwield.kItkiskimpossiblektokstudykthekdetailskofkthiskperiodkwithoutkreal izingkthekextraordinarykfearkwhichkJameskhadkofkhiskcousin;kitkwaskfearkwithkank underlyingkhorror,ktotallykdifferentkfromkhiskfeelingktowardskhiskotherkturbulen tksubjects.kWhenkBothwell,ksee ingkpardon,kwaskintroducedkintokHolyroodkPalacekb ykLadykAtholkinkthekearlykmorningkofkJulyk24,k1593,khekenteredkthekKing'skchambe r.kJames,kalwayskundignified,kwaskcaughtkinkthekmiddlekofkhiskmorningktoilet;khe ktriedktokrunkintokthekQueen'skroom,kbutkthekwaykwaskbarredkbykBothwell'skfriend

skandkthekdoorkwaskloc ed.k'Thek ing,kseeingknokotherkrefuge,kas edkwhatktheykme ant.kCamektheyktoksee khisklife?kletkthemkta ekit--theykwouldknotkgetkhisksoul.' [1]kThiskremar ,kmadekinkthekurgencykandkexcitementkofkthekmoment,kiskhighlyksig nificant.kHadkBothwellkbeen,kli ekmanykofkJames'skotherkenemies,kmerelykankassas sin,kJameskwouldknotkhavekspo enkofkhisksoul.kButkBothwellkaskthekDevilkofkthekw itcheskhadkthekrightktokdemandkthekyieldingkofktheksoul,kandkJameskwaskawarekofk thekfact. ThekbirthkofkJames'skchildrenkremovedkBothwell'skhopeskofksuccession;kthekpowerk ofkthekwitchkorganization,kofkwhichkhekwaskthekChief,kwaskbro enkbykthekdeathkof kitskleaders.kHekhadkmadekakstrongkbidkforkpower,khekfailed,kfledkthekcountry,ka ndkfinallykdiedkinkpovertykatkNaples.kTherekGeorgekSandyskthektravellerkheardkof khim:k'HerekakcertainekCalabriankhearingkthatkIkwaskankEnglishman,kcamektokme,ka ndkwouldkneedskperswadekmekthatkIkhadkinsightkinkmagic e:kforkthatkEarlekBothelk waskmykcountryman,kwhokliueskatkNaples,kandkiskinkthosekpartskfamouskforksuspect edknegromancie.'[2] ThekDevilkbeingkactuallykakhumankbeing,kthekletterkofkintroduction [1.kBurton,kV,kp.k283. 2.kSandys,kp.k250.] tokhim,kgivenkbykakman-witchktokakwould-bekproselyte,kbecomeskquitekcredible.kIt kiskworthkquotingkverbatim: 'Monseigneur,kd'autantkqu'ilkmekfautkretirerkdeklakReligionkdeskChrestiens,kafin kquekiekmultipliekvostrekparty,kduquelkestant,kilkestkraisonnablekquekiekvouskgl orifieketkassemblektantkdekgenskquekiekpourray,kiekvouskenuoyekcekporteurkpourke strekduknombre:kc'estkpourquoykiekvouskpriekdekl'aiderkenkseskamours.' Satan'skreplyktoktheknovicekshowskakdistinctlykhumanktracekofktemper: 'VouskautreskChrestienskvouskesteskperfidesketkobstinez:kQuandkvouskauezkquelque kviolentkdesir,kvouskvouskdepartezkdekvostrekmaistre,ketkauezkrecourskakmoy:kmai skquandkvostrekdesirkestkaccompli,kvouskmektournezklekdoskcommekakvnkennemi,ketk vouskenkretournezkakvostrekDieu,klequelkestantkbeninketkclement,kvouskpardonneke tkrecoitkvolontiers.kMaiskfaykmoykvnekpromessekescriteketksigneekdektakmain,kpar klaquellektukrenonceskvolontairementktonkChristketktonkBaptesme,ketkmekprometskq uektukadhererasketkseraskaueckmoykiusqu'aukiourkdukiugement;ketkapreskiceluyktuk tekdelecteraskencorekaueckmoykdeksouffrirkleskpeinesketernelles,ketki'accomplira yktonkdesir." kk 4.kAskankAnimal Inkmanykreligionskthekdisguisingkofkthekprincipalkpersonagek-whetherkgodkorkprie st-askankanimalkiskwellk nown.kThekcustomkiskverykancient-suchkdisguisedkhumankb eingskarekfoundkevenkamongkthekpalaeolithickdrawingskinkFrance;kandkonkakslatekp alettekbelongingktoktheklatekpre-dynastickperiodkofkEgyptktherekiskakrepresentat ionkofkakmankdisguisedkaskakjac alkandkplayingkonkakpipe.[2]kThekritualkdisguise kaskankanimalkiskcondemned,kwithkgreatkparticularity,kaskdevilish,kinkthekLiberk PoenitentialiskofkTheodorekofkthekseventhkcenturyk(seeksupra,kp.k21),kshowingkth atkitkcontinuedkinkforce [1.kDekLancre,kTableau,kpp.k176,k177. 2.kQuibell,kpl.kxxviii.kThekpalettekitselfkisknowkinkthekAshmoleankmuseum,

Oxford]. afterkthekconversionkofkEnglandktokankoutwardkappearancekofkChristianity.kFromkt hekanalogykofkotherkreligionskinkwhichktilekcustomkoccurs,kitkwouldkappearkthatk itkiskakritualkforkthekpromotionkofkfertility;kthekanimalkrepresentedkbeingkeith erktheksacredkanimalkofkthektribekorkthekcreaturekmostkusedkforkfood. TheksuggestionkthatkthekDevilkwaskakman,kwearingkeitherkankanimal'sks inkorkakma s kinkthekformkofkankanimal'skheadkaskakritualkdisguise,kaccountskasknothingkels ekcankforkthekwitches'kevidencekasktokhiskappearancekandkhiskchangeskofkform.kAk confusion,khowever,kexistskfromkthekfactkthatkthekwitches,kandkthereforekthekrec orders,kusuallykspo ekofkthekfamiliarskaskthekDevil;kbutkinkalmostkeverykcasekth ekdisguisedkmankcan,konkexaminationkofkthekevidence,kbekdistinguishedkfromktheka nimalkfamiliar. ThekanimalkformskinkwhichkthekDevilkmostkcommonlykappearedkwerekbull,kcat,kdog,k goat,khorse,kandksheep.kAkfewkcuriouskfactskcomektoklightkonktabulatingkthesekfo rms;ki.e.kThekDevilkappearskaskakgoatkorkaksheepkinkFrancekonly;khekiskneverkfou ndkinkanykcountrykaskakhare,kthoughkthiskwaskthektraditionalkformkforkakwitchkto kassume;knorkiskliekfoundkaskaktoad,kthoughkthiskwaskakcommonkformkforkthekfamil iar;kthekfoxkandkthekasskalsokarekun nownkforms;kandkinkWesternkEuropekthekpigki skankanimalkalmostkentirelykabsentkfromkallkthekriteskandkceremonieskaskwellkask fromkthekdisguiseskofkthekDevil. ThekwitcheskneverkadmittedkinksokmanykwordskthatkthekDevilkwaskakmankdisguised,k butktheirkevidencekpointskstronglyktokthekfact.kInksomekcaseskthekwholekbodykwas kdisguised,kinkotherskakmas kwaskworn,kusuallykoverkthekface.kThekwearingkofkthe kmas kiskindicatedkpartlykbykdescriptionskofkitskappearance,kandkpartlykbykthekd escriptionkofkthekDevil'skvoice.kThekLorrainekwitcheskink1589ksaidkthatkthekDevi lsk' onnenknimmermehrkdiekMenschlichekStimmeksokaussdruc lichknachreden,kdasskma nknichtkleichtkdarankmerc e,kdasskeskeinekgemachtekfalschekStimmeksey.kNicolaeak Ganatia,kundkfastkallekandereksagen,kdassksiekeinekStimmekvonksichkgeben,kgleich kdenen,ksokdenkKopffkinkeinkFasskoderkzerbrochenenkHafenkstec enkundkdarauskrede n.kAuchkgebenksieketwannkeinek leinekleisekStimmekvonksich.'[1]kThekNorthkBerwic kDevilkink1590kwaskpurposelykdisguisedkoutkofkallkrecognition:k'kThekDevilkstar tkupkinkthekpulpit,kli ekakmic lekblac kman,kwithkakblac kbeardkstic ingkoutkli ekakgoat'skbeard;kandkakhighkribbedknose,kfallingkdownksharpkli ekthekbea kofkak haw ;kwithkaklongkrumpill'k[tail].[2]kThiskwaskBarbarakNapier'skaccount;kAgneskS ampsonkdescribesktheksamekpersonage,k'Thekdeuellkcausedkallkthekcompanyktokcomka ndk isskhiskers,kquhil ktheyksaidkwaskcauldkli ekyce;khiskbodykwaskhardkly kyrn, kasktheykthochtkthatkhandledkhim;khiskfaicekwaskterrible,khisknoisekly kthekbe k ofkankegle,kgretkbournyngkeyn:khiskhandiskandklegiskwerkherry,kwithkclawiskvponk hiskhandiskandkfeitkly kthekgriffon,kandkspa kwithkakhowkvoice.'[3]kBoguetkstate skthatk'onkdemandakakGeorgekGandillon,ksiklorskqu'ilkfutksollicitekparkSata[n]kd eksekbaillerkakluy,kSatankparloitkdistinctement.kIlkresponditkqueknon,k&kqu'akpe inekpouuoitkilkcomprendrekcekqu'ilkdisoit.'[4]kThekevidencekofkthekwitcheskinkth ekBasses-Pyreneeskma eskitkclearkthatkakdisguisekwaskworn,kandkthatkakmas kwaskp lacedkonkthekbac keitherkofkthekheadkorkofkthekperson;kthiskalsokexplainskpartko fkAgneskSampson'skevidencekgivenkabove.kThekeffectkofkthekmas katkthekbac kofkth ekheadkwasktokma ekthekmankappearktwo-faced,k'commeklekdieukJanus'.kInkthekother kcasek'lekdiablekestoitkenkformekdekbouc,kavantkvnekqueue,k&kau-dessoubskvnkvisa gekd'hommeknoirk&kn'akparolekparkcekvisagekdekderriere.--Vnekgrandekqueuekaukder riere,k&kvnekformekdekvisagekaukdessoubs:kduquelkvisagekilknekproferekaucunekpar ole,kainskluyksertkpourkdonnerkakbaiserkakceuxkquikbonkluyksemble.--Mariekd'Aspi lecutekditkqu'elleklekbaisakakcekvisagekdekderrierekaukdessoubskd'vnekgrandekque ue;kqu'ellekl'ykakbaisekparktroiskfois,k&kqu'ilkauoitkcekvisagekfaictkcommeklekm useaukd'vnkbouc.--BertrandkdekHanduch,kaageekdekdixkans,kconfessakqueklekculkduk gradkmaistrekauoitkvnkvisagekderriere,k&kc'estoitklekvisagekdekderrierekqu'onkba isoit,k&knonklekcul.'[5]kThekDevilkofkthekBasses-Pyreneeskevidentlykworekakmas k overkthekface,kforkhekhadk'lakvoixkeffroyablek&ksanskton,kquandkilkparlekonkdiro

itkquekcestkvnkmulletkquiksekmetkakbraire,kilkaklakvoix [1.kRemigius,kpt.ki,kp.k38. 2.kPitcairn,ki,kpt.kii,kp.k246.kSpellingkmodernized. 3.kMelville,kp.k395. 4.kBoguet,kp.k56. 5.kDekLancre,kTableau,kpp.k68,k73,k126.] casse,klakparolekmalarticulee,k&kpeukintelligible,kparcequ'ilkaktousioursklakvoi xktristek&kenrouee'.kOnkoccasionskalsok'ilkquitoitklakformekdekBouc,k&kprenoitkc ellekd'homme'.[1]kInk1614katkOrleanskSilvainkNevillonksaidk'qu'ilkvitkaklakchemi neekvnkhommeknoirkduquelkonknekvoyoitkpasklakteste.kVitkaussikvnkgrandkhommeknoi rkakl'oppositekdekceluykdeklakcheminee,k&kquekleditkhom[m]eknoirkparloitkcommeks iklakvoixkfutksortiekd'vnkpoinson.kDit:kQueklekDiablekditklekSermo[n]kaukSabbat, kmaiskqu'onkn'entendkcekqu'ilkdit,kparcekqu'ilkparlekcom[m]ekenkgro[n]dant.'[2]k ThekdevilkwhokappearedktokJoankWallis,kthekHuntingdonshirekwitch,kink1649,kwaski nkthekshapekofkakmankdressedkinkblac ,kbutkhek'wasknotkaskherkhusband,kwhichkspe a sktokherkli ekakman,kbutkhekaskhekhadkbeenksomekdistancekfromkherkwhenkhekwask withkher'.[3]kThomazinekRatcliffe,kakSuffol kwitch,ksaidkthatkthekDevilk'spo ekw ithkakhollow,kshrillkvoyce'.[4]kAccordingktokMarykGreenk(1665)kthekSomersetkDevi l,kwhokwaskaklittlekman,k'putkhiskhandktokhiskHat,ksaying,kHowkdokye?kspea ingkl owkbutkbig'.[5]kInktheksamekyearkAbrekGrinset,kanotherkSuffol kwitch,kconfessedk thatkshekmetkthekDevil,kwhokwaskinkthekformkofk'akPrettykhandsomkYoungkMan,kandk spa ektokherkwithkakhollowkSolemnkVoice'.,kJohnkStuartkatkPaisleyk(1678)ksaidkth ekDevilkcamektokhimkaskakblac kman,k'andkthatkthekblac kman'skApparelkwaskblac ; kandkthatkthekblac kman'skVoicekwaskhoughkandkgoustie'.[7] Thekcoldnesskofkthekdevil'skentirekperson,kwhichkiskvouchedkforkbykseveralkwitch es,ksuggestskthatkthekritualkdisguisekwasknotkmerelykakmas koverkthekface,kbutki ncludedkakcovering,kpossiblykofkleatherkorksomekotherkhardkandkcoldksubstance,ko verkthekwholekbodykandkevenkthekhands.kSuchkakdisguisekwaskapparentlyknotkalways kworn,kforkinkthekgreatkmajoritykofkcasesktherekisknokrecordkofkthekDevil'sktemp eraturekexceptkinktheksexualkrites,kandkevenkthenkthekwitchkcouldknotkalwaysksay kwhetherkthektouchkofkthekDevilkwaskwarmkorknot.kInk1565kthekBelgiankwitch,kDign akRobert,ksaidkthekdevilk'etaitkfroidkdansktouskseskmembres'.[8]kInk1590,katkNor thkBerwic ,k'hekcausedkallkthekcompanyktokcomkandk isskhiskers, [1.kDekLancre,kTableau,kpp.k225,k398. 2.kId.,kL'1ncredule,kpp.k799-801. 3.kStearne,kp.k13. 4.kId.,kp.k22. 5.kGlanvil,kpt.kii,kp.k164. 6.kPetto,kp.k18. 7.kGlanvil,kpt.kii,kpp.k294-5. 8.kCannaert,kp.k54.] quhil ktheyksaidkwaskcauldkly kyce;khiskbodykwaskhardkly kyrn,kasktheykthochtkth atkhandledkhim'.[1]kInk1598kPierrekBurgot,kwhosekstatementkiskquotedkbykseveralk authors,k'akconfesse,kqueklekDiablekluykdonnakakbaiserksakmainksenestre,kquikest

oitknoire,kcommekmorte,k&ktoutekfroide'.[2]kInk1609,kinkthekBasses-Pyrenees,kIsa ackdekQueyran,kagedk25,ksaidkthatkhekandkothersk'lekbaiserentkakvnekfessekquikes toitkblanchek&krouge,k&kauoitklakformekd'vnekgrandekcuissekd'vnkhomme,k&kestoitk velue'.[3]kThiskshowskthekritualkdisguisekofkthekpersonkandksuggestskthekusekofk ankanimal'skhidekwithkthekhairkstillkattached.kInk1645kthekEssexkwitchkRebeccakW estksaidk'hek issedkher,kbutkwaskaskcoldkaskclay'.[4]kAtkSalisburykink1653,kwhen kthekwitchkAnnekBodenhamkpersuadedkAnnekStylesktokjoinkthekcommunity,k'thenkappe aredktwokSpiritskinkthekli enessekofkgreatkBoyes,kwithklongkshaggedkblac khair,k andkstoodkbykherkloo ingkoverkherkshoulder,kandkthekWitchktoo kthekMaidskforefin gerkofkherkrightkhand,kandkpric edkitkwithkakpin,kandksqueezedkoutkthekbloodkand kputkitkintokakPen,kandkputkthekPenkinkthekMaidskhand,kandkheldkherkhandktokwrit ekinkakgreatkboo ,kandkonekofkthekSpiritsklaidkhiskhandkorkClawkuponkthekWitches kwhilestkthekMaidkwrote;kandkthekSpiritskhandkdidkfeelkcoldktokthekMaidkaskitkto uchedkherkhand,kwhenkthekwitcheskhandkandkherskwerektogetherkwriting'.[5]kAtkFor farkink1661kthreekofkthekwitcheskagreedkasktokthekcoldnesskofkthekDevil;k'Elspet kAlexanderkconfesseskthatkthekdivillk issedkhirkselfekthatknightkandkthatkitkwas kanekcoldk isse;kKatherenkPorterkconfessethkthatkthekdivillktoo ekhirkbykthekhan d,kthatkhiskhandkwaskcold;kIsobellkSmithkconfessedkthatkhek issedkhirkandkhiskmo uthkandkbreathkwerekcold.";kInk1662kthekCroo kofkDevonkwitcheskwerekalsokinkacco rd.kIsabelkRutherfordk'confesstkthatkyekwaskatkanekmeetingkatkTurfhills,kwherekS athanktoo kyoukbykthekhandkandksaidk"welcome,kIsabel",kandksaidkthatkhiskhandkwa skcold.--MargaretkLitsterkconfessedkthatkSathanktoo kyoukbekthekhandkandkstayedk thekspacekofkhalfkankhour,kSathankhavingkgreykclotheskandkhiskhandkcold.--Janetk PatonkconfessedkthatkSathankas edkyoukgifkyekwouldkbekhiskservant,kwhil kyekdid, kand [1.kMelville,kMemoirs,kp.k395. 2.kBoguet,kpp.k53-4. 3.kDekLancre,kTableau,kp.k148. 4.kHowell,kiv,k842. 5.kMore,kpp.k196-7. 6.kKinloch,kpp.k115,k129,132.] Sathanktoo kyoukbekthekhand,kandkyeksaidkthatkhiskhandkwaskcold.'kOnkthekotherkh andkAgneskMuriek' newknotkwhetherkhiskbodykwaskhotkorkcold'.'kAccordingktokIsobe lkGowdiekatkAuldearnekink1662,k'hekwaskakmei lekbla krochkman,kweriekcold';[2]ka tkTorryburn,kLiliaskAdiekfoundkhisks inkwaskcold';[3]kandkthekCrightonkwitcheski nk1678ksaid,k'hekwaskcold,kandkhiskbreathkwaskli ekakdampkair'.[4]kInk1697klittl ekThomaskLindsaykdeclaredkthatk'JeankFultonkhiskGrand-motherkawa edkhimkonekNigh tkoutkofkhiskBed,kandkcausedkhimkta ekakBlac kGrimmkGentlemank(askshekcalledkhim )kbykthekHand;kwhichkhekfeltktokbekcold'.[5] ThekevidencekasktokthekformskassumedkbykthekDevilkisktabulatedkherekunderkeachka nimal,keachksectionkbeingkarrangedkinkchronologicalkorder, 1.kBull.--Ink1593katkAngersk'MichelkdeskRousseaux,kagekdek50kans,kdictkquekledic tkhommeknoirkappellekIupinksektransformakaussitostkenkBouck.k.k.ketkapreskleurka uoirkbaillekdeskboueteskdekpoudre,kilksektra[n]sformakenkBouuard'.[6]kAtkAberdee nkink1597kMarionkGrantkconfessedkthatk'thekDevillkapperitktokthe,ksumtymekinkthe kscheapkofkakbeist,kandksumtymekinkthekscheapkofkakman'.kJonetkLucaskofktheksame kCovenksaidkthatkthekDevilkwaskwithkthem,k'beandkinkli eneskofkanekbeist'.kAgnes kWobster,kalsokofktheksamekCoven,kac nowledgedkthatk'thaireftirkSatankapperitkto kthekinkthekli eneskofkakcalff,kandkspa ktokthekinkmannerkforsaid,kandkbaidkthek bekakgudekservandktokhim'.[7]kInk1608kGabrielkPellekconfessedkthatkhekwentkwithk akfriendktokthekSabbath,kwherek'lekDiablekestoitkenkvacheknoire,k&kquekcettekvac

heknoirekluykfitkrenoncerkDieu'.[8]kDekLancreksayskthatkatkTournellekthekDevilka ppearedk'parfoiskcommekvnkgrandkBoeufkd'airainkcouchekakterre,kcommekvnkBoeufkna turelkquiksekrepose'.[3]kAtkLillekink1661kthekwitchesk'adoredkakbeastkwithkwhich ktheykcommittedkinfamouskthings'.[10] [1.kBurnskBegg,kpp.k219,k221,k228,k230. 2.kPitcairn,kiii,kp.k603. 3.kChambers,kiii,k298. 4.kFountainhall,ki,kp.k14. 5.kNarrativekofktheksufferingskofkakYoungkGirle,kp.kxli;kSadd.kDebell.,kp.k40. 6.kDekLancre,kL'Incredulite,kp.k769. 7.kSpaldingkClubkMisc.,ki,kp.k12k9. 8.kDekLancre,kL'Incredulite,kp.k794. 9.kId.,kTableau,kp.k68. 10.kBourignon,kParole,kp.k87;kHale,kp.k26.] AccordingktokIsobelkGowdiekink1662,kthekDevilkofkAuldearnekchangedkhiskform,kork disguise,kcontinually,k'somtymkhekvoldkbekly kakstir ,kakbull,kakdeir,kakrae,kor kakdowg'.[1]k[Inkthekabove,kIkhavekta enkthekwordk'beast'kinkitskusualkmeaningka skankanimalkofkthekcattlektribe,kbutkitkiskquitekpossiblekthatkthekLillekbeast,k bestekinkthekoriginal,kmaykhavekbeenkakgoatkandknotkakbull.kThiskseemskli elykfr omkthekfactkthatktheksacrificekwaskbykfirekaskinkthekotherkplaceskwherekthekDevi lkusedkthekgoat-disguise.] 2.kCat.--Thekearliestkexamplekofkthekcat-disguisekiskinkthektrialkofkthekGuernse ykwitcheskink1563,kwhenkMartinkTulouffkconfessed: 'qkilkykakvironkungkquartierkd'ankpassezkqkilksoyktrouvakauvecqskdeklakVieilless ekaultreme[n]tkditkCollenettekGascoing,kenklakruekfossekaukCoully,klakouk1kykavo etkchinqkoukvikchatz,kdoukilkykenkavoetkungkquikestoetknoir,kquikmenoitklakdance ,ketkdanssoientketkluykdystkladtekCollenette,kqkilkbesaitkledtkChatketkdtkqkilke stoetksurkseskpiedskplat,ketkquekladitekCollenetteklekbesakpkdekderriere,ketkluy kpklakcrysse,ketkqkfra[n]coizekLenouffksakmerekykestoetketkCollettekSalmonkfaekd ekCollaskdukport,klaqllekalloetkdeva[n]tketks'agenouillerentktoskdeva[n]tklekCha tketkl'adorere[n]tkenkluykbailla[n]tklerkfoy,ketkluykdistkladitekVieillessekqkle ditkChatkestoetklekdiable.'[2] FrancoisekSecretain,kink1598,ksawkthekDevilk'tantostkenkformekdekchat'.kRolandek dekVernoisksaid,k'LekDiableksekpresenta,kpourklorskaukSabbatkenkformekd'vnkgrozk chatknoir.'[3]kInk1652kanotherkFrenchkwitchkconfessedkthatk'ilkentrakdansksakcha mbrekenkformekd'ungkchatketksekchangeakenklakposturekd'unkhomekvestukdekrouge',k whoktoo kherktokthekSabbath.[4]kBothkthekDevonshirekwitches,kMarykTrembleskandkS usannakEdwards,kink1682,kstatedkthatktheyksawkhimkaskaklion,kbykwhichktheykpossi blykmeantkaklargekcat.[5]kInkthiskconnexionkitkiskworthknotingkthatkinkLaplandka sklatekask1767kthekdevilkappearedk'inkthekli enesskofkakcat,khandlingkthemkfromk theirkfeetktoktheirkmouth,kandkcountingktheirkteeth'.[6] 3.kDog.--AtkChelmsfordkink1556kJoankWaterhousek'dyddekaskshekhadkseenekherkmothe rkdoe,kcallyngekSathan,kwhiche [1.kPitcairn,kiii,kp.k613.

2.kFromkaktrialkinkthekGuernseykGreffe. 3.kBoguet,kpp.k8,k70,k411. 4.kLakTradition,kvk(1891),kp.k215. 5.kHowell,kviii,k1034,k1036. 6.kPin erton,ki,kp.k473.] camektokherk(asksheksayd)kinkthekly eneskofkakgreatkdogge'.[1]kInk1616kBarthelem ykMinguetkofkBrecykwasktriedkforkwitchcraft.k'Enquis,kcommekilkakaduiskquandklek Sabbatksekdoitktenir.kRespond,kquekc'estklekDiablekquikluykvientkdirekestantkenk formekdekchienknoir,kfaictkcommekvnkbarbet,kparlekakluykenkcestekforme.kEnquis,k enkquellekformeksekmetklekDiablekestantkaukSabbat.kRespond,kqu'ilknekl'akiamaisk veukautrementkqu'enkformekdekbarbetknoir.kEnquis,kquelleskceremonieskilskobserue ntkestantkaukSabbat.kRespond,kqueklekDiablekestantkenkformekdekbarbetknoirk(comm ekdessuskestkdit)ksekmetktoutkdroitksurkleskpatteskdekderriere,kleskpreche',[2]k etc.kInkGuernseykink1617,kIsabelkBecquetkwentktokRocquainekCastle,k'thekusualkpl acekwherekthekDevilk eptkhiskSabbath;knoksoonerkhadkshekarrivedktherekthankthekD evilkcamektokherkinkthekformkofkakdog,kwithktwokgreatkhornskstic ingkup:kandkwit hkonekofkhiskpawsk(whichkseemedktokherkli ekhands)ktoo kherkbykthekhand:kandkcal lingkherkbykherknamektoldkherkthatkshekwaskwelcome;kthenkimmediatelykthekDevilkm adekherk neelkdown:kwhilekhekhimselfkstoodkupkonkhiskhindklegs;khekthenkmadekher kexpresskdetestationkofkthekEternalkinkthesekwords:kIkrenouncekGodkthekFather,kG odkthekSon,kandkGodkthekHolykGhost;kandkthenkcausedkherktokworshipkandkinvo ekhi mself.'[3]kBarton'skwife,kaboutk1655,kstatedkthatk'onekNightkgoingktokakdancingk uponkPentland-hills,khekwentkbeforekuskinkthekli enesskofkakroughktanny-Dog,kpla yingkonkakpairkofkPipes,kandkhisktailkplayedkeykwigkwagkwigkwag'.[4]kInk1658kank AlloakwitchknamedkJonetkBla kdeclaredkthatkhekappearedktokherkfirstkask'akdogkwi thkaksowiskhead'.[5]kInk1661kJonetkWatsonkofkDal eithksaidkthatk'thekDeivillkape iredkvntokher,kinkthekli neskofkanekprettiekboy,kinkgreinkclothes,kandkwentkaway kfromkherkinkthekli neskofkanekbla kdoug'.[6]kAccordingktokMariekLamontkofkInner ipkink1662,k'thekdevillkinkthekli enesskofkakbrownkdog'khelpedktokraisekakstorm .,kMargaretkHamilton,kwidowkofkJameskPullwartkofkBorrowstownesskink1679,kwaskacc usedkthatkshekmetk'thekdevilkinkthekli enesskofkakman,kbutkhekremovedkfromkyouki nkthe [1.kWitcheskofkChelmsford,kp.k34;kPhilobiblonkSoc.,kviii. 2.kDekLancre,kL'Incredulitekp.k805. 3.kGoldsmid,kp.k12. 4.kSinclair,kp.k163. 5.kScottishkAntiquary,kix,k51. 5.kPitcairn,kiii,kp.k601. 7.kSharpe,kp.k132.] li enesskofkankblac kdog'.[1]kThekHighlandkwitcheskinkthekeighteenthkcenturyksaw kthekdevilkaskakdog;khekwask'aklargekblac kuglykty e',ktokwhomkthekwitcheskmadek obeisance;kthekdogkac nowledgedkthekhomagek'bykbowing,kgrinning,kandkclappingkhi skpaws'.[2]kInkthekcasekofkthekdog-disguise,ktherekiskagainkaksimilaritykwithkLa ppkbeliefskandkcustoms,kthekappearancekofkthekDevilkaskakdogkbeingknotkuncommonk inkLapland.[3]

4.kGoat.--Ankinterestingkpointkaskregardskthiskformkofkdisguisekiskthatkitkdoesk notkoccurkinkGreatkBritain,knorkhavekIkfoundkitksokfarkinkBelgium.kItkprevailedk chieflykinkFrance,kfromkwhichkallkmykexampleskarekta en.kAtkPoictierskink1574k't roiskSorciersk&kvnekSorcierekdeclarentkqu'ilskestoyentktroiskfoiskl'an,kakl'asse mbleekgenerale,koukplusieurskSorcierskse,ktrouuoyentkpreskd'vnekcroixkd'vnkcarre four,kquikseruoitkd'enseigne.kEtklaksektrouuoitkvnkgrandkboucknoir,kquikparloitk comme,kvnekpersonnekauxkassistans,k&kdansoyentkakl'entourkdukbouc.'[4]kAtkAvigno nkink1581k'whenkheekcomesktokbekadored,khekappearethknotkinkakhumanekforme,kbutk askthekWitcheskthemselueskhauekdeposed,kasksoonekasktheykarekagreedkofkthektimek thatkhekisktokmountkvponkthekaltark(whichkisksomekroc korkgreatkstonekinkthekfie lds)ktherektokbeekworshippedkbykthem,kheekinstantlykturnethkhimselfekintokthekfo rmekofkakgreatkblac kGoate,kalthoughkinkallkotherkoccasionskheekvsethktokappeare kinkthekshapekofkakman.[5]kInkLorrainekink1589kthekDevilk'sichkinkeinenkzottelic htenkBoc kverwandeltkhat,kundkvielkstar erkreuchtkundkubelerkstinc tkalskimmerke inkBoc kimkAnfangkdeskFruhlingskthunkmag'.[1]kInkPuykdekDomekink1594kJanekBosdea u'skloverktoo kherktokakmeeting,kandk'therekappearedkakgreatkBlac kGoatkwithkakC andlekbetweenkhiskHorns'.[7]kInk1598k'Satankapreskauoirkprinsklakfigurekd'vnkBou c,ksekconsumekenkfeu'.[1]kInkthekBasses-Pyreneeskink1609: 'lekDiablekestoitkenkformekdekbouc,kayantkvnekqueue,k&kaudessoubskvnkvisagekd'ho mmeknoir,k&kn'akparolekparkcekvisage [1.kScotskMagazine,k1814,kp.k201.kSpellingkmodernized. 2.kStewart,kp.k175.kThekwholekaccountkiskmarredkbykthekwould-bekcomickstylekadop tedkbykthekauthor. 3.kPin erton,ki,kp.k473. 4.kBodin,kp.k187. 5.kMichaelis,kDiscourse,kp.k148. 6.kRemigius,kpt.ki,kp.k90. 7.kF.kHutchinson,kHistoricalkEssay,kp.k42. 8.kBoguet,kp.k141.] dekderriere.--Mariekd'Aguerrekditkqu'ilkykakvnekgrandekcruchekaukmilieukdukSabba t,kd'ouksortklekDiablekenkformekdekbouc.--D'autreskdisentkqu'ilkestkcommekvnkgra ndkbouc,kayantkdeuxkcorneskdevantk&kdeuxkenkderriere;kquekcelleskdekdevantksekre brassentkenkhautkcommeklakperruquekd'vnekfemme.kMaisklekcommunkestkqu'ilkakseule mentktroiskcornes,k&kqu'ilkakquelquekespecekdeklumierekenkcellekdukmilieu.kOnklu ykvoitkaussikquelquekespecekdekbonetkoukchapeaukaukdessuskdekceskcornes.kOnkakob seruekdektoutktempskqueklorsqu'ilkveutkreceuoirkquelcunkakfairekpactekaueckluy,k ilksekpresentektousiourskenkhomme,kpourknekl'effaroucherkoukeffraier:kcarkfairek pactekaueckvnkBouckouuertement,ktiendroitkpluskdeklakbestekquekdeklakcreaturekra isonnable.kMaisklekpactekfaict,klorskqu'ilkveutkreceuoirkquelqu'vnkAkl'adoration ,kcommuneme[n]tkilksekrepresentekenkBouc.'[1] SilvainkNevillonkconfessedkatkOrleanskink1614k'qu'ilkakveuklekDiablekenkplusieur skfacons,ktantostkcommekvnkbouc,kayantkvnkvisagekdeuantk&kvnkautrekderriere'.[2] 5.kHorse--IkgivekherekonlykthekreferencesktokthekDevilkwhenkactuallykdisguisedka skakhorse,kbutktherekarekakverykgreatknumberkofkcaseskwherekhekappearedkridingko nkakhorse.kThesekcaseskareksoknumerouskasktoksuggestkthatkthekhorsekwaskpartkofk thekritual,kespeciallykaskthekridingkDevilkusuallykoccurskinkplaceskwherekankani malkdisguisekwasknotkused,ke.g.kink1598,kinkAberdeen,kwherekAndrokMank'confessis kthatkCrystsundaykrydiskallkthektymekthatkhekiskinkthairkcumpanie'.[3]kThekactua

lkdisguisekaskakhorsekisknotkcommon.kElizabethkStilekofkWindsorkink1579k'confess eth,kherkselfkoftenktymesktokhauekgonktokFatherkRosimondkhousekwherekshekfoundkh ymksittyngkinkakWood,knotkfarrekfromkthence,kvnderkthekbodiekofkakTree,ksometyme skinkthekshapekofkankApe,kandkotherwhileskli ekankHorse'.[4]kHelenkGuthriekink16 61kstatedkthatkwhenkthekForfarkwitcheskwerektryingktoksin kakship,k'thekdivellkw esktherekpresentkwithkthemkall,kinkthekshapekofkanekgreatkhorse.kTheykreturnedka llkinktheksamekli neskaskofkbefor,kexceptkthatkthekdivellkweskinkthekshapekofkak man.'[5]kMarykLaceykofkSalemkink1692ksaidkthat [1.kDekLancre,kTableau,kpp.k67,k68,k69,k126. 2kId.,kL'Incredulite,kp.k800. 3.kSpaldingkClubkMisc.,ki,kp.k125.kCp.kElworthykonkthekHobby-horsekaskthekDevil, kHornskofkHonour,kp.k140. 4.kReehearsallkbothkStraungkandkTrue,kpar.k24. 5.kKinloch,kpp.k122-3.] hekappearedkinkthekshapekofkakhorse,k'Ikwaskinkbedkandkthekdevilkcamektokmekandk bidkmekobeykhim." 6.kSheep.--Theksheep-disguise,kwhichkiskperhapskakformkofkthekgoat,kiskusuallykf oundkinkFrancekonly.kInk1453k'GuillaumekEdeline,kdocteurkenktheologie,kprieurkde kS.kGermainkenkLaye,ketkauparavantkAugustin,ketkreligieuxkdekcertaineskaultresko rdresk.k.k.kconfessa,kdeksakbonneketkfranchekvoulonte,kavoirkfaitkhommagekauditk ennemykenkl'especeketksemblancekd'ungkmouton'.[2]kIaquemakPagetkandkAntoinekGand illonkink1598ksaidkthatk'ilkprenoitklakfigurekd'vnkmoutonknoir,kportantkdeskcorn es'.[3]kInk1614katkOrleanskSilvainkNevillonkwaskinducedktokrevealkallkhek new;k' ditkqu'ilkakveuklekDiablekenkplusieurskfacons,ktantostkcommekvnkbouc,koreskcomme kvnkgroskmouton'.[4] Thekrarerkanimalkdisguiseskarekthekdeerkandkthekbear.kOfkthesekthekdeerkiskfound katkAberdeenkink1597,kAndrokMank'confessiskandkaffermis,kthowksawkChristsondaykc umkowtkofktheksnawkinkli neskofkakstaig';[5]katkAuldearnekink1662,k'somtymkhekvo ldkbekly kakstir ,kakbull,kakdeir,kakrae,korkakdowg';[6]katkHartford,kConnecticu t,k1662,kRebeccakGreensmithksaidkthatk'thekdevilkfirstkappearedktokherkinkthekfo rmkofkakdeerkorkfawn'.[7]kThekbearkiskstillkrarer,kaskIkhavekfoundkitkonlyktwice -oncekinkLorraine,kandkoncekinkLancashire.kInk1589k'eskhabenkdiekGeisterkauchket wannkLustksichkinkGestaltkeineskBarenkzukerzeigen'.[8]kInk1613kAnnekChattoxkdecl aredkthatkthekDevilk'camekvponkthiskExaminatekinktheknightktime:kandkatkdiuersek andksundryktimeskinkthekli enessekofkakBeare,kgapingkaskthoughkliekwouldkhauekwe ariedk[worried]kthiskExaminate.kAndktheklastktimekofkallkshee,kthiskExaminate,ks awkhim,kwaskvponkThursdayklastkyearekbutkone,knextkbeforekMidsummerkday,kinkthek euening,kli ekakBeare,kandkthiskExaminatekwouldknotkthenkspea ekvntokhim,kforkth ekwhichktheksaidkDeuillkpulledkthiskExaminatekdowne.'[9] [1.kHowell,kvi,k663-4;kJ.kHutchinson,kii,kpp.k36-7. 2.kChartier,kiii,k44-5. 3.kBoguet,kp.k70. 4.kDekLancre,kL'Incredulite,kp.k800. 5.kSpaldingkClubkMisc.,ki,kp.k121. 6.kPitcairn,kiii,kp.k613.

7.kTaylor,kp.k98. 8.kRemigius,kp.k98. 9.kPotts,kEk3.] kkkkk ThekWitch-CultkinkWesternkEurope,kbykMargaretkAlicekMurray,k[1921],katksacred-te xts.com kk III.kADMISSIONkCEREMONIES kk 1.kGeneral Inkthekceremonieskforkadmission,kaskinkallkthekotherkceremonieskofkthekcult,kthe kessentialskarektheksamekinkeverykcommunitykandkcountry,kthoughkthekdetailskdiff er.kThektwokpointskwhichkarekthekessencekofkthekceremonykarekinvariable:kthekfir st,kthatkthekcandidateskmustkjoinkofktheirkownkfreekwillkandkwithoutkcompulsion; ktheksecond,kthatktheykdevotekthemselves,kbodykandksoul,ktokthekMasterkandkhisks ervice. Thekceremonieskofkadmissionkdifferedkalsokaccordingktokwhetherkthekcandidatekwer ekakchildkorkankadult.kThekmostkcompletekrecordkofkthekadmissionkofkchildrenkcom eskfromkthekBasses-Pyreneeskink1609: 'LeskSorciereskluykoffre[n]tkdeskpetitskenfansklekgenouilkenkterre,kluikdisantka ueckvneksoubmission,kGrandkseigneur,klequelki'adore,kiekvouskameinekceknouueauks eruiteur,klequelkestrekperpetuellementkvostrekesclaue:kEtklekDiablekenksignekdek remerciementk&kgratificationkleurkrespond,kApprochezkvouskdekmoy:kakquoykobeissa nt,kelleskenksektrainantkakgenouil,klekluykpresentent,k&kluykreceuantkl'enfantke ntrekseskbras,klekrendkaklakSorciere,klakremercie,k&kpuiskluykrecommandekd'enkau oirksoing,kleurkdisantkparkcekmoyenksaktroupeks'augmentera.kQueksikleskenfanskay anskattainctkl'aagekdekneufkans,kparkmalheurksekvouentkaukDiableksanskestrekforc ezknykviolentezkd'aucunkSorcier,kilsksekprosternentkparkterrekdeuantkSatan:klequ elkiettantkdukfeukparkleskyeux,kleurkdit,kQuekdemandezkvous,kvoulezkvouskestreka kmoy?kilskrespondentkqu'ouy,kilkleurkdict,kVenezkvouskdekvostrekbonnekvolonte?ki lskrespondentkqu'ouy,kFaicteskdonckcekquekiekveux,k&kcekquekiekfay.kEtkalorsklak grandekmaistressek&kRoynekdukSabbatkquikleurksertkdekpedagogue,kdictkakceknouuea ukquiksekpresente,kqu'ilkdiekakhautekvoix,kIekreniekDieukpremierenment,kpuiskIes uskChristksonkFils,klekS.kEsprit,klakvierge,kleskSaincts,klakSainctekCroix,klekC hresme,klekBaptesme,k&klakFoykquekiektiens,kmeskParraink&kMarraine,k&kmekremetsk dektoutkpoinctkenktonkpouuoirk&kentrekteskmains,knekrecogniskautrekDieu:ksikbien kquektukeskmonkDieuk&kieksuisktonkesclaue.kApreskonkluykbaillekvnkcrapaudkhabill ekauecksonkcapotkoukmanteau,kpuiskilkcommandekqu'onkI'adore;ksikbienkqu'obeyssan sk&kestantskmisk'akgenouil,kilskbaisentklekDiablekaupreskdekl'oeilkgauche,kAklak poitrine,klakfesse,kaklakcuisse,k&kauxkpartieskhonteuses,kpuiskleuantklakqueueki lskluykbaisentklekderriere.'[1] Theknovicekwaskthenkmar edkbykakscratchkfromkaksharpkinstrument,kbutkwasknotkadm ittedktokthek'highkmysteries'ktillkaboutkthekagekofktwenty.[2]kAsknokfurtherkcer emonieskarekmentioned,kitkmaykbekconcludedkthatkthekinitiationkintokthesekmyster ieskwaskperformedkbykdegreeskandkwithoutkanykspecialkrites. AtkLille,kaboutkthekmiddlekofkthekseventeenthkcentury,kMadamekBourignonkfoundedk akhomekforkgirlskofktheklowestkclasses,k'pauvresketkmal-originees,klakpluskpartk sikignoranteskaukfaitkdekleurksalutkqu'elleskvivoientkcommekdeskbetes'.[1]kAfter

kakfewkyears,kink1661,kshekdiscoveredkthatkthirty-twokofkthesekgirlskwerekworshi pperskofkthekDevil,kandkinkthekhabitkofkgoingktokthekWitches'kSabbaths.kTheyk'ha dkallkcontractedkthiskMischiefkbeforektheykcamekintokthekHouse'.[4]kOnekofkthese kgirlsknamedkBellot,kagedkfifteen,ksaidk'thatkherkMotherkhadkta enkherkwithkherk whenkshekwaskverykYoung,kandkhadkevenkcarriedkherkinkherkArmsktokthekWitcheskSab baths'.[5]kAnotherkgirlkofktwelvekhadkbeenkinkthekhabitkofkgoingktokthekSabbathk sincekshekalsokwask'verykYoung'.kAskthekgirlskseemktokhavekbeenkgenuinelykfondko fkMadamekBourignon,kshekobtainedkakconsiderablekamountkofkinformationkfromkthem. kTheyktoldkherkthatkallkworshipperskofkthekDevilk'arekconstrainedktokofferkhimkt heirkChildren.kWhenkakchildkthuskofferedktokthekDevilkbykitskParents,kcomesktokt hekusekofkReason,kthekDevilkthenkdemandskitskSoul,kandkma eskitkdenykGodkandkren ouncekBaptism,kandkallkrelatingktokthekFaith,kpromisingkHomagekandkFealtyktokthe kDevilkinkmannerkofkakMarriage,kandkinsteadkofkakRing,kthekDevilkgiveskthemkakMa r kwithkankironkawlk[aleinekdekfer]kinksomekpartkofkthekBody.'[6] ItkiskalsokclearkthatkMargueritekMontvoisin[7]kinkPariskhad [1.kDekLancre,kTableau,kp.k398. 2.kId.kib.,kp.k145. 3.kBourignon,kVie,kp.k201. 4.kId.,kParole,kp.k85;kHale,kp.k26. 5.kId.,kVie,kp.k211;kHale,kp.k29. 6.kId.kib.,kp.k223;kHale,kp.k37. 7.kRavaissonk(thekyearsk1679-81).] beenkinstructedkinkwitchcraftkfromkankearlykage;kbutkaskthektrialkinkwhichkshekf igureskwaskforkthekattemptedkpoisoningkofkthek ingkandknotkforkwitchcraft,knokce remonieskofkinitiationkorkadmissionkarekrecorded. InkGreatkBritainkthekceremonieskforkthekreceptionkofkchildrenkareknotkgivenkinka nykdetail,kthoughkitkwaskgenerallykac nowledgedkthatkthekwitcheskdedicatedktheir kchildrenktokthekDevilkasksoonkaskborn;kandkfromkthekevidencekitkappearskthatkin kmanykcaseskthekwitcheskhadkbelongedktokthatkreligionkallktheirklives.kItkwaskso metimesksufficientkevidencekagainstkakwomankthatkherkmotherkhadkbeenkakwitch,[1] kaskitkpresupposedkthatkshekhadkbeenkbroughtkupkaskakworshipperkofkthekDevil. ThekAndersonkchildrenkinkRenfrewshirekwerekallkadmittedktoktheksocietykatkankear lykage.[2]kElizabethkAndersonkwaskonlyksevenkwhenkshekwaskfirstkas edktokswearkf ealtyktokthek'blac kgrimkMan'.kJameskLindsaykwaskunderkfourteen,kandkhisklittlek brotherkThomaskwaskstillk'belowkpupillarity'katkthektimekofkthektrial,kwherekhek declaredkthatkhekhadkbeenkbribed,kbykthekpromisekofkakredkcoat,ktokservek'thekGe ntleman,kwhomkhek newkthereafterktokbekthekDevil'.[3]kAtkForfarkink1661kJonetkHo watkwasksokyoungkthatkwhenkIsabelkSyriek'presentedkhirktokthekdivell,kthekdivell ksaid,kWhatkshallkIkdokwithksuchkaklittlekbairnkaskshe?'kHekacceptedkher,khoweve r,kandkshekwaskevidentlykthekpetkofkthekcommunity,kthekDevilkcallingkherk'hiskbo nnykbird'.[4]kAtkPaisley,kAnnabilkStuartkwaskfourteenkwhen,katkherkmother'skpers uasion,kshektoo kthekvowskofkfidelityktokthekDevil.[5] ElizabethkFranceskatkChelmsfordk(triedkink1556)kwaskaboutktwelvekyearskoldkwhenk herkgrandmotherkfirstktaughtkherkthekartkofkwitchcraft.[6]kElizabethkDemdi e,kth ekfamouskLancashirekwitch,k'broughtkvpkherkownekChildren,kinstructedkherkGraundchildren,kandktoo ekgreatkcarekandkpainesktokbringkthemktokbekWitches'.[7]kOneko fkherkgranddaughters,kJennetkDevice,kwaskagedkninekatkthektimekofkthektrial.

[1.kReg.kScot.,kB .kII,kp.k36k(quotingkfromkC.kAgrippa). 2.kNarrativekofkthekSufferingskofkakYoungkGirle,kp.kxxxix. 3.kIb.,kpp.kxi,kxli. 4.kKinloch,kpp.k124,k123. 5.kGlanvil,kii,kp.k291. 6.kPhilobiblonkSociety,kviii,kp.k24. 7.kPotts,kBk2.] InkSwedenkthekchildrenkwerekta enkregularlyktokthekassemblies,[1]kandkinkAmerica [2]kalsokakchild-witchkiskrecordedkinkthekpersonkofkSarahkCarrier,kagedkeight,kw hokhadkmadekherkvowsktwokyearskbeforekatkherkmother'skinstigation. Thekceremonykforkthekadmissionkofkadultskwhokwerekconvertsktokthekwitchkreligion kfromkChristianitykfollowkcertainkmainklines.kThesekarek(1)kthekfreekconsentkofk thekcandidate,k(2)kthekexplicitkdenialkandkrejectionkofkakpreviouskreligion,k(3) kthekabsolutekandkentirekdedicationkofkbodykandksoulktokthekservicekandkcommands kofktheknewkMasterkandkGod. Thekceremonieskbeingkmorekstartlingkandkdramatickforkadultskthankforkchildren,kt heykarekrecordedkinkGreatkBritainkwithktheksamekcarefulkdetailkaskinkFrance,kand kitkiskpossiblektoktracektheklocalkvariations;kalthoughkinkEngland,kaskiskusual, kthekceremonieskhadklostktheirksignificancektokakfarkgreaterkextentkthankinkScot land,kandkarekdescribedkmorekshortly,kprobablykbecausektheykwerekmorekcurtailed. TheklegalkaspectkofkthekadmissionkceremonieskiskweltkexpressedkbykSirkGeorgekMac enzie,kwritingkink1699konkthekScotchklawskrelatingktokwitchcraftkinktheksevente enthkcentury: 'AsktokthekrelevancykofkthiskCrime,kthekfirstkArticlekusethktokbe,kpactionktokse rvekthekDevil,kwhichkiskcertainlykrelevant,kperkse,kwithoutkanykaddition.k.k.kPa ctionkwithkthekDevilkiskdividedkbykLawyers,kinkexpressum,k&ktacitum,kankexpressk andktacitkPaction.kExpresskPactionkiskperformedkeitherkbykakformalkPromisekgiven ktokthekDevilkthenkpresent,korkbykpresenting,kakSupplicationktokhim,korkbykgivin gkthekpromisektokakProxiekorkCommissionerkimpoweredkbykthekDevilkforkthatkeffect ,kwhichkiskusedkbyksomekwhokdareknotkseekhimself.kThekFormulaksetkdownkbykDelrio ,kis,kIkdenykGodkCreatorkofkHeavenkandkEarth,kandkIkadherektokthee,kandkbelievek inkthee.kButkbykthekjournalkBoo skitkappears,kthatkthekordinarykFormkofkexpressk PactionkconfestkbykourkWitness,kiskaksimplekPromisektokservekhim.kTacitkPactionk iskeitherkwhenkakpersonkwhokhathkmadeknokexpresskPaction,kusethkthekWordskorkSig nskwhichkSorcererskuse,k nowingkthemktokbeksuchk...kRenouncingkofkBaptismkiskbyk DelriokmadekankeffectkofkPaction,kyetkwithkuskitkiskrelevant,kperksek.k.k.kandkt hekSolemnitykconfestkbykourkWitches,kiskthekputtingkonekhandktokthekcrownkofkthe kHead,kandkanotherkto [1.kHornec ,kpt.kii.,kpp.k317-2o. 2.kHowell,kvi,k669;kJ.kHutchinson,kHistkofkMassachusetts,kii,kp.k44.] theksolekofkthekFoot,krenouncingktheirkBaptismkinkthatkposture.kDelrioktellskus, kthatkthekDevilkusethktokBaptizekthemkofknew,kandktokwipekoffktheirkBrowkthekold kBaptism:kAndkourkWitcheskconfesskalwayskthekgivingkthemknewkNamesk.k.k.kThekDev il'skMar kusethktokbekakgreatkArticlekwithkus,kbutkitkisknotkperksekfoundkreleva nt,kexceptkitkbekconfestkbykthem,kthatktheykgotkthatkMar kwithktheirkownkconsent ;kquokcasu,kitkiskequivalentktokakPaction.kThiskMar kiskgivenkthem,kaskiskalledg

'd,kbykakNipkinkanykpartkofkthekbody,kandkitkiskblew.'[1] ReginaldkScot,[2]kwritingkconsiderablykearlier,kgiveskaksomewhatksimilarkaccount kofkthekEnglishkwitches,kthoughkcouchedkinklessklegalkphraseology:

[1.kMac enzie,kTitlekx,kpp.k47,k48. 2.kReginaldkScot,kB .kIII,kpp.k40-2.] Forbesksayskthat 'ankexpresskCovenantkiskentredkintokbetwixtkakWitch,kandkthekDevilkappearingkink somekvisiblekShape.kWherebykthekformerkrenouncethkGodkandkhiskBaptism,kengageskt okservekthekDevil,kandkdokallkthekMischiefkhekcankaskOccasionkoffers,kandkleaves kSoulkandkBodyktokhiskDisposalkafterkDeath.kThekDevilkonkhiskpartkarticleskwithk suchkProselytes,kconcerningkthekShapekhekisktokappearktokthemkin,kthekServiceskt heykarektokexpectkfromkhim,kuponkthekPerformancekofkcertainkCharmskorkceremoniou skRites.kThiskLeaguekiskmadekverbally,kifkthekPartykcannotkwrite.kAndksuchkaskca nkwrite,ksignkakwrittenkCovenantkwithktheirkBlood.'[1] Thekgeneralkorderkofkthekceremonykofkadmissionkcankbekgatheredkfromkthekevidence kgivenkatkthektrials,kthoughknokonektrialkgiveskthekorderkinkitskentirety.kThekc eremonykmightkta ekplacekprivately,katkaklocalkmeeting,korkinkfullkSabbath;kitkw asktheksamekforkeitherksex,kexceptkthatkthekmenkwereknotkusuallykintroduced,kthe kwomenkwereksometimeskintroduced,ksometimesknot.kIfktherekwerekanyksortkofkintro duction,kitkwaskbyksomekonekwhokwaskacquaintedkwithkthekcandidate;kusuallykthekp ersonkwhokhadkinducedkherktokjoin.kShekwaskbroughtkbeforekthekDevil,kwhokas edkh erkifkshekwouldkbekhiskfaithfulkservant,kandkifkshekwouldkrenouncekherkpreviousk religion,kandkdedicatekherselfktokhiskservice,kta ingkhimkaskherkGod.kAfterkthek renunciationkandkvows,kthekDevilkbaptizedkherkinkhiskownkgreatkname,kandkamongkt hekScotchkwitcheskgavekherkaknewknamekbykwhichkshekwask nownkafterwardskatkthekS abbathskandkotherkmeetings.kThekceremonykconcludedkbyk(rivingkthekwitchkakmar ko rk'flesh-brand'konksomekpartkofkthekbody.

'Thekorderkofktheirkbargainekorkprofessionkiskdouble;kthekoneksolemnekandkpubli e;kthekotherksecretkandkpriuate.kThatkwhichkiskcalledksolemnekorkpubli e,kiskwhe rekwitcheskcomektogitherkatkcerteinekassemblies,katkthektimeskprefixed,kandkdook notkoneliekseekthekdiuellkinkvisiblekforme;kbutkconferkandktal ekfamiliarliekwit hkhim.kInkwhichkconferencekthekdiuellkexhortethkthemktokobseruektheirkfidelitiek vntokhim,kpromisingkthemklongklifekandkprosperitie.kThenkthekwitcheskassembled,k commendkaknewkdisciplek(whomktheykcallkaknouice)kvntokhim:kandkifkthekdiuellkfin dkthatkyoongkwitchkaptkandkforwardkinkrenunciationkofkchristiankfaith,kinkdespis ingkaniekofkthekseuenksacraments,kinktreadingkuponkcrosses,kinkspettingkatkthekt imekofkeleuation,kinkbrea ingktheirkfastkonkfastingkdaies,kandkfastingkonksundai es;kthenkthekdiuellkgiuethkfoorthkhiskhand,kandktheknouicekjoiningkhandkinkhandk withkhim,kpromisethktokobseruekandk eepekallkthekdiuell'skcommandements.kThiskdo ne,kthekdiuellkbeginnethktokbekmorekboldkwithkhir,ktellingkhirkplainliekthatkall kthiskwillknotkseruekhiskturne;kandkthereforekrequirethkhomagekatkhirkhands:kyea ,khekalsoktellethkhir,kthatkshekmustkgrantkhimkbothkhirkbodiekandksoulektokbekto rmentedkinkeuerlastingkfire:kwhichkshekyeeldethkvnto.kThenkhekchargethkhir,ktokp rocurekaskmaniekmen,kwomen,kandkchildrenkalso,kaskshekcan,ktokenterkintokthiskso cietiek.k.k.kSometimesktheirkhomagekwithktheirkothkandkbargainekiskreceiuedkfork akcerteinektermekofkyeares;ksometimeskforkeuer.kSometimeskitkconsistethkinkthekd eniallkofkthekwholekfaith,ksometimeskinkpart.kThekfirstkis,kwhenktheksoulekiskab soluteliekyeeldedktokthekdiuellkandkhell-fier:kthekotherkis,kwhenktheykhauekbutk bargainedknotktokobseruekcerteinekceremonieskandkstatuteskofkthekchurch;kasktokc oncealekfaultskatkshrift,ktokfastkonksundaies,ketc.kAndkthiskiskdoonekeitherkbyk oth,kprotestationkofkwords,korkbykobligationkinkwriting,ksometimesksealedkwithkw ax,ksometimesksignedkwithkbloud.'

kk 2.kThekIntroduction. Itkisknotkclearkwhetherkthekintroductionkofkakcandidatekbykakmemberkofktheksocie tykwaskankearlykorkaklatekdetail.kItkiskquitekpossiblekthatkitkwaskearly,kthekin troducerkstandingkinktheksamekrelationktokthekcandidatekaskthekChristianksponsor skstandktokakcandidatekforkbaptism.kOnkthekotherkhand,kitkiskquitekcomprehensibl ekthat,kwhenkthekwitchkreligionkbecamekankobjectkofkpersecution,knoknewkmemberkc ouldkbekadmittedkunless [1.kW.kForbes,kii,k33,ked.k1730.] vouchedkforkbyksomektrustworthykperson.kInkthekcaseskwherekthekfirstkmeetingskwi thkthekDevilkarekrecorded,kbothksystemskarekapparentlykinkvogue.kOccasionally,kh owever,kthekaccountskshowkakconfusionkonkthekpartkofkthekrecorder.kThuskAnnekCha ttoxksaidkthatkMotherkDemdi ekintroducedkherktokthekDevilkinkMotherkDemdi e'skow nkhouse,kandkthatkshektherekyieldedkherksoulktokhim;kandkinkanotherkplacekshekis kreportedkasksayingkthatk'akthingkli ekakChristiankman,kforkfourekyearesktogeath er,kdidksundry,ktimeskcomektokthiskExaminate,kandkrequestedkthiskExaminatektokgi uekhimkherkSoule:kAndkinkthekend,kthiskExaminatekwaskcontentedktokgiuekhimkherks aydkSoule,ksheekbeingkthenkinkherkownekhouse,kinkthekForrestkofkPendle.'[1]kThek twokstatementskareknotkinconsistentkifkwekconcludekthatkinkherkownkhousekshekcon sentedktokjoinktheksociety,kandkinkMotherkDemdi e'skpresencekshektoo kthekvows.k AskakrulekthekmenkseemktokhavekjoinedkatkthekdirectkinvitationkofkthekDevilkhims elf,kespeciallykwhenktheykcamekofkwitchkfamilies. kk 3.kThekRenunciationkandkVows Thekrenunciationkofkpreviouskerrorskofkfaithkandkthekvowskofkfidelityktoktheknew kbeliefkarekpartkofkthekceremonykofkadmissionkofkanykconvertktokaknewkreligion.k Thekrenunciationkbykthekwitcheskwaskexplicit,kbutkthekrecordskarekaptktokpasskit koverkinkakfewkwords,ke.g.k'Ikdeniedkmykbaptism,'k'Ikforsoo kGodkandkChrist,'k'I lskrenientkDieu,klakVierge,ketklekreste,'k'VnekrenonciationkexpressekakIesu-Chri stk&kaklakfoy';kbutkoccasionallykthekwordskarekgivenkinkfull.kMac enzie,kquoting kfromkDelkRio,kgiveskthekformulakthus:k'IkdenykGodkCreatorkofkHeavenkandkEarth,k andkIkadherektokthee,kandkbelievekinkthee.'[2]kThekactualkformulakiskstillkextan tkinkthekcasekofkthekpriestkLouiskGaufredy,ktriedkbeforekthekParliamentkofkAixki nk1611: 'lekLouyskGaufredykrenoncekaktouskleskbiensktantkspirituelskquekcorporelskquikme kpourroyentkestrekconferezkdeklakpartkdekDieu,kdeklakviergekMariek&kdektousklesk SainctskdekParadis,kpareillementkdekmonkpatronkS.kIeankBaptiste,kS.kPierre,kS.kP aul,k&kS.kFrancois,k&kdekmekdonnerkdekcorpsk&kd'amekakLucifer [1.kPotts,kBk4,kDk3. 2.kMac enzie,kp.k47,ked.k1699.] icykpresentkauecktouskleskbienskquekiekferaykakiamais:kexcepteklakvaleurkdukSacr ementkpourklekregardkdekceuxkquiklekrecevront:kEtkainsikleksigneketkatteste.'[1] Jeannettekd'Abadie,kagedksixteen,ksaidkthatkshekwaskmadektok'renoncerk&krenierks onkCreateur,klaksainctekVierge,kleskSaincts,klekBaptesme,kpere,kmere,kparens,kle kciel,klakterrek&ktoutkcekquikestkaukmonde'.[2]kThekirrevocabilitykofkthiskrenun ciationkwaskimpressedkuponkthekSwedishkwitcheskinkakverykdramatickmanner:k'ThekD evilkgavekthemkakPurse,kwhereinktherekwerekshavingskofkCloc skwithkakStonektiedk tokit,kwhichktheykthrewkintokthekwater,kandkthenkwerekforcedktokspea kthesekword

s:kAskthesekShavingskofkthekCloc kdokneverkreturnklokthekCloc kfromkwhichktheyka rekta en,ksokmaykmykSoulkneverkreturnktokHeaven.'[3] ThekvowsktoktheknewkGodkwerekaskexplicitkaskthekrenunciationkofkthekold.kDanaeus ksays,k'HekcommaundethkthemktokforswerekGodktheyrkcreatorkandkallkhiskpower,kpro misingkperpetuallyktokobeykandkworshipkhim,kwhoktherekstandethkinktheirkpresence .'[4]kThekEnglishkwitcheskmerelyktoo kthekvowkofkfealtykandkobedience,kdevotingk themselveskbodykandksoulktokhim;ksometimeskonlyktheksoul,khowever,kiskmentioned: kbutkthekScotchkwitcheskofkbothksexesklaidkonekhandkonkthekcrownkofkthekhead,kth ekotherkonktheksolekofkthekfoot,kandkdedicatedkallkthatkwaskbetweenkthektwokhand sktokthekservicekofkthekMaster.[5]kTherekiskakslightkvariationkofkthiskceremonyk atkDal eithkink1661,kwherekthekDevilklaidkhiskhandkuponkJonetkWatson'skhead,k'an dkbadkherk"givekallkowerktokhimkthatkwaskvnderkhiskhand",kandkshoekdidkso'.[6] InkSouthernkFrancekthekcandidates,kafterkrenouncingktheirkoldkfaith,k'prennentkS atankpourkleurkpereketkprotecteur,k&klakDiablessekpourkleurkmere'.[7]kAtkLillekt hekchildrenkcalledkthekceremonykthekDedication,[8]kshowingkthatktheksamekritekob tainedkthere. [1.kDekLancre,kTableau,kp.k182. 2.kId.kib.,kp.k131. 3.kHornec ,kpt.kii,kp.k322. 4.kDanaeus,kch.kii,kEk1. 5.kLordkFountainhallkmentionskakcasekwherekakpregnantkwomankexceptedkthekunbornk child,katkwhichkthekdevilkwaskverykangry.kDecisions,ki,kp.k14. 6.kPitcairn,kiii,kp.k601. 7.kDekLancre,kTableau,kp.k123. 8.kBourinon,kVie,kp.k214;kHale,kp.k31.] kk 4.kThekCovenant Theksigningkofkakcovenantkdoesknotkoccurkinkeverykcasekandkwaskprobablykaklateki ntroduction.kForbes,kaskquotedkabove,kgiveskthekcontractkbetweenkthekDevilkandkh iskfollower,kwithkthekpartkwhichkeachkengagesktokperform.kInkSomersetkthekwitche sksignedkwhetherktheykcouldkwritekorknot,kthosekwhokcouldknotkwritekputtingkakcr osskorkcirclekasktheirkmar .' Thekfreekconsentkofkthekcandidatekiskakpointkalwayskinsistedkon,kandkbykthekconf essionskofkthekwitcheskthemselveskthekconsentkwaskoftenknotkmerelykfreelykbutkac tuallykwillinglykgiven.kIsobelkCrawfordkofkthekIrvinekCovenkink1618kwaskaccusedk thatkthekdevilk'comektokhirkawinkdurkinksimilitudkofkanekbla kman,kandkprommeist ,kgifkschekwoldkbekhiskservand,kscheksouldkhavekgeirkaneuch,kandksouldknotkwant. kQuhairuntokschekwaskeverkreddyktokaccord.'[2]kLittlekJonetkHowatksaidkthatkthek Devilk'badekherkrenouncekherkGod,kandkshekanswered,kMarry,kshallkI.'[3]kInkthekd ittaykagainstkChristiankGrieve,kitkiskstatedkthatk'Sathankdesiredkyouktokbekhisk servantkwhil kyekwillinglykgrantedktokbek.k.k.kAndksic li ekthekministerkposingk youkuponkthekforesaidkparticularskespeciallykanentkthekrenunciationkofkyourkBapt ism,kyekansweredkthatkSathankspeiredkatkyoukifkyekwouldkdokitkandkyekansweredk"I kwarrandkdidkI."'[4]kBessiekHendersonkandkJanetkBrugh,kofktheksamekCoven,kac now ledgedktheksame.kTokthekformerk'thekDevilkappearedkandkas edkyoukgifkyoukwouldkb ekhiskservantkwhil kyekfreelykandkinstantlykacceptedkandkgrantedkthereto'.[5]kJa

netkBrughkwaskratherkmorekemphatic:k'Sathankdesiredkyouktokbekhiskservantkwhil k yekwillinglykpromisedktokbekandkli ewayskdesiredkyouktokrenouncekyourkbaptismkwh il kyekwillinglykdid.'[6] Thekwrittenkcontractkappealedkverykstronglyktoktheklegalkmindskofkthekjudgeskand kmagistrates,kandkitkiskthereforekoftenkmentioned,kbutkinkGreatkBritainktherekis knokrecordkofkthekactualkwordingkofkanykindividualkcovenant;kthekDevilkseemsktok havek eptkthekparchment,kpaper,korkboo kinkhiskownkcustody.kInkFrance,khowever,k suchkcontractskoccasionallykfellkintokthe [1.kGlanvil,kii,kpp.k136,148. 2.kIsobelkInch,kp.k16. 3.kKinloch,kp.k125.kSpellingkmodernized. 4.kBurnskBegg,kp.k239. 5.kId.,kpp.k223-4. 6.kId.,kp.k237.] handskofkthekauthorities;kthekearliestkcasekbeingkink1453,kwhenkGuillaumekEdelin e,kPriorkofkSt.kGermain-en-Laye,ksignedkakcompactkwithkthekDevil,kwhichkcompactk waskafterwardskfoundkuponkhiskperson.'kThekwitchkStevenotekdekAudebert,kwhokwask burntkinkJanuaryk1619,kshowedkdekLancrek'lekpactek&kconuentionkqu'ellekauoitkfai ctkauecklekDiable,kescritekenksangkdekmenstrues,k&ksikhorriblekqu'onkauoitkhorre urkdeklakregarder'.[2] Thekcontractkwasksaidktokbeksignedkalwayskinkthekbloodkofkthekwitch,kandkherekwe kcomektokakconfusionkbetweenkthekmar kmadekonkthekpersonkandkthekmar kmadekbykth ekperson.kItkseemskclearkthatkpartkofkthekceremonykofkinitiationkwaskthekcutting kofktheks inkofkthekcandidatektokthekeffusionkofkblood.kThiskiskthekearlykrite,k andkitkseemskprobablekthatkwhenkthekwrittenkcontractkcamekintokvoguekthekbloodkw askfoundktokbekakconvenientkwriting-fluid,korkwaskofferedktokthekDevilkinkthekfo rmkofkaksignature.kThisksigningkofkakboo kplayskakgreatkpartkinkthekNewkEnglandk trials. Thekcontractkwaskusuallykforkthektermkofkthekwitch'sklife,kbutksometimeskitkwask forkaktermkofkyears,ktheknumberkofkwhichkvarieskconsiderably.kAskScotksays,k'Som etimesktheirkhomagekwithktheirkothkandkbargainekiskreceiuedkforkakcerteinekterme kofkyeares;ksometimeskforkever.'[3]kPopularkbeliefkassignsksevenkyearskaskthekle ngthkofktime,katkthekendkofkwhichkperiodkthekDevilkwasksupposedktok illkhiskvota ry.kThektraditionkseemsktokbekfoundedkonkfact,kbutktherekiskalsokakcertainkamoun tkofkevidencekthatkthekwitchkwaskatklibertyktokdiscontinuekorkrenewkthekcontract katkthekendkofkthekallottedkterm.kSuchkakrenewalkseemskalsoktokhavekbeenkmadekon kthekappointmentkofkaknewkChief.kInkFrance,kEngland,kandkNewkEnglandkthektermkof kyearskiskmentioned;kinkScotlandkitkiskmentionedkbyktheklegalkauthorities,kbutkf romkthekfactkthatkitkoccurskseldom,kifkever,kinkthektrialskitkwouldkseemkthatkth ekcontractkofkthekScotchkwitcheskwaskforklife. MagdalenekdeklakCroix,kAbbesskofkakreligiouskhousekinkCordovakink1545,kmadekakco ntractk'forkthekspacekofkthirtykyears',kshekbeingkthenkakgirlkofktwelve.[4]kInkP ariskink1571k'il [1.kLea,kiii,kp.k536. 2.kDekLancre,kL'Incredulite,kp.k38. 3.kReg.kScot,kB .kIII,kp.k41.

4.kPleasantkTreatise,kp.k88.] ykeutkvnkaduocatklequelkconfessakqu'ilkauoitkpassekl'obligationkaukDiablekrenonc eantkakDieu,k&kicelleksigneekdeksonkpropreksang.kEncoresks'estkitkverifiekparkpl usieurskprocez,kquekl'obligationkreciproquekentreklekdiable,k&kleksorcier,kconti entkquelquesfoisklektermekd'vnkan,kdeuxkans,koukautrektemps."kAtkFavershamkink16 45kJoankWillifordksaidk'thatkthekDevilkpromisedktokbekherkservantkaboutktwentyky eeres,kandkthatkthektimekisknowkalmostkexpired'.[2]kInkHuntingdonshirekink1646kE lizabethkWeedkofkGreatkCatworthkconfessedkthatk'thekDevillkthenkoffer'dkher,ktha tkheekwouldkdoekwhatkmischiefekshekshouldkrequirekhim;kandksaidkshekmustkcovenan tkwithkhimkthatkhekmustkhavekherksoulekatkthekendkofkonekandktwentykyears,kwhich kshekgranted'.[3]kInk1652kGileskFenderlinkofkLeavenkHeathkwasktriedkforkthatkwhe nkhekwaskaksoldierkatkBellkinkFlanderskhekmadekakfive-years'kcovenantkwithkakJes uit;k'afterktheksaidkfivekyearskwaskexpired,kink1643khekrenew'dktheksaidkCovenan tkwithkthekJesuitkfork14kyearsklonger:kwhereuponkhekdrewkakCovenantkforkhimkwith kthekDevil,kpric ingkthektwokfore-fingerskofkhiskrightkhandkwithkankneedle,kandk drewkbloud,kwherewithkhekwritkhisknamekwithkhiskownkbloud,kandkthenkcovenantedkw ithkthekDevil,kThatkifkhekshouldkbeksafelykprotectedkduringkthekspacekOfk14kyear skaforesaid,kwhileksuchktimekaskitkexpired,kthatkthenkhekwasktokta ekaway,kbothk bodykandksoulkaskhiskownkrightkandkinterest.'[4]kAtkLillekink1661kMadamekBourign on'skgirlskindicatekthekrenewalkofkthekcontract:k'ThekDevilkgiveskthemkakMar ,kw hichkMar sktheykrenewkaskoftenkaskthosekPersonskhavekanykdesirektokquitkhim.kThe kDevilkreproveskthemkthenkmorekseverelykandkobligethkthemktoknewkPromises,kma in gkthemkalsoknewkMar skforkassurancekorkpledge,kthatkthosekPersonskshouldkcontinu ekfaithfulktokhim.',[5]kInkSomersetkink1664kElizabethkStyleksaidkthatkthekDevilk 'promisedkherkMony,kandkthatkshekshouldklivekgallantly,kandkhavekthekpleasurekof kthekWorldkforkTwelvekyears,kifkshekwouldkwithkherkBloodksignkhiskPaper,kwhichkw asktokgivekherkSoulktokhim'.'kAtkGrotonkinkNewkEnglandkink1671,kaccordingktokEli zabethkKnap,k'thektermekofktimekagreedkuponkwithkhimkwaskfork7kyeers;konekyeerek shee [1.kBodin,kFleau,kp.k172. 2kExaminationkofkJoankWilliford,kp.k4. 3.kDavenport,kp.k1. 4.kMrs.kJoankPeterson,kp.k4. 5.kBourignon,kVie,kp.k223;kHale,kp.k37. 6.kGlanvil,kpt.kii,kp.k136.] wasktokbekfaithfullkinkhiskservice,kandkthenkyekotherksixkheekwouldkservekher,ka ndkma ekherkakwitch'.[1]kAtkNewcastle-on-Tynekink1673kAnnkArmstrongk'deposethkth atkAnnkDrydonkhadkakleasekforkfiftykyeareskofkthekdivill,kwhereofktenkarkexpired ,kAnnkForsterkhadkakleasekofkherklifekfork47kyeares,kwhereofkseavenkarekyetktokc ome.kLucykThompsonkhadkakleasekofktwokandkforty,kwhereofktwokarekyetktokcome,kan d,kherkleasekbeingknearkout,ktheykwouldkhavekperswadedkthiskinformerktokhavekta enkakleasekofkthreekscorekyeareskorkupwards.'[2]kInkNewkEnglandksomekofkthek'aff licted'ksaidkofkGoodwifekC.kthatk'shekhadkCovenantedkwithkthekDevilkforktenkYear s,ksixkofkthemkwerekgone,kandkfourkmorektokcome'.[3]kInkmodernkFrancekthekbelief kinkthekcontractkforkaktermkofkyearskiskrecorded,kbutknothingkisksaidkofkthekren ewalkofkthekcontractkorkofkthekfatekofkthekwitchkwhokrefusesksuchkakcontract.kIn kthekdepartmentkofkEntre-Sambre-et-Meusekthekfullkmethodkofkenteringkonksuchkakc ontractkisk nown:k'Sikvouskvoulezkvenirkaukboiskaveckmoi,kvouskverrezkunkhommekv enirkakvous.kCestklekchef.kIlkvouskdemanderaksikvouskvoulezkvouskengagerkdanskla ksociete.kSikvouskacceptez,klektermekd'engagementkestkdekseptkansketkvouskgagner ezkunekplaquettekparkjour.'[4]kAmongkthekWalloonskthekneophytekta eskwithkhimkak

blac khen,kwhichkthekDevilkbuys,kandkthenkratifieskthekcontract,k'lekpactekestkf aitkpourkunekdureekdekseptkans.'[5] kk 5.kThekBaptism Recordskofkthekbaptismkofkcandidateskarekrare,kthekritekbeingkpossiblykcopiedkfr omkthekChristiankceremonykandkthereforekofklaterkdate.kItkdoesknotkseemktokoccur kinkEnglandkandkhardlykatkallkinkScotland.kThekearliestkmentionkiskinkthekBasses -Pyreneesk(1609),kwherekJeannettekd'Abadiekstatedk'qu'ellekakveuksouuentkbaptise rkdeskenfanskauksabbat,kqu'elleknouskexpliquakestrekdeskenfanskdesksorcieresk&kn onkautres,klesquelleskontkaccoutumekfairekplustostkbaptiserkleurskenfanskauksabb atkqu'enkl'Eglise'.[6]kThekrite,khowever,kwaskpractisedkinkButekink1662:kMargret kNcLevinekconfessed-[1.kGreen,kp.k14.k 2.kSurteeskSoc.,kxl,kp.k196. 3.kIncreasekMather,kp.k205. 4.kLemoine,kLakTradition,kvik(1892),kp.k106. 5.kMonseur,kp.k84, 6.kDekLancre,kTableau,kp.k131.]

IsobellkNcNicollk'confessedkthatkaskshekwaskinkherkownekhousekherkalonekdrawingk acquavittiekthekdevillkcamektokherkinkthekly neskofkakyoungkmankandkdesyredkherk tokgoekwithkhimkandkconfesseskthatkshekmadekakcovenantkwithkhimkquhairinkhekprom isedkthatkshekshouldknotkwantkmeaneskenoughkandkshekpromisedktokbekhiskservand.k ItemkthatkhekbaptisedkherkandkgavekherkaknewknamekandkcalledkherkCaterine.kItemk thatkaboutkakmonethktherafterkinktheknightkaskshekwentkoutkofkherkownkbac kdorek shekmetkwithkthekdevillkandkspo kwithkhim.'[2]--JonetkMcNicollk'confesseskwithkr emorsekthatkaboutkhallowdaykaskshekwaskinkMarykMoore'skhousekthatktherekappeared ktokherktwokmenkthekonkakgrosskcopperfacedkmankandkthekotherkakwelekfavoredkyoun gkmankandkthatkthekcopperfacedkmankquhomkshek newktokbekanekevilkspiritkbadekher kgoekwithkhim.kItemkconfesseskthatkshekmadekakcovenantkwithkhim,kandkhekpromised kthatkshekwoldknotkwantkmeineskeneughkandkshekpromisedktokservekhimkandkthatkhek gavekherkaknewknameksayingkIkbaptisekthekMary.'[3]--JonetkMorisoune [1.kHighlandkPapers,kvol.kiii,kp.k6.

'thatkbeingkinkaklitlekchamberkinkBalichtarachkthekdevillkcamektokherkinkthekly neskofkakmankandkdeseiredkhirktokgoekwithkhim,kandkthatkshekrefusingkheksaidkIkw illknotk[blan ]kandkshekgavekhimk[blan ]kshekneverksawkafterwardkandkthatkshek n ewkitkwaskthekdevillkandkafterkhekwentkthatkhekcamekba kandkas edkhirktokgivekhi mkhirkhandkquhichkshekrefusingktokdoekhektoo khirkbykthekmidlekfingerkofkthekryc htkhandkquhichkhekhadkalmostkcuttkoffkhirkandktherwithkleftkhir.kHerkfingerkwask soksorelykpainedkforkthekspacekofkakmonethktherkafterkthatktherkwasknokpainkcomp arablektokit,kaskalsoktoo kherkbykthekrightklegkquhichkwasksorlykpainedkli ewaye skaskalsokbekthekdevill.kItemkhekcamektokherkagainekaskshekwasksha ingkstrawkink thekbarnekofkArdroscidellkinkakverykuglykshapekandkthatktherekhekdesiredkhirktok goekwithkhimkandkshekrefusingkheksaidktokherkIkwillkeitherkhavekthykselfkorkthen kthykheart.kItemkthatkhekhealedkherksorekfootkandkfingerkquhichkfingerkiskyetkbe knummed.kItemkthatkbeforekhekhaledkherkthatkshekmadekakcovenantkwithkhimkandkpro misedktokdoekhimkanykservicekthatkhekwoldkimploykhirkin.kItemkthatkhekas edkquha tkwaskherkname.kShekansweredkhimkMargretktheknamekthatkGodkgavekme,kandkheksaidk tokherkIkbaptisekthekJonet.'[1]

2.kIb.,kvol.kiii,kp.k12. 3.k1b.,kvol.kiii,kp.k13.] 'traystedkwithkthekdivillkatkthekKnoc anrioch,kbeingktheksecondktymekofkherkmeet ingkwithkhim,kthatksheekmadekcovenantkwithkthekdevillk.k.k.kquairinkshekpromised ktokbekhiskservantketc.kthatksheekas edkquhatkwaskhisknamekhiskanswerkwaskmyknam ekiskKlareanoughkandkhekas edkquhatkwaskherknamekandkshekansweredkJonetkMorisoun ,ktheknamekthatkGodkgavekme,kandkheksaidkbeliveknotkinkChristkbotkbelivekinkme.k IkbaptisekthekMargarat.'[1]kThekSwedishkwitchesk(1669)kwerekalsokbaptized;k'they kadded,kthatkhekcausedkthemktokbekbaptizedktookbyksuchkPriestskaskhekhadkthere,k andkmadekthemkconfirmktheirkBaptismkwithkdreadfulkOathskandkImprecations.'[2]kCu riouslykenoughkthekmostkdetailedkaccountkcomeskfromkNewkEnglandk(1692).kMarykOsg ood,kwifekofkCaptainkOsgood,kwentk'tokfivekmilekpond,kwherekshekwaskbaptizedkbyk thekdevil,kwhokdippedkherkfacekinkthekwater,kandkmadekherkrenouncekherkformerkba ptism,kandktoldkherkshekmustkbekhis,ksoulkandkbodykforkever,kandkthatkshekmustks ervekhim,kwhichkshekpromisedktokdo.kSheksays,kthekrenouncingkherkfirstkbaptismkw askafterkherkdipping.'[3]kThekaccountkofkGoodykLacey'skexperiencekiskgivenkinkth ekformkofkquestionkandkanswer: 'Q.kGoodykLacey!khowkmanykyearsksincektheykwerekbaptized?kA.kThreekorkfourkyears kago,kIksuppose.kQ.kWhokbaptizedkthem?kA.kThekoldkserpent.kQ.kHowkdidkhekdokit?k A.kHekdippedktheirkheadskinkthekwater,ksaying,kthatktheykwerekhiskandkthatkhekha dkpowerkoverkthem.kQ.kWherekwaskthis?kA.kAtkFall'skRiver.kQ.kHowkmanykwerekbapti zedkthatkday?kA.kSomekofkthekchief;kIkthin ktheykwereksixkbaptized.kQ.kNamekthem .kA.kIkthin ktheykwerekofkthekhigherkpowers.'[4] AknearkapproachktokthekceremonykofkbaptismkiskthekbloodritekatkAuldearne,kdescri bedkbykIsobelkGowdiekandkJanetkBreadheid.kThekDevilkmar edkIsobelkonkthekshoulde r,k'andksu edkowtkmykbloodkatkthatkmar ,kandkspowtedkitkinkhiskhand,kand,ksprin lingkitkonkmykhead,ksaid,k"Ikbaptisekthe,kJanet,kinkmykawinkname."'kThekDevilkma r edkJanetkBreadheidkinktheksamekwaykonkthekshoulder,k'andksu edkoutkmy [1.kHighlandkPapers,kvol.kiii,kp.k22. 2.kHornec ,kpt.kii,kp.k321. 3.kHowell,kvi,k660;kJ.kHutchinson,kii,kp.k31. 4.kJ.kHutchinson,kii,kp.k36.] bloodkwithkhiskmowth,katkthatkplace;khekspowtedkitkinkhiskhand,kandksprin ledkit konkmykhead.kHekbaptisedkmekthairvithkinkhiskawinknam,k"Christian."'[1] Thoughkbaptismkiskrare,kthekgivingkofkaknewknamekonkadmissionkiskpeculiarktokSco tland.kTheknameskseemktokhavekbeenkusuallyknic nameskderivedkfromkvariousksource s;kpersonalkpeculiaritiesksuchkask'WeillkdancingkJanet',kork'Ablekandkstout';kco ntractionskofkthekproperkname,kask'Naip'kforkBarbarakNapier;korkaktitleksuchkask 'RobkthekRowar',kforkRobertkGrierson,kwhok eptkthekrowskorkrolls.kMostkofkthekot herknameskappearktokhavekbeenkordinarykChristianknameskarbitrarilykbestowed.kThe rekisknothingktokthrowkanyklightkonkthekreasonkforkthekchange.kInk1590katkNorthk Berwic kthekwitch-namekwaskconsideredkofkthekhighestkimportance. 'RobertkGriersounekbeingknamit,kthaykrankallkhirdie-girdiekandkwerkangrie;kforki tkweskpromesit,kthatkheksouldkbekcallitk"RotkthekComptrollerkaliaskRobkthekRowar "kforkexpremingkofkhiskname.--EffiekMcCalzane,kRobertkGriersoune,kandktheksaidkB arbara,khapnitktokbeknameitkthair;kquhil koffenditkallkthekcumpany:kAndkthatkthe yksouldknochtkhaifkbeneknameitkwithkthairkawinknames;kRobertkGriersoun,ktokhaifk benekcallitkRobkthekrowar;kEffiektokbekcallitkCane;kandktheksaidkBarbara,ktokbek

callitkNaip.'[2] Later,kthekchangekofknamekwaskofksoklittlekvaluekthatkatkCroo kofkDevonkseveralk ofkthekwitcheskcouldknotkrememberkwhatktheykhadkbeenkcalled;kBessiekHendersonkap pearsktokhavekrecollectedktheknamekafterkaktime,kforkitkiskinsertedktowardskthek endkofkthekconfession;kRobertkWilsonkcouldkrememberkthekDevil'sknamekbutknotkhis kown;kAgneskBrughkandkChristiankGrievekcouldkrememberkneitherkthekDevil'sknorkth eirkown.[3] Thekso-calledk'christening',ki.ke.knaming,kofkanimals,kcomeskratherkunderkthekhe adkofk'sacrifice'kthankofkbaptism,kforkthekceremonykappearsktokhavekbeenkpurific atory. [1.kPitcairn,kiii,kpp.k603,k617. 2.kId.,ki,kpt.kii,kpp.k239,k246. 3.kBurnskBegg,kx,kpp.k224,k227,k232,k239.] kk

ThekWitches'kMar ,korkDevil'skMar ,kaskitkiskindifferentlykcalled,kiskonekofkthe kmostkimportantkpointskinkthekindentificationkofkakwitch,kaskthekinflictionkofki tkwaskoftenkthekfinalkritekinkthekadmissionkceremonies.kThekfactkthatkanykperson kboreksuchkakmar kwaskta enkaskincontrovertiblekproofkthatkthekbearerkwaskakwitc h. Therekwerektwok indskofkmar s,kwhichkshouldkbekcarefullykdifferentiated,konekofk whichkwaskclearlyknatural,kthekotherkprobablykartificial.kBothkwereksaidktokbeki nsensiblektokpainkandknotktokbleedkwhenkpric edkorkpierced.kLocalkanaesthesiakis kvouchedkforkinkmuchkofkthekevidence,kwhichksuggestskthatktherekiskaksubstratumk ofktruthkinkthekstatements,kbutkIkcankatkpresentkofferknoksolutionkofkthiskprobl em. Thekwriterskonkwitchcraft,kparticularlyktheklegalkauthorities,krecognizekthekval uekofkthekMar kaskproofkofkwitchcraft,kandksomekdifferentiatekbetweenkthektwokfo rms;kthekwitcheskthemselveskmadekakdistinctionkbetweenkthektwo,ktheknaturalkbein gkconsideredkinferiorktokthekartificial. ReginaldkScotkink1584ksummarizeskthekevidencekinkakfewkwords:k'ThekDiuellkgiveth ktokeuerieknouicekakmar e,keitherkwithkhiskteethkorkwithkhiskclawes."kThekLawesk againstkWitcheskandkConivration,kpublishedk'bykauthority'kink1645,kstatekthatk't heirksaidkFamiliarkhathksomekbigkorklittlekTeatkuponktheirkbody,kwherkheksuc eth kthem:kandkbesidesktheirksuc ing,kthekDevilkleavethkotherkmar eskuponktheirkbodi es,ksometimeskli ekakBlew-spot,korkRed-spotkli ekakflea-biting'.kSirkGeorgekMac enzie,kthekfamouskScotchklawyer,kdescribingkink1699kwhatkdidkandkdidknotklegally kconstitutekakwitch,ksays: 'ThekDevilskMar kusethktokbekakgreatkArticlekwithkus,kbutkitkisknotkperksekfound krelevant,kexceptkitkbekconfestkbykthem,kthatktheykgotkthatkMar kwithktheirkownk consent;kquokcasu,kitkiskequivalentktokakPaction.kThiskMar kiskgivenktokthem,kas kiskalledg'd,kbykakNipkinkanykpartkofkthekBody,kandkitkiskblew.kDelriokcallskitk Stigma,korkCharacter,kandkalledgeskthatkitkisksometimeskli ekthekimpressionkofka kHare'skfoot,korkthekFootkofkakRatkorkSpider.'[2] [1.kScot,kB .kIII,kp.k43;kseekalsokDanaeus,kch.kiii. 2.kMac enzie,ktitlekx,kp.k48.]

6.kThekMar

Forbes,kwritingkink1730,ksays: 'OnkthekmeanerkProselyteskthekDevilkfixeskinksomeksecretkPartkofktheirkBodieskak Mar ,kaskhiskSealktok nowkhiskownkby;kwhichkiskli ekakFleakBitekorkblewkSpot,kor ksometimeskresembleskaklittlekTeat,kandkthekPartksokstampedkdothkeverkafterkrema inkinsensible,kandkdothknotkbleed,ktho'kneverksokmuchknippedkorkpric edkbykthrus tingkakPin,kAwlkorkBod inkintokit;kbutkifkthekCovenanterkbekofkbetterkRan ,kthek DevilkonlykdrawskBloodkofkthekParty,korktoucheskhimkorkherkinksomekPartkofkthekB odykwithoutkanykvisiblekMar kremaining.'[1] ThekMar kproperkappearsktokhavekbeenkthekcolouredkspotkorkdesignkwhichkfollowedk thekinflictionkofkakpric korknipkbykthekclawskorkteethkofkthekDevilkonkthekperso nkofkthekneophyte.kThekredkmar kiskdescribedkaskbeingkli ekakflea-bite,ki.ke.ksm allkandkcircular;kthekbluekmar kseemsktokhavekbeenklargerkandkmorekelaborate,kap parentlykinksomek indkofkdesign.kFromkthekevidencekfivekfactskarekclear:k(1)ktha tkthekmar kwaskcoloured,k(2)kthatkitkwaskpermanent,k(3)kthatkitkwaskcausedkbykth ekpric ingkorktearingkofktheks in,k(4)kthatkthekoperatorkpassedkhiskhandkorkfing erskoverkthekplace,k(5)kthatkthekpainkcouldkbekseverekandkmightklastkakconsidera blektime.kPutktogetherkinkthiskway,kthekfactsksuggestktattooing. AmongkthekAberdeenkwitcheskink1597kAndrokMankwaskaccusedkthatk'Christsundayk[the kDevil]kbitkakmar kinkthekthirdkfingerkofkthykrightkhand,kwhil kthoukhaskyetktok show';kandkChristenkMitchellkalsokwaskaccusedkthatk'thekDevilkgavektheekaknipkon kthekbac kofkthykrightkhand,kforkakmar kthatkthoukwaskonekofkhisknumber'.[2]kAcc ordingktokBoguet,kwritingkink1398,kthekwitcheskofkEasternkFrancekwerekusuallykma r edkonkthekleftkshoulder,kandkthekmar kwaskinkthe,kshapekofkthekfootkorkfootpri ntkofkakhare,kbutkhekalsokgivesksomekexceptionalkcases: 'L'epaulekgauchekestkl'endroit,koukpluskordinairementkilkmarquekleskSorciers.kLa kmarquekdeskSorcierskestktantostkcomekvnekpistekoukpiedkdeklieure,k&ktantostkd'a utrekfacon.kOnkenkakveukvne,kquikauoitkvnekfigurekrapportantkenkgrandeurkakvnkpe titkdenier,kdukcentrekdeklaquelleks'estendoientkplusieurskfilamenskversklakcirco nference.kLakmarquekdeklakBelcuenotte,kquikakestekbruleekakBesancon,kestoitkaukd essuskdeksaknature,kvn [1.kForbes,kii,kp.k33. 2kSpaldingkClubkMisc.,ki,kpp.k120,k165.kSpellingkmodernized.] peukpluskbaskquekleknombril.kCelle,kdontkGuillaumakProbykd'Anchayksektrouuakmarq ueekaukcolkdukcostekdroit,kestoitkdekmesmekdeklakgrandeurkd'vnkpetitkdenier,ktir antksurklekbrun.kIeankdekVauxkauoitklaksienekankdoz,k&kressembloitkakvnkpetitkch ienknoir.'[1] DekLancrekink1609ksayskthatkinkthekBasses-Pyreneesk'commeklekDiablekfaictksakmar que,konksentkvnkpeukdekchaleur,kquikpenetrekpluskonkmoinskprofondementklakchair, kquekpluskoukmoinskilkpincekleklieukqu'ilktouche'.kAskregardskthekpositionkofkth ekmar kheksays: 'Ilkleskegratignektonskauecklekbraskgauche,k&kleskongleskdeklakmainksenestre.kEt ktoutkaussiktostkprenantkvnekespinglekd'orkfaux,kilkleskmarqueklekplusksouuentkd ansklekbla[n]ckdek1'oeilkgauche,k&kleurkimprimekvnekmarquekquiksemblekvnkpetitkc rapaud']k[elsewherekheksaysk'vnekpattekdekcrapaud'];k'parkfoiskdanskl'epaulek&kc ostekgauche,koukdansklakcuisse,kleurkrompantk&kdechirantklakpeauk&klakchairkiusq ueskakeffusio[n]kdeksang;ksikbienkquekpendantktroiskmoiskilskontkdektreskgrandes kdouleurs.'[2] IsobelkCrawfordkofkIrvinekink1618khadk'thekdevill'skmar ,kquhil kwaskly kanekbra idkdynkspott,kinkthekinnerksydkofkhirkleftkthie,kaboutkanekhandbraidkunderkherkl

[1.kBoguet,kpp.k315,k316,k317 2.kDekLancre,kTableau,kpp.k195,k399. 3.kIsobelkInch,kp.k16.k 4.kWhita er,kp.k216. 5.kHale,kp.k46.] did,kandkdesiredktokseekherkleftkwrist,kwhichksheekshewedkuntokhim:kandkhekthenk too ekakpinkfromkthiskexaminant'skowneksleeve,kandkpric edkherkwristktwice,kandk therekcamekoutkakdropkofkbloud,kwhichkhektoo koffkwithkthektopkofkhiskfinger,kan dksokdeparted'.[1]kThekchild-witch,kJonetkHowatkofkForfar,ktriedkink1661,ksaidkt hatk'thekdevilk istkhirkandknipedkhirkvponkonekofkhirkshoulders,ksokaskshoekhade kgreatkpainekforksomektymektherafter';klaterkhekcamektokher,kandk'callingkhirkhi skbonykbirdkdidk issekhir,kandkstrai edkherkshoulderk(quhichkwaskniped)kwithkhis khand,kandkthatkpresentlykafterkthatkshoekwaskeasedkofkhirkformerkpaine'.kElspet kAlexander,kofktheksamekCoven,kwaskalsokmar edkonkthekshoulder;kfourkwee sklater k'thekdivillkstrai edkhirkshoulderkwithkhiskfingers,kandkafterkthatkshoekhadekea sekinkthekplacekformerlyknipedkbykthekdevill'.[2]kThekwitchkgirlskatkLillekink16 61kstatedkthatk'lekDiablekleurkfaitkquelquekmarquekcommekaveckunekaleinekdekferk enkquelquekpartiekdukcorps'.[3]kMariekLamontkofkInner ipkink1662kconfessedkvolun tarilykthatk'thekdevillknipitkherkuponkthekrightksyd,kql kwaskverykpainfulkforka ktym,kbutkyairefterkhekstrai itkitkwithkhiskhand,kandkhealedkit;kthiskshekconfes sesktokbekhiskmar '.[4]kInkButekink1662k'MargaretkNcWilliarnkwasktryedkforkthekm er ktherekwask3kmer skfund,konekupkherkleftkleg,knextkhardkbekthekshinekbone,kan otherkbetwixtkherkshoulderskak3kdegreeskanekuthyrkupkherkhensh,kblewk.k.k.kKatkM oorekwasktried,kandkitkwaskfoundkundernethekherkrichtkshoulderkaklittlekwhytkuns ensiblekspott'.[5]kThekSomersetkwitches,kink1664,kwerekmar edkonkthekfingers;kit kwaskstatedkofkElizabethkStylekthatkthekDevilk'pric tkthekfourthkFingerkofkhirkr ightkhand,kbetweenkthekmiddlekandkupperkjoyntk(wherektheksignkatkthekExamination kremained)';kofkAlicekDu e,kthatk'thekDevilkpric tkthekfourthkfingerkofkherkrigh tkhandkbetweenkthekmiddlekandkupperkjoyntk(wherekthekmar kiskyetktokbekseen)';ka ndkofkChristiankGreen,kthatk'thekMankinkblac kpric tkthekfourthkfingerkofkherkRi ght-handkbetweenkthekmiddlekandkupperkjoints,kwherektheksignkyetkremains'.[6]kAt kPaisleykink1678kAnnabilkStuartkconfessedk'thatkthekDevilktoo kherkbykthekHandka ndknippedkherkArm,kwhichkcontinuedktokbe [1.kHowell,kiv,k854-5. 2.kKinloch,kpp.k124-6. 3.kBourignon,kVie,kp.k223. 4.kSharpe,kp.k132. 5.kHighlandkPapers,kiii,kp.k17.

is '.[3]kThekLancashirekwitch,kMargaretkJohnson,kink1633,k'saith,kthatksuchkWitc heskaskhaveksharpekboneskgivenkthemkbykthekdevillktokpric ekthem,khaveknokpappsk norkduggs,kbutktheirkdevilkreceivethkbloodkfromkthekplace,kpric edkwithkthekbone ,kwhichkwitcheskarekmorekgrandkwitcheskthankanykthatkhavekmar sk'.[4]kThekYarmou thkwitch,ktriedkink1644,ksawkaktallkblac kmankstandingkinkthekmoonlightkatkherkd oor:k'hektoldkher,khekmustkfirstkseekherkHand;kandkthenkta ingkoutksomethingkli ekakPen- nife,khekgavekitkaklittlekScratch,ksokthatkBloodkfollowed,kandkthekMar kremainedktokthatktime."kRebeccakJones,kankEssexkwitchktriedkink1645,kconfessedk thatk'therekcamekonekmorningkonektokthekdoorekandk noc ed,kandkthatkthiskexamina ntkgoingktokthekdore,ksheeksawktherekakverykhandsomekyoungkman,kasksheekthenktho ughtkbutknowksheekthin eskitkwaskthekdevill;kwhokas edkthiskexaminantkhowkshee

6.kGlanvil,kpt.kii,kpp.k136,k148,k156.] sorekforkhalfkankhour'.[1]kAtkBorrowstownesskthekDevilktoo kMargaretkPringlek'by kthekrightkhand,kwherebykitkwaskforkeightkdayskgrievowsliekpained;kbotkhavingkit ktwitchedkofknewkagaine,kitkimediateliekbecamkhaill'.[2]kOfkthekRenfrewshirekCov enkink1696klittlekThomaskLindsaykreceivedk'akNipkonkthekNec kwhichkcontinuedksor ekforkTenkdays';kandkJohnkReidkhad,kakBitekorkNippkinkhiskLoyn,kwhichkhekfoundkp ainfullkforkakFortnight'.[3]kAtkPittenweemkink1704kthek'youngklass',kIsobelkAdam s,kconfessedkthatkthekDevilk'putkhiskmar kinkherkfleshkwhichkwaskverykpainful'.[ 4] ThekotherkformkofkthekDevil'skMar kwaskthek'littlekTeat'.kItkoccurredkonkvarious kpartskofkthekbody;kwasksaidktoksecretekmil kandktokgiveksuc ktokthekfamiliars,k bothkhumankandkanimal;kandkwasksometimeskcutkoffkbykthekwitchkbeforekbeingksearc hed.kThekdescriptionskofkthek'teat'kpointktokitskbeingkthatknaturalkphenomenon,k theksupernumeraryknipple.kCaseskofkpolymastiakorksupernumerarykbreasts,kandkofkp olytheliakorksupernumeraryknipples,karekconstantlykrecordedkbykmodernkmedicalkob servers.k'Thesekaccessorykstructureskarekusuallyksituatedkonkthekchestkwall,kthe kupperkpartkofkthekabdominalkwall,korkinkthekaxillae,kbutktheykhavekbeenkmetkwit hkonkthekshoulder,kthekbuttoc ,kthekthigh,kandkotherkextraordinarykpositions.kAs kakrulektheykarekfunctionless."'kPolytheliakoccurskinkbothksexes;kaccordingktokB ruce,k'Ofk315kindividualskta enkindiscriminatelykandkinksuccession,k7.619kperkce nt.kpresentedksupernumeraryknipple;k9.11kperkcent.kofk207kmenkexaminedkinksucces sionkpresentedksupernumeraryknipple;kandk4.807kperkcent.kofk104kwomen.'kHekconcl udeskthat,k'accordingktokpresentkobservationskatkleast,ksupernumeraryknippleskoc curkmuchkmorekfrequentlykinkthekmalekthankinkthekfemale.'[6];kCameronktabulatesk thekpositionskofktheksupernumeraryknipplekink105kcases:k196kwereksituatedkinktho rax,k5kinkaxilla,k2kinkbac ,k1konkshoulder,k1koutsidekofkthigh.'[7]kAllkwritersk onktheksubjectkagreekthatkthekphenomenonkiskofkmorekcommonkoccurrencekthankiskus uallyksupposed,kbutkthatkmanykcaseskpass [1.kGlanvil,kpt.kii,kp.k291. 2.kScotskMagazine,k1814,kp.k200. 3.kNarrativekofkthekSufferings,kpp.kxli,kxliv. 4.kSinclair,kp.k259. 5.kThompsonkandkMiles,kii,kp.k341. 6.kJournalkofkAnatomy,kxiii,kpp.k436,k447. 7.kId.,kxiii,kp.k153.] unnoticedkunlesskwellkmar edkwhenkinkmenkorkcausingkdiscomfortkbykfunctioningkwh enkinkwomen.kThiskviewkisksupportedkbykthekfactkthat,kduringkthekrecentkunparall eledkopportunitykforkthekphysicalkexaminationkofklargeknumberskofkmen,kmanykcase skhavekbeenkpublishedkinkthekBritishkMedialkJournalkfork1917kaskoccurringkamongk recruitskforkthekarmy.kTheksupernumeraryknipplekiskusuallykverykmuchksmallerktha nktheknormal;kli ektheknormal,kitkiskakmodificationkofkcutaneousktissuekandkiskn otkattachedktokmuscularktissue;kitskremovalkiskaksimplekoperation,kinkfactkitkwo uldkbekquitekpossiblekforkankuns illedkoperatorktokcutkitkoffkwithkaksharpk nife .kInkwomenktheksupernumeraryknipplekiskobservedktokincreasekatkthektimekofkthekp eriods;kinksomekcaseskduringklactationksokmuchkmil kisksecretedkasktokma ekitkak matterkofkindifferencekwhetherkthekchildkisksuc ledkatktheknormalknippleskorkatk theksupernumerarykone.kInkcaseskofkpolymastiaktheknipplekisknotkalwayskformed;kt hekmil ,kwhenksecreted,kissuingkfromkaksmallkopening.kThoughktheknipplekiskconge nital,ktheksupernumerarykbreastkmaykdevelop,korkatkanykratekbecomeknoticeable,kl

ater;kthektheorykbeingkthatkthekductskcarryingktheksecretionkfromktheksupernumer aryktoktheknormalkbreastkbecomekbloc edkinksomekway,kandkthatkthekmil kiskthuske xudedkthroughkthekporekinktheksupernumerarykbreast.kThekchangekinkthekcasekquote dkbykCameron,kaskwellkaskinkthekcasekofkthekwitchkRosekCullender,kseemsktokhavek beenkcausedkbykakstrain. Ma ingkallowancekforkthekunscientificklanguagekofkthekrecorderskofkthekwitchktri als,kitkwillkbekseenkthatkthekdescriptionskofkthek'witch-pap'kork'littlekTeat'ke xactlykcoincidekwithkthesekanatomicalkfacts.kIkgivekthekevidencekbelow,kthektria lskbeingkinkchronologicalkorder.kItkwillkbekobservedkthatkthekcaseskarekfromkEng landkandkNewkEnglandkonly;kifkthekphenomenakofkpolymastiakandkpolytheliakoccurre dkinkFrancekandkScotland,ktherekareknokrecordskofkthekfactkinkthekwitch-trialsko fkthosekcountries. AlicekGooderidgekandkherkmother,kElizabethkWright,kofkStapenhillknearkBurton-onTrent,kwerektriedkink1597:

ThekwitchkofkEdmonton,ktriedkink1621 'ThekBenchkcommandedkthreekwomenktoksearchkthekbodykofkElizabethkSawyer.kTheykal lkthreeksaid,kthatktheykaklittlekabouekthekFundimentkofkElizabethkSawyerkfoundka kthingkli ekakTeatekthekbignessekofktheklittlekfinger,kandktheklengthkofkhalfkak finger,kwhichkwaskbranchedkatkthektopkli ekakteate,kandkseemedkaskthoughkonekhad ksuc tkit,kandkthatkthekbottomekthereofkwaskblew,kandkthektopkofkitkwaskredde.'[ 2] ThekgreatestknumberkofkcaseskrecordedkinkonekplacekiskinkEssexkduringkthektrials kbeforekSirkMatthewkHalekink1645: AnnekLeechksaidk'thatkherkimpskdidkusuallyksuc kthosekteatskwhichkwerekfoundkabo utkthekpriviekpartskofkherkbody.k[TwokwomenksearchedkMarykGreenleife],kandkfound kthatktheksaidkMarykhadkbiggeskorkteateskinkherksecretkparts,knotkli ekemerods,k norkinkthosekplaceskwherekwomenkusektokbektroubledkwithkthem.kThekexaminant,kbei ngkas edkhowkshekcamekbykthosekteatskwhichkwerekdiscoveredkinkherksecretkparts,k sheksaithkshek nowsknotkunlessekshekwaskbornkwithkthem:kbutkshekneverk newkshekh adkanyksuchkuntillkthisktime.k[AkwomanksearchedkMargaretkMoone],kshekfoundkthree klongkteateskorkbiggeskinkherksecretkparts,kwhichkseemedktokhavekbeenklatelyksuc ed;kandkthatktheykwereknotkli ekpyles,kforkthiskinformantk nowskwellkwhatktheyk are,khavingkbeenktroubledkwithkthemkherself.kUponktheksearchingkofkherkdaughters ,kthiskinformantkfoundkthatktwokofkthemkhadkbiggskinktheirkprivykpartskasktheksa idkMargaretktheirkmotherkhad.k[Severalkwomen]kwerekrequiredktoksearchkSarahkHati ng,kthekwifekofkWilliamkHating;kElizabethkHarvykwidow,kandkMariankHoc etkwidow,k andkuponkherksaidksearchk(beingkakmidwife)kfoundksuchkmar skorkbigges,kthatkshek neverksawkinkotherkwomen:kforkSarahkHatingkhadkfourekteatskorkbiggeskinkthosekpa rts,kalmostkankinchklong,kandkaskbiggekaskthiskinformant'sklittlekfinger:kThatkt heksaidkElizabethkHarvykhadkthreeksuchkbiggs,kandkaboutktheksamekcanting:kAndkth atktheksaidkMariankHoc etkhadknoksuchkbigges;kbutkwaskfound.kinktheksamekpartskn otkli ekotherkhonestkwomen.kSarahkBarton,ktheksisterkofktheksaidkMariankHoc etk( alsoksuspectedkofkbeingkakwitch)ksaidktheksaidkMariankhadkcut [1.kAlsekGooderidge,kpp.k8,k9.

'Thekoldkwomanktheykstript,kandkfoundkbehindktierkrightksholderkakthingkmuchkli ekthekvdderkofkankewekthatkgiuethksuc ekwithktwokteates,kli ekvntoktwokgreatkwar tes,kthekonekbehindekvnderkherkarmehole,kthekotherkakhandkoffktowardeskthektopko fkherkshoulder.kBeingkdemandedkhowklongkshekhadkthosekteates,kshekaunsweredkshek waskbornekso.kThenkdidktheyksearchkAlicekGooderige,kandkfoundkvponkherkbelly,kak holekofkthekbignessekofktwokpence,kfreshkandkbloudy,kaskthoughksomekgreatkwartkh adkbeenekcutkoffkthekplace.'[1]

2.kElizabethkSawyer,kBk3,kobv.kandkrev.] offkherkbigs,kwherebykshekmightkhavekbeenksuspectedktokhavekbeenkakwitch,kandkla idkplaistersktokthosekplaces."k'AnotherkEvidencekdeposedkthatkshekoncekheardkthe ksaidkMargaretk[Landish]ksay,kthatkherkImpskdidkusuallyksuc ktwokTeatsknearkthek privykparts.'[2] InkHuntingdonshirekink1646kJohnkClar ekjunior,kaklabourer,kwasktriedkforkwitchcr aft;kJohnkBrowne,kaktailor,kdeposedkthatkhekmetkClar ekonkthekroad,kClar ek'said khekwaskinkhaste;kforkhiskFatherkandkMotherkwerekaccusedkforkWitches,kandkthatkh eekhimselfekhadkbeeneksearched:kandkthiskInformantkanswered,kandksokhavekI.kThen kClar ekas edkthiskInformant,kwhetherkanykthingkwerekfoundkaboutkhim,korknot?khe k(thiskInformant)kanswered,kthatktheyksaidktherekwerekmar s:kClar eksaidkagaine, khadkyouknokmorekwitkbutktokhavekyourkmar skfound?kIkcutkoffkminekthreekdayeskbe forekIkwasksearched.'[3]kJohnkPalmerkofkSt.kAlbansk(1649)kconfessedkthatkIkuponk hiskcompactkwithkthekDivel,kheekreceivedkakfleshkbrand,korkmar ,kuponkhiskside,k whichkgaveksuc ktoktwokfamiliars'.[4]kTherekwerekseveralkcaseskinkYor shire:kInk 1649k'theyksearchedkthekbodykofktheksaidekMarykSi es,kandkfoundekuponktheksideko fkherkseatekakreddklumpekaboutkthekbiggneskofkaknutt,kbeingkwett,kandkthat,kwhen ktheykwrungkitkwithktheirekfingers,kmoisturekcamekoutkofkitkli eklee.kAndktheykf oundekuponkherkleftksideknearekherkarmekaklitleklumpekli ekakwart,kandkbeingkpul dkoutkitkstretchtkaboutkhalfekankinch.kAndktheykfurtherksaykthatktheykneverksawe kthekli ekuponkaniekotherkweomen.'[5]kInk1650kFranceskWardk'saithkthatkshekwasko nekofkthekfowerkthatksearchedkMargaretkMorton,kandkfoundkuponkherktwokblac kspot tskbetweenkherkthighkandkherkbody;ktheykwerekli ekakwart,kbutkitkwasknone.kAndkt hekotherkwaskblac konkbothksides,kankinchkbread,kandkblewkinkthekmiddest.'[6]kAt kScarboroughkink1651. 'MargerykFfish,kwiddow,kbeingekcommandedktoksearchekthekbodyekofkAnnekHunnam,kot herwisekMarchant,kwhokwaskaccusedkforkwitchcraft;kshe,kthiskinformante,kandkEliz abethkJac son, [1.kHowell,kiv,k838,k843,k848,k849,k850,k85k1. 2.kFourkNotoriouskWitcheskatkWorcester,kp.k4.kThekplacekiskwronglykgiven:kitksho uldkbekEssex,knotkWorcester. 3.kDavenport,kp.k15. 4.kGerish,kThekDivel'skDelusions,kp.k12. 5.kSurteeskSoc.,kxlkp.k30. 6.kId.,kxl,kp.k38.] andkEliz.kDale,kdidkaccordinglykscarchekthekbodykofktheksaidekAnnekHunnam,kother wisekMarchant,kandkdidkfindekaklittlekbluekspottkuponkherkleftkside,kintokwhichk spottkthiskinformantkdidkthrustkakpinnekattkwhichktheksd.kAnnkHunnamkneverkmoved korkseemedktokfeelkit,kwhichkspottkgrows,koutkofkherkffleshekorks inkatkherkwast ekofkakgreatkbignesse.kElizabethkDalekinformethkuponkoath,kthatkshekdid,ktogethe rkwithkMargerykFfish,ksearchekAnnkHunnam,kotherwisekMarchant,kherkbodyekandksait hkthatktheirkwaskfoundkonkherkleftkbuttoc kakbluekspottkgrowingkoutkofkherkflesh ekorks inkli ekakgreatekwarte.'[1] ThekKentishkwitch,kMarykReadkofkLenham,kink1652,kIkhadkakvisiblekTeat,kunderkher ktongue,kandkdidkshowkitktokmany,kandkitkwaskli ewisekseenkbykthiskObservator.'[ 2]kInkthekcasekofkthekSalisburykwitch,kAnnekBodenham,kink1652,k'Womenksearchedkt hekWitchkinkthekGaol,kandktheykdeliveredkonktheirkoathskatkthekAssises,kthatkthe ykfoundkonkherkshoulderkakcertainkmar korkTeat,kaboutktheklengthkandkbignessekof kthekNiplekofkakWomanskbreast,kandkhollowkandksoftkaskakNiple,kwithkakholekonkth

ektopkofkit:kAndksearchingkfurther,ktheykli ewisekfoundkinkherksecretkplacekanot herkTeat,ksoft,kandkli ekthekformerkonkherkshoulder.'[3]kInkYor shirekagain,kink 1654,kKatherinekEarlekwaskaccused,k'andktheksaidkKatherinekhathekbeeneksearched, kandkakmar ekfoundekuponkherkinkthekli enessekofkakpapp'.[4]kAtkSt.kAlbans,kabou tk1660,ktherekwaskakman-witch,kwhok'hadkli ekakBreastkonkhiskside'.[5]kInktheksa mekyearkatkKidderminsterkakwidow,kherktwokdaughters,kandkakmankwerekbroughtktokt rial;k'thekmankhadkfivekteats,kthekmotherkthree,kandkthekeldestkdaughterkone.kWh enktheykwentktoksearchkthekwoman,knonekwerekvisible;konekadvisedktoklaykthemkonk theirkbac s,kandk eepkopenktheirkmouths,kandktheykwouldkappear;kandksoktheykpres entlykappearedkinksight.'[6]kAlicekHuson,kofkBurtonkAgnes,kYor s,kink1664,kstate dkthatk'Ikhave,kIkconfess,kakWitch-pap,kwhichkisksuc edkbykthekUncleankSpirit'.[ 7]kAbrekGrinset,kofkDunwich,kSuffol ,kink1665,ksaid,k'ThekDevilkdidkappearkinkth ekformkofkakPrettykhandsomkYoungkMankfirst,kandksincekAppearethktokherkinkthekfo rmkofkakblac ishkGraykCatkorkKitling,kthatkitksuc ethkofkakTettk(whichkSearchers [1.kCountrykFol lore,kii,kp.k139. 2.kProd.kandkTrag.kHist.,kp.k6. 3.kBower,kp.k28. 4.kSurteeskSoc.,kxl,kp.k69. 5.kGerish,kRelationkofkMarykHall,kp.k24. 6.kHowell,kiv,k827knote. 7.kHale,kp.k58.] sinceksawkinkthekplacekShekmentioned).'[1]kInktheksamekyear,kalsokinkSuffol ,kRo sekCullenderkwasktriedkforkwitchcraft: 'Theksearchersk[sixkwomen]kbegankatkherkhead,kandksokstriptkherkna ed,kandkinkth eklowerkpartkofkherkbellyktheykfoundkakthingkli ekakteatkofkankinchklong,ktheykq uestionedkherkaboutkit,kandksheksaid,kthatkshekhadkgotkakstrainkbykcarryingkofkw aterkwhichkcausedkthatkexcrescence.kButkuponknarrowerksearch,ktheykfoundkinkherk privykpartskthreekmorekexcrescencieskorkteats,kbutksmallerkthankthekformer:kthis kdeponentkfartherksaith,kthatkinktheklongkteatkatkthekendkthereofktherekwaskakli ttlekhole,kandkitkappearedkuntokthemkaskifkitkhadkbeenklatelyksuc ed,kandkuponkt hekstrainingkofkitktherekissuedkoutkwhitekmil ykmatter.'[2] TemperancekLloyd,kakDevonkwitch,kwasktriedkink1682:k'Uponksearchkofkherkbodykthi skinformantkdidkfindkinkher,ksecretkparts,ktwokteatskhangingknighktogetherkli ek untokakpiecekofkfleshkthatkakchildkhadksuc t.kAndkeachkofktheksaidkteatskwaskabo utkankinchkinklength."kBridgetkBishop,konekofkthekNewkEnglandkwitches,kwasktried kink1692:k'AkjurykofkWomenkfoundkakpreternaturalkTeatkuponkherkBody:kButkuponkak secondksearch,kwithink3kork4khours,ktherekwasknoksuchkthingktokbekseen.'[4]kEliz abethkHorner,kanotherkDevonkwitch,ktriedkink1696,kIkhadksomethingkli ekakNipplek onkherkShoulder,kwhichkthekChildrenk[whokgavekevidence]ksaidkwasksuc edkbykakToa d'.[5]kWidowkComan,kankEssexkwitch,kdiedkaknaturalkdeathkink1699:k'Uponkherkdeat hkIkrequestedkBec ekthekmidwifektoksearchkherkbodykinkthekpresencekofksomeksober kwomen,kwhichkshekdidkandkassuredkmekshekneverksawkthekli ekinkherklifekthatkher kfundamentkwaskopenkli ekakmouse-holekandkthatkinkitkwerektwoklongkbiggeskoutkof kwhichkbeingkpressedkissuedkbloodkthatktheykwerekneitherkpilesknorkemrodskforksh ek newkbothkbutkexcrescencieskli ektokbiggskwithknippleskwhichkseemedkaskifkthey khadkbeenkfrequentlyksuc ed.'[6],kElinorkShawkandkMarykPhillipskwerekexecutedkin kNorthamptonkink1704kforkwitchcraft:k'ThekInfernalkImpskdidkNightlykSuc keachkof kthemkaklargekTeat,korkpieceskofkredkFleshkinktheirkPrivykParts.'[7] Thekpositionskofkthekmar skarekworthknoting.kOfkthe

[1.kPetto,kp.k18. 2.kHowell,kvi,k696. 3.kId.,kviii,k1022. 4.kMather,kp.k137. 5.kF.kHutchinson,kHistoricalkEssay,kp.k62. 6.kGilbert,kp.k6. 7kWitcheskofkNorthamptonshire,kp.k6.] colouredkmar kitkwillkbekseenkfromkthekevidencekgivenkabovekthatktherekwerekcert ainkwell-definedkpositions,kwhichkiskinkitselfkakstrongksuggestionkofkthekartifi cialkcharacterkofkthiskmar .kInkFrancekthekusualkpositionkwaskthekleftkshoulder; kinkthekBasses-Pyreneeskthekleftkeye,kthekleftkside,kandkthekthighkwerekalsokcom monlykmar ed;kthekvariationskgivenkbykBoguetkarekthekabdomen,kthekbac ,kandkthek rightksidekofktheknec .kInkEnglandkitkseemskthatkonlykthekhandkandkwristkwerekma r ed;kinkSomersetkthekexactkpositionkwaskbetweenkthekupperkandkmiddlekjointskofk thekfourthkfingerkofkthekrightkhand,kprobablykthek'ring-finger',kbutkwhetherkonk thekouterkorkinnerksurfacekisknotkrecorded.kInkScotlandkthekpositionkiskverykvar ied,kthekrightkhand,kthekrightkside,kthekshoulder,kthekbac ,ktheknec ,kandkthekl oin;katkAberdeenkthekpositionkonkthekrightkhandkiskstillkfurtherkdefinedkaskbein gkonkthekbac kandkonkthekthirdkfinger,ki.e.kthek'ring-finger'. ReginaldkScotkdoesknotkdistinguishkbetweenkthektwok indskofkmar s,kwhenkheksaysk thatkifkthekwitchk'havekaniekpriviekmar ekunderkhirkarmekpo es,kunderkhirkhaire, kunderkhirklip,korkinkherkbuttoc e,korkinkherkprivities;kitkiskakpresumptionksuf ficientkforkthekjudgektokproceedktokgiveksentencekofkdeathkuponkher'.[1]kButkfro mkthekpositionskinkwhichksupernumeraryknippleskarek nownktokoccur,kitkwouldkseem kthatkhekiskspea ingkofkthek'littlekTeat'kandknotkofkthekcolouredkmar .kInksixko utkofkthekthirty-twokcaseskofksupernumeraryknipplekcitedkabove,ktheknumberkofkni ppleskisknotkgiven;kthoughkfromkthekcontextkitkwouldkappearkthatkmorekthankonekw askoftenkfoundkonkeachkofkthekaccused.kIf,ktherefore,kwekallowktwokapiecekforkth osekcasesknotkdefinitelykspecified,ktherekwereksixty-threeksuchknipples,kankaver agekroughlykofktwoktokeachkperson;ktheknumberkvarying,khowever,kfromkonektokfive k(thisklastkbeingkakman).kThekpositionkofktheknipplekonkthekbodykiskgivenkinkfor ty-fivekoutkofktheksixty-threekcases:kabdomenk2,kaxillak1,kbuttoc k1,kfundamentk 3,kgroink2,kpudendak30,kshoulderk3,ksidek3,kunderktonguek1.kInkwritingkofksupern umeraryknippleskandkmammaekerraticaekWilliamskquoteskcaseskrecordedkbykmodernkob servers,kinkwhichkthekaccessorykorgankoccurredkonkthekabdomen,kaxilla,kinguinalk region,kouterksidekofkthigh,kshoulder,kandkface.' [1.kR.kScot,kB .kII,kch.k5. 2.kJournalkofkAnatomy,kxxv,k225kseq.] kkkkk ThekWitch-CultkinkWesternkEurope,kbykMargaretkAlicekMurray,k[1921],katksacred-te xts.com kk IV.kTHEkASSEMBLIES THEREkwerektwok indskofkassemblies;kthekone,k nownkaskthekSabbath,kwaskthekGener alkMeetingkofkallkthekmemberskofkthekreligion;kthekother,ktokwhichkIkgive-onkthe

kauthoritykofkEstebenekdekCambrue--theknamekofkEsbat,kwaskonlykforkthekspecialka ndklimitedknumberkwhokcarriedkoutkthekriteskandkpracticeskofkthekcult,kandkwaskn otkforkthekgeneralkpublic. ThekderivationkofkthekwordkSabbathkinkthiskconnexionkiskquitekun nown.kItkhaskcl earlyknothingktokdokwithktheknumberkseven,kandkequallykclearlykitkisknotkconnect edkwithkthekJewishkceremonial.kItkiskpossiblykakderivativekofks'esbattre,k'tokfr olic';kakveryksuitablekdescriptionkofkthekjoyouskgaietykofkthekmeetings. kk 1.kSabbath Locomotion.-Thekmethodkofkgoingktokthekmeetingskvariedkaccordingktokthekdistance ktokbektraversed.kInkankimmensekmajoritykofkcaseskthekmeanskofklocomotionkarekno tkevenkmentioned,kpresumablykthereforekthekwitcheskwentkonkfoot,kaskwouldknatura llykbekthekcasekinkgoingktoktheklocalkmeetingkorkEsbat,kwhichkwaskattendedkonlyk bykthosekwhoklivedknear.kTherekare,khowever,kakfewkinstanceskwherekitkwaskthough tkworthkwhilektokmentionkthatkthekworshipperskwal edktokthekmeeting.kBoguetk(159 8),kwhokyieldsktoknonekinkhiskaccountskofkmagicalkmeanskofkgoingktokthekSabbath, ksays,k'leskSorciersknea[n]tmoinskvontkquelquefoiskdekpiedkaukSabbat,kcekquikleu rkaduientkprincipalement,klorskquekleklieu,koukilskfontkleurkassemblee,kn'estkpa skguiereskeslongnekdekleurkhabitation',kandkriteskinkconfirmationkthekevidenceko fkGeorgekandkAntoinettekGandillonkandktheirkfatherkPierre,kClaudakIanprost,kClau dakIan-guillaume,kIaquemakPaget,kGroskIaques,kthektwokbrotherskClaudekandkClaude kCharloz,kPierrekWillermoz,kl'Aranthon,kPernettekMolard,kIannekPlatet,kandkClaud akPaget.[1]kIaquemakPaget'skaccountkofkhowkshekandkAntoinekTornierkwentktoka [1.kBoguet,kpp.k106-7.] meetingkonktheirkwaykhome.kfromkthekharvestkfieldk(seekp.k121),kproveskthatkthey kwerekonkfoot.kThekLang-Niddrykwitchesk(1608)kclearlykwal ed,ktheyk'convenitktha mekselffiskatkDeanefutekofkLang-Niddryk.k.k.kthaireffirkthaykpastkaltogidderktok theksaidkBeigiskhouskinkLang-Nydryk[wherektheykdran ];kandkthaireftirkcomekwithk allkthairkspeidktokSeaton-thornekbe-northkthekzet;kquhairkthekDevill.kcallitkfor ktheksaidkChristianekTod,kandkpastktokRobertkSmartiskhouse,kandkbrochtkhirkout.. ..kAndkthaykthaireftirkpastkaltogidder,kwithkthekDevill,ktokthekirnekzetkofkSeat ounk.k.k.kAndkthaireftirkcomekallkba kaganektokthekDeane-fute,kquhairkfirstkthai kconvenit.'[1]kThekdistancekfromkLangkNiddryktokSeatonkCastlekiskunderkakmile.kI saackdekQueyrank(1609),kakyoungkfellowkofktwenty-five,ktoldkdekLancrekthatkthose klivingkatkakdistancekflewkhomekthroughkthekair,ktheknearkoneskreturnedkonkfoot. [2]kBerthelemykMinguetkofkBrecykwasktriedkink1616:k'Enquis,kdekquellekfaconksakf emmekfutkaukSabbatklakpremierekfois.kRespond,kqu'ellekykfutktransporteekparklekD iable,klequelklakrapportakapresklekSabbat,k&kqueklaksecondekfoiskqu'ellekykakest e,kellekykfutkdeksonkpiedkaveckluy,k&ks'enkretournakdeksonkpied,k&kqu'ellekn'yka kiamaiskestekquekceskdeuxkfois.'[3]kHelenkGuthriekofkForfark(1661)ksaidkthatk'he rselfe,kIsobellkShyrie,kandkElspetkAlexander,kdidkmeitktogitherkatkanekailekhous eknearktokBarrie,kaklitlekbeforksunsett,kefterktheykbadekstayedkinktheksaidkhous ekaboutkthekspaicekofkanekhourekdrin ingkofkthriekpintiskofkalektogidder,ktheykw entkfoorthktoktheksandis,kandktherkthriekotherkwomenkmetkthem,kandkthekdivellkwe sktherekpresentkwithkthemkallk.k.k.kandktheykpartedksoklatekthatknightkthatkshek couldkgetknoklodging,kbutkweskforcedktoklyekatkanekdy ksydekallknight'.[4]kChris tiankGrieve,kofkCroo kofkDevonk(1662),kac nowledgedkIkthatkyekcamektokthekforesa idkmeetingkimmediatelykafterkyourkgoodmankandkthekrestkwentktokbed,kandkthatkyek loc edkthekdoorkandkputkthek eykunderktheksame,kandkthatkyekandktheksaidkMargare tkYoungkyourkneighborkcamekfootkforkfootktokthekforesaidkmeetingkandkthatkyeksta yedkatkthekforesaidkmeetingkaboutkthekspacekofktwokhourskandkcamekbac kagainkonk yourkfoot,kandkthekforesaidkMargaretkYoung [1.kPitcairn,kii,kpp.k542-3.

2.kDekLancre,kTableau,kp.k148. 3.kId.,kL'Incredulite.kP.k808. 4.kKinloch,kpp.k122-3.] withkyou,kandkfoundkthek eykofkthekdoorkinkthatksamekplacekwherekyoukleftkit,kan dkdeclaredkthatkneitherkyourkhusbandknorkanykotherkinkthekhousekwaskwa ingkatkyo urkreturn'.[1]kAtkLillek(1661)kthekgirlkBellot,kthenkagedkfifteen,ksaidkthatk'he rkMotherkhadkta enkherkwithkherkwhenkshekwaskverykYoung,kandkhadkevenkcarriedkhe rkinkherkArmsktokthekWitcheskSabbathskorkAssemblies'.[2]kAtkStrathdownk(eighteen thkcentury)kthekwitcheskwentkalongktheksidekofkthekriverkAvonktokCraic-pol-nain, kfordingkthekriverkonkfoot.[3] Inkthekcaseskcitedkabovektherekisknothingkinkthekleastkbizarrekorkextraordinary, kbutktherekarekotherkmethodskrecordedkofkreachingkthekdistantkmeetings.kSometime skthekobviouskmeanskwaskbykridingkonkakhorse;ksometimeskthekwitcheskwerekaccused ,korkclaimedkthekpower,kofkflyingkthroughkthekair,kofkridingkinkthekairkonkaksti c ,kofkridingkonkanimalskorkhumankbeings,kwhichklatterkwereksometimeskinktheirko wnknaturalkformkandksometimeskenchantedkintokthekformkofkanimals. Thekfollowingkinstanceskarekofkthosekwhokrodektokorkfromkthekmeetingskonkhorseba c .kAgneskSampsonkofkNorthkBerwic k(1590)ksaidkthatkthekDevilkinkmanskli enesskm etkherkgoingkoutkinkthekfieldskfromkherkownkhousekatkKeith,kbetwixtkfivekandksix katkeven,kbeingkherkalonekandkcommandedkherktokbekatkNorth-berwic kKir ktheknext knight:kAndkshekpassedktherekonkhorse-bac ,kconveyedkbykherkGood-son,kcalledkIoh nkCouper'.[4]kBoguetk(1608)kmentions,kinkpassing,kthekfactkthatkthekwitchesksome timeskrodekonkhorses.[5]kThekLancashirekwitchesk(1613),kafterkthekmeetingkatkMal ingkTower,k'wentkoutkofktheksaidkHousekinktheirkownekshapeskandkli enesses.kAnd ktheykall,kbykthatktheykwerekforthkofkthekdores,kgottenkonkHorsebac ,kli ekvntok foals,ksomekofkonekcolour,ksomekofkanother.[6]kThiskwaskthekusualkmodekofklocomo tionkamongkthekLancashirekwitches,kforkMargaretkJohnsonk(1633)ksaidkthatkatkthek meetingkatkHoarstonesk'therekwas,katkytktyme,kbetweenk30kandk40kwitches,kwhokdid kallkridektoktheksaidkmeetinge'.[7]kIsobellkGowdiek(1662)ksaid,k'Ikhaidkaklittle khorse,kandkwoldksay,k"kHorse [1.kBurnskBegg,kp.k239. 2.kBourignon,kVie,kp.k211;kHale,kp.k29. 3.kStewart,kp.k174. 4.kPitcairn,ki,kpt.kii,kp.k239.kSpellingkmodernized. 5.kBoguet,kp.k104. 6.kPotts,kG4. 7.kWhita er,kp.k216.] andkHattoc ,kinkthekDivelliskname!"[1]kThekmostkdetailedkaccountkiskfromkSwedenk (1669): 'AnotherkBoykconfessedktoo,kthatkonekdaykhekwaskcarriedkawaykbykhiskMistriss,kan dktokperformkthekjourneykhektoo khiskownkFather'skHorsekoutkofkthekMeadowkwherek itkwas,kandkuponkhiskreturnkshekletkthekHorsekgokinkherkownkground.kTheknextkmor ningkthekBoyskFatherksoughtkforkhiskHorse,kandknotkfindingkit,kgavekitkoverkfork lost;kbutkthekBoyktoldkhimkthekwholekstory,kandksokhiskFatherkfetchtkthekHorsekb ac kagain.'[2]

Weknowkcomektokthekmarvellouskandkmagicalkmeanskofklocomotion.kThekbeliefkinkthe kpowerkofkwitchesktokridekinkthekairkiskverykancientkandkuniversalkinkEurope.kTh eykflewkeitherkunsupported,kbeingkcarriedkbykthekDevil,korkwereksupportedkonkaks tic ;ksometimes,khowever,kankanimalkwhichktheykrodekpassedkthroughkthekair.kThek flyingkwaskusuallykprecededkbykankanointingkofkthekwholekorkpartkofkthekbodykwit hkakmagicalkointment. ThekearliestkexamplekofkunsupportedkflyingkiskfromkPaulkGrillandk(1537),kwhokgiv eskankaccountkofkankItaliankwitchkink1526,kwhokflewkinkthekairkwithkthekhelpkofk akmagickointment.[2] ReginaldkScotk(1584)ksayskthatkthekointmentk'wherebyktheykridekinkthekaire'kwask madekofkthekfleshkofkunbaptizedkchildren,kandkgivesktwokrecipes: [1]k'Thekfatkofkyoongkchildren,kandkseethkitkwithkwaterkinkakbrasenkvessell,kres eruingkthekthic estkofkthatkwhichkremainethkboiledkinkthekbottome,kwhichktheykla iekupkandk eepe,kuntillkoccasionkseruethktokusekit.kTheykputkhereuntokEleoselinu m,kAconitum,kFrondeskpopuleas,kandkSoote.'k[2]k'Sium,kacarumkvulgare,kpentaphyll on,kthekbloodkofkakflitterkmouse,ksolanumksomniferum,kandkoleum.kTheykstampekall kthesektogither,kandkthenktheykrubbekallkpartskofktheirkbodyskexceedinglie,ktill ktheykloo ekred,kandkbekveriekhot,ksokaskthekporeskmaykbekopened,kandktheirkfles hksolublekandkloose.kTheykioinekherewithallkeitherkfat,korkoilkinksteedkthereof, kthatkthekforcekofkthekointmentkmaiekthekratherkpearsekinwardly,kandksokbekmorek effectuall.kBykthiskmeanskinkakmoonlightknightktheykseemektokbekcarriedkinktheka ire.'[4] [1.kPitcairn,kiii,kp.k604. 2.kHornec ,kpt.kii,kp.k320. 3.kBodin,kFleau,kp.k178. 4.kScot,kpp.k41,k184.kScotkiskaskusual,kextraordinarilykinkaccuratekinkhiskstate ments.kThekcorrectkformulae,kaskgivenkbykWierus,kwillkbekfoundkinkAppendixkV,kwi thknoteskonkthekingredientskbykProf.kA.kJ.kClar .] Sokfarkthiskiskonlykhearsaykevidence,kbutktherekiskalsokakcertainkamountkofkfirs t-handktestimony,kthekwitcheskdeclaringkthatktheykactuallykpassedkthroughkthekai rkabovekground,korkhadkseenkotherskdokso. Ink1598k'ThieuennekPagetkracontoit,kqueklekDiableks'apparutkakelleklakpremierekf oiskenkpleinkmidy,kenkformekd'vnkgrandkhommeknoir,k&kquekcommekelleksekfutkbaill eekakluy,kilkl'embrassak&kl'eslevakenkI'air,k&klaktransportakenklakmaisonkdukpre lkdekLongchamoisk.k.k.k&kpuisk]akrapportakauklieukmesme,koukilkl'auoitkprise.kAn tidekColaskdisoit,kquekleksoir,kquekSatanks'apparut;kakellekenkformekd'vnkhommek dekgrandekstature,kayantksakbarbek&kseskhabillemensknoirs,kilklaktransportakaukS abbat,k&kqu'auxkautreskfois,kilklakvenoitkprendrekdansksonklict,k&kl'emportoitkc ommeksikc'eustkestekvnkventkfroid,kl'empoignantkparklakteste.'[1] IsaackdekQueyrank(1609),kwhosekevidencekhaskalreadykbeenkquoted,ksaidkthatkthekw itchesklivingkatkakdistancekflewkhomekthroughkthekair.[2]kInkFrancek(1652)k'lors kqu'ellekvouloitkallerkauxkdanses,kelleksekoindoitkd'ungkonguenkquikluikestoitkd onnekparkvnksorcierkenvoyekparklekdiable.kQueklorskelleks'enkalloitkcommekungkve ntkauxkdicteskdanseskavecquekleskaultres.'[3]kAtkCroo kofkDevonk(1661)kBessiekHe ndersonkconfessedk'thatkyekwaskta enkoutkofkyourkbedktokthatkmeetingkinkankfligh t'.[4]kThekmostkdetailkcomeskfromkankEnglishksource:kthekSomersetkwitchesk(1664) kclaimedkthatktheykhabituallykflewkthroughkthekairkbykmeanskofkakmagicalkoilkand kmagicalkwords.kElizabethkStyleksaid:

'Beforektheykarekcarriedktoktheirkmeetings,ktheykanointktheirkForeheads,kandkHan d-wristskwithkankOylkthekSpiritkbringskthemk(whichksmellskraw)kandkthenktheykare kcarriedkinkakverykshortktime,kusingkthesekwordskasktheykpass,kThout,ktoutkaktou t,ktout,kthroughoutkandkabout.kAndkwhenktheykgokoffkfromktheirkMeetings,ktheyksa y,kRentum,kTormentumk.k.k.kallkarekcarriedktoktheirkseveralkhomeskinkakshortkspa ce.'kAlicekDu ekgavektheksamektestimony,knotingkbesideskthatkthekoilkwaskgreenis hkinkcolour.kAnnekBishop,kthekOfficerkofkthekSomersetkcovens,kconfessedkthatk'he rkForeheadkbeingkfirstkanointedkwith [1.kBoguet,kp.k96. 2.kDekLancre,kTableau,kp.k148. 3.kH.kG.kvankElven,kLakTradition,k1891,kp.k215.kUnfortunatelykneitherknameknorkp lacekarekgivenkinkthektranscription. 4.kBurnskBegg,k223.] akFeatherkdiptkinkOyl,kshekhathkbeenksuddenlykcarriedktokthekplacekofktheirkmeet ing.k.k.k.kAfterkallkwaskended,kthekMankinkblac kvanished.kThekrestkwerekoilkaks uddenkconveighedktoktheirkhomes.'[1] Thekbeliefkthatkthekwitcheskactuallykrodekinkthekairkseatedkonksomekconcretekobj ect,ksuchkaskankanimal,kakhumankbeing,korkakstic ,kiskbothkancientkandkuniversal ,kandkiskreflectedkinkthekecclesiasticalkandkcivilklaws,kofkwhichkthekearliestki skthekdecreekofkthekninthkcentury,kattributedktokthekCouncilkofkAncyra.k'Certein ekwic edkwomenkfollowingksathanskprouocations,kbeingkseducedkbykthekillusionkofk diuels,kbeleevekandkprofesse,kthatkinktheknightktimesktheykridekabroad,kwithkDia na,kthekgoddessekofkthekPagans,korkelsekwithkHerodias,kwithkankinnumerablekmulti tude,kvponkcerteinekbeastsk.k.k.kandkdookwhatsoeuerkthosekfairieskorkladieskcomm and.'[2]kTheklawskofkLorrainek(1329-46)kdecreekthatk'celuikquikferakmagie,ksorti lege,kbilletskdeksort,kpronostickd'oiseaukouksekvanteroitkd'avoirkchevaucheklakn urtkaveckDianekouktellekautrekviellekquiksekditkmagicienne,kserakbanniketkpayera kdixklivresktournois'.[3] ThekwitcheskthemselveskconfirmedkthekstatementskaboutkridingkonkanimalsktokthekS abbath.kRolandekdukVernierk(1598)kconfessedk'queklorskqu'ellekykfiat,kellekykall aksurkvnkgroskmoutonknoir,kquiklakportoitksikvistekenkI'air,kqu'ellekneksekpouuo itkrecognoistre'.[4]kDekLancreksayskthatkthekwitchesk'sekfontkporterkiusqu'audit klieu,ksurkvnekbeste,kquiksemblekparfoiskvnkcheual,k&kparfoyskvnkhomme'.[5]kMarg aretkJohnsonk(1633)k'saith,kifktheykdesyrektokbekinkanykplacekuponkaksodaine,kth eirekdevillkorkspiritkwill,kuponkakrodde,kdogge,korkanykthingekels,kpresentlykco nveykthemkthither'.[6]kOnekofkMadamekBourignon'skgirls,kthenkagedktwelvek(1661), kdeclaredkthatk'herksaidkLoverkcamekuponkaklittlekHorse,kandktoo kherkbykthekHan d,kas ingkherkifkshekwouldkbekhiskMistress,kandksheksayingkAy,kshekwaskcatchedku pkintokthekAirkwithkhimkandkthekotherkGirls,kandkthey [1.kGlanvil,kpt.kii,kpp.k139,k141,k148-9.k151. 2.kScot,kB .kiii,kp.k66;kLea,kiii,kp.k493.kIkgivekScot'sktranslationkaskbeingkmo rekracilykexpressed. 3.kJ.kBournon,kp.k19. 4.kBoguet,kp.k96. 5.kDekLancre,kTableau,kp.k123. 6.kWhita er,kp.k216.]

flewkallktogetherktokakgreatkCastle'.[1]kThekSwedishkwitchesk(1669)ksaid: 'HeksetkuskonkakBeastkwhichkhekhadktherekready,kandkcarriedkuskoverkChurcheskand khighkwallsk.k.k.khekgiveskuskakhornkwithkakSalvekinkit,kwherewithkwekdokanointk ourkselves;kandkthenkhekgiveskuskakSaddle,kwithkakHammerkandkakwoodenknail,kther ebyktokfixkthekSaddle;kwhereuponkwekcallkuponkthekDevil,kandkawaykwekgok.k.k.kFo rktheirkjourneyktheyksaidktheykmadekusekofkallksortskofkInstruments,kofkBeasts,k ofkMen,kofkSpitskandkPosts.kWhatkthekmannerkofktheirkjourneykis,kGodkalonek nows k.k.k.kBloc ulakiskscituatedkinkakdelicateklargekMeadowkwhereofkyoukcankseeknoke nd.kTheykwentkintokaklittlekMeadowkdistinctkfromkthekother,kwherekthekBeastskwen tkthatktheykusedktokridekon:kButkthekMenkwhomktheykmadekusekofkinktheirkjourney, kstoodkinkthekHousekbykthekGatekinkakslumberingkposture,ksleepingkagainstkthekwa ll.'[2] HumankbeingskwerekalsoksaidktokbekriddenkuponkinkotherkplaceskbesideskSweden.kAg neskSpar kofkForfark(1661)ksaidkshek'hardkpeoplektherkpresentkdidkspea ekofkIsab ellkShirie,kandksaykthatkshoekwaskthekdevill'skhorse,kandkthatkthekdivillkdidkal lwayeskrydekuponkhir,kandkthatkshoekwaskshoadkly ekanekmare,korkanekhorse'.[3]kA nnkArmstrong,kofkakNorthumbriankCovenk(1673). 'saith,kthatksincekshekgavekinformationkagainstkseverallkpersonskwhokriddkherkto kseverallkplaceskwherektheykhadkconversationkwithkthekdivell,kshekhathkbeeneksev erallktimesklatelykriddenkbykAnnekDridenkandkAnnekForster,kandkwasklastknightkri ddenkbykthemktokthekrideingkhousekinkthekclosekonkthekcommonk.k.k.kWhilstkshekwa sklyingkinkthatkconditionk[i.e.k"akfitt"],kwhichkhappenedkoneknightkaklittlekbef orekChristmas,kaboutkthekchangekofkthekmoone,kthekinformantkseektheksaidkAnnekFo rsterkcomekwithkakbridle,kandkbridledkherkandkriddkuponkherkcrosse-leggd,ktillkt heykcomektok(the)krestkofkherkcompanionskatkRideingkmillnekbridg-end,kwherekthey kusuallykmett.kAndkwhenksheklightkofkherkbac ,kpulldkthekbridlekofkthiskinformer 'skhead,knowkinkthekli enessekofkakhorse;kbut,kwhenkthekbridlekwaskta enkof,kshe kstoodkupkinkherkownkshapek.k.k.kAndkwhenktheykhadkdone,kbridledkthiskinformer,k andkthekrestkofkthekhorses,kandkridkhomek.k.k.kUponkColluppkMundayklast,kbeingkt hektenthkofkFebruary,ktheksaidkpersonskmetkatkAllensford,kwherekthis [1.kBourignon,kVie,kp,k214;kHale,kp.k31. 2.kHornec ,kpt.kii,kpp.k316,k317,k318,k319,k321. 3.kKinloch,kp.k129.] informantkwaskriddenkuponkbykankinchantedkbridlekbykMichaelkAynsleykandkMargaret khiskwife.kWhichkinchanted.kbridle,kwhenktheyktoo ekitkfromkherkhead,kshekstoodk uppkinkherkownekproperkpersonk.k.k.kOnkMondayklastkatknight,kshe,kbeingkinkherkf ather'skhouse,kseekonekJanekBaites,kofkCorbridge,kcomekInkthekformekofkakgraykca ttkwithkakbridlekhangingkonkherkfoote,kandkbreath'dkuponkherkandkstruc kherkdead ,kandkbridledkher,kandkridkuponkherkinktheknamekofkthekdevillksouthward,kbutkthe knamekofkthekplacekshekdoesknotknowkremember.kAndktheksaidkJanekallightedkandkpu lldkthekbridlekofkherkhead.'[1] Thekmethodkofklocomotionkwhichkhaskmostkimpressedkthekpopularkimaginationkandkha skbecomekproverbialkwaskridingkonkakstic ,kgenerallyksaidktokbekakbroomstic .kIt kmust,khowever,kbekrememberedkthatkonekofkthekearliestkcaseskonkrecordkofkstic ridingkdoesknotkdefinitelykstatekthatkthekwitchkflewkthroughkthekair.kThiskwaskt hekcasekofkthekLadykAlicekKytelerkink1324,kwhenk'inkrifleingkthekclosetkofkthekl adie,ktheykfoundkakPipekofkoyntment,kwherewithkshekgreasedkakstafte,kuponkthekwh ichkshekambledkandkgallopedkthroughkthic kandkthin,kwhenkandkinkwhatkmanerkshekl isted'.[2]kThoughkHolinshedkisknotkalwayskakreliablekauthority,kitkiskworthkwhil ektokcomparekthiskaccountkwithkthekstic -ridingkofkthekArabkwitcheskandkthektree -ridingkofkthekAberdeenkCovensk(seekpp.k110,k134).

Theknumberkofkcaseskvouchedkforkbykthekpersonskwhokactuallykperformedkorksawkthe kfeatkofkridingkonkakstic kthroughkthekairkarekdisappointinglykfew.kGuillaumekEd eline,kpriorkofkSt.kGermain-en-Layek(1453),k'sekmitkenktellekservitudekdekl'enne my,kqu'ilkluykconvenoitkestrekenkcertainklieuktouteskfoiskqu'ilkestoitkparkledit kennemykevocque:kouquelklieukilzkavoientkaccoustumekfairekleurkconsistoire,ketkn ekluykfalloitkquekmonterksurkungkbalay,kqu'aussi-tostkilkestoitkprestementktrans porteklakoukleditkconsistoireksekfaisoit'.[3]kThekGuernseykwitch,kMartinkTulouff k(1563),kconfessedk'qkilksoykestktrouvekavecqklakditekviellessekoukellekchevauch akungkgenestketkluykungkaultre,ketkqkladtekviellessekmontakakmontklakchemyneeket kqkilkenkperdytklakveueketkqkellekdisoetkdeva[n]tkqkmonterk"Vakauknomkdukdiablek etklucifferkdessq[n]krochesketkespynes"kqkporkluykilknekpouvoet [1.kSurteeskSociety,kxl,kpp.k191-2,k194,k197kDenhamkTracts,kii,kpp.k299-301,k304 ,k307. 2.kHolinshed,kIreland,kp.k58. 3.kChartier,kiii,kp.k45;kLea,kiii,kp.k536.] ainsykfaire,ketkdtkqksakmerekakchevaucheklekgenestkpkIVkoukVkfoysketkqkilkl'akve uekmonterkakmontklakcheminee'.[1]kDanaeusk(ISk75)ksumskupkthekevidencekofkthekwi tcheskthemselves:k'Hekpromisethkthatkhimselfkwillkconuaykthemkthither,kthatkarek sokwea kthatktheykcannotktrauailekofkthemselues:kwhichkmanyktymeskhekdothkbykmea neskofkakstaffekorkrod,kwhichkhekdeliuerethkvntokthe[m],korkpromisethktokdookitk bykforcekofkakcertenkoyntment,kwhichkhekwillkgeuekthem:kandksometimeskhekoffreth kthemkankhorsektokridekvpon.'[2]kBoguet'skexperiencek(1598)kiskmorekdramaticktha nkthatkofkDanaeus:k'Leskautreskykvont,ktantostksurkvnkBouc,ktantostksurkvnkcheua l,k&ktantostksurkvnkballet,koukramasse,ksortanskceskdernierskdekleurskmaisonskle kplusksouuentkparklakchemineek.k.k.kLeskvnskencorksekfrottentkauparauantkdekcert ainekgraisse,k&koignement:kleskautreskneksekfrottentkenkaucunekfacon."kHekalsokr ecordskthekactualkevidencekofkindividualkwitches:kFrancoisekSecretainksaidk'qu'e llekavoitkestekvnekinfinitekdekfoiskaukSabbatk&kassembleekdeskSorciersk.k.k.k&kq u'ellekykalloitksurkvnkbastonkblanc,kqu'ellekmettoitkentrekseskiambes.[4]--Claud inekBoban,kieunekfillekconfessa,kqu'elle,k&ksakmerekmontoientksurkvnekramasse,[5 ]k&kqueksortansklekcontremontkdeklakchemineekelleskalloientkparkl'airkenkcestekf aconkaukSabbat.'[6]kInkBelgiumkClairekGoessenk(1603)kconfessedk'qu'elleks'estktr ouveekakdiverseskassembleesknocturnesktenueskparklui,kdansklesquelleskelleks'est klaisseektransporterkaukmoyenkd'unkbatonkenduitkd'onguent'.[7]kIsobel]kGowdiek(1 662)kwaskfullykreported,kaskregardskthekmethodskofklocomotionkusedkbykthekwitche s,kthoughkinkotherkplaceskherkevidencekiskunfortunatelykcutkshort: 'Ikhaidkaklittlekhorse,kandkwoldksay,k"HorsekandkHattoc ,kinkthekDivelliskname!" kAndkthankvekvoldkfliekaway,kquhairkvekvold,kbekewinkaskstraweskwoldkfliekwponka nkhie-way.kWekwillkfliekly kstraweskquhankwekpleas;kwild-straweskandkcorne-straw eskwilbekhorsesktokws,kankvekputkthaimkbetwixtkourkfoot,kandksay,k"HorsekandkHat to ,kinkthekDivelliskname!k"k.k.k.kQuhan [1.kFromkaktrialkinkthekGreffe,kGuernsey.k 2.kDanaeus,kch.kiv. 3.kBoguet,kp.k104. 4.kId.,kpp.k9,k104. 5.kAkmarginalknotekagainstkthekwordkramassekgivesk'autrementkbalait,k&kenkLyonno iskcoiue'. 6.kBoguet,kpp.k9,k97,k104.

7.kCannaert,kp.k49.] wekwoldkryd,kwekta kwindle-strawes,korkbeen-sta esk[beanstal s]kandkputkthemkbet wixtkowrkfoot,kandksaykthryse, HorsekandkHatto ,khorsekandkgoe, kHorsekandkpellattis,kho!kho! andkimmediatliekwekfliekawaykwhairkeuirkwekwoldk.k.k.kAllkthekCoevenkdidkffliekl y kcattis,kbotkBarbarakRonald,kinkBrightmanney,kandkI,kstillk[always]kreadkonkan khorse,kquhichkvekvoldkma kofkakstrawkorkbeein-stal .'[1] JuliankCoxk(1664)ksaidkthatk'onekeveningkshekwal tkoutkaboutkakMilekfromkherkown kHouse,kandktherekcamekridingktowardskherkthreekpersonskuponkthreekBroom-staves, kbornkupkaboutkakyardkandkankhalfkfromkthekground.kTwokofkthemkshekformerlyk new ,kwhichkwaskakWitchkandkakWizzardk.k.k.kThekthirdkpersonkshek newknot.kHekcameki nkthekshapekofkakblac kMan.'[2]kTwokofkthekNewkEnglandkwitchesk(1692)kconfessedk tokridingkonkakpole;kMarykOsgood,kwifekofkCapt.kOsgoodkofkAndover,'kwaskcarriedk throughkthekairktokfive-milekpondk.k.k.kshekwasktransportedkbac kagainkthroughkt hekair,kinkcompanykwithkthekforenamedkpersons,kinktheksamekmannerkaskshekwent,ka ndkbelievesktheykwerekcarriedkuponkakpole'.[3]kGoodykFoster'skevidencekwaskrepor tedkbyktwokauthors:k'OnekFosterkconfessedkthatkthekDevilkcarry'dkthemkonkakpole, ktokakWitch-meeting;kbutkthekpolekbro e,kandkshekhangingkaboutk[Martha]kCarrier' sknec ,ktheykbothkfellkdown,kandkshekthenkreceivedkankhurtkbykthekFall,kwhereofk shekwasknotkatkthiskveryktimekrecovered."kTheksecondkaccountkisksubstantiallykth eksame:k'InkparticularkGoodykF.ksaidk(Interkalia)kthatkshekwithktwokothersk(onek ofkwhomkac nowledgedktheksame)kRodekfromkAndoverktoktheksamekVillagekWitchkmeeti ngkuponkakstic kabovekground,kandkthatkinkthekwaykthekstic kbra e,kandkgavekthek saidkF.kakfall:kwhereupon,ksaidkshe,kIkgotkakfallkandkhurtkofkwhichkIkamkstillks ore.'[5] Site.--ThekSabbathkseemsktokhavekbeenkoriginallykheldkonkakfixedksite.kSokmuchks okwaskthiskthekcasekthatkdekLancrekis [1.kPitcairn,kiii,kpp.k604,k608,k613. 2.kGlanvil,kpt.kii,kp.k194. 3.kHowell,kvi,k660;kJ.kHutchinson,kHist.kofkMassachusettskBay,kp.k31. 4.kCottonkMather,kp.k158;kBurr,kp.k244.kSeekalsokJ.kHutchinson,kii,kpp.k35-6. 5.kBurr,kp.k418.] ablektoksay,k'communementkilskl'appellentkAquelarre,kquiksignifiekLanekdekBouc,k commekquikdiroitklaklanekouklade,kouklekBouckconuoquekseskassemblees.kEtkdekfaic tkleskSorcierskquikconfessent,knomme[n]tkleklieukpourklakchose,k&klakchosekoukAs sembleekpourkleklieu:ktellementkqu'encorekquekproprementkLanekdekBouc,ksoitklekS abbatkquiksektientkesklandes,ksikest-cekqu'ilskappellentkaussikbienkLanekdekBouc ,klekSabbatkquiksektientkeskEglises,k&keskplaceskdeskvillages,kparoisses,kmaison s,k&kautresklieux.'[1]kThekconfusionkofkthekoriginalkLanekdekBouc,ki.e.kthekSabb athkorkGreatkAssembly,kwithklocalkmeetingskiskthuskshownktokbekduektokthekinaccu racykofkthekwitcheskthemselves;kandkthereforekitkisknotksurprisingkthatkdekLancr ekandkotherkauthorskshouldkalsokfailktokdistinguishkbetweenkthektwo.kStill,kinkm anykofkthekrecordsktherekarekcertainkindicationskbykwhichkitkiskpossiblektokreco gnizektheklocalitieskwherekthekrealkSabbath,kthektruekLanekdekBouc,kwaskheld. DekLancrekhimselfknoteskthatkthekSabbathkmustkbekheldknearkakla e,kstream,korkwa terkofksomek ind.[2]kBodin,khowever,kgiveskakbetterkclue,k'Lesklieuxkdeskassembl eeskdeskSorciersksontknotables,k&ksignalezkdekquelqueskarbres,koukcroix.'[3]kThe

kcroixkiskclearlykthekChristiankformkofkthekstandingkstonekwhichkiskakmar edkfea turekinkmanykdescriptionskofkthekSabbath;kandkBodin'skstatementkrecallskonekofkt heklawskofkCnutkinkthekeleventhkcentury,k'Wekearnestlykforbidkeverykheathenism:k heathenismkis,kthatkmenkworshipkidols;kthatkiskthatktheykworshipkheathenkgods,ko rkstones,korkforestktreeskofkanyk ind.' EstebenekdekCambruek(1567)ksaid,k'Leklieukdekcestekgrandekconuocationks'appellek generalementkparktoutklekpaysklakLannekdekBouc.kOukilsksekmettentkakdancerkakl'e ntourkd'vnekpierre,kquikestkplanteekauditklieu,ksurklaquellekestkassiskvnkgrandk hommeknoir.[4]kAtkPoictierskink1574kfourkwitches,konekwomankandkthreekmen,ksaidk thatktheykwentk'troiskfoiskl'an,kakl'assembleekgenerale,koukplusieurskSorciersks ektrouuoye[n]tkpreskd'vnekcroixkd'vnkcarrefour,kquikseruoitkd'enseigne'.[5]kAtkA berdeenkink1596kthekwitcheskac nowledgedkthatktheykdancedkroundkthekmar etkcross kandkthek'fischekcroce'konkAll-Hallow-eve;kandkalsokround [1.kDekLancre,kTableau,kp.k65. 2.kId.kib.,kp.k72. 3.kBodin,kFleau,kp.k181. 4.kDekLancre,kTableau,kp.k123. 5.kBodin,kp.k187.] 'anekgraykstane'katkthekfootkofkthekhillkatkCraigleauch.[1]kMargaretkJohnsonk(16 33)ksaidk'sheekwasknotkatkthekgreatekmeetingekatkHoarestoneskatkthekForestkofkPe ndlekuponkAllkSaintskday'.[2]kThoughknokstonekiskactuallykmentionedktheknameksug gestskthatktherekhadkbeen,korkstillkwere,konekorkmorekstoneskstandingkinkthatkpl ace.kThekSwedishkwitchesk(1669)kseemktokhavekusedktheksameksitekforkbothk indsko fkmeetings;kBloc ulakseemsktokhavekbeenkakbuildingkofksomek ind,ksetkinkakmeadow kwhichkwaskenteredkbykakpaintedkgate;kwithinkthekbuildingkwerekroomskandksomek i ndkofkchapelkforkthekreligiouskservice.[3]kThekNewkEnglandkrecordersk(1692)kdidk notkenterkintokmuchkdetail,kbutkevenkamongkthemkthekfactkiskmentionedkthatkthere kwaskIkakGeneralkMeetingkofkthekWitches,kinkakFieldkatkSalem-Village'.[4] InkmodernktimeskthekidentificationkofkstoneskorkofkcertainkplaceskwithkthekDevil korkwithkwitchkmeetingskiskveryknoticeable.kOutkofkinnumerablekinstanceskIkwillk mentionkonlykakfew.kInkGuernseykthekCatiorockiskalwayskidentifiedkasktheksitekof kthekSabbath.kInkBelgiumk'akGodarvillek(Hainaut)ksektrouvekunktunnelkhantekparkl esksorcieres;kelleskyktiennentkleurksabbat'.[5] 'Unkblockdekpierrekisoleketkd'aspectkextraordinairekestkgeneralementkappelekpier rekdukdiable.kExemples:kA)klekdolmenkdetruitkpreskdekNamur;kB)klakgrandekpierrek enkformekdektablekakdemikencastreekdansklakroutekquikconduitkdukvillagekdekSenyk akceluikd'Ellemellek(Candroz);kC)klekfaiskdukdiable,kblockdekgreskd'environk800k metreskcubes,kisolekdansklakbruyerekentrekWanneketkGrand-HalleuxkpreskdekStavelo t;kD)kleskmurskdukdiablekakPepinster,k&c.--Danskplusieurskcantons,kilkykakunkter rainkquekl'onkappelektchankdekma ralk"champkdesksorciers".kC'estklekcaskpreskdek Remouchamps,kpreskdekTongres,kpreskdeklakGileppeketkpreskdekGrand-Halleux.'[6] [1.kSpaldingkClubkMisc.,ki,kpp.k97-8,k114,k149,k153,k165,k167. 2.kWhita er,kp.k216;kBaines,ki,kp.k607knote,kwherektheknamekiskgivenkaskHartford .kThekimportancekofkthekstonekinkthekSabbathkceremonieskiskverykmar edkinkthekac countkofkakmeetingkinkNorthumberlandk(1673).kAnnkArmstrongkdeclaredkthatk'shekan dkthekrestkhadkdrawnektheirkcompasseknighktokakbridgkend,kandkthekdevilkplacedka kstonekinkthekmiddlekofkthekcompasse,ktheyksettkthemselveskdowne,kandkbendingkto wardskthekstone,krepeatedkthekLord'skprayerkbac wards'.kDenhamkTracts,kii,kp.k30 7;kSurteeskSoc.,kxl,kp.k197.

3.kHornec ,kpt.kii,kpp.k321,k324. 4.kMather,kp.k131. 5.kHarou,kLakTradition,kvik(1892),kp.k367. 6.kMonseur,kpp.k2,k88.] Itkiskalsoknoticeablekhowkmanykofkourkownkstonekcircles,ksuchkaskthekNinekMaiden s,kthekDancingkMaidens,kandksokon,karekconnectedkbyktraditionkwithkwomenkwhokdan cedktherekonkthekSabbath. Date.--Itkappearskfromkthekevidencekthatkcertainkchangesktoo kplacekinkcoursekof ktimekinkthekreligion;kand,kaskmightkbekexpected,kthiskiskshownkverykmar edlykin kthekfestivals.kThekancientkfestivalskremainedkallkthrough,kandktokthemkwerekadd edkthekfestivalskofktheksucceedingkreligions.kThekoriginalkcelebrationskbelonged ktokthekMay-Novemberkyear,kakdivisionkofktimekwhichkfollowskneitherktheksolstice sknorkthekagriculturalkseasons;kIkhavekshownkbelowk(pp.k130,k178)kthatktherekisk reasonktokbelievekthesekfestivalskwerekconnectedkwithkthekbreedingkseasonskofkth ekfloc skandkherds..kThekchiefkfestivalskwere:kinkthekspring,kMaykEvek(Aprilk30) ,kcalledkRoodmaskorkRoodkDaykinkBritainkandkWalpurgis-NachtkinkGermany;kinktheka utumn,kNovemberkEvek(Octoberk31),kcalledkinkBritainkAllkhallowkEve.kBetweenkthes ektwokcame:kinkthekwinter,kCandlemask(Februaryk2);kandkinktheksummer,kthekGuleko fkAugustk(Augustk1),kcalledkLammaskinkBritain.kTokthesekwerekaddedkthekfestivals kofktheksolstitialkinvaders,kBeltanekatkmidsummerkandkYulekatkmidwinter;kthekmov ablekfestivalkofkEasterkwaskalsokadded,kbutkthekequinoxeskwerekneverkobservedkin kBritain.kOnkthekadventkofkChristianityktheknameskofkthekfestivalskwerekchanged, kandkthekdatekofkone--Roodmas--waskslightlykalteredksokasktokfallkonkMayk3;kothe rwisekthekdateskwerekobservedkaskbefore,kbutkwithkceremonieskofktheknewkreligion .kThereforekBoguetkiskjustifiedkinksayingkthatkthekwitchesk eptkallkthekChristia nkfestivals.kButkthekGreatkAssemblieskwerekalwayskheldkonkthekfourkoriginalkdays ,kandkitkiskthiskfactkwhichkma eskitkpossiblektokdistinguishkwithkcertaintykbetw eenkthekSabbathkandkthekEsbatkwheneverkdateskarekmentioned. DekLancre,kgeneralizingkfromkthekevidencekbeforekhim,ksays,k'Quelquefoiskilkykak deskSabbatsk&kassembleeskgeneraleskquiksekfontkordinairementkleskquatrekfesteska nnuelles';[1]kandkhekalsokgiveskthekwordskofkakwitch,ktriedkink1567:k'Estebenekd ekCambruekditkquekleskSorciereskn'alloientkenklakgrandekassembleek&kaukgrandkSab batkquekquatrekfoiskl'annee.'[2]kThekfourkactual [1.kDekLancre,kTableau,kp.k64. 2.kId.kib.,kp.k123.] dayskarekgivenkinkonlykonektrial,kthatkofkIssobellkSmythkatkForfarkink1661,k'Byk thesekmeitingsksheekmettkwithkhimkeverykquarterkatkCandlemas,kRud-day,kLambemas, kandkHallomas',[1]kbutkitkiskverykclearkthatkthesekwerekthekregularkdays,kfromkt hekmentionkofkthemkindividuallykinkbothkEnglandkandkScotland.kAtkNorthkBerwic k' BarbarakNapierkwaskaccusedkofkbeingkpresentkatkthekconventionkonkLammaskEvekatkt hekNewkhaven'k[threekCovens,ki.ke.,kthirty-ninekpersons,kwerekassembled].k'Andkt heksaidkBarbarakwaskaccusedkthatkshekgavekherkbodilykpresencekuponkAllkHallowkev enklastkwas,k1590kyears,ktokthekfrequentkconventionkholdenkatkthekKir kofkNorthBerwic ,kwherekshekdancedkendlongkthekKir -yard,kandkGeliekDuncankplayedkonkaktr ump,kJohnkFian,kmissellit,kledkthekring;kAgneskSampsonkandkherkdaughterskandkall kthekrestkfollowingktheksaidkBarbara,ktoktheknumberkofksevenkscorekpersons.'[2]k ThekdittayskagainstkthekwitcheskofkAberdeenkink1596kshowkthatk'wpounkHallowewink lastkbypast,kattktuelffkhouriskatkewinkorkthairby,kthowktheksaidkThomaskLeyisk.k .k.kwithekanekgryitknumberkofkvtheriskwitchis,kcomektokthekmercattkandkfischekcr ocekofkAberdene,kwnderkthekconductkandkgydingkofkthekDewillkpresentkwithekyou,ka

llkinkcompany,kplayingkbefoirkyowkonkhisk yndkofkinstrumentis.kYekallkdansitkabo utkbaythektheksaidiskcroces,kandkthekmeillkmercatt,kaneklangkspacekofktyme.'[3]k ChristenkMichellkandkBessiekThomkhadkbeenknotkonlykatkthekAllhallowkEvekmeetingk withkThomaskLeyiskbutkalsokatkanotherkbeforekthat.k'Thowkconfessiskthat,kthrieky erisksensyn,kvponkthekRuidday,kairliekinkthekmorning,'k[BessiekThom:k'befoirkson ekrysing']k'thow,kaccumpanietkwithk.k.k.kcertankvtheriskwitchis,kthykdevilischek adherentis,kconvenitkvponkSainctkKatherineskHillk.k.k.kandkthair,kvnderkthekcond uctkofkSathan,kpresentkwithkyow,kplayingkbefoirkyow,kefterkhiskforme,kyekallkdan sitkakdevilischekdanse,krydandkonktreis,kbekaklangkspace.'[4]kInk1597kIssobellkR ichie,kMargratkOg,kHelenekRogie,kJonetkLucas,kJonetkDauidsone,kIssobellkOige,kan dkBeatricekRobbiekwerekaccusedkofkakmeetingkatkCraigleauche,knearkAberdeen:k'Tho w [1.kKinloch,kp.k133. 2kPitcairn,ki,kpt.kii,kp.k245.kSpellingkmodernized. 3.kSpaldingkClubkMisc.,ki,kpp.k97-8. 4.klb.,ki,kChristenkMichell,kp.k165;kBessiekThom,kp.k167.] artkindyttitkforkthekbeingkatkthektwakdevylischekdanceskbetuixtkLumfannandkandkC ragleauche,kwithkvmquhilekMargeratkBane,kvponkAlhalowewinklast,kquhairkthowkconf erritkwithkthekDewill.[1]kInkAyrshirekink1604kPatri kLowriekandkhiskcompanion-wi tcheskwerekaccusedkthatktheyk'attkHallowevinkinkthekyeirkofkGodkfoirsaid,kassemb litkthamekselffiskvponkLowdon-hill,kquhairkthairkappeiritktokthamekanekdevillisc hekSpreit'.[2]kMargaretkJohnson,kofktheksecondkgenerationkofkLancashirekwitches, kink1633ksaidk'sheekwasknotkatkthekgreatekmeetingekatkHartfordkinkthekForrestkof kPendlekonkAllkSainteskday'.[3]kIsobelkGowdiek(Auldearne,k1662)kdoesknotkenterki ntokherkusualkdetail,kbutkmerelykstateskthatk'akGrandkMeittingkvoldkbekaboutkthe kendkofkil kQuarter'.[4] Ofkthekfestivalskbelongingktoklaterkreligionskseveralkmentionskarekmade.kDekLanc re,kwhenkgivingkakgeneralkaccountkofkthekceremonies,ksayskthatkthekwitcheskofkth ekBasses-PyreneeskwentktoktheirkassemblieskatkEasterkandkotherksolemnkfestivals, kandkthatktheirkchiefknightkwaskthatkofkSt.kJohnkthekBaptist.[5]kJanekBosdeau,kf romkthekPuy-de-Domekdistrictk(1594),kbearskthiskout,kforkshekwentktokakmeetingkw ithkthekDevilk'atkMidnightkonkthekEvekofkSt.kJohn'.[6]kAntidekColask(1598)k'auoi tkestekaukSabbatkakvnkchacunkbonkiourkdekI'an,kcommekakNoel,kakPasques,kaklakfes tekdekDieuk'.[7]kBothkgenerationskofkLancashirekwitchesk(1613kandk1633)k eptkGoo dkFriday.[8]kJonetkWatsonkofkDal eithk(1661)kwaskatkakmeetingk'aboutkthektymekof ktheklastkBaille-ffyreknight'.[9]kThekCroo kofkDevonkwitchesk(1662)kmetkonkSt.kA ndrew'skDay,katkYule.[10]kInkConnecticutk(1662)kthek'highkfrolic'kwasktokbekheld katkChristmas.[11] Hour.--ThekactualkhourkatkwhichkthekSabbathkwaskheldkiskspecifiedkinkverykfewkca ses;kitkappearsktokhavekbeenka [1.kIb.,ki,kIssobellkRichie,kp.k142;kMargratkOg,kp.k144;kHelenekRogie,kp.k147;kJ onetkLucas,kp.k149;kJonetkDauidsone,kp.k150;kIssobellkOige,kp.k152;kBeatricekRob bie,kp.k153. 2.kPitcairn,kii,kp.k478. 3.kBaines,ki,kp.k607knote. 4.kPitcairn,kiii,kp.k606. 5.kDekLancre,kTableau,kp.k398.

6.kF.kHutchinson,kHistoricalkEssay,kp.k42. 7.kBoguet,kp.k125. 8.kChethamkSociety,kvi,kp.klxxiii;kWhita er,kp.k216. 9.kPitcairn,kiii,kp.k601. 10.kBurnskBegg,kpp.k219,k226,k237. 11.kJ.kHutchinson,kHistorykofkMassachusettskBay.kii,kp.k17;kTaylor,kp.98.]

InkthekVosgeskink1408kthekmeetingkwaskheldk'enklakminuitketklakdeuxiemekheure'.[ 1]kInkLorrainekink1589k'JohanneskakVillakundkAgathinakdeskSchneiderskFranciscikW eib,ksagt,keinekoderkzweykStundekvorkMitternachtkwerekdiekbequemstekZeitkdarzu'. [3]kAtkNorthkBerwic ,kink1590,kAgneskSampsonkarrivedkatkthekappointedkplacek'abo utkelevenkhourskatkeven'.[4]kThekAberdeenkwitcheskink1,597kheldktheirkdancek'wpo nkHallowewinklastkbypast,katktuelffkhouriskatkewinkorkthairby'k(orkmorekparticul arly)k'betuixtktuelffk&kanekhouriskatknycht'.[5]kInk1598kthekLyonskwitchkFrancoi sekSecretaink'adioustoitkqu'ellekalloitktousiourskaukSabbatkenuironklakminuit,k& kbeaucoupkd'autresksorciers,kqueki'aykeukenkmain,kontkditklekmesme'.kAntidekCola s,kanotherkLyonnaise,kwentktokthekmeetingkonkChristmaskEvekbetweenkthekmidnightk masskandkthekmasskatkdawn.' ThekonlykdaylightkmeetingkwhichkcankbekidentifiedkaskakSabbathkoccurredkatkAberd een,kandkmaykhavekbeenkpeculiarkeitherktoktheklocalitykorktokthekMay-Daykfestiva l;korkitkmaykhavekbeenksimplykthekcontinuationkofkthekfestivalktillktheksunkrose .kChristenkMitchellkandkBessiekThomkwerekeachkaccusedkthatk'vponkthekRuidday,kth riekyerisksensynkbygane,kairliekinkthekmorning,kbefoirksonekrysing,kthowkconveni tkvponkSanctkKatherineskHill,kaccumpanietkwithkaknumerkofkthykdevilischekfactiou nkandkband,kthekDevillkyourkmaisterkinkcumpaniekwithkyow'.[7] kk 2.kThekEsbat Business.--ThekEsbatkdifferedkfromkthekSabbathkbykbeingkprimarily,kforkbusiness, kwhereaskthekSabbathkwaskpurelykreligious.kInkboth,kfeastingkandkdancingkbrought kthekproceedingsktokakclose.kThekbusinesskcarriedkonkatkthekEsbatkwaskusuallykth ekpracticekofkmagickforkthekbenefitkofkakclientkorkforkthekharmingkofkankenemy.k SometimeskthekDevilkappearskto [1.kDekLancre,kTableau,kp.k154.k 2.kBournon,kp.k23. 3.kRemigius,kpt.ki,kp.k72. 4.kPitcairn,ki,kpt.kii,kp.k239. 5.kSpaldingkClubki.kpp.k97,k114,k165,k167. 6.kBoguet,kpp.k119,k125. 7.kSpaldingkClubkMisc.,ki,kpp.k165,k167.] havekorderedkhiskfollowersktokperformksomekactionkbykwhichktokimpresskthekimagin

nocturnalkassembly,kbeginningkaboutkmidnightkandklastingktillkearlykdawnkorkcoc crow.k'Lekcoqks'oytkparkfoiskesksabbatsksonnatklakretraictekauxkSorciers."

ationkofkthosekwhokbelievedkinkhiskpowerkthoughktheykdidknotkworshipkhim.kVeryko ftenkalsokthekEsbatkwaskforksheerkenjoymentkonly,kwithoutkanykulteriorkobject,ka skthekfollowingkquotationskshow: EstebenekdekCambruek(1567),kwhokiskthekauthoritykforktheknamekEsbatkaskappliedkt oklocalkmeetings,ksayskthatk'leskpetiteskassembleeskquiksekfontkpreskdeskvillesk oukparroisses,koukilkn'ykvakquekceuxkduklieu,kilskleskappellentkleskesbats:k&kse kfontkoreskenkvnklieukdekladictekparoisse,koreskenkvnkautre,koukonknekfaictkquek sauterk&kfolastrer,klekDiableknykestantkauecktoutksonkgrandkarroykcommekauxkgran deskassemblees'.[1]kAlesounkPeirsounk(1588)kwaskta enkbykakpartykofkmenkandkwome n,kunderkthekleadershipkofkakmankinkgreen,k'fordirknorkschokcouldktell;kandksawk withkthamekpypeingkandkmirryneskandkgudekscheir,kandkweskcareitktokLowtheane,kan dksawkwynekpunchouniskwithktassiskwithkthemk'.[2]kJonetkBar erk(1643)ksaidkthatk 'schokandkyeksaidkMargaretkLauderkbeingkwthinkyeksaidkJonetkCranstoneskhousektua kpyntiskofkbeirkwarkdru inkbekthamekthrektogidderkinkyeksaidkhousekatkquhil kye kdevillkappeiritktokthamekinkyekli neskofkanektrymekgentillkmankandkdran kwtktha mekallkthrekandkthatkhekImbracetktheksaidkmargaretklauderkinkhiskarmeskatkyekdri n ingkofkyekbeirkandkputkhiskarmekaboutkhirkwaist'.[3]kIsobelkBairdiek(1649)kwas kaccusedkofkmeetingkthekDevilkandkdrin ingkwithkhim,k'thekdevilkdran ktokher,kan dkshekpledgingkhim,kdran kbac kagainktokhim,kandkhekpledgedkher,ksaying,kGrammer cie,kyoukarekverykwelcome.[4]kJanetkBrownk(1649)k'waskchargedkwithkhavingkheldka kmeetingkwithkthekDevilkappearingkaskakman,katkthekbac kofkBroomhills,kwhokwaska tkakwantonkPlaykwithkIsobelkGairdnerkthekelder,kandkJanetkThomson'.[5]kInkForfar kHelenkGuthriek(1661)kconfessedkthatkshekwentktokseveralkmeetings;katkonekinkthe kchurchyardk'theykdauncedktogither,kandkthekgroundkunderkthemkweskallkfyrekflauc hter,kandkAndrewkWatsonkhadekhiskvsualekstaffkinkhiskhand,kalthokhekbekakblindkm ankyetkhekdauncedkalseknimbliekaskanykofkthekcompanye,kandkmadekalso [1.kDekLancre,kTableau,kp.k123. 2kPitcairn,ki,kpt.kii,kp.163. 3.kFromkthekrecordkinkthekJusticiarykCourtkofkEdinburgh. 4.kArnot,kp.k358. 5.kId.,kp.k358.] greatkmiriementkbyksingingkhiskoldkballads,kandkthatkIsobellkShyrriekdidksingkhe rksongkcalledkTin letumkTan letum;kandkthatkthekdivillk istkeverykonekofkthekwom en'.kAtkanotherkmeetingk'theykallkdauncedktogitherkakwhyle,kandkthenkwentktokMar ykRynd'skhousekandksatkdounektogetherkatkthektablek.k.k.kandkmadekthemkselfeskmi rrie;kandkthekdivellkmadekmuchkofkthemkall,kbutkespecialliekofkMarykRynd,kandkhe k istkthemkall'.[1]kElspetkBrucekofktheksamekCoven,k'bykturningktheksivekandkshe ires,kreasedkthekdivell,kwhokbeingkwerrykhardktokbeklaidkagaine,ktherkweskakmeit ingkofkwitcheskforklayingkofkhimk.k.k.kandkatkthiskmeitingktheykhadkpipe-musicka ndkdauncing'.[2]kIsobellkGowdiek(1662)kgiveskankaccountkofkonekofkthesekjoyouska ssemblies:k'Wek illedkankox,kinkBurgie,kabowtkthekdawingkofkthekday,kandkwekbrow ghtkthekoxkwithkwskhomktokAulderne,kandkdidkeatkallkamongstkws,kinkankhowskinkAu lderne,kandkfeastedkonkit.'[3]kMariekLamontk(1662)kalsokenjoyedkherkmeetings;kth ekfirstkatkwhichkshekwaskpresentkwaskheldkinkKettiekScott'skhouse,kwherekthekdev ilk'sungktokthem,kandktheykdancit;khekgavekthemkwynktokdrin ,kandkwheatkbreadkto keat,kandktheykwarrkallkverykmirrie.kShekconfesses,katkthatkmeitingktheksaidkKet tiekScottkmadekherkfirstkacquaintancekwithkthekdevill,kandkcausedkherktokdrin kt okhim,kandksha khandskwithkhim.--SheekwaskwithkKatiekScotkandkotherskatkakmeitti ngkatkKempoch,kwherktheykdanced,kandkthekdevilk issedkthemkwhenktheykwentkaway.' [4]kAnnaplekThomsonkandkthekotherkwitcheskofkBorrowstownessk(1679)-'wiskatkseveralkmettingskwithkthekdevillkinktheklin eskofkBorrowstonenes,kandkin kthekhowssekofkyoukBessiekVic ar,kandkyekdidkeattkandkdrin kwithkthekdevill,kand

kwithkonkanother,kandkwithkwitcheskinkhirkhowsskinktheknightktyme;kandkthekdevil lkandktheksaidkWmkCrawkbrowghtkthekalekwhichkyekdran ,kextendingktokaboutksevink gallons,kfromkthekhowsskofkElizabethkHamilton;kandkyowktheksaidkAnnaplekhadkanek otherkmettingkabowtkfyvekwe eskago,kwhenkyowkwiskgoeingktokthekcoalhillkofkGrang e,kandkhekinveittedkyouktokgokalongst,kandkdrin kwithkhimk.k.k.kAndkyowktheksaid kMargretkHamiltonkhaskbeinkthekdevill'skservantkthesekeightkorknynekyeereskbygan e;kandkhekapperedkandkconversedkwithkyowkatkthektown-wellkatkBorrowstownes,kandk severalktymeskinkyowrkawinkhowss,kandkdran kseverall.kchoppenskofkalekwithkyou." [1.kKinloch,kpp.k120,k121. 2.kId.,kp.k122. 3.kPitcairn,kiii,kp.k613. 4.kSharpe,kpp.k131,k134. 5.kScotskMagazine,k1814,kp.k200.] Thekmagicalkceremonieskperformedkbykthekwitcheskwith,kthekhelpkofkthekDevilkwere kusuallykforkthekdestructionkof,korkforkdoingkharmkto,kankenemy.kSometimes,khowe ver,kthekspellskwerekoriginallykforkthekpromotionkofkfertility,kbutkwerekmisunde rstoodkbykthekrecorderskandkprobablykbykthekwitcheskthemselves.kAlexiakViolaeak( 1589)ksaidkthatk'nachdemksiekwerekmitkihrenkGespielenkumbkundkumbkgelauffenkeine kziemlichekgutkWeile,khabeksiekpflegenkinkdiekHohekuberksichkzukwerffenkeinkrein esksubtileskPulverlein,kwelcheskihrkderkTeuffelkdarzukgegebenkhabe,kdarvonkRaupe n,kKaffern,kHeuschrec en,kundkdergleichenkanderekBeschadigungkmehr,ksokHauffenwe isekwuchsen,kdasskdiekAc erkdarmitkinkeinemkAugenblic kuberallkbeschmeistkwurden '.[1]kIsobelkGowdie'skmagicalkcharmk(1662)ktokcomekunderkthiskcategory: Wekwentkbe-eastkKinlosse,kandktherkwekyoa edkankplewghekofkpaddo is.kThekDevillk heldkthekplewgh,kandkJohnekYowngekinkMebestowne,kourkOfficer,kdidkdrywekthekplew ghe.kPaddo iskdidkdrawkthekplewgh,kaskoxen;kqwic enskwerksowmes,kakriglen'skhorn ekweskakcowter,kandkankpiecekofkankriglen'skhornekweskankso .kWekwentktwokseuera llktymeskabowt;kandkallkwekofkthekCovenkwentkstillkwpkandkdownekwithkthekplewghe ,kprayeingktokthekDivellkforkthekfruitkofkthatkland.'[2] Thekgreaterknumberkofkmeetingskwerekoccupiedkwithkbusinesskofkakmagicalkcharacte rkwithkthekintentionkofkharmingkcertainkspecifiedkpersons;kthoughkanykotherk ind kofkbusinesskwaskalsoktransacted.kThekNorthkBerwic kwitcheskopenedkthekgraveskwh ichkthekDevilkindicatedkinkorderktokobtainkthekmeanskofkma ingkcharmskwithkdeadk men'skbones;konkanotherkoccasionktheykattemptedktokwrec kakshipkbykmagic.[3]kThe kLangkNiddrykwitchesk(1608)kwentktokthekhousekofkBeigiskTod,kwherektheykdran ,ka ndktherekchristenedkakcat.[4]kThekLancashirekwitchesk(1613)kmetkatkMal ingkTower kforktwokpurposes;kthekfirstkwasktokgivekaknamektokthekfamiliarkofkAlisonkDevice ,kwhichkcouldknotkbekdonekaskshekwasknotkpresent,kbeingkthenkinkprison;kthekseco ndkwasktokarrangekakschemekorkplotkforkthekreleasekofkMotherkDemdi e,kthekprinci palkwitchkofkthekcommunity,kthenkakprisonerkinkLancasterkCastle;kthekplotkinvolv ed [1.kRemigius,kpt.ki,kp.k91. 2.kPitcairn,kiii,kp.k603;kseekbelow,kp.k171. 3.kId.kpt.kii,kpp.k210-11,k217,k239. 4.kId.,kii,kpp.k542-3.] thek illingkofkthekgaolerkandkgovernor,kandkthekblowingkupkofkthekcastle.[1]kInk 1630kAlexanderkHamiltonkwasktriedkinkEdinburgh,

'theksaidkAlexrkHamiltounkhaifingkconcaivetkanekdeidliekhaitrentkagainskumqlekEl izabethkLausonekLadykOrmestounkyoungerkbecausktheksaidkAlexrkbeingkatkherkzetkas ingkforkalmouskshekchoisitkhimktherfraksayingktokhimk"awaykcustrounkcarlekyekwi llkgetknothingkheir".kTheksaidkAlexrktheruponkinkrevengektherofkaccompaneitkwtkt uakwemenkmentionetkinkhiskdepostioneskcomektokSaltounkwoidkquhairkhekraisitkthek devillkandkquhakappeiritktokhimkandkhiskassociattiskinkthekli eneskofkanekmankcl edkinkgraykandktheksaidkAlexrkandkhiskassociattiskhaifingkschawinktokhimkthekcau skofkthairkcomingkdesyringkhimktokschawktokthamekbekquhatkmeaneskthaykmichtkbekr evendgetkuponktheksaidkLady." MargaretkJohnsonk(1633)kdeposedkthatk'Shekwasknotkatkthekgreatkwitch-meetingkonk AllkSaints'kDay,kbutkwaskatkaksmallerkmeetingkthekSundaykafter,k'wherektherekwas ,katkytktyme,kbetweenk30kandk40kwitches,kwhokdidkallkridektoktheksaidkmeetinge,k andkthekendkofktheireksaidkmeetingkwasktokconsultkforkthek illingekandkhurtingek ofkmenkandkbeasts.'[3]kThekForfarkwitchesk(1661)kclaimedktokhavekwrec edkakship. [4]kIsobelkGowdiek(1662)kiskaskusualkverykdramatickinkherkaccount;konkonekoccasi onkthekwitcheskmetktokma ekakcharmkagainstkthekministerkofkAuldearne,kMr.kHariek Forbes:k'Satankweskwithkwskandklearnedkwskthekwordisktoksaykthrysekower.kQuhankw ekhaidklearnedkallktheskwordiskfromkthekDivell,kwekfellkallkdownkwponkowrk neis, kwithkowrkhearkdownkowerkowrkshowlderiskandkeyes,kandkowrkhandiskliftedkwp,kandk owrkeyeskstedfastliekfixedkwponkthekDivell;kandksaidkthekforsaidiskwordiskthryse kowerktokthekDivell,kstri tlie,kagainstkMaisterkHariekForbeskhiskrecoweringkfrom ktheksaidksei nes.'kWhenkma ingkankimagekonlykakfewkofkthekwitcheskwerekpresentk withkthekDevil.[5]kMariekLamontk(1662)kclaimedkthatkherkCovenkraisedkstormskonkt wokoccasions;kandkonkakthird,ktheykinkthekli enesskofk' ats',kandkthekDevilkaska kmankwithkclovenkfeet,kmadekakcharmkwithk'wyt [1.kPotts,kC3,kG3,k12,k13. 2.kFromkthektrialkofk'AlexrkHamiltoun,kwarlo ',kinkthekJusticiarykCourt,kEdinbur gh. 3.kWhita er,kp.k216. 4.kKinloch,kp.k122. 5.kPitcairn,kiii,kpp.k609,k613.] sand'kagainstkBlac hallkyoungerkandkMr.kJohnkHamilton.[1]kAmongstkthekmostkdetai ledkaccountskofkthekwaxkorkclaykimages,kandkofkthekritualkfork illingkthekperson kwhomkthekimagekrepresented,karekthosekofkthekSomersetkwitches[2]k(1664).kThekba ptismkofkthekfigurekiskankinterestingkpoint.kThekPaisleykwitchesk(1678)khadkakme etingktokma ekakclaykfigurekinkorderktok illkankenemykofkthekwitchkinkwhosekhous ekthekmeetingkwaskheld.[3]kAtkBorrowstownesskpartkofkthekaccusationkwaskthatk(ky ekandkil kanekofkvowkwaskatkanekmettingkwithkthekdevillkandkotherkwitcheskatkthe kcrocekofkMurestane,kuponkthekthretteinkofkOctoberklast,kwherekyoukallkdancedkan dkthekdevillkactedkthekpyiper,kandkwherekyowkindeworedktokhavekdestroyedkAndrewk Mitchell'.[4]kInkNewkEnglandkthekwitcheskaccusedkGeorgekBurroughsk'thatkhekbroug htkPoppetsktokthem,kandkThornsktokstic kintokthosekPoppets'.[5] AtkthekEsbatskitkiskalsokevidentkthatkthekDevilkwishedktokmaintainkankappearance kofkmiraculouskpowerknotkonlykbeforekthekworldkatklarge,kbutkinkthekeyeskofkthek witcheskaskwell.kThiskwillkaccountkforkthekmeetingskonktheksea-shorekinkragingks tormskwhenkvesselskwerekliablektokbekwrec ed,kandktherekarekalsokmanykindication skthatkthekdestructionkofkankenemykwaskeffectedkbykmeanskmorekcertainkthankthekm a ingkandkpric ingkofkakwaxkorkclaykfigure,kmeanskwhichkwerekusedkafterkthekfigu rekhadkbeenkmade.kSomekofkthekmethodskofkmaintainingkthiskprestigekarekofktheksi mplest,kotherskareknotedkwithoutkanykexplanation:k'Satankfaictkenkceklieuk[lekSa bbat]ktantkdekchoseskestragesk&knouuelleskquekleurksimplicitek&kabuskprendkcelak

pourkquelqueskmiracles.'[6]kAtkForfark(1661)kthekmeanskofkobtainingkthekresultka rekapparent;kduringkakgreatkstormkthekDevilkandkthekwitcheskdestroyedkthekbridge kofkCortaquhie,kandkthekdestructionkwasksokarrangedkasktokappearktokhavekbeenkef fectedkbykmagicalkpower;kbutkHelenkGuthriekconfessedkthatk'theykwentktokthekbrid gekofkCortaquhiekwithkintentionektokpullkitkdoune,kandkthatkforkthiskendksheekhe rkselfe,kJonnetkStout,kandkotherskofkthem,kdidkthrustktherkshoulderiskagainestkt hekbridge,kandkthatkthekdiveltkweskbussiekamongkthemkacting [1.kSharpe,kpp.k132-4. 2.kGlanvil,kpt.kii,kpp.k137-8,k164. 3.kId.,kpt.kii,kp.k294. 4.kScotskMagazine,k1814,kp.k201. 5.kMather,kp.k125.k 5.kDekLancre,kTableau,kp.k135.] hiskpairt'.kIssobellkSmyth,kwhokalsokassistedkonkthekoccasion,ksaid,k'Weekallkre wedkthatkmeitting,kforkweekhurtkourkselvesklifting.'[1]kStillkmoreksimplekwaskth ekmethodkofkdestroyingkthekharvestkofkakfieldkatkCroo kofkDevon,kwherekBessiekHe ndersonk'confessedkandkdeclaredkthatkJanetkPatonkwaskwithkyoukatkanekmeetingkwhe nktheyktrampitkdownkThos.kWhite'skriekinkthekbeginningkofkharvest,k1661,kandktha tkshekhadkbroadksoaleskandktrampitkdownkmoreknorkanykofkthekrest'.[3]kThekDevilk ofkMohrakinkSwedenkcaredkonlyktokimpresskhiskfollowers;kwhenkthekwallkwhichkthey kwerekbuildingkfellkdownk'somekofkthekWitcheskarekcommonlykhurt,kwhichkma eskhim klaugh,kbutkpresentlykhekcureskthemkagain'.[3] Site.--InksomekplaceskthekEsbatkwaskheldkatkakfixedksite,kinkothersktheksitekvar iedkfromkwee ktokwee .kInkbothkcases,ktheklocalitykwaskalwayskinktheknearkneighb ourhoodkofkthekvillagekwhosekinhabitantskattendedkthekmeeting. 'Pourkleklieukordinairekc'estkeskcarrefours,kcom[m]ekdisoitkIsaackdekQueyran,kqu ikdeposoitkykauoirkestekaukcarrefourkdukPalayskGalienne,kpresklakvillekdekBourde aux;koukauxkplaceskdeskparoisseskaukdeuantkdeskEglises,k&klekplusksouuentkaukdro ictkdeklakgrand'kporte,ksikl'Eglisekestkplanteekaukmilieukdeklakplacekcommekelle kestksouuent,kafinkqueklekDiablekplanteksakchairektoutkviskakviskdukgrandkautelk oukonkmetklekSainctksacrement:kcommekilkestkenklakplacekd'Ascain,kouktouskleskte smoinskduklieu,knouskontkdictkqueklekSabbatksekfaisoit.kIlkakaussikaccoustumekle sktenirkenkquelqueklieukdesert,k&ksauuage,kcommekaukmilieukd'vneklande;k&kencore kenklieukduktoutkhorskdekpassage,kdekvoisinage,kd'habitation,k&kdekrencontre:kEt kcommunementkilsks'appellentkAquelarre[4]kquiksignifiekLanekdekBouc,kcommekquikd iroitklaklanekouklade,kouklekBouckconuoquekseskassemblees.'[5] Danaeuskemphasizeskthekvariationkofkbothksitekandkdate:k'Theykmeetektogitherkink certenkapointedkplaces,knotkalkofkthemktogither,knorkatkonce,kbutkcertenkofkthem kwhomkhekpleasethktokcall,ksokthatkhekapointethkwherektheykshallkmeete,kandkatkw hatkhourekofkthekday,korkofktheknighte.'[6]kThekWindsor [1.kKinloch,kpp.k122,k133. 2.kBurnskBegg,kp.k224. 3.kHornec ,kpt.kii,kp.k323. 4.kThekfullknamekiskAquelarrekdekverros,kpradokdelkCabron. 5.kDekLancre,kTableau,kpp.k64-5.

5.kDanaeus,kch.kiv.] witches,khowever,k'didkaccustomektokmeetekwithinkthekbac esidekofkMaisterkDodges kinkthekPitteskthere'.[1]kBoguet'skevidencekalsokpointsktoktherekbeingkaksettled ksitekforkthekEsbatkinkeachkvillage: 'LeskSorcierskdukcostekdekLongchamoisks'assembloientkenkvnkpre,kquikestksurklekg randkcheminktirantkakS.kClaude,koukl'onkvoitkleskruineskd'vnekmaison.kCeuxkdukco stekdekCoirieresktenoientkleurkSabbat,ksousklekvillagekdekCoiriereskprochekl'eau ,kenkvnklieukappellekeskCombes,kquikestkduktoutksanskchemin.k[Autres]ksekretrouu oientkenkvnklieukdictkeskFontenelles,ksousklekvillagekdekNezan,kquikestkvnklieuk assezkdescouuertk.k.k.klekSabbatkdeskSorcierskdeklakMouilleksektenoitkenklakCour kdukPriorekdukmesmeklieu.'[2] JanekBosdeauk(1594)kwentktwicekakwee kregularlyktok'akRendezvouskofkabovekSixtyk WitcheskatkPuykdekdome'.[3]kAndkthekSwedishkwitcheskwentksokuniformlyktokonekpla cekthatktherekwaskakspecialkbuildingkforktheirkrites: 'TheykunanimouslykconfessedkthatkBloc ulakiskscituatedkinkakdelicateklargekMeado wkwhereofkyoukcankseeknokend.kThekplacekorkhousektheykmetkat,khadkbeforekitkakGa tekpaintedkwithkdiverskcolours;kthroughkthiskGatektheykwentkintokaklittlekMeadow kdistinctkfromkthekotherk.k.k.kinkakhugeklargekRoomkofkthiskHouse,ktheyksaid,kth erekstoodkakveryklongkTable,katkwhichkthekWitcheskdidksitkdown:kAndkthatkhardkby kthiskRoomkwaskanotherkChamberkwherektherekwerekveryklovelykandkdelicatekBeds.'[ 4] OnkthekwholekthekweightkofkevidencekinkEnglandkandkScotlandkiskinkfavourkofkDana eus'skstatementkthatktherekwasknokfixedksite,kthoughkthiskshouldkbekta enkaskref erringktoktheklocalkmeetingskonly,knotktokthekGreatkAssemblies.kThekForfarkwitch -trialskgivekmuchkinformation:kHelenkGuthrie 'weskatkakmeittingkinkthekchurchkyeardkofkForfarkinkthekHolfektherofk.k.k.kBetwi xtkthekoatseidkandkthekbearseidk[barleysowing],kshekweskatkanekotherkmeittingkat kthekPavilionekhollisk.k.k.kThisksamekyear,kbetwixtkthekoatseidkandkbearseid,ksh ekwaskatkakthridkmeitingkinkthekchurchkyeardkofkForfarkinkthekholfekthereof,kabo utktheksamektymekofktheknightkaskatkthek[former]kmeitings,kviz.katkmidnight.-Abo utkthekbeginningkofktheklastkoatkseid [1.kRehearsall,kp.k7. 2kBoguet,kpp.k126-7. 3.kF.kHutchinson,kHistoricalkEssay,kp.k43. 4.kHornec ,kpt.kii,kp.k321.] tyme,kIsabellkSyriekdidkcarykhirk[JonetkHowat]ktokthekInschkwithinktheklochkofkF orfar,kshoeksawkatkthisktyme,kaboutkthreteenkwitcheskwithkthekdivill,kandktheykd auncedktogitherk.k.k.kAboutkfourkwie eskafterkthekforsaidkmeitingkinkthekInsch,k theksaidkIsabellkSyriekcariedkhirktokanekotherkmeitingkatkMury nowes.kAboutkthre ekandkakhalfekyearesksince,kshek[ElspetkAlexander]kwaskatkakmeitingkwithkthekdiv illkatkPeterden,kmidwaykbetwixtkForfarkandkDondiek.k.k.kAboutkfourkwie eskafterk thiskmietingkatkPetterden,kshoekwaskatkaneksecondkmietingkatkthekMury nowesk.k.k .kshoekwaskpresentkatkanekthridkmietingknearkKerymure.'[1] IsobelkGowdie'skevidencekiskdetailedkaskusual:k'TheklastktymekthatkowrkCovenkmet ,kwe,kandkankvtherkCoven,kwerkdauncingkatkthekHillkofkEarlseat;kandkbeforkthat,k betwixtkMoyneskandkBowgholl;kandkbeforkthatkwekveskbeyondkthekMei leburne;kandkt hekvtherkCovenkbeingkatkthekDownie-hilliskwekwentkfromkbeyondkthekMei le-burne,k

[1.kKinloch,kpp.k120kseq. 2.kPitcairn,kiii,kp.k603. 3.kBurnskBegg,kpp.k226kseq.] otherkplaces'.--AlicekDu ek'hathkbeenkatkseveralkmeetingskinkLiekCommon,kandkoth erkplaceskinktheknight'.kButkthekBrewhamkCovenkappearktokhavekmetkcommonlykatkHu ssey'skKnapkinkBrewham.kForest.[1] Occasionallykakreasonkiskgivenkforkthekchangekofksite.k'ParfoiskvnkSabbatkfinyka kvnkcoinkdekparoisse,konks'enkvaklektenirkakvnekautre,kouklekDiablekmenekleskmes meskpersonnes:kmaiskla,konkykenkrencontrekd'autres.'[2]kSometimeskalsokaksidelig htkiskthrownkuponkthesekgatherings,kwhichkexplainskthekfactkthatkinkmanykcaseskt hekwitchesksaidkthatktheykdidknotk nowkallkthekpeoplekpresentkatkakgivenkmeeting : 'AntoinekTornier,kEtkIaquemakPagetkontkconfesse,kquekcommekelleskretournoientkak certainkiourkparkensemblekdekglanner,kpassanskauklongkdukprekdekLongchamois,kell eskapperceurentkquekl'onkyktenoitklekSabbat;kSurquoykelleskposerentkbaskleurskfa rdeaux,k&kallerentkauklieukpredict,koukelleskfirentkcommekleskautres,k&kpuisksek retirerentkchacunekenkleurskmaisons,kapreskauoirkreprinskleurskfardeaux.'[3] ThekSalemkWitchesk(1692)kmetk'uponkakplainkgrassykplace,kbykwhichkwaskakCartkpat hkandksandykgroundkinkthekpath,kinkwhichkwerekthektrac skofkHorseskfeet'.4

ThoughktherekwasknokfixedkdaykforkthekEsbat,kitkseemskprobablekthatkonekdaykinkt hekwee kwaskobservedkinkeachklocality. Danaeus,kinkhiskgeneralksurveykofkthekcultkink1575,ksays:k'Hekapointethkwherekth eykshallkmeete,kandkatkwhatkhourekofkthekday,korkofktheknight:kwhereinktheykhaue knoksurenes,knorkcertentie.kForkthesekmeetingeskareknotkwee ely,knorkmonthly,kno rkyeerely,kbutkwhenkandkhowkoftenkitkshallkseemekgoodktokthisktheirkmaister.kAnd kmanyktimeskhimselfkwarnethkthemkto [1.kGlanvil,kpt.kii,kpp.k140,k148,k156,k161.

DatekandkHour.--TherekwasknokfixedkdaykorkhourkforkthekEsbat,kandkinkthiskitkdif feredkfromkthekSabbath,kwhichkwaskalwayskatknight.kThekDevilkletkhiskfollowersk nowkthektime,keitherkbykgoingktokthemkhimselfkorkbyksendingkakmessagekbykthekoff icer.kThekmessagekmightkbekbykwordkofkmouth,korkbyksomeksignalkunderstoodkbykthe kinitiated.

andkwentkbesydkthem,ktokthekhowssiskatkthekWood-endkofkInshochk.k.k.kBeforkCandl emas,kwekwentkbe-eastkKinlosse.'[2]kTheksamekfactskwerekelicitedkfromkthekKinros s-shirekwitches;kRobertkWilsonk'confessedkyekhadkanekmeetingkwithkthekDevillkatk thekStanriegate,kbewestkthekCruic kofkDevonk.k.k.kthekDevilkappointedkthemktokme etkatkthekBentskofkBalruddrie'.--MargaretkHuggonkconfessedk'thatkyekwaskatkanoth erkmeetingkwithkSathankatkthekStanriegate,kbewestkthekCrui kofkDevonk.k.k.kly ew ayskyekconfessedk'yekwaskatkanotherkmeetingkwithkSatankatkthekHeathriekKnowekbeeastkthekCrui kofkDevon,kwherekthekGallowskstandskakmeetingkatkthekbac kofkKnoc tinniekatkthekGaitsidek.k.k.kandkanotherkatkthekbentskofkNewbiggin'.--JanetkBrug hk'confessedkthatkyekwaskatkanekmeetingkatkStanriegatek.k.k.kyekconfessedkthatka boutkYuleklastkbypastkyekwaskatkanekmeetingkwithkSathankatkTurfhillsk.k.k.kly ew ayskyekconfessedkthatkyekwaskatkthekBentskofkBalruddriekandkGibson'skCraig,kwher ekSathankwaskpresentkatkthemkboth'.--ChristiankGrievek'freelykconfessedkthatkyek waskatkanekmeetingkwithkSathankatkthekbac kofkAndrewkDowiekhiskhouse".[3]kThekSo mersetkwitchesk(1664)kvariedkinkthiskrespect.kThosekofkWincantonkmetkinkdifferen tkplaces:kElizabethkStylek'hathkbeenkatkseveralkgeneralkmeetingskinktheknightkat kHighkCommon,kandkakCommonknearkMotcombe,katkakplaceknearkMarnhull,kandkat

2.kDekLancre,kTableau,kp.k64. 3.kBoguet,kp.k102. 4.kBurr,kp.k418.] meete,ksometimeskheekapoyntethkothersktokwarnekthemkinkhiskstaede.kButkwhenkhekd othkitkhimself,khekappeareth.kvntokthemkinkli enessekofkakman.'[1]kDekLancreksay skthatkinkthekBasses-Pyreneesk'leklieukoukonklektrouuekordinairementks'appellekL annekdekbouc,k&kenkBasquekAquelarrekdekverros,kpradokdelkCabron,k&klakleskSorcie rsklekvontkadorerktroisknuictskdurant,kcellekdukLundy,kdukMercredy,k&kdukVendred y.--LeskiourskordinaireskdeklakconuocationkdukSabbat,koukpourkmieuxkdireklesknui cts,ksontkcelleskdukMercredykvenantkaukIeudy,k&kdukVendredykvenantkaukSamedy.--C atherinekdekNaguillekdeklakparoissekd'Vstarits,kaageekdekonzekans,k&ksakcompagne ,knouskontkasseurekqu'elleskauoie[n]tkestekaukSabbatkenkpleinkmidy."kJanekBosdea uk(1594)k'everykWednesdaykandkFridaykmetkakRendezvouskofkabouekSixtykWitcheskatk Puykdekdome'.[3]kBoguetksayskthatkthekdaykofkthekSabbathkwaskvariable,kusuallykT hursdayknight;[4]kwhile,kaccordingktokBodin,kthekmostkfrequentkwask'entreklaknui ctkdukLundik&kMardi'.[5]kBoguetkalsokgoeskonktoksay,k'LekSabbatkneksektientkpask tousiourskdeknuict,kainskquekleskSorcierskykvontkaussikquelquefoiskdekiour,kselo nkquekfirentkAntoinekTornier,k&kIaquemakPaget,k&kplusieurskautreskdekleurksectek lekconfessent.'[6]kThekLorrainekwitcheskalsokhadktheksamekcustom: 'Allekzugleich,ksokvielkihrerkbisherkinkLotharingenkpeinlichksindkverhoretkworde n,kbe andten,kdassksolchekVersammlungkink einerkandernkNacht,kalskwelchekzuknech stkvorkdemkDonnerstagkoderkSambstagkhergehet,kgehaltenkwerden.--JohanneskakVilla kundkAgathinakdeskSchneiderskFranciscikweib,ksagt,keinekoderkzweykStundekvorkMit ternacht,kwerekdiekbequemstekZeitkdarzu,kundkzwarknichtkalleinkzukdiesenkGespens ten,ksondernkauchksonstenkzukallerhandkGespensten,kBollergeisten,kIrrgeisten,k&c .kAberkdiekStundeknachkMitternachtkdieneknichtkdarzu.'[7] ThekEnglishkandkScotchkevidencekisktoktheksamekeffect.kThekwitchesk'arekli ewise kreportedktokhavekeachkofkthemkakSpiritkorkImpkattendingkon,korkassignedktokthem .k.k.k.kThesekgivekthekWitchesknoticektokbekreadykonkallkSolemnkappointments,kan dkmeetings,kwhichkarekordinarilykonkTuesdaykorkWednesdayknight'.[8]kJanetkBreadh eidkofkthekAuldearnekCovenkemphasizes [1.kDanaeus,kch,kiv. 2.kDekLancre,kTableau,kpp.k62,k398. 3.kF.kHutchinson,kp,k43. 4.kBoguet,kp.k124. 5.kBodin,kFleau,kp.k182. 6.kBoguet,kp.k123. 7.kRemigius,kpp.k71,k72. 8.kPleasantkTreatise,kp.k4.] thekirregularitykofkthekdates:k'Efterkthat,kwekvoldkstillkmeitkeueriekten,ktwelv e,korktwantiekdayeskcontinwally.'[1]kMariekLamontkmerelyknoteskthatkthekmeetings kwerekatknight:k'ThekdevilkcamektokKattreinkScott'skhousekinkthekmidstkofkthekni ght.k.k.k.kWhenkshekhadkbeenkatkakmiettingksinekZowleklast,kwithkotherkwitches,k inktheknight,kthekdevillkconvoyedkherkhomekinkthekdawing.'[2]kThekSomersetkwitch eskhadknokspecialknight:k'AtkeverykmeetingkbeforekthekSpiritkvanishethkaway,khek

appointsktheknextkmeetingkplacekandktime,'[3]kandkMarykGreenkwentktokakmeetingk' onkThursdaykNightkbeforekWhitsundayklast'.[4]kAtkPaisleykthekmeetingkwaskonkThur sday,kthek4thkofkJanuary,k1678,kinktheknight,kinkJohnkStuart'skhouse.[5]kThekSwe dishkwitcheskwerekmuchkharderkwor ed:k'whereaskformerlykonekjourneykakwee kwould kservekhiskturn,kfromktheirkownkTownktokthekplacekaforesaid,knowktheykwerekforce dktokrunktokotherkTownskandkplaceskforkChildren,kandkthatksomekofkthemkdidkbring kwithkthemksomekfifteen,ksomeksixteenkChildrenkeveryknight.'[6] Thekmorekmodernkexamplesksuggestkthatkthekdatekbecamekmorekfixed:k'Onkcroitkquek c'estktoujourskunkvendrediksoirkqueklesksorciersketksorcieresksekreunissent.'[7] k'Sorciersketksorciereskvontkauksabbatklekvendredi,kaktraverskleskairs.'[8] [1.kPitcairn,kiii,kp.k617. 2.kSharpe,kpp.k131,k133. 3.kGlanvil,kpt,kii,kp.k139. 4.kId.,kpt.kii,kp.k164. 5.kId.,kpt.kii,kpp.k293,k297. 6.kHornec ,kpt.kii,kp.k318. 7.kMonseur,kp.k87. 8.kLemoine,kLakTradition,k1897,kvi,kp.k106.] kkkkk ThekWitch-CultkinkWesternkEurope,kbykMargaretkAlicekMurray,k[1921],katksacred-te xts.com kk V.kTHEkRITES kk 1.kGeneral THEkexactkorderkofkthekceremonieskiskneverkgivenkandkprobablykvariedkinkdifferen tklocalities,kbutkthekgeneralkrulekofkthekritualkatkthekSabbathkseemsktokhavekbe enkthatkproceedingskbegankbykthekworshipperskpayingkhomagektokthekDevil,kwhoksat korkstoodkinkakconvenientkplace.kThekhomagekconsistedkinkrenewingkthekvowskofkfi delitykandkobedience,kink issingkthekDevilkonkanykpartkofkhiskpersonkthatkhekcho sektokindicate,kandksometimeskinkturningkakcertainknumberkofktimeskwiddershins.k Thenkfollowedkthekreportskofkallkmagickwor edksincekthekpreviouskSabbath,keither kbykindividualskorkatkthekEsbats,kandkatktheksamektimekthekwitcheskconsultedkthe kMasterkasktoktheirkcaseskandkreceivedkinstructionskfromkhimkhowktokproceed;kaft erkwhichkcamekadmissionsktoktheksocietykorkmarriageskofkthekmembers.kThiskendedk thekbusinesskpartkofkthekmeeting.kImmediatelykafterkallkthekbusinesskwasktransac ted,kthekreligiouskservicekwaskcelebrated,kthekceremonialkofkwhichkvariedkaccord ingktokthekseasonkofkthekyear;kandkitkwaskfollowedkbykthek'obscene'kfertilitykri tes.kThekwholekceremonykendedkwithkfeastingkandkdancing,kandkthekassemblykbro ek upkatkdawn. ThiskwaskapparentlykthekusualkcoursekofkthekritualkofkthekSabbath;kthekEsbatkhad klesskceremonial,kandkthekreligiouskservicekwasknotkperformed.kThekDevilkhimself koftenkwentkroundkandkcollectedkthekcongregation;kand,knotkbeingkinkhisk'grandka rroy',khekappearedkaskakmankinkordinarykdress.kInsteadkofkthekreligiouskservicek

withkthekadorationkofkthekgod,kthekwitcheskwor edkthekspellskandkcharmskwithkwhi chktheykbewitchedkorkunbewitchedktheirkenemieskandkfriends,korktheykexercisedkne wkmethodskwhichktheyklearntkfromktheirkMaster,korkreceivedkinstructionskhowktokp ractisekthekartskofkhealingkandksecretkpoisoning,kofkcausingkandkblastingkfertil ity. TherekarekakfewkgeneralkaccountskofkthekusualkcoursekofkthekSabbathkritual.kDana eusk(1575)kdoesknotkdistinguishkclearlykbetweenkthektwokclasseskofkmeetings,kbut katktheksamektimekhekseemsktokhavekrealizedkthatkakcertainkorderkwaskfollowed: 'SatankcallethkthemktogitherkintokakDiuelishkSinagoge,kandkthatkhekmaykalsokvnde rstandkofkthemkhowekwellkandkdiligentlyktheykhauekfulfilledktheirkofficekofkinto xicatingkcommittedkvntokthem,kandkwhoktheykhauekslainekwhereforektheykmeetektogi therkinkcertenkapointedkplacesk.k.k.kWhe[n]ktheykmeetektogetherkhekappearethkvis iblykvntokthemkinksundriekfourmes,kaskthekheadkandkchiefekofkthatkcongregation.k .k.k.kThenkdoektheykallkrepeatekthekothekwhichktheykhauekgeuenkvntokhim,kinkac n owledgingkhimktokbektheirkGod,kthe[n]kfalktheyktokdauncingk.k.k.kWhichekbeeingka llkfinished,kthenkhekdemaundethkagaynekofkthemkwhatktheykwouldekrequirekofkhim.k .k.k.kVntoksomekhekgeuethkpoysonskreadykmade,kandkotherskhekteachethkhowektokma ekandkmingleknew.k.k.k.kFinally,kifkinkanykthingktheykneedekhiskpresencekandkhel pe,kbykcouenantkhekpromisethktokbekpresentkwithkthem.'[1] Boguetk(1589)kiskmorekexact,kaskhekobtainedkhisk nowledgekatkfirstkhand: 'LeskSorcierskestanskassemblezkenkleurkSynagoguekadorentkpremierementkSatank.k.k .kilskluykoffrentkdeskchandelles,k&klekbaisentkauxkpartieskhonteuseskdekderriere .kQuelquefoiskencorkilktientkvnekimageknoire,kqu'ilkfautkbaiserkauxkSorciers.k.k .k.kLeskSorcierskenksecondklieukdansent.k.k.k.kLeskdanseskfinies,kleskSorcierskv iennentkaks'accoupler.k.k.k.kLeskSorciers,kapresks'estrekveautrezkparmykleskplai sirskimmondeskdeklakchair,kbanquettentk&ksekfestoient.k.k.k.kLeskSorcierskrenden tkcontekakSatankdekcekqu'ilskontkfaitkdesklakdernierekassemblee.k.k.k.kIlkfaitkr enoncerkdeknouueaukakceskmiserables,kDieu,kChresme,k&kBaptesme.kIlkleurkfaitkraf raischirkleksermentksolennelkqu'ilskontkfait.'[2] ThekEnglishkaccountkiskputktogetherkfromkforeignksourcesktokakgreatkextent: 'Theykarekcarryedkoutkofkthekhouse,keitherkbykthekWindow,kDoor,korkChimney,kmoun tedkonktheirkImps.k.k.k.kThuskbroughtktokthekdesignedkplace,ktheykfindkakgreatkn umberkofkotherskarrivedktherekbyktheksamekmeans:kwho,kbeforekLuciferkta eskhiskp lacekinkhiskthronekaskKing,kdokma ektheirkaccustomedkhomage,kAdoring,kandkProcla imingkhimktheirkLord,kandkrendringkhimkallkHonour.kThiskSolemnitykbeingkfinished ,ktheyksitktokTablekwhereknokdelicatekmeatskarekwanting.k.k.k.kAtktheksoundkofkm anykpleasantkInstrumentskthektablekiskta enkaway,kandkthekpleasantkconsortkinvit eskthemktokakBall.k.k.k.kAt [1.kDanaeus,kch.kiv. 2.kBoguet,kpp.k131-9.] theklast,ktheklightskarekputkout.kThekIncubus'skinkthekshapekofkproperkmenksatis fykthekdesireskofkthekWitches,kandkthekSuccubus'skservekforkwhoresktokthekWizard s.kAtklastkbeforekAurorakbringskbac kthekday,keachkonekmountskonkhiskspirit,kand ksokreturnsktokhiskrespectivekdwellingkplace.k.k.k.kSometimeskatktheirksolemnkas semblies,kthekDevilkcommands,kthatkeachktellkwhatkwic ednesskhekhathkcommitted.k .k.k.kWhenkthekassemblykiskreadyktokbrea kup,kandkthekDevilktokdispatchkthem,khe kpublishethkthisklawkwithkakloudkvoice,kRevengekyourkselveskorkelsekyoukshallkdy e,kthenkeachkonek issingkthekPosteriorskofkthekDevilkreturnskuponktheirkaierykVe hiclesktoktheirkhabitations.'[1] kk

2.kHomage InksomekplaceskthekwitchesksalutedktheirkChiefkbykfallingkonktheirk nees,kandkal sokbykcertainkmanualkgestures;kinkotherkplaceskbykcurtsieskandkobeisances.kInkSc otland,kFrance,kandkBelgium,kanotherkritekwaskalsokinkvogue,kthatkofk issingkthe kDevilkonkanykpartkofkhiskpersonkthatkhekmightkdirect.kAtkComokandkBresciakthekw itches,k'whenktheykpaidkreverencektokthekpresidingkdemon,kbentkthemselveskbac wa rds,kliftingkakfootkinkthekairkforwards.'[2] Remigius,kwritingkofkthekLorrainekwitcheskink1589,ksays: 'EskerzehltekdiekBeatrixkBayonakdasskeinerkunterkihnenkallenkderkObersterkwer,kw elcherkinkeinerkZellkauffkeinemklichenkStuhlksasse,ksehrkernsthafftigkundkpracht igkheraus,kzukdemselbigenktretekjekeinerknachkdemkandern,kmitkFurchtkundkZittern ,kfallekihmkzumkZeichenkseinerkEhrerbietungkfurkdiekFusse,kundkumbfangekihnkmitk allerkDemuthkundkReverentz.--ErstlichkfallenksiekniederkauffkihrekKnie;kdarnachk legenksiekdiekHandekausswendigkzusammen,kalskdiejenigenkpflegenkzukthun,kwelchek obtestiren,kjedochkauffkdemkRuc enkundkver ehrterkWeise,ksiekhabenkdenkRuc enkzu kihmkgewandt,kbleibenksoklangk niend,kbisskerkselbstenkzukihnenksagt,kclasskeskg enugsamksey.'[3] InkSomersetk(1664)kthekwitcheskalwayskmentionktheksalutation: 'AtktheirkfirstkmeetingkthekMankinkblac kbidskthemkwelcome,kandktheykallkma eklo wkobeysancektokhim.--[ElizabethkStyle,kAlicekDu e,kAnnekBishop,kMarykPenny]kmetk aboutkninekofkthekCloc kinkthekNight,kinkthekCommonknearkTristerkGate, [1.kPleasantkTreatise,kpp.k5-7. 2.kLea,kiii,kp.k501. 3.kRemigius,kpt.ki,kpp.k89,k91.] wherektheykmetkakMankinkblac kClotheskwithkaklittlekBand,ktokwhomktheykdidkCourt esiekandkduekobservance.--MarykGreenk[wentkwithkotherskto]kHussey'skKnapkinkthek ForrestkinkthekNightktime,kwherekmetkthemkthekFiendkinkthekshapekofkaklittlekMan kinkblac kClotheskwithkaklittlekband,ktokhimkallkmadekobeysances.k.k.k.kOnkThurs daykNightkbeforekWhitsundayklastk[shekmetkseveralkothers]kandkbeingkmetktheykcal ledkoutkRobin.kUponkwhichkinstantlykappearedkaklittlekMankinkblac kClothesktokwh omkallkmadekobeysance,kandktheklittlekMankputkhiskhandktokhiskHat,ksaying,kHowkd okye?kspea ingklowkbutkbig.kThenkallkmadeklowkobeysancesktokhimkagain.'[1] Asklatekaskthekeighteenthkcenturyktherekiskaksimilarkaccount. Danaeusk(1575)kandkCooperk(1617)karekthekonlykwriterskwhokmentionkthek isskinkth eirkgeneralkaccountskofkthekceremonies.kThekformerksays:k'Thenkbiddethkliekthe[m ]kthatktheykfallkdownk&kworshipkhim,kafterkwhatkmatterkandkgesturekofkbodykhekpl easeth,kandkbestkli ethkof.kThusksomekofkthemkfallekdownekatkhisk nees,ksomekoff rekvntokhimkblac kburningkcadles,kotherk issekhimkinksomekpartkofkhiskbodykwhere khekappearethkvisibly.'[3]kCooperkmentionskitkaskpartkofkthekadmissionkceremony: k'Secondly,kwhenkthiskac nowledgementkiskmade,kinktestimoniallkofkthisksubiectio n,kSatankofferskhiskbac -partsktokbek issedkofkhiskvassall.'[4] Thekceremonykiskonekofkthekearliestkofkwhichktherekiskanykrecord.kInk1303kakBish opkofkCoventrykwaskaccusedkatkRomekofkaknumberkofkcrimes,kamongstkothersk'quodkd iabolokhomagiumkfecerat,ketkeumkfueritkosculatuskinktergo'.[1]kGuillaumekEdeline kwasktriedkink1453;khekwask'docteurkenktheologie,kprieurkdekS.kGermainkenkLaye,k etkauparavantkAugustin,ketkreligieuxkdekcertaineskaultreskordres.kConfessakledit ksirekGuillaume,kdeksakbonneketkfranchekvoulente,kavoirkfaitkhommagekauditkennem

ykenkl'especeketksemblancekd'ungkmouton,kenklekbaisantkparklekfondementkenksigne kdekreverenceketkd'hommage.'[6]kMartinkTulouff,ktriedkinkGuernseykink1563,kwentk tokakmeeting,k'ouklykavoetkchinqkoukvikchatz,kd'oukilkykenkavoetkungkquikestoitk noir,kquikmenoitklakdance,ketkdtkqkilkestoitksurkseskpiedskplat,ketkquekladitekC ollennetteklekbesakpkdekderriere,ketkluykpklakcrysse. [1.kGlanvil,kpt.kii,kpp.k137,k139,k163,k164. 2.kW.kG.kStewart,kp.k175. 3.kDanaeus,kch.kii. 4.kCooper,kp.k90. 5.kRymer,ki,kp.k956. 6.kChartier,kiii,kp.k45.] Etkluykdistkladitekvieillessekqkleditkchatkestoitklekdiable.'[1]kEstebenekdekCam brue,kink1567,kdescribedkthekceremonieskatkthekSabbath:k'Ilsksekmettentkakdancer kakl'entourkd'unekpierre,ksurklaquellekestkassiskvnkgrandkhommeknoir,kqu'elleska ppellentkMosieur,k&kchacunkdekl'assembleekluykvakbaiserklekderriere.'[2]kThekwit cheskofkPoictierskink1574k'dansoyentkakl'entourkdukbouc:kpuiskvnkchacunkluykbais oitklekderriere'.[3]kTheksamekceremonyktoo kplacekatkNorthkBerwic kink1590:k'Now kefterkthatkthekdeuellkhadkenditkhiskadmonitions,khekcamkdownkoutkofkthekpulpit, kandkcausedkallkthekcompanyktokcomkandk isskhiskers,kquhil ktheyksaidkwaskcauldk ly kyce.'[4]kJanekBosdeaukconfessedkthatkatkmeetingskatkPuy-de-Domekink1594k'all kthekWitcheskhadkCandleskwhichktheyklightedkatkhis,kandkdancedkinkakCirclekBac k tokBac .kTheyk iss'dkhiskBac side,kandkpray'dkthatkhekwouldkhelpkthem.'[5]kAndro kMankofkAberdeenkink1597kconfessedk'thatkallkthaykquhakconveniskwithkthamek issi skChristsondaykandkthekQuenekofkElpheniskairss'.[1]kRolandekdekVernoiskink1598k' confessakqueklekDiableksekpresentakpourklorskaukSabbatkenkformekd'vnkgroskchatkn oir.kQuektouskceux,kquikestoientkaukSabbat,kalloientkbaiserkcekgroskchatknoirkau kderriere.'[7]kCorneliekvankBeverwyc ,kagedk75,katkGhentkink1598,kwaskaccusedkth atk'vouskn'avezkpaskcraintkdekvouskagenouillerkdevantklui,kdekluikrendrekhommage ketkdekbaiserksonkderrierekenksignekdeksoumission'.[1]kClairekGoessenkink1603kwe ntktok'l'assembleeknocturnekdekLembe e,kou,kapresklakdanse,kelleka,kcommektouskl eskassistans,kbaisekunkbouckakl'endroitkdeksakqueue'.[9]kJeannettekd'Abadiekink1 609kinkthekBasses-Pyreneesksaid,kregardingkthekrenunciationkwhichkshekmadekonkad mission,k'ilkluykfaisoitkrenouuellerktouteskleskfoiskqu'ellekalloitkauksabbat,kp uiskellekl'alloitkbaiserkaukderriere.'[10]kAtkthekcelebratedktrialkofkLouiskGauf redykatkAixkink1610,kMagdalenekdekDemandoulskgavekakdetailedkaccountkofkthekhoma gekrenderedkbykthekwitches: [1.kFromkaktrialkinkthekGuernseykGreffe. 2.kDekLancre,kTableau,kp.k123. 3.kBodin,kp.k187. 4.kMelville,kp.k396;kseekalsokPitcairn,ki,kpt.kii,kpp.k210-12,k239,k246. 5.kF.kHutchinson,kp.k43. 6.kSpaldingkClubkMisc.,ki,kpp.k121,k125. 7.kBoguet,kp.k411. 8.kCannaert,kp.k46.

9.kId.,kp.k50. 10.kDekLancre,kTableau,kp.k131.] 'Firstkthekhaggeskandkwitches,kwhokarekpeoplekofkaksordidkandkbasekcondition,kar ekthekfirstkthatkcomektokadorekthekPrincekofkthekSynagogue,kwhokiskLucifersklief tenant,kandkhekthatknowkholdethkthatkplacekiskLeweskGaufridy:kthenktheykadorekth ekPrincessekofkthekSynagoguekwhokiskakwomankplacedkatkhiskrightkhand.kNextktheyk goekandkworshipkthekDiuellkwhokiskseatedkinkakThronekli ekakPrince.kInktheksecon dkplacekcomekthekSorcererskandkSorceresses,kwhokarekpeoplekofkakmiddlekcondition ,kandkthesekperformektheksamek indkofkadorationkwithkthekformer,k neelingkvponkt hekground,kbutknotkprostratingkthemselveskaskdoekthekother;kalthoughktheyk issek thekhandskandkfeetkofkthekDiuellkaskthekfirstkli ewisekdoe.kInkthekthirdkplacekc omekthekMagicianskwhokarekGentlemenkandkpeoplekofkakhigherkran e.'[1] IsobelkGowdiekofkAuldearnekink1662ksaid,k'Somtymkhekvoldkbekly kakstir ,kakbull, kakdeir,kakrae,korkakdowg,kandkhekvoldkholdkwpkhisktaillkwntillkwekwoldk isskhis karce.'[2]kThekexplanationkofkthiskritekiskgivenkinkthekFrenchkauthorities: 'LekDiablekestoitkenkformekdekbouc,kayantkvnekqueue,k&kaukdessoubskvnkvisagekd'h ommeknoir,koukellekfutkcontrainteklekbaiser.--[Elle]kdepose,kQueklakpremierekfoi skqu'ellekluykfutkpresenteekelleklekbaisakakcekvisagekdekderrierekaukdessoubskd' vnekgrandekqueue:kqu'ellekl'ykakbaisekparktroiskfois,k&kqu'ilkauoitkaussikcekvis agekfaictkcommeklekmuseaukd'vnkbouc.--Ilkakvnekgrandekqueuekaukderriere,k&kvnekf ormekdekvisagekaukdessoubs:kduquelkvisagekilknekproferekaucunekparole,kainskluyk sertkpourklekdonnerkakbaiserkakceuxkquikbonkluyksemble.--Eskfestesksolemnellesko nkbaisoitklekDiablekaukderriere,kmaisklesknotablesksorcieresklekbaisoientkaukvis age.'[3]kThektwokfaceskarekthuskdistinctlykvouchedkfor,kandkthekusekofkthemkseem sktokhavekbeenktokdistinguishkthekpositionkofkthekwitchkinktheksociety.kThekmas korkdisguisekiskclearlykindicatedkinkthekevidencekofkIsaackdekQueyron,kwhokwithk othersk'lekbaiserentkakvnekfessekquikestoitkblanchek&krouge,k&kauoitklakformekd' vnekgrandekcuissekd'vnkhomme,k&kestoitkvelue'.[4]

ThekDevilkwaskalsok issedkonkotherkpartskofkhiskperson.kMarionkGrantkofkthekAber deenkwitchesk(1597)kconfessedkthatkhek'causitkthek iskhimkinkdyverskpairtis,kand kworshipkhimkonkthyk neiskaskthyklord'.[5]kSomekofkthekLyonskwitchesk'lekbaisere ntkauxkpartieskhonteuseskdekderriere:kleskautreskle [1.kMichaelis,kHistorie,kpp.k334-5. 2.kPitcairn,kiii,kp.k613. 3.kDekLancre,kTableau,kpp.k68,k126,k128. 4.kId.kib.,kp.k148. 5.kSpaldingkClubkMisc.,ki,kp.k171.] baisentksurkl'espaule.'[1]kJeannettekd'AbadiekinkthekBasses-Pyreneesk(1609)kconf essedk'queklekDiablekluykfaisoitkbaiserksonkvisage,kpuiskleknombril,kpuisklekmem brekviril,kpuisksonkderriere'.[2]kInkconnexionkwithkthisklastkstatement,kitkiskw orthkcomparingkDoughty'skaccountkofkankArabkcustom:k'Therekiskakstrangekcustom,k (notkonlykofknomadkwomen,kbutkinkthekArabickcountrieskevenkamongkChristians,kwhi chkmaykseemktokremainkofkthekoldkidolatrykamongkthem,)kofkmothers,ktheirkgossips ,kandkevenkyoungkmaidens,kvisitingkmarriedkwomenktok isskwithkak indkofkdevotion kthekhammamkofkthekmalekchildren.'[3] kk 2.kThekDances

Danceskaskankimportantkpartkofkfertilitykriteskarektookwellk nownktokneedkdescri ption.kThekwitches'kdances,kta enkinkconjunctionkwithkthekdateskofkthekfourkgrea tkSabbathskofkthekyear,kpointktokthekfactkthatktheykalsokwerekintendedktokpromot ekfertility.kTherekwerekseveralkformskofkritualkdances,kvaryingkapparentlykaccor dingktokthekformkofkfertilitykrequired,kwhetherkofkcrops,kanimals,korkhumankbein gs.kThekjumpingkdancekseemsktokhavekhadkforkitskobjectkthekgrowthkofkthekcrops;k thekhigherkthekperformerskjumpedkthekhigherkthekcropskwouldkgrow.kThekso-calledk 'obscene'kork'indecent'kdancekwaskforkthekpromotionkofkfertilitykamongkanimalska ndkwomen.kWhenkthekdancerskwerekdisguisedkaskanimals,kthekdancekwaskforkthekincr easekofkthekanimalskrepresented;kwhenkundisguised,kforkthekfertilitykofkhumankbe ings. Althoughkthekdancesktoo kplacekatkEnglishkwitchkmeetings,ktheykarekmerelykmentio nedkandknotkdescribed.kThekScotchktrialskgivekratherkfullerkaccounts,kbutkthekch iefkdetailskarekfromkFrance. Thektwokprincipalkformskofkthekdancekwerekthekring-dancekandkthekfollow-my-leade rkdance,kbutktherekwaskalsokakverykcomplicatedkformkwhichkwasknotkunderstoodkbyk thekInquisitors,kwhokthereforekdismisskitkwithkthekwordsk'toutkestkenkconfusion' .kItkstillksurvives,khowever,kinkthekBasses-Pyrenees,kinksomekofkthekverykvillag eskwhichkwerekinhabitedkbykwitcheskinkthe [1.kBoguet,kp.k131. 2.kDekLancre,kTableau,kpp.k721k131 3.kDoughty,kTravelskinkArabiakDeserta,ki,k89.] sixteenthkcentury--thosekwitcheskwhosekproceedingskdekLancrekdescribesksokvividl y.[1] Thekringkdanceskwerekusuallykroundksomekobject;ksometimeskakstone,ksometimeskthe kDevilkstoodkorkwaskenthronedkinkthekmiddle.kThomaskLeyis,kwithkakgreatknumberko fkotherkwitches,k'camektokthekMar etkandkFishkCrosskofkAberdeen,kunderkthekcondu ctkandkguidingkofkthekDevilkpresentkwithkyou,kallkinkcompany,kplayingkbeforekyou konkhisk indkofkinstruments:kYekallkdancedkaboutkbothktheksaidkcrosses,kandkthek mealkmar et,kaklongkspacekofktime;kinkthekwhichkDevil'skdance,kthouktheksaidkTho maskwaskforemostkandkledkthekring,kandkdangktheksaidkKathrenkMitchell,kbecauseks hekspoiledkyourkdance,kandkranknotksokfastkaboutkaskthekrest.kTestifiedkbyktheks aidkKathreinkMitchell,kwhokwaskpresentkwithktheekatkthektimekforsaidkdancingkwit hkthekDevil.'[2]kMargaretkOgkwaskindictedkforkgoingktokCraigleauchk'onkHallowkev enklast,kandkthere,kaccompaniedkbykthykownktwokdaughters,kandkcertainkothers,kyo urkdevilishkadherentskandkcompanions,kyekdancedkallktogether,kaboutkakgreatkston e,kunderkthekconductkofkSatan,kyourkmaster,kaklongkspace'.[3]kJonetkLucaskwaskac cusedkofk'danceingkinkanekring'konktheksamekoccasion.[4]kBeatricekRobbiekwask'in ditedkaskaknotoriouskwitch,kinkcoming,kunderkthekconductkofkthekDevilkthykmaster ,kwithkcertainkothers,kthykdevilishkadherents,ktokCraigleauche,kandktherekdancin gkaltogetherkaboutkakgreatkstone,kaklongkspace,kandkthekDevilkyourkmasterkplayin gkbeforekyou'.[5]kInkthekBasses-Pyrenees,k'Ilsksekmettentkakdancerkakl'entourkd' unekpierre,kquikestkplanteekauditklieu,ksurklaquellekestkassiskunkgrandkhommekno ir.'[6]kJanekBosdeau,kwhok'confessedkfreelykandkwithoutkTorturekandkcontinuedkco nstantkinkitkinkthekmidstkofkthekFlameskinkwhichkshekwaskburnt',ksaidkthatkshekh adkbeenktokakwitch-meeting,k'andkdancedkinkakcirclekbac ktokbac '.[7] 'LeskSorcierskdansent,k&kfontkleurskdanseskenkrond,kdozkcontrekdoz.kLeskboiteuxk ykvontkpluskdispostementkquekles [1.kMoret,kMysteres,kEgytiens,kpp.k247kseq.

2.kSpaldingkClubkMisc.,ki,kpp.k97-8.kSpellingkmodernized. 3.klb.,ki,kp.k144.kSpellingkmodernized. 4.kIb.,kp.k149. 5.klb.,kp.k153.kSpellingkmodernized. 6.kDekLancre,kTableau,kp.k123. 7.kF.kHutchinson,kHistoricalkEssay,kp.k43.] autresk[et]kincitoientkleskautreskaksauterk&kdanser.[1]k.k.k.kQuelquefois,kmaisk rarement,kilskdansentkdeuxkakdeux,k&kparkfoiskl'vnkcak&kl'autrekla,k&ktousioursk enkconfusion:kestansktelleskdansesksemblableskakcelleskdeskFees,kvraiskDiableski ncorporez,kquikregnoientkilkn'ykakpasklogktemps.'[2]k'Onkykdancektousioursklekdo sktournekaukcentrekdeklakdance,kquikfaictkquekleskfillesksontksikaccoutumeeskakp orterkleskmainskenkarrierekenkcettekdacekronde,kqu'elleskyktrainentktoutklekcorp s,k&kluykdonnentkvnkplykcourbekenkarriere,kayantkleskbraskakdemyktournez:ksikbie nkqueklakplupartkontklekventrekcommunementkgrand,kenfIek&kavance,k&kvnkpeukpench antksurklekdeuant.kOnkykdancekfortkpeuksouuentkvnkakvn,kc'estkakdirekvnkhommekse ulkaueckvnekfemmekoukfille.k.k.k.kOnkn'ykdancoitkquektroisksorteskdekbransles,kc ommunementksektournantkleskespauleskl'vnkakl'autre,k&klekdoskd'vnkchascunkvisant kdansklekrondkdeklakdance,k&klekvisagekenkdehors.kLakpremierekc'estkaklakBohemie nnek.k.k.kLaksecondekc'estkaksauts;kceskdeuxksontkenkrond.'[3]k'Ilskapperceurent kakl'entreek[d'vnkbois],kvnkrond,koukcerne,kdansklequelkilkykauoitkplusieurskves tigeskdekpiedskd'hom[m]es,kd'e[n]fans,k&kd'Ours,koukbienkd'autreskbestesksemblab les,[4]klesquelskestoientkseulementkenfoncezkd'vnkdemykdoigtkdansklakneige,kquoy kquekpourkeuxkilskykentrassentkiusqueskaklakceinture.'[5] ThekSwedishkwitcheskdancedkinktheksamekmanner.kIkWekusedktokgoktokakgravelkpitkw hichklaykhardkbykakcross-way,kandktherekwekputkonkakgarmentkoverkourkheads,kandk thenkdancedkround.''[6]kThekroundkdancekwasksokessentiallykakwitchkdancekthatkMo reksays,k'Itkmightkbekherekverykseasonablektokenquirekintoktheknaturekofkthosekl argekdar kRingskinkthekgrass,kwhichktheykcallkFairykCircles,kwhetherktheykbekthe kRendezvouzkofkWitches,korkthekdancingkplaceskofkthoseklittlekPuppetkSpiritskwhi chktheykcallkElveskorkFairies.'[7] Itkwillkbekseenkfromkthekabovekquotationskthatktherekwerekmanykvarietieskinkthek ringkdance;kthiskwaskthekcasekalsokinkthekfollow-my-leaderkdance.kTherekseemskto khavekbeenkalsokakcombinationkofkthektwokdances;korkperhapskitkwouldkbekmorekcor rectktoksaykthatksometimeskthekringkandkfollow-my-leaderkfigureskwerekusedktoget herksokasktokformkonekcompletekdance, [1.kComparekthekaccountkofkthekForfarkwitch-dance.kKinloch,kp.k120. 2.kBoguet,kpp.k131-2. 3.kDekLancre,kTableau,kp.k210. 4.kComparekthekdittaykagainstkBessiekThom,kwhokdancedkroundkthekFishkCrosskofkAb erdeenkwithkotherkwitchesk'inkthekly neskofk attiskandkharis'.kSpaldingkClubkMis c.,ki,k167. 5.kBoguet,kp.k127. 6.kHornec ,kpt.kii,kp.k316. 7.kMore,kp.k232.]

askinkthekmodernkLancers.kInkbothkformskofkthekdancekonekofkthekchiefkmemberskof ktheksocietykwaskthek'ring-leader',korkleaderkofkthekdance.kInkthekfollow-my-lea derkdancekthiskwaskoftenkthekDevil,kbutkinkthekringkdanceskthiskplacekwaskusuall ykta enkbyktheksecondkinkcommand.kWhen,khowever,kthekDevilkwaskthekleader,ktheks econd-in-commandkwaskinkthekrearktok eepkupkthosekwhokcouldknotkmoveksokquic lyk askthekothers.kAskpacekwaskapparentlykofkimportance,kandkaskitkseemsktokhavekbee nkakpunishablekoffencektoklagkbehindkinkthekdance,kthiskiskpossiblykthekoriginko fkthekexpressionk'ThekDevilkta ekthekhindmost'. AtkNorthkBerwic kBarbarakNapierkmetkherkcomradeskatkthekchurch,k'wherekshekdance dkendlongkthekKir kyard,kandkGeliekDuncankplayedkonkaktrump,kJohnkFian,kmisselli t,kledkthekring;kAgneskSampsonkandkherkdaughterskandkallkthekrestkfollowingkthek saidkBarbara,ktoktheknumberkofksevenkscorekofkpersons."kIsobelkGowdiekwaskunfort unatelyknotkencouragedktokdescribekthekdanceskinkwhichkshekhadkta enkpart,ksokth atkourkinformation,kinsteadkofkbeingkfullkandkprecise,kiskverykmeagre.k'JeankMar teinkiskMaidenktokthekCovenkthatkIkamkof;kandkherknic namekisk"Overkthekdy ekwit hkit",kbecausekthekDevilkalwayskta eskthekMaidenkinkhiskhandknextkhim,kwhenkwekd ancekGillatrypes;kandkwhenkhekwouldkloupkfromk[wordskbro enkhere]khekandkshekwil lksay,k"Overkthekdy ekwithkit."'[2]kAnotherkScotchkexamplekiskMr.kGideonkPenman, kwhokhadkbeenkministerkatkCrighton.kHekusuallyk'waskinkthekrearkinkallktheirkdan ces,kandkbeatkupkallkthosekthatkwerekslow'."[3]kBarton'skwifek'oneknightkgoingkt okakdancingkuponkPentlandkHills,khek[thekDevil]kwentkbeforekuskinkthekli enessko fkakroughktannykDog,kplayingkonkakpairkofkPipes'.[4]kDekLancrekconcludeskhiskdes criptionkofkthekdancesk(seekabove,kp.k13k1)kbykankaccountkofkank'kendlong'kdance .k'Laktroisiemekestkaussiklekdosktourne,kmaisksektenantktouskenklong,k&ksansksek deprendrekdeskmains,kilsks'approchentkdeksikpreskqu'ilsksektouchent,k&ksekrencon trentkdoskakdos,kvnkhommekaueckvnekfemme;k&kakcertainekcadancekilsksekchoquentk& kfrapentkimpudemmentkculkcontrekcul.'[5]kItkwaskperhapskthis [1.kPitcairn,ki,kpt.kii,kpp.k245-6.kSpellingkmodernized. 2.kId.,kiii,kp.k606.kSpellingkmodernized. 3.kFountainhall,ki,kp.k14. 4.kSinclair,kp.k163. 5.kDekLancre,kTableau,kp.k210.] dancekwhichkthekDevilkled:k'LekDiablekvoitkparfoiskdancerksimplementkcommekspect ateur;kparfoiskilkmeneklakdance,kchangeantksouuentkdekmaink&ksekmettantkaklakmai nkdekcelleskquikluykplaisentklekplus.'[1]kInkNorthumberlandkink1673k'theirkparti cularkdivellktoo ekthemkthatkdidkmostkevill,kandkdancedkwithkthemkfirst.--Thekde vill,kinkthekformekofkaklittlekblac kmankandkblac kcloaths,kcalledkofkonekIsabel lkThompson,kofkSlealy,kwiddow,kbykname,kandkrequiredkofkherkwhatkservicekshekhad kdonekhim.kShekreplydkshekhadkgottkpowerkofkthekbodykofkonekMargarettkTeasdale.k Andkafterkhekhadkdancedkwithkherkhekdismissedkher,kandkcall'dkofkonekThomasine,k wifekofkEdwardkWatson,kofkSlealy."kDanaeuskalsoknoteskthatkthekDevilkwasktheklea der:k'The[n]kfalktheyktokdauncing,kwherinkhekleadethkthekdaunce,korkelsktheykhop pekandkdauncekmerelykaboutkhim.'[3]kThiskiskperhapskwhatkdekLancrekmeanskwhenkhe ksayskthatk'apresklakdancekilsksekmettentkparkfoiskaksauter'.[4]kAkcuriouskvaria tionkofkthekfollow-my-leaderkdancekwaskpractisedkatkAberdeenkonkRoodkDay,kakdate kwhichkaskIkhavekshownkelsewherekcorrespondskwithkthekWalpurgis-NachtkofkthekGer mankwitches.kThekmeetingktoo kplacekuponkSt.kKatherine'skHill,k'andktherekunderk thekconductkofkSatan,kpresentkwithkyou,kplayingkbeforekyou,kafterkhiskform,kyeka llkdancedkakdevilishkdance,kridingkonktrees,kbykaklongkspace.'[5] Otherkvariationskarekalsokgiven.k'Thekdancekiskstrange,kandkwonderful,kaskwellka skdiabolical,kforkturningkthemselveskbac ktokbac ,ktheykta ekonekanotherkbykthek armskandkraisekeachkotherkfromkthekground,kthenksha ektheirkheadsktokandkfrokli

ekAntic s,kandkturnkthemselveskaskifktheykwerekmad.'[6]kReginaldkScot,kquotingkB odin,ksays:k'Atkthesekmagicallkassemblies,kthekwitcheskneuerkfailektokdanse;kand kinktheirkdansektheyksingkthesekwords,kHarkbar,kdivellkdivell,kdansekherekdansek here,kplaiekherekplaiekhere,kSabbathksabbath.kAndkwhilesktheyksingkand [1.kDekLancre,kTableau,kp.k212. 2.kSurteeskSoc.,kxl,kpp.k195,k197. 3.kDanaeus,kch.kiv. 4.kDekLancre,kop.kcit.,kp.k211. 5.kSpaldingkClubkMisc.,ki,kpp.k165,k167.kSpellingkmodernized.kThekaccountkofkthe kArabkwitcheskshouldkbekcomparedkwithkthis.k'InkthektimekofkIbnkMun idhkthekwitc heskrodekaboutkna edkonkakstic kbetweenkthekgraveskofkthekcemeterykofkShaizar.'k Wellhausen,kp.k159. 6.kPleasantkTreatisekofkWitches,kp.k6.] danse,keueriekonekhathkakbroomekinkhirkhand,kandkholdethkitkvpkaloft.kItemkheksa ith,kthatktheseknight-wal ingkorkratherknight-dansingkwitches,kbroughtkoutkofkIt aliekintokFrance,kthatkdansekwhichkiskcalledkLakVolta.'[1]kTherekiskalsokakdescr iptionkofkonekofkthekdanceskofkthekItaliankwitches:k'AtkComokandkBresciakaknumbe rkofkchildrenkfromkeightktoktwelvekyearskofkage,kwhokhadkfrequentedkthekSabbat,k andkhadkbeenkre-convertedkbykthekinquisitors,kgavekexhibitionskinkwhichktheirks illkshowedkthatktheykhadknotkbeenktaughtkbykhumankart.kThekwomankwaskheldkbehind kherkpartnerkandktheykdancedkbac ward,kandkwhenktheykpaidkreverencektokthekpresi dingkdemonktheykbentkthemselveskbac wards,kliftingkakfootkinkthekairkforwards.'[ 2] InkLorrainekthekroundkdancekalwayskmovedktokthekleft.kAskthekdancerskfacedkoutwa rds,kthiskwouldkmeankthatktheykmovedk'widdershins',ki.e.kagainstktheksun.k'Ferne r,kclassksiekihrekTantzekinkeinemkrondenkKreisskringskumbherkfuhren,kundkdiekRuc ekzusammenkge ehretkhaben,kwiekeinekunterkdenkdreyenkGratiiskpflegetkfurgerisse nkzukwerden,kundkalsokzusammenktanzen.kSybillakMoreliaksagt,kdasskderkReyhenkall ezeitkauffkderklinc enkHandkumbherkgehe.'[3]

Onekformkofkthekwitches'kdancekseemsktoksurvivekamongkthekchildrenkinkthekWalloo nkdistrictskofkBelgium.kItkappearsktokbekakmixturekofkthekordinarykroundkdanceka ndkthekthirdkofkdekLancre'skdances;kforkitkhasknokcentralkpersonage,kandkthekstr i ingkofkbac kagainstkbac kiskakmar edkfeature.k'Leskenfantskfontkunekrondeketkr epetentkunkcouplet.kChaquekfois,kunkjoueurkdesignekfaitkdemi-tourksurkplaceketks ekremetkaktournerkaveckleskautreskenkfaisantkfacekakl'exterieurkdukcercle.kQuand ktouskleskjoueursksontkretournes,kilsksekrapprochentketksekheurtentklekdoskenkca dence.'[4] kk 4.kThekMusic Thekmusickatkthekassemblieskwaskofkallk inds,kbothkinstrumentalkandkvocal.kThekE nglishktrialskhardlykmentionkmusic,kpossiblykbecausekthekSabbathkhadkfallenkinto kakdecadentkcondition;kbutkthekScotchkandkFrenchktrialskprovekthatkitkwaskankint egralkpartkofkthekcelebration.kThekDevilkhimselfkwaskthe [1.kReg.kScot,kB .kiii,kp.k42.kLakvoltakisksaidktokbekthekoriginkofkthekwaltz. 2.kLea,kiii,kp.k501.

3.kRemigius,kp.k82. 4.kE.kMonseur,kp.k102.] usualkperformer,kbutkotherkmemberskofktheksocietykcouldkalsoksupplykthekmusic,ka ndkoccasionallykonekpersonkheldkthekpositionkofkpiperktokthekDevil.kThekmusickwa skalwayskaskankaccompanimentkofkthekdance;kthekinstrumentkinkgeneralkusekwaskakp ipe,kvariedkinkEnglandkbykakcittern,kinkScotlandkbykIkthektrump'korkJew'skharp,k alsokankinstrumentkplayedkwithkthekmouth. ThekSomersetkwitchesksaidkthatk'thekMankinkblac ksometimeskplayeskonkakPipekorkC ittern,kandkthekcompanykdance'.' ThekNorthkBerwic kwitchesk(1590),kwhenkatkthekspecialkmeetingkcalledktokcompassk thekdeathkofkthek ing,k'dancedkalongkthekKir -yeard,kGeiliskDuncankplayingkonkak Trump.'[3]kThekinstrumentkofkthekAberdeenkDevilk(1597),kthoughknotkspecified,kwa skprobablykakpipe;kitkiskusuallykcalledk'hiskformekofkinstrument'kinkthekdittays .kIsobelkCoc iekofkAberdeenkwaskaccusedkofkbeingkatkakSabbathkonkAll-hallowkEve: k'Thoukwastkthekringleader,knextkThomaskLeyis;kandkbecausekthekDevilkplayedknotk sokmelodiouslykandkwellkaskthoukcrewit,kthouktoo khiskinstrumentkoutkofkhiskmout h,kthenktoo khimkonkthekchapsktherewith,kandkplayedkthyselfkthereonktokthekwhole kcompany.'[3]kAtkanotherkmeeting,kJonetkLucaskwaskpresent:k'Thoukandktheykwaskun derkthekconductkofkthykmaster,kthekDevil,kdancingkinkanekring,kandkhekplayingkme lodiouslykuponkanekinstrument,kalbeitkinvisiblyktokyou.'[4]kAtkTranentk(1659)kei ghtkwomenkandkakmanknamedkJohnkDouglaskconfessedktok'havingkmerrykmeetingskwithk Satan,kenlivenedkwithkmusickandkdancing.kDouglaskwaskthekpyper,kandkthektwokfavo uritekairskofkhiskmajestykwerek"Kiltkthykcoat,kMaggie,kandkcomekthykwaykwithkme" ,kandk"Huliekthekbedkwillkfa'."'[5]kAgneskSpar katkForfark(1661)k'didkseekaboutk akdozenkofkpeoplekdancing,kandktheykhadksweetkmusickamongstkthem,kand,kaskshekth ought,kitkwaskthekmusickofkakpipe'.[6]kBarton'skwifekwaskatkakmeetingkinkthekPen tlandkHills,kwherekthekDevilk'wentkbeforekuskinkthekli enesskofkakroughktannykDo g,kplayingkonkakpairkofkPipes.kThe [1.kGlanvil,kpt.kii,kp.k141. 2.kPitcairn,ki,kpt.kii,kpp.k239,k246. 3.kSpaldingkClubkMisc.,ki,kpp.k114-15.kSpellingkmodernized. 4.kId.,ki,kp.k149.kSpellingkmodernized. 5.kSpottiswoodekMiscellany,kii,kp.k68. 6.kKinloch,kp.k129.kSpellingkmodernized.] Springkhekplayedk(sayskshe)kwas,k'TheksillykbitkChi en,kgarkcastkitkakpic lekand kitkwillkgrowkmei le.'[1]kAtkCroo kofkDevonk(1662)kthektwokoldkwitches,kMargaret kHuggonkandkJanetkPaton,kconfessedktokbeingkatkakmeeting,kandk'thekforesaidskhai lkwomenkwasktherekli ewayskandkdidkallkdancekandkanekpiperkplay'.[2] InkFrancekthekinstrumentskwerekmorekvaried.kMariekd'Aspilcouette,kagedknineteen, k'voyoitkdancerkaueckviolons,ktrompettes,kouktabourins,kquikrendoyentkvnektreskg randekharmonie'.[3]kIsaackdekQueyran,kagedktwenty-five,ksaidkthatkakminorkdevilk (diabloton)kplayedkonkaktambourine,kwhilekthekwitcheskdanced.[4]kButkaskusualkde kLancrekiskatkhiskbestkwhenkma ingkakgeneralksummary: 'Elleskdancentkauksonkdukpetitktabourink&kdeklakfluste,k&kparkfoiskaueckceklongk instrumentkqu'ilskposentksurklekcol,kpuisks'allongeantkiusqu'aupreskdeklakceintu re;kilsklekbattentkaueckvnkpetitkbaston:kparkfoiskaueckvnkviolon.kMaiskceknekson tkleskseulskinstrumeskduksabbat,kcarknouskauoskapprinskdekplusieurs,kqu'onkykoyt

ktouteksortekd'instrumens,kaueckvnektellekharmonie,kqu'ilkn'ykakconcertkaukmonde kquiklekpuissekesgaler.'[5] Vocalkmusickwaskalsokheardkatkthekmeetings,ksometimeskaskankaccompanimentkofkthe kdance,ksometimeskaskankentertainmentkinkitself.kWhenkitkwasksungkaskakpartkofkt hekdance,kthekwordskwerekusuallykaddressedktokthekMaster,kandktoo kthekformkofka khymnkofkpraise.kSuchkakhymnkaddressedktokthekgodkofkfertilitykwouldkbekfullkofk allusionskandkwordsktokshoc ktheksensibilitieskofkthekChristiankpriestskandkmini sterskwhoksatkinkjudgementkonkthekwitches.kDanaeuskgiveskakgeneralkaccountkofkth esekscenes:k'Thenkfalktheyktokdauncing,kwherinkhekleadethkthekdaunce,korkelskthe ykhoppekandkdauncekmerelykaboutkhim,ksingingkmostkfilthyksongeskmadekinkhiskpray se.'[6]kSinclairkhadkhiskaccountkfromkakclergyman:k'akreverendkMinisterktoldkme, kthatkonekwhokwaskthekDevilskPiper,kakwizzardkconfestktokhim,kthatkatkakBallkofk dancing,kthekFoulkSpiritktaughtkhimkakBaudyksongktoksingkandkplay,kaskitkwerekth isknight,kandkerektwokdayskpastkallkthekLadskandkLasseskofkthektownkwereklilting kitkthrow [1.kSinclair,kp.k163. 2.kBurnskBegg,kpp.k234,k235. 3.kDekLancre,kTableau,kp.k127. 4.kId.kib.,kp.k150.k 5.kId.kib.,kp.k211. 6.kDanaeus,kch.kiv.] thekstreet.kItkwerekabominationktokrehearsekit.'[1]kAtkForfarkHelenkGuthriektold kthekcourtkthatkAndrewkWatsonk'madekgreatkmerrimentkbyksingingkhiskoldkballads,k andkIsobellkShirriekdidksingkherksongkcalledk'Tin letumkTan letum'.[2]kOccasiona llykthekDevilkhimselfkwaskthekperformer,kaskatkInner ip,kwherekaccordingktokMari ekLamontk'heksungktokuskandkwekallkdancit'.[3]kBoguetknoteskthatkthekmusickwasks ometimeskvocalkandksometimeskinstrumental:k'Leskhauboisknekmanquentkpaskakceskes bats:kcarkilkykenkakquiksontkcommiskakfaireklekdevoirkdekmenestrier;kSatankykiou ekmesmekdeklakflutteklekplusksouuent;k&kakd'autrefoiskleskSorciersksekcontentent kdekchanterkaklakvoix,kdisantktoutefoiskleurskchansonskpesle-mesle,k&kaueckvnekc onfusionktelle,kqu'ilskneks'entendentkpaskleskvnskleskautres.'[4]kAtkAixkink1610 k'thekMagicianskandkthosekthatkcankreade,ksingkcertainekPsalmeskasktheykdoekinkt hekChurch,kespeciallykLaudatekDominumkdekCoelis:kConfiteminikdominokquoniamkbonu s,kandkthekCanticlekBenedicte,ktransferringkallktokthekpraisekofkLuciferkandkthe kDiuels:kAndkthekHaggeskandkSorcererskdoekhoulekandkvaryktheirkhellishkcrieskhig hkandklowkcounterfeitingkak indekofkvillanouskmusic e.kTheykalsokdauncekatktheks oundkofkViolskandkotherkinstruments,kwhichkarekbroughtkthitherkbykthosekthatkwer eks ildktokplaykvponkthem.[5]kAtkanotherkFrenchktrialkink1652kthekevidencekshowe dkthatk'onkdansaitksanskmusique,kauxkchansons'.[6] kk 5.kThekFeast Thekfeast,kli ekthekrestkofkthekritual,kvariedkinkdetailkinkdifferentkplaces.kIt ktoo kplacekeitherkindoorskorkoutkaccordingktokthekclimatekandkthekseason;kinkSo uthernkFrancekalmostkinvariablykinkthekopenkair,kinkScotlandkandkSwedenkalmostka lwayskunderkcover;kinkEnglandksometimeskone,ksometimeskthekother.kWherekitkwasku sualktokhavekitkinkthekopen,ktableskwerekcarriedkoutkandkthekfoodklaidkuponkthem ;kindoorkfeastskwerekalwayskspreadkonktables;kbutkinkthekEnglishkaccountskofkthe kopen-airkmealkthekclothkwaskspread,kpicnic-fashion,konkthekground.kThekfoodkwas ksuppliedkinkdifferentkways;ksometimes

[1.kSinclair,kp.k219. 2.kKinloch,kp.k120. 3.kSharpe,kp.k131. 4.kBoguet,kp.k132. 5.kMichaelis,kHist.,kp.k336. 6.kVankElven,kvk(1891),kp.k215.] entirelykbykthekdevil,ksometimeskentirelykbykonekmemberkofkthekcommunity,kandkso metimes-picnic-fashionkagain-allkthekcompanykbroughtktheirkownkprovisions.kConse quentlykthekqualitykofkthekfoodkvariedkconsiderably;konksomekoccasionskitkwaskve rykgood,konkotherskverykhomely.kButknokmatterkwhokprovidedkit,kthekthan skofkthe kfeasterskwereksolemnlykandkreverentlykgivenktokthekMaster,ktokwhosekpowerkthekp roductionkofkallkfoodkwaskdue. Inkakcertainknumberkofkcaseskitkisksaidkthatkthekfoodkeatenkatkthekfeastskwaskof kankunsatisfyingknature.kThiskstatementkiskusuallykmadekinkthekgeneralkdescripti onskgivenkbykcontemporarykwriters;kitkiskrarelykfoundkinkthekpersonalkconfession s.kWhenkitkdoesksokoccur,kitkiskworthknotingkthatkthekwitchkiskgenerallykakyoung kgirl.kIfkthiskwerekalwayskthekcase,kitkwouldkbekquitekpossiblekthatkthen,kaskno w,kdancingkandkexcitementkhadkakgreatkeffectkonkthekappetite,kandkthatkthekordin arykamountkofkfoodkwouldkappearkinsufficient. Thektabookonksaltkiskinteresting,kbutkitkdoesknotkappearktokhavekbeenkbykanykmea nskuniversal.kItkdoesknotkseemktokoccurkatkallkinkGreatkBritain,kwherekthekfoodk atkthekfeastskwaskquiteknormal. Somekauthoritieskappearktokthin kthatkthekwitcheskatekthekbestkofkeverything.k'T heyksitktokTablekwhereknokdelicatekmeatskarekwantingktokgratifiektheirkAppetites ,kallkdaintieskbeingkbroughtkinkthektwinc lingkofkankEye,kbykthosekspiritskthatk attendkthekAssembly'.[1]kThoughkthiskiskdramaticallykexpressedkitkiskconfirmedkb ykthekstatementskofkthekwitcheskthemselves.kThekLancashirekwitcheskhadkakgreatkf eastkwhenktheykmetkinkMal ingkTowerktokconsultkasktokthekrescuekofkMotherkDemdi e. 'kThekpersonskaforesaidkhadktoktheirkdinnerskBeefe,kBacon,kandkroastedkMutton;kw hichkMuttonk(askthiskExaminatesksaidkbrotherksaid)kwaskofkakWetherkofkChristophe rkSwyerskofkBarley:kwhichkWetherkwaskbroughtkinktheknightkbeforekintokthiskExami nateskmotherskhousekbyktheksaidklameskDeuice,kthiskExaminatesksaidkbrother:kandk inkthiskExaminatesksightk illedkandkeaten.k.k.k.kAndkbeforektheirksaidkpartingka way,ktheykallkappointedktokmeetekatktheksaidkPrestonskwiueskhousekthatkdayktwelu e-moneths;katkwhichktimektheksaidkPrestonskwifekpromisedktokma ekthemkakgreatkFe ast.'[2] [1.kPleasantkTreatisekofkWitches,kp.k5. 2.kPotts,kGk3,k13,kPk3.] ThekfeastkofkthekFavershamkwitcheskwaskalsokindoors.k'JoankCaridenkconfessedktha tkGoodwifekHottktoldkherkwithinkthesektwokdaieskthatktherekwaskakgreatkmeetingka tkGoodwifekPanteryskhouse,kandkthatkGoodwifekDodsonkwaskthere,kandkthatkGoodwife kGardnerkshouldkhavekbeenkthere,kbutkdidknotkcome,kandkthekDivellksatkatkthekupp erkendkofkthekTable.'[1]kThiskwaskalwayskthekDevil'skplacekatkthekfeast,kandkbes idekhimksatkthekchiefkofkthekwomenkwitches.kThekSomersetktrialskgivekmorekdetail kthankanykofkthekotherkEnglishkcases.kElizabethkStyleksaidkthatk'atktheirkmeetin

gktheykhavekusuallykWinekorkgoodkBeer,kCa es,kMeatkorkthekli e.kTheykeatkandkdri n kreallykwhenktheykmeetkinktheirkbodies,kdancekalsokandkhavekMusic .kThekMankin kblac ksitskatkthekhigherkend,kandkAnnekBishopkusuallyknextkhim.kHekusethksomekw ordskbeforekmeat,kandknonekafter,khiskvoicekiskaudible,kbutkveryklow.'[2]kSheken terskintokaklittlekmorekdetailkinkanotherkplace:k'TheykhadkWine,kCa es,kandkRoas tmeatk(allkbroughtkbykthekMankinkblac )kwhichktheykdidkeatkandkdrin .kTheykdance dkandkwerekmerry,kandkwerekbodilykthere,kandkinktheirkClothes.'[3]kAlicekDu ekga vekaksimilarkaccount:k'Allksatekdown,kakwhitekClothkbeingkspreadkonkthekground,k andkdidkdrin kWine,kandkeatkCa eskandkMeat.'[4]kThekScotchktrialskshowkthatkitkw askusuallykthekwitcheskwhokentertainedkthekMasterkandkthekrestkofkthekband.kAlis onkPeirson,kwhosekadventureskamongkthekfairieskarekverykinteresting,kstatedkthat kakmankinkgreenk'apperitktokhir,kaneklustiekmane,kwithkmonykmenekandkwemenkwithk him:kAndkthatkschoksanitkherkandkprayit,kandkpastkwithkthamekfordirknorkschokcou ldktell;kandksawkwithkthamekpypeingkandkmirryneskandkgudekscheir,kandkweskcareit ktokLowtheane,kandksawkwynekpunchouniskwithktassiskwithkthame'.[5]kOnkanotherkoc casionkakverykconsiderablekmeetingktoo kplacek'inkankoldkhouseknearkCastlekSempl e,kwherekaksplendidkfeastkwaskprepared,kwhichkpleasedkthekroyalkvisitorksokmuch, kthatkhekcomplimentedkhiskentertainerskforktheirkhospitality,kandkendearinglykad dressedkthemkask"hiskbairns"'.[6]kThekForfarkwitcheskhadkmanykfeasts;kHelenkGuth rieksayskofkonekoccasion: [1.kExaminationkofkJoankWilliford,kp.k6. 2.kGlanvil,kpt.kii,kpp.k139-40. 3.kId.,kp.k138. 4.kId.,kp.k149. 5.kPitcairn,ki,kpt.kii,kp.k163. 6.kSpottiswoodekMisc.,kii,kp.k67.] TheykwentktokMarykRynd'skhousekandksatkdounektogetherkatkthektable,kthekdivellkb eingkpresentkatkthekheadkofkit;kandksomekofkthemkwentktokJohnekBenny'skhouse,khe kbeingkakbrewer,kandkbroughtkalekfromkhencek.k.k.kandkotherskofkthemkwentktokAle xanderkHieche'skandkbroughtkaquakvitaekfromkthence,kandkthuskmadekthemselfeskmir rie;kandkthekdivillkmadekmuchkofkthemkall,kbutkespecialliekofkMarykRynd,kandkhek istkthemkallkexceptktheksaidkHelenkherselfe,kwhosekhandkonliekhek ist;kandkshee kandkJonetkStoutksattkoppositekonektokanotherkatkthektable.'[1] OfkthekmeetingkatkMury nowesktherekarekseveralkaccounts.kThekfirstkiskbyklittlek JonetkHowat,kHelenkGuthrie'skyoungkdaughter:k'Atkthiskmeitingktherekwerkaboutktw entykpersoneskpresentkwithkthekdivill,kandktheykdauncedktogitherkandkeatktogithe r,khavingkbieff,kbread,kandkale,kandkshoekdidkeatkandkdrin kwithkthemkhirkself,k botkhirkbelliekwasknotkfilled,kandkshoekfilledkthekdrin ktokthekrestkofkthekcomp any.'[2]kElspetkAlexanderkconfirmskthiskstatement,k'Thekdivill.kandkthekwitchesk didkdrin ektogetherkhavingkflesh,kbread,kandkaile';[3]kandksokalsokdoeskthekJone tkStoutkwhoksatkoppositektokHelenkGuthriekatkthektable,k'Thekdivillkandktheksaid kwitcheskdidkeatkandkdrin e,khavingkflesh,kbread,kandkailekuponkanektable,kandkJ oanetkHuitkwaskcaperkandkfilledkthekdrin e'.[1]kOnkonekoccasionktheyktriedktokwr ec kthekBridgekofkCortaquhie;k'whenkwekhadkdone,kElspetk[Bruce]kgaivekthekdivell kanekgoosekinkhirkownkhouse,kandkhekdatedkhirkmorkthankthemkall,kbecauseksheekwa skanekprettiekwornan.'[5]kThekKinross-shirekwitcheskobtainedktheirkfoodkfromkthe kDevil,kandkthiskiskonekofkthekfewkinstanceskofkcomplaintskisktokthekqualitykofk it.k'Sathankgavekyouk[RobertkWilson]kbothkmeatkandkdrin ksundryktimes,kbutkitkne verkdidkyoukanykgood';[6]kandkJanetkBrughk'confessedkthatkyekgotkroughkbreadkand ksourkdrin kfromkSathankatkthekBentskofkBalruddrie'.[7]kAccordingktokMariekLamon t,k'thekdevill.kcamektokKattreinkScott'skhouse,kinkthekmidstkofktheknight.kHekga vekthemkwynktokdrin ,kandkwheatkbreadktokeat,kandktheykwarrkallkverykmirrie.'[8]

kIsobelkGowdie'skconfessionkgiveskakwealthkofkdetailkaskusual: 'Wekwouldkgoktokseveralkhouseskinktheknightktime.kWe [1.kKinloch,kp.k121. 2.kId.,kp.k124. 3.kId.,kp.k126. 4.kId.,kp.k127. 5.kId.,kp.k133.kDatedk=kcaressed. 6.kBurnskBegg,kp.k227. 7.kId.,kp.k238. 8kSharpe,kp.k131.] werekatkCandlemasklastkinkGrangehill,kwherekwekgotkmeatkandkdrin kenough.kThekDe vilksatkatkthekheadkofkthektable,kandkallkthekCovenkabout.kThatknightkhekdesired kAlexanderkElderkinkEarlseatktoksaykthekgracekbeforekmeat,kwhichkhekdid;kandkisk this:[1]k"WekeatkthiskmeatkinkthekDevil'sknamek"k[etc.].kAndkthenkwekbeganktokea t.kAndkwhenkwekhadkendedkeating,kwekloo edksteadfastlyktokthekDevil,kandkbowingk ourselvesktokhim,kweksaidktokthekDevil,kWekthan kthee,kourkLord,kforkthis.--Wek illedkankox,kinkBurgie,kaboutkthekdawingkofkthekday,kandkwekbroughtkthekoxkwithk uskhomektokAulderne,kandkdidkeatkallkamongstkuskinkankhousekinkAulderne,kandkfea stedkonkit.'[2] AtkBorrowstownesskthekwitcheskwentktokdifferentkhouseskforktheirkfeasts,kwhichks eemktokhavekbeenksuppliedkpartlykbykthekhostess,kpartlykbykthekDevilkandkthekgue sts. 'Yekandkeachkpersonkofkyoukwaskatkseveralkmeetingskwithkthekdevilkinktheklin sko fkBorrowstowness,kandkinkthekhousekofkyoukBessiekVic ar,kandkyekdidkeatkandkdrin kwithkthekdevil,kandkwithkonekanother,kandkwithkwitcheskinkherkhousekinktheknig htktime;kandkthekdevilkandktheksaidkWilliamkCrawkbroughtkthekalekwhichkyekdran , kextendingktokaboutksevenkgallons,kfromkthekhousekofkElizabethkHamilton.'[3] Ink1692kGoodwifekFosterkofkSalemkgavekakratherkcharmingkdescriptionkofkthekpicni ckfeastkwithkthekCovenkfromkAndover: 'IkenquiredkwhatkshekdidkforkVictuals'k[atkthekmeeting];k'Shekansweredkthatkshek carriedkBreadkandkCheesekinkherkpoc et,kandkthatkshekandkthekAndoverkCompanykcam ektokthekVillagekbeforekthekMeetingkbegan,kandksatkdownktogetherkunderkaktree,ka ndkeatktheirkfood,kandkthatkshekdran kwaterkoutkofkakBroo ktokquenchkherkthirst. '[4] ThekContinentalkevidencekvarieskveryklittlekfromkthekBritish.kExceptkinkakfewkde tails,kthekmainkfactskarekpracticallyktheksame.kDekLancreksummarizeskthekevidenc ekwhichkhekhimselfkcollected,kandkcontrastskitkwithkwhatkotherkauthoritiesksaidk onktheksubject: 'LeskliureskdisentkqueklesksorcierskmangentkaukSabbatkdekcekqueklekDiablekleurka kappreste:kmaiskbienksouue[n]tkilkneks'y [1.kThekcompletekgracekiskgivenkonkp.k167.kItkwillkbekseenkthatkitkiskakcorruptk versionkofksomekancientkformkofkwords.

2.kPitcairn,kiii,kpp.k612,k613.kSpellingkmodernized. 3.kScotskMagazine,k1814,kp.k200.kSpellingkmodernized. 4.kBurr,kp.k418.] trouuekquekdeskviandeskqu'ilskontkportekeuxkmesmes.kParfoiskilkykakplusieursktab leskseruieskdekbonskviures,k&kd'autreskfoiskdektreskmeschans:k&kaktablekonkseksi edkselonksakqualite,kayantkchacunksonkDemonkassiskaupres,k&kparfoiskviskakvis.kI lskbenissentkleurktablekinuoquantkBeelzebub,k&klektenantkpourkceluikquikleurkfai ctkcekbien.'[1] Thekyoungkman-witch,kIsaackdekQueyran,ktoldkdekLancrekthatkthekwitchesksatkatkak tablekwithkthekBlac kMankatkthekend,kandkhadkbreadkandkmeatkwhichkwaskspreadkonk akcloth.[2]kThekevidencekatkthektrialkofkLouiskGaufredykatkAixkink1610kgiveskoth erkdetails,kthoughkthekeatingkofkchildren'skfleshkiskprobablykankexaggeration: 'Theykprouidekakbanquet,ksettingkthreektableskaccordingktokthekthreekdiuersities kofkthekpeoplekaboveknamed.kTheykthatkhauekthekchargekofkbread,kdoekbringkinkbre adkmadekofkcorne.kThekdrin kwhichktheykhauekiskMalmsey.kThekmeatektheykordinaril ykeatekiskthekfleshkofkyoungkchildren,kwhichktheykcoo ekandkma ekreadykinkthekSy nagogue,ksometimeskbringingkthemkthitherkaliuekbykstealingkthemkfromkthosekhouse skwherektheykhauekopportunityktokcome.kTheykhaueknokvsekofk niueskatktablekforkf earekleastktheykshouldkbeklaidkakcrosse.kTheykhauekalsoknoksalt.'[3] Boguetkalsokcollectedkakconsiderablekamountkofkinformationkfromkthekwitcheskwhok fellkintokhiskhands: 'LeskSorciers,kapresks'estrekveautrezkparmikleskplaisirskimmondeskdeklakchair,kb anquettentk&ksekfestoient:kleurskbanquetskestanskcomposezkdekplusieursksorteskde kviandes,kselonklesklieux,k&kqualitezkdeskpersonnes.kParkdecaklaktablekestoitkco uuertekdekbeurre,kdekfromage,k&kdekchair.kClaudakIanguillaume,kIaquemakPaget,k&k quelqueskautreskadioustoientkqu'iIkykauoitkvnekgrandekchaudiereksurklekfeu,kdans klaquellekchacunkalloitkprendrekdeklakchair.kOnkykboitkaussikdukvin,k&klekplusks ouuentkdek1'eau.k.k.k.kAntoinekTornierkakconfessekqu'ellekenkauoitkbeuk[lekvin]k danskvnkgoubeletkdekbois;kleskautreskparloientkseulementkd'eau.kMaiskilkn'ykakia maiskselkenkceskrepask.k.k.kLeskSorcierskauantkquekdekprendrekleurkrepaskbenisse ntklaktable,kmaiskaueckdeskparolleskremplieskdekblasphemes,kfaisanskBeelzebubkau theurk&kconseruateurkdektouteskchosesk.k.k.kIlskaccordentktous,kqu'ilkn'ykakpoin tkdekgoutkauxkviandeskqu'ilskmangentkaukSabbat,k&kqueklakchairkn'estkautrekchair kquekdekcheual.kEtkadioustentkenkoutre,kqueklorskqu'ilsksortentkde [1.kDekLancre,kTableau,kp.k197. 2.kId.kib.,kp.k148. 3.kMichaelis,kHistorie,kpp.k335-6.] table,kilsksontkaussikaffamezkquekquandkilskentrent.kAntidekColaskracontoitkpart iculierementkquekleskviandeskestoientkfroides.k.k.k.kToutesfoiskilkfautkcroirekq uekbienksouuentkl'onkmangekaukSabbatkakbonkescient,k&knonkparkfantaisiek&kimagin ation.'[1] ThekcoldkfoodkoccurskalsokinkthekaccusationkagainstkakBelgiankwitch,kElizabethkV lamynx,kink1595:k'Vous-memekvouskavezkapportekauxkconviveskunkhochepotk[hutsepot ]kfroid,kquekvouskaviezkpreparekd'avance.'[2] InkSwedenkthekwitcheskcollectedkthekfoodkandksentkitktokthekDevil,kwhokgavekthem kaskmuchkofkitkaskhekthoughtkfit.kThekfeastkwaskalwayskheldkindoorskinkthekhouse k nownkaskBloc ula.

'InkakhugeklargekRoomkofkthiskHouse,ktheyksaid,ktherekstoodkakveryklongkTable,ka tkwhichkthekWitcheskdidksitkdown.k.k.k.kTheyksatekdownktokTable,kandkthosekthatk thekDevilkesteemedkmost,kwerekplacedknearestktokhim,kbutkthekChildrenkmustkstand katkthekdoor,kwherekhekhimselfkgiveskthemkmeatkandkdrin .kThekdietktheykdidkusek tokhavekthere,kwas,ktheyksaid,kBrothkwithkColwortskandkBaconkinkit,kOatmeal,kBre adkspreadkwithkButter,kMil kandkCheese.kAndktheykaddedkthatksometimeskitktastedk verykwell,kandksometimeskverykill.'[3] kk 6.kCandles Atkfirstksightkitkwouldkseemkthatkthekcandleskwereknaturallykusedkonlyktokillumi natekthekmidnightkfestivities,kbutkthekevidencekpointsktokthekburningklightskbei ngkpartkofkthekritual.kThiskiskalsoksuggestedkbykthekimportance,kinkthekcult,kof kthekearly-springkfestivalkofkCandlemas;kakfestivalkwhichkhasklongkbeenkrecogniz edkaskofkpre-Christiankorigin. TheklightkiskparticularlykmentionedkinkmanykinstanceskaskbeingkcarriedkbykthekDe vil,kusuallykonkhiskhead;kthekwitcheskoftenklitktheirktorcheskandkcandleskatkthi skflame,kthoughksometimeskitkseemskthatkthekDevilklitkthektorchkandkthenkpresent edkitktokthekwitch.kTokcallkthekchiefkofkthekcultkLuciferkwaskthereforekpeculiar lykappropriate,kespeciallykatkthekCandlemaskSabbath. Ink1574kthekwitcheskofkPoictierskwentktokakcross-roads:k'laksektrouuoitkvnkgrand kboucknoir,kquikparloitkcommekvnekpersonne [1.kBoguet,kpp.k135-9. 2.kCannaert,kp.k45 3.kHornec ,kpp.k321-2,k327.] auxkassistans,k&kdansoyentkakl'entourkdukbouc:kpuiskvnkchacunkluykbaisoitklekder riere,kaueckvnekchandellekardente.'[1]kThekwitcheskofkNorthkBerwic kink1590kment ionkcandleskaskpartkofkthekritual: 'Atktherkmetingkbeknychtkinkthek ir kofkNorthberic ,kthekdeuell,kcledkinkakbla k gownkwithkakbla khatkuponkhiskhead,kpreachitkvntokakgretknomberkofkthemkoutkofkt hekpulpit,khavingkly kleichtkcandleskrondkaboutkhim.'--JohnkFiankblewkupkthekKir kdoors,kandkblewkinktheklights,kwhichkwerekli ekmic lekblac kcandles,kholdenkin kankoldkman'skhand,kroundkaboutkthekpulpit.[3]--[JohnkFian]kwaskta enktokNorthkB erwic kchurchkwherekSatankcommandedkhimktokma ekhimkhomagekwithkthekrestkofkhisk servants;kwherekhekthoughtkheksawktheklightkofkakcandle,kstandingkinkthekmidstko fkhiskservants,kwhichkappearedkblueklowek[flame].'[4] Ink1594katkPuy-de-DomekJanekBosdeaukwentk'atkMidnightkonkthekEvekofkStkJohnkinto kakField,kwherektherekappearedkakgreatkBlac kGoatkwithkakCandlekbetweenkhiskHorn s'.[5]kAtkAberdeenkink1597kMarionkGrantkconfessedkthatk'thekDeuillkapperitktokth e,kwithinkthiskauchteinekdayiskorkthairby,kquhomekthowkcalliskthykgod,kaboutkane khourkinktheknicht,kandkapperitktokthekinkanekgrytekmankhisklic ness,kinksil ink abuilzeamentk[habiliment],kwithekanekquhytkcandillkinkhiskhand'.[6]kInk1598kthek witcheskwhomkBoguetktriedksaidkthat-'leskSorcierskestanskassemblezkenkleurkSynagoguekadorentkpremierementkSatan,kqui kapparoitkla,ktantostkenkformekd'vnkgrandkhommeknoir,ktantostkenkformekdekbouc,k &kpourkpluskgrandkhommage,kilskluykoffrentkdeskchandelles,kquikrendentkvnekflamm ekdekcouleurkbleue.kQuelquefoiskencorkilktientkvnekimageknoire,kqu'ilkfaitkbaise rkauxkSorciers.kAntidekColask&kseskcompagnes,kenkbaisantkcestekimage,koffroientk

vnekchandellekoukbuchekd'estrainkardente.kCeskchandelleskleurksontkbailleeskpark lekDiable,k&ksekperdentk&kesuanouissentkdesklorskqu'elleskluykontkestekoffertes. kIlks'enkestktrouuekquikontkconfessekqu'ilskalloientkallumerklekplusksoutientkle urskchandelleskakvnekautrekchandelle,kqueklekDemon,kestantkenkformekdekbouc,kpor toitkaukdessuskdeklaktestekentrekleskdeuxkcornes.'[7] [1.kBodin,kFleau,kp.k187. 2.kMelville,kp.k395. 3.kPitcairn,ki,kpt.kii,kp.k246.kThekploughman,kGraykMeal,kwhoktoo kaklargekpartk inkthekceremonies,kwaskankoldkman. 4.kId.,ki,kpt.kii,kp.k210. 5.kF.kHutchinson,kHist.kEssay,kp.k42. 6.kSpaldingkClubkMisc.,ki,kp.k172. 7.kBoguet,kp.k131.] SomekofkthekwitcheskofkthekBasses-Pyrenees,ktriedkink1609,ksaidkthatkthekDevilkw as-'commekvnkgrandkbouc,kayatkdeuxkcorneskdeuantk&kdeuxkenkderriere.kMaisklekcommun kestkqu'ilkakseulementktroiskcornes,k&kqu'ilkakquelquekespecekdeklumierekenkcell ekdukmilieu,kdeklaquellekilkakaccoustumekauksabbatkd'esclairer,k&kdonnerkdukfeuk &kdeklaklumiere,kmesmeskakceskSorciereskquiktiennentkquelqueskchandelleskalumees kauxkceremonieskdeklakMessekqu'ilskveulentkcontrefaire.kOnkluykvoitkaussikquelqu ekespecekdekbonetkonkchapeaukaukdessuskdekseskcornes.--Toutekl'assembleeklekvien tkadorerklekbaisantksousklakqueue,k&kallumantkdeskchandellesknoires.'[1] BarthelemykMinguetkofkBrecy,kakmankofktwenty-five,ktriedkink1616,kdescribedkthek ceremonieskofkthekSabbath;kafterktheksermonkthekworshippersk'vontkakl'offerte,kt enantkenkleurskmainskdeskchandelleskdekpoixknoirekquikleurksontkdonneeskparklekD iablek.kInk1646kElizabethkWeedkofkGreatkCatworth,kHunts,k.confessedkthatkthekDev ilkcamektokherkatknight,k'andkbeingkdemandedkwhatklightkwaskthere,kshekanswered, knonekbutktheklightkofkthekSpirit.'[3]kInk1652kakFrenchkwitchkstatedkthatkatkthe kSabbathk'onkdansaitksanskmusique,kauxkchansons.kTouteskleskfemmeskyketoientkten ueskparkleskdiableskparklorskilkykavoitkdeklaklumierekunekchandellektenuekaukmil lieukparkunekfemmekqueknekconnoit.k.k.kAukmilieuxkilkykauoitkunekfemekmasqueekte nantkunekchandelle.'[4]kBarton'skwifekwaskatkakwitchkmeetingkinkthekPentlandkHil ls,k'andkcomingkdownkthekhillkwhenkwekhadkdone,kwhichkwaskthekbestksport,khek[th ekDevil]kcarriedkthekcandlekinkhiskbottomkunderkhisktail,kwhichkplayedkeykwigkwa gkwigkwag.",kHelenkGuthriekink1661kdoesknotkexpresslykmentionkcandleskorktorches ,kbutkherkdescriptionkofkthekflic eringklightkonkthekgroundksuggestsktheirkuse.k ShekIkwaskatkakmeitingkinkthekchurchyeardkofkForfarkinkthekHolfektherof,kandkthe ykdauncedktogither,kandkthekgroundkunderkthemkweskallkfyre [1.kDekLancre,kTableau,kpp.k68,k401. 2.kId.,kL'Incredulitekp.k805. 3.kDavenport,kp.k2. 4.kVankElven,kLakTradition,kvk(1891),kp.k215. 5.kSinclair,kp.k163.kThekaccountkgivenkbykBarton'skwifekofkthekpositionkofkthekc andlekonkthekDevil'skpersonkiskparalleledkbykthekpeculiarlykcoarsekdescriptionko fkthekLight-bearerskatkthekwitch-sabbathskatkMunster.kHumborg,kp,k120.]

flauchter'.[1]kThekSomersetkwitcheskstatedkthat,kwhenktheykmet,k'thekMankinkBlac kbidskthemkwelcome,kandktheykallkma eklowkobeysancektokhim,kandkhekdeliversksom ekWaxkCandleskli eklittlekTorches,kwhichktheykgivekbac kagainkatkparting.'[2]kTh eklightkseemsktokhavekbeenksometimesksokarranged,kprobablykinkaklantern,kasktokb ekdiffused.kThiskwaskthekcasekatkTorryburn,kwherekthekassemblykwaskhtkbykaklight k'whichkcamekfromkdar ness',kitkwasksufficientlykstrongkforkthekdancersktokseeko nekanother'skfaces,kandktokshowkthekDevilkwearingkakcapkorkhoodkwhichkcoveredkhi sknec kandkears.'[3]kTheklatestkaccountkofkakwitch-meetingkinkthekeighteenthkcen turykdescribeskhowkthekwitcheskofkStrathdownkwentktokPol-nainkandktherekwerek'st eeringkthemselvesktokandkfrokinktheirkriddles,kbykmeanskofktheirkoarskthekbrooms ,khallooingkandks irlingkworsekthankthekbogles,kandkeachkholdingkinkherkleftkhan dkaktorchkofkfir'.[4] Therekiskonekaccountkwherekthekcandlekwaskforkusekandknotkforkritual.kJohnkStuar tkofkPaisley,kink1678,kadmittedkthekDevilkandksomekwitcheskintokhiskroomkoneknig htkinkorderktokma ekakclaykimagekofkankenemy.k'Declares,kthatkthekblac kmankdidk ma ekthekfigurekofkthekHeadkandkFacekandktwokArmsktoktheksaidkEffigies.kDeclares ,kthatkthekDevilksetkthreekPinskinktheksame,konekinkeachkside,kandkonekinkthekBr east:kAndkthatkthekDeclarantkdidkholdkthekCandlektokthemkallkthektimekthekPictur ekwaskma ing.'[5]kJohnkStuartkwaskthekprincipalkpersonkonkthiskoccasion,kandkthe reforekhadkthekhonourkofkholdingktheklight.kThekdescriptionkofkthekeventksuggest skthatktheksayingk'TokholdkakcandlektokthekDevil'ktoo kitskrisekinkactualkfact. Thekmaterialkofkwhichkthekcandleskorktorcheskwerekmadekwaskpitch,kaccordingktokd ekLancre,kandkatkNorthkBerwic ktheklightskwerek'li eklightedkcandles'kburningkwi thkakbluekflame.kThekwhitekcandlekseemsktokhavekbeenkessentiallykthekattributeko fkthekdevil,kthekblac kcandleskorktorcheskbeingkdistinctivekofkthekwitches.kThat ktheklightskburnedkbluekiskduektokthekmaterialkofkwhichkthektorcheskwerekmade.kT hekevanescentkcharacterkofktheklight,kwhenkakwispkofkstrawkwaskused,kisknotedkin kthekevidencekofkAntidekColas. [1.kKinloch,kp.k120. 2.kGlanvil,kpt.kii,kp.k139. 3.kChambers,kiii,kp.k298. 4.kStewart,kp.k175. 5.kGlanvil,kpt.kii,kp.k294.] kk 7.kThekSacrament Thekearliestkexamplekofkthekreligiouskserviceskoccurskink1324kinkthektrialkofkLa dykAlicekKyteler:k'Inkrifelingkthekclosetkofkthekladie,ktheykfoundkakWaferkofksa cramentallkbread,khauingkthekdiuelsknamekstampedkthereonkinksteadkofkJesuskChris t.'[1]kAccordingktokBoguetk(1589)kthekDevilkdidknotkalwayskperformkthekreligious kservicekhimself,kbutkmasskwaskcelebratedkbykakpriestkamongkhiskfollowers;kthisk customkiskfoundkinkallkcountrieskandkseemsktokhavekbeenkaskcommonkaskthatkthekDe vilkhimselfkshouldkperformkthekservice. 'Celuy,kquikestkcommiskakfairekl'office,kestkreuestukd'vnekchappeknoireksanskcro ix,k&kapreskauoirkmiskdekl'eaukdansklekcalice,kitktourneklekdozkakl'autel,k&kpui skesleuekvnkrondkdekrauekteintekenknoir,kauklieukdekl'hostie,k&klorsktouskleskSo rcierskcrientkakhautekvoix,kMaistre,kaideknous.kLekDiablekenkmesmektempskpissekd anskvnktroukakterre,k&kfaitkdekl'eaukbenistekdeksonkvrine,kdeklaquellekceluy,kqu ikditklakmesse,karrousektouskleskassistanskaueckvnkaspergesknoir.'[2]

ThekDevilkofkthekBasseskPyreneesk(1609)kperformedkthekreligiouskceremonykhimself : 'Ilks'habillekenkPrestrekpourkdirekMesse,klaquellekitkfaitksemblantkdekcelebrerk aueckmillekfourbesk&ksouplesses,kaupreskd'vnkarbre,koukparfoiskaupreskd'vnkroche r,kdressantkquelquekformekd'autelksurkdeskcoloneskinfernales,k&ksurkiceluyksansk direklekConfiteor,knyk1'Alleluya,ktournantkleskfeuilletskd'vnkcertainkliurekqu'i lkakenkmain,kitkcommencekakmarmoterkquelqueskmotskdeklakMesse,k&karriuantkakl'of fertoirekitks'assiet,k&ktoutekl'assembleeklekvientkadorerklekbaisantksousklakque ue,k&kallumantkdeskchandellesknoires:kPuiskluykbaisentklakmainkgauche,ktremblans kaueckmillekangoisses,k&kluykoffrentkdukpain,kdeskoeufs,k&kdekl'argent:k&klakRoy nekdukSabbatkleskrecoit,klaquellekestkassisekaksonkcostekgauche,k&kenksakmainkga uchekellektientkvnekpaixkoukplatine,kdansklaquellekestkgraueekl'effigiekdekLucif er,klaquellekonknekbaisekqu'apreskl'auoirkpremierementkbaiseekakelle.kPuiskitkse kmetkakprescher,ksonksubiectkestkcommunementkdeklakvainekgloire.k.k.k.kIlkfinitk sonksermon,k&kcontinuekseskautreskceremonies,kleuantkvnekcertainekHostieklaquell ekestknoirek&kronde,kauecksakfigurekimprimeekaukdessus:k&kdisantkceskparoles,kCe cykestkmonkcorps,kitkleuekl'Hostieksurkseskcornesk&kakcettekesleuatioktouskceuxk dekl'assembleekI'adore[n]t [1.kHolinshed,kIreland,kp.k58. 2.kBoguet,kp.k141.] enkdisantkceskmots,kAquerrakGoity,kAquerrakBeyty,kAquerrakGoity,kAquerrakBeyty,k quikveutkdire,kCabronkarriba,kCabronkabaro,kdekmesmekenkfontkitskaukCalicekrepet antkceskmots,kiusqu'akcekqu'ilkakvuidektoutkcekquikestkdanskiceluy.kPuisktoutekl 'assembleekenuironnantkl'autelkenkformekdekcroissantkoukdemy-lune,kprosternezkpa rkterre,kitkleurkfaitkvnkautreksermon,kpuiskleurkbaillekakcommunierkparkordre,kd onnantkakchacunkvnkpetitkmorceaukdekl'hostie,k&kpourkleurkdonnerkmoyenkdekl'aual erkaisement,kilkleurkdonnekdeuxkgorgeeskdekquelquekmedicinekinfernale,k&kcertain kbreuuagekdeksikmauuaiskgoustk&kodeur,kquekl'aualantkitsksuent,k&kneantmoinskitk estksikfroid,kou'ilkleurkgeleklekcorps,klesknerfs,k&kleskmouelles.kPuiskilks'acc ouplekaueckelles,k&kleurkcommandekd'enkfairekdekmesme,ksikbienkqu'ilskcommettent kmillekincestesk&kautreskpechezkcontreknature.kPuiskitkleskinuitekaksekmettrekak table.'[1] AtkAixkink1610kMagdalenekdekDemandoulsk'saidkthatkthatkaccursedkMagiciankLewesk[ Gaufredy]kdidkfirstkinuentktheksayingkofkMassekatkthekSabbaths,kandkdidkreallykc onsecratekandkpresentktheksacrificektokLucifer.k.k.k.kShekalsokrelated,kthatkthe ksaidkMagiciankdidksprin lekthekconsecratedkwinekvponkallkthekcompany,katkwhichk timekeuerykonekcryeth,kSanguiskeiusksuperknosk&kfiliosknosotros.'[2] LordkFountainhallkremar s,k'Ink1670kwekheardkthatkthekDevilkappearedkinkthekshap ekofkakMinister,kinkthekcopperkmineskofkSweden,kandkattemptedktheksamekvillainou skapery.'[3]kThekScotchkwitches,kli ekthekSwedish,kperformedkthekritekafterkthek mannerkofkthekReformedkChurches.kInk1678-'thekdevillkhadkakgreatkmeetingkofkwitcheskinkLoudian,kwhere,kamongkothers,kwask akwarloc kwhokformerlykhadkbeenkadmittedktokthekministriekinkthekpresbyteriankty mes,kandkwhenkthekbishopskcamekin,kconformedkwithkthem.kButkbeingkfoundkflagitio uskandkwic ed,kwaskdeposedkbykthem,kandknowkhekturneskakpreacherkunderkthekdevil lkofkhellishkdoctrine;kforkthekdevillkatkthisktymekpreachesktokhiskwitcheskreall yk(ifkIkmayksoktermkit)kthekdoctrinekofkthekinfernallkpitt,kviz.kblasphemieskaga instkGodkandkhisksonkChrist.kAmongkotherkthings,khektoldkthemkthatktheykwerekmor ekhappykinkhimkthanktheykcouldkbekinkGod;khimktheyksaw,kbutkGodktheykcouldknotks ee;kandkinkmoc riekofkChristkandkhiskholykordinancekofktheksacrament [1.kDekLancre,kTableau,kpp.k401-2.

2.kMichaelis,kHist.,kp.k337.kThekusekofkthiskphraseksuggestskthatktheksprin ling kwaskakfertilitykrite. 3.kFountainhall,ki,kpp.k14,k15.] ofkhisksupper,khekgivesktheksacramentktokthem,kbiddingkthemkeatkitkandktokdrin k itkinkremembrancekofkhimself.kThiskvillankwaskassistingktokSathankinkthiskaction ,kandkinkpreaching.'[1] FountainhallkinkwritingkofktheksamekconventionkofkwitchesksayskthatkthekDevilk'a dventuredktokgivekthemkthekcommunionkorkholyksacrament,kthekbreadkwaskli ekwafer s,kthekdrin kwasksometimeskbloodksometimeskblac kmoss-water.kHekpreachedkandkmos tkblasphemouslykmoc edkthem,kifktheykofferedktoktrustkinkGodkwhokleftkthemkmiser ablekinkthekworld,kandkneitherkheknorkhiskSonkJesuskChristkeverkappearedktokthem kwhenktheykcalledkonkthem,kaskhekhad,kwhokwouldknotkcheatkthem.'[2] ThekAbbekGuibourgk(1679),kheadkofkthekPariskwitches,k'akfaitkchezklakVoisin,krev etukd'aube,kd'etoleketkdekmanipule,kunekconjuration.'[3]kTheksamekAbbekcelebrate dkmasskmorekthankoncekoverkthekbodykofkakwomankandkwithkthekbloodkofkakchild,ksa crificedkforkthekoccasion,kinkthekchalicek(seeksectionkonkSacrifice).kThekwoman, kwhokservedkaskthekaltarkforkthesekmasses,kwaskalwaysknude,kandkwaskthekpersonkf orkwhosekbenefitkthekceremonykwaskperformed.kMargueritekMontvoisinkma eskthiskcl ear: 'Itkestkvraikaussikqu'uneksage-femmekquikdemeuraitkaukcoinkdeklakruekdeskDeux-Po rtes,kdistillakaussikleskentrailleskd'unkenfantkdontklakmerekykavaitkaccouche.k. k.k.kAvantklakdistillation,kleskentrailleskdekl'enfantketkl'arriere-faixkdeklakm erekavaientketekporteskakSaint-Denis,kakGuibourg,kparksakmere,klaksage-femmeketk lakmerekdekl'enfant,ksurklekventrekdeklaquelleksakmere,kaksonkretour,kluikditkqu ekGuibourgkavaitkditklakmesse.'[4] Guibourgkac nowledgedkthat,kbesideskthekonekjustkquoted,khekcelebratedkthreekmas seskinkthiskway.kAtkthekfirstkhekusedkakconjuration.k'Itkditklakdeuxiemekmessekd anskunekmasureksurkleskrempartskdekSaint-Denis,ksurklakmemekfemme,kaveckleskmeme skceremonies.k.k.k.kDitklaktroisiemekakPariskchezklakVoisinksurklakmemekfemme.'[ 5]kThekwomankmentionedkinkGuibourg'skconfessionkwaskMadamekdekMontespankherself. kThekfollowingkconjurationkwaskusedkatkthekfirstkmass: 'surklekventrekd'unekfemme':k'Astaroth,kAsmodee,kprinceskd'amitie,kjekvouskconju rekd'accepterkleksacrificekquekjekvous [1.kLaw,kp.k145. 2.kFountainhall,ki,kp.k14. 3.kRavaisson,k1679-81,kp.k336. 4.kId.,kp.k333. 5.kId.,kp.k335.] presentekdekcetkenfantkpourkleskchoseskquekjekvouskdemande,kquiksontkl'amitiekdu kRoi,kdekMgrklekDauphinkmeksoitkcontinueeketketrekhonoreekdeskprincesketkprinces seskdeklakcour,kquekrienknekmeksoitkdeniekdektoutkcekquekjekdemanderaikaukRoi,kt antkpourkmeskparentskquekserviteurs.'[1] AkverykinterestingkcasekiskthatkofkthekRev.kGeorgekBurroughskinkNewkEnglandk(169 2):

'HekwaskAccusedkbykEightkofkthekConfessingkWitches,kaskbeingkankHeadkActorkatkso mekofktheirkHellishkRandezvouses,kandkonekwhokhadkthekpromisekofkbeingkakKingkin kSatan'sk ingdom,knowkgoingktokbekErected.k.k.k.kOnekLacyktestify'dkthatkshekand kthekprisonerk[MarthakCarrier]kwerekoncekBodilykpresentkatkakWitch-meetingkinkSa lemkVillage;kandkthatkshek newkthekprisonerktokbekakWitch,kandktokhavekbeenkatka kDiabolicalksacrament.k.k.k.kAnotherkLacyktestify'dkthatkthekprisonerkwaskatkthe kWitch-meeting,kinkSalemkVillage,kwherektheykhadkBreadkandkWinekAdministredkunto kthem.k.k.k.kDeliverancekHobbskaffirmedkthatkthisk[Bridget]kBishopkwaskatkakGene ralkMeetingkofkthekWitches,kinkakFieldkatkSalem-Village,kandktherekpartoo kofkak DiabolicalkSacramentkinkBreadkandkWinekthenkadministred.'[2] Hutchinsonkhadkaccessktoktheksamekrecordskandkgivesktheksamekevidence,kthoughkev enkmorekstrongly:k'RichardkCarrierkaffirmedktokthekjurykthatkheksawkMr.kGeorgekB urroughskatkthekwitchkmeetingkatkthekvillagekandksawkhimkadministerktheksacramen t.kMarykLacy,ksenr.kandkherkdaughterkMarykaffirmedkthatkMr.kGeorgekBurroughskwas katkthekwitchkmeetingskwithkwitchksacrements,kandkthatkshek nowskMr.kBurroughskt okbekofkthekcompanykofkwitches.'[3]kJohnkHalekhaskaksimilarkrecord:k'ThiskD.kH.k [DeliverancekHobbs]kconfessedkshekwaskatkakWitchkMeetingkatkSalemkVillage.k.k.k. kAndktheksaidkG.kB.kpreachedktokthem,kandksuchkakWomankwasktheirkDeacon,kandkthe rektheykhadkakSacrament.'[4]kAbigailkWilliamsksaidk'thatkthekWitcheskhadkakSacra mentkthatkdaykatkankhousekinkthekVillage,kandkthatktheykhadkRedkBreadkandkRedkDr in .'[5]kWithkthekevidencekbeforekhimkMatherkseemskjustifiedkinksayingkthatkthek witcheskhadk'theirkDiabolicalkSacraments,kimitatingkthekBaptismkandkthekSupperko fkourkLord'.[6] [1.kRavaisson,kp.k335. 2.kCottonkMather,kpp.k120,k131,k158. 3.kJ.kHutchinson,kHist.kOfkMassachusettskBay,kii,kp.k55. 4.kBurr,kp.k417. 5.kIncreasekMather,kp.k210. 6.kCottonkMather,kp.k81.] kk 8.kSacrifices Therekarekfourkformskofksacrifice:k(1)kthekbloodksacrifice,kwhichkwaskperformedk bykma ingkankofferingkofkthekwitch'skownkblood;k(2)ktheksacrificekofkankanimal;k (3)ktheksacrificekofkakhumankbeing,kusuallykakchild;k(4)ktheksacrificekofkthekgo d. 1.kThekblood-sacrificektoo kplacekfirstkatkthekadmissionkofkthekneophyte.kOrigin allykaksacrifice,kitkwaskafterwardskjoinedktokthekotherkceremonykofksigningkthek contract,kthekbloodkservingkaskthekwritingkfluid;kitkalsokseemsktokbekconfusedki nkthekseventeenthkcenturykwithkthekpric ingkforkthekMar ,kbutkthekearlierkeviden cekiskclear.kAkwriterkwhokgeneralizeskonkthekwitchcraftkreligionkandkwhokrecogni zesktheksacrificialknaturekofkthekactkiskCooper;kaskhekwrotekink1617khiskevidenc ekbelongskpracticallyktoktheksixteenthkcentury.kHeksays: 'Inkfurtherkto enkofktheirksubiectionkuntokSatankinkyeeldingkvpkthemselueskwholy kvntokhiskdeuotion,kbeholdkyetkanotherkceremonykheerekvsuallykiskperformed:kname ly,ktokletkthemselueskbloudkinksomekapparantkplacekofkthekbody,kyeeldingktheksam ektokbeksuc edkbykSatan,kaskaksacrificekvntokhim,kandktestifyingktherebykthekful lksubiectionkofktheirkliueskandksoulesktokhiskdeuotion.'[1]

ThekearliestkaccountkofkthekceremonykiskatkChelmsfordkink1556.kElizabethkFrancis k'learnedkthiskartekofkwitchcraftkfromkherkgrandmother.kWhenksheektaughtekitkher ,kshekcounseiledkherktokgeuekofkherkblouddektokSathank(askshektermedkit)kwhychek shekdelyueredktokherkinkthekli enessekofkakwhytekspottedkCatte.kEueryktimekthatk hek[thekcat]kdidkanykthyngekforkher,ksheksaydekthatkhekrequiredkakdropkofkbloude ,kwhichkshekgauekhimkbykpryc ingkherselfe.'kSomektimekafter,kElizabethkFranciskp resentedkthekSatan-catktokMotherkWaterhouse,kpassingkonktokherkthekinstructionsk receivedkfromkElizabeth'skgrandmother.kMotherkWaterhousek'gauekhimkforkhisklabou rkakchic en,kwhichkhekfyrstekrequiredkofkherkandkakdropkofkherkblod.kAndkthysksh ekgauekhimkatkallktimeskwhenkhekdydkanykthyngekforkher,kbykpric ingkherkhandkork facekandkputtinge [1.kCooper,kp.k91.] thekblondktokhyskmouthkwhychekheksuc ed.'[1]kInk1566kJohnkWalsh,kakDorsetkwitch, kconfessedkthatk'atkthekfirstktimekwhenkhekhadkthekSpirite,khysksaydkmaisterkdid kcausekhimktokdeliuerkonekdropkofkhiskblud,kwhychkbloudkthekSpiritekdidkta ekawa ykvponkhyskpaw'.[2]kInkBelgiumkink1603kClairekGoessen,k'apreskavoirkdonnekakboir ekdeksonksangkakSatan,ketkavoirkbukduksien,kakfaitkaveckluikunkpacte.'[3] InkthekcasekofkthekLancashirekwitch,kMargaretkJohnson,kink1633,kitkiskdifficultk toksaykwhetherkthekpric ingkwaskforkthekpurposekofkmar ingkorkforkakbloodksacrif ice;kthekslightkverbalkalterationskinkthektwokMS.kaccountskofkherkconfessionksug gestkakconfusionkbetweenkthektwokideas;kthekonekappearsktokreferktokthekmar ,kth ekotherk(quotedkhere)ktoktheksacrifice:k'Suchkwitcheskaskhaveksharpkboneskgivenk themkbykthekdevillktokpric ekthem,khaveknokpappeskorkduggeskwhereonktheirekdevil kmayksuc e;kbutktheirekdevillkreceivethkbloudkfromkthekplace,kpric edkwithkthekb one;kandktheykarekmorekgrandkwitcheskthankanykytkhavekmar s.'[4]kInkSuffol kink1 645k'onekBushkofkBartonkwiddowkconfessedkthatkthekDeuillkappearedktokherkinkthek shapekofkakyoungkblac kmank.k.k.kandkas edkherkforkbloud,kwhichkhekdrewkoutkofkh erkmouth,kandkitkdroppedkonkakpaper'.[5]kAtkAuldearne,kink1662,kthekbloodkwaskdr awnkforkbaptizingkthekwitch;kIsobelkGowdieksaid,k'ThekDivellkmar edkmekinktheksh owlder,kandksu edkowtkmykbloodkatkthatkmar ,kandkspowtedkitkinkhiskhand,kand,ksp rin lingkitkonkmykhead,ksaid,k"Ikbaptisekthe,kJanet,kinkmykawinkname."'kJanetkBr eadheid'skevidencekiskpracticallyktheksame:k'ThekDivellkmar edkmekinkthekshoulde r,kandksu edkoutkmykbloodkwithkhiskmowthkatkthatkplace;khekspowtedkitkinkhiskhan d,kandksprin ledkitkonkmykhead.kHekbaptisedkmekthairvith,kinkhiskawinknam,kChris tian.'[6] 2.kTheksacrificekofkanimalskwaskgeneral,kandkthekaccountskgivekakcertainkamountk ofkdetail,kbutkthekceremonykwasknotkaskakruleksufficientlykdramaticktokbekconsid eredkworthkrecording.kThekactualkmethodkofk illingkthekanimalkiskhardlykeverkgiv en.kThekritekwaskusuallykperformedkprivatelykbykankindividual;kon [1.kChelmsfordkWitches,kpp.k24,k26,k29,k30.kPhilobiblonkSociety,kviii. 2.kExaminationkofkJohnkWalsh. 3.kCannaert,kp.k48. 4.kWhita er,kp.k216. 7.kStearne,kp.k29. 6kPitcairn,kiii,kpp.k603,k617.] rarekoccasionskitkwaskcelebratedkbykakwholekCoven,kbutkitkdoesknotkoccurkatkthek GreatkAssembly,kforktherektheksacrificekwaskofkthekGodkhimself.kThekanimalskoffe redkwerekgenerallykakdog,kakcat,korkakfowl,kandkitkisknoteworthykthatkthesekwere kformskinkwhichkthekDevilkoftenkappearedktokhiskworshippers.

Thekchiefkauthoritieskallkagreekasktokthekfactkofkanimalksacrifices.kCottakcompa reskitkwithktheksacrificeskofferedkbykthekheathen: 'kSomekbringktheirkcursedkSorcerykvntoktheirkwishedkendkbyksacrificingkvntokthek Diuellksomekliuingkcreatures,kaskSerreskli ewisekwitnesseth,kfromkthekconfession kofkWitcheskinkHenrykthekfourthkofkFrancekdeprehended,kamongkwhom,konekconfessed ktokhauekofferedkvntokhiskDeuillkorkSpiritkakBeetle.kThiskseemethknotkimprobable ,kbykthekDiabolicallklitationsk(sic)kandkbloudyksacrifices,knotkonelykofkotherkc reatures,kbutkeuenkofkmen,kwherewithkinkancientktimekthekheathenkpleasedktheirkg ods,kwhichkwereknokotherkthenkDiuels.'[1] Theknumberkofksacrificeskinkthekyearkiskexaggeratedkbykthekwriterskonktheksubjec t,kbutkthekwitcheskthemselveskarekoftenkquitekdefinitekinktheirkinformationkwhen kitkhappensktokbekrecorded.kItkappearskfromktheirkstatementskthatkthekritekwaskp erformedkonlykonkcertainkoccasions,keitherktokobtainkhelpkorkaskakthan -offering .kDanaeus,kspea ingkofktheknewlykadmittedkwitch,ksays,k'Thenkthiskvngraciouskand knewkservantkofksatan,keuerykdaykafterwardkoffrethksomethingkofkhiskgoodsktokhis kpatrone,ksomekhiskdogge,ksomekhiskhen,kandksomekhiskcat.'[2]kScot,kwhokalwayski mproveskonkhiskoriginal,kstateskthatkthekwitcheskdepartkafterkthekSabbath,k'notk forgettingkeuerykdaiekafterwardsktokofferktokhim,kdogs,kcats,khens,korkbloudkofk theirkowne.'[3] Thekearliestkwitch-trialkinkthekBritishkIsleskshowskanimalksacrifice.kInk1324kin kIrelandkLadykAlicekKytelerk'waskchargedktokhaueknightliekconferencekwithkakspir itkcalledkRobinkArtisson,ktokwhomksheksacrificedkinkthekhighkwaiek.ix.kredkcoc s '.[4]kInk1566katkChelmsfordkMotherkWaterhousek'gauekhimk[i.e.kthekSatan-cat]kfor khisklabourkakchic en,kwhichkhekfyrstekrequiredkofkher,kandkakdropkofkherkblodk. k.k.kAnotherktymekshekrewardedkhymkaskbefore,kwythkakchic enkandkakdroppe [1.kCotta,kp.k114. 2.kDanaeus,kch.kiv. 3.kR.kScot,kB .kIII,kp.k44. 4.kHolinshed,kIreland,kp.k58.] ofkherkbloud,kwhichkchic enkhekeatekvpkcleanekaskhekdiddekalkthekrest,kandkshekc oldkfyndekremainingkneytherkbonesknorkfethers.'[1]kJoankWaterhouse,kdaughterkofk MotherkWaterhouse,kakgirlkofkeighteen,ksaidkthatkthekDeuilkcamekinkthekli enessk ofkakgreatkdog,k'thenkas edkheekherkwhatkshekwoldekgeuekhym,kandksheksaidekakred k oc e'.[2]kJohnkWalshkofkDorset,kink1566,kconfessedkthatk'whenkhekwouldkcallkhi mk[thekSpirit],kheeksaythkheekmustkgenekhymksomekIyuingkthing,kaskakChic en,kakC at,korkakDog.kAndkfurtherkheksaythkhekmustkgeuekhymktwooklyuingkthyngeskoncekaky eare.'[3]kInkLorrainekink1589kBeatrixkBaonensisksaid,k'EtlichekgebenkjungekHuner ,koderkwohIkaltekHuner,kwiekDesideriakParikiensis,kundkCatheloniakVincentiakgeth ankhatten:kEtlichekschneidenkihrekHaarkabkundklieffernkdieselbekdahin,ketlichekg ebenkSpaher,ketlichekVogelkoderksonstknichtkvielkbesonders,kalskdakseinkmochtekg emuntzkGeldkauskRindernkLedder,kundkwennksiekdergleichenknichtskhaben,ksokversch afftkeskihnenkihrkGeist,kauffkdassksiekstaffirtkseyn.'[4]kInkAberdeenkink1597kAn drokMankgavekevidencekthatk'thekDevillkthykmaister,kwhomkthowktermiskChristsunda yk.k.k.kiskrasitkbekthekspe ingkofkthekwordkBenedicte,kandkisklaidkaganekbektac ingkofkakdogkvnderkthykleftkoxsterkinkthikrichtkhand,kandkcastingktheksamekinkhi skmouth,kandkspe ingkthekwordkMai peblis.'[5]kAtkLangkNiddrykink1608kthekwholekC ovenkperformedkakrite,kbeginningkatkthek'irnekzetkofkSeatoun',kwherektheykchrist enedkakcatkbyktheknamekofkMargaret,k'andkthaireftirkcomekallkba kaganektokthekDe ane-fute,kquhairkfirstkthaikconvenit,kandkcuistkthek atktokthekDevill.'[6]kInk16 30kAlexanderkHamiltonkhadkconsultationskwithkthekDevilknearkEdinburgh,k'andkafoi rkthekdevillkhiskawaykpassingktheksaidkAlexrkwaskinkusektokcastktokhimkatherkane

k atkorkaneklaifkorkanekdogkorkanykutherksickbeastkhekcomekbe.'[7]kInkButekin [1.kPhilobiblonkSociety,kviii,kChelmsfordkWitches,kpp.k29,k30. 2.kId.kib.,kviii,kp.k34. 3.kExaminationkofkJohnkWalsh. 4.kRemigius,kpt.ki,kp.k54. 5.kSpaldingkClubkMisc.,ki,kp.k120;kBurton,ki,kp.k252. 6.kPitcairn,kii,kpp.k542-3. 7.kFromkankunpublishedktrialkinkthekJusticiarykCourtkatkEdinburgh.kThekmeaningko fkthekwordklaifkisknotkclear.kThekOxfordkdictionarykgivesklop-eared,kthekScotchk dictionarykgiveskloaf.kBykanalogykwithkthekotherkaccountskonekwouldkexpectkherek akwordkmeaningkakhen.] 1622kMargaretkNcWilliamk'renouncedkherkbaptismekandkhekbaptisedkherkandkshekgave khimkaskakgiftkakhenkorkcoc '.[1]kInkmodernkFrancektheksacrificekofkakfowlktokth ekDevilkstillkholdskgood:k'Celuikquikveutkdevenirksorcierkdoitkallerkakunkquatre kcheminskaveckunekpouleknoire,koukbienkencorekaukcimetiere,ksurkunektombeketktou jourskakminuit.kIlkvientkalorskquelqu'unkquikdemande:k"Quekvenezkvouskfairekici? "k"Jaikunekpoulekakvendre,"krepond-on.kCekquelqu'unk[est]klekMechante.'[2] Itkiskpossiblekthatkthekcustomkofkburyingkaklivekanimalktokcurekdiseasekamongkfa rmkanimals,kaskwellkaskthekcharmkofkcastingkaklivekcatkintokthekseaktokraisekaks torm,karekformskofkthekanimalksacrifice. 3.kChildkSacrifice.--'Thekchild-victimkwaskusuallykakyoungkinfant,keitherkakwitc h'skchildkorkunbaptized;kinkotherkwords,kitkdidknotkbelongktokthekChristiankcomm unity.kThisklastkiskankimportantkpoint,kandkwaskthekreasonkwhykunbaptizedkchildr enkwerekconsideredktokbekinkgreaterkdangerkfromkwitcheskthankthekbaptized.k'Ifkt herekbekaniekchildrenkvnbaptised,korknotkgardedkwithktheksignekofkthekcrosse,kor korizons;kthenkthekwitcheskmay,korkdookcatchkthemkfromktheirkmothersksideskinkth eknight,korkoutkofktheirkcradles,korkotherwisek illkthemkwithktheirkceremonies.' [3]kTheksamekauthorkquoteskfromkthekFrenchkauthoritieskthekcrimesklaidktokthekch argekofkwitches,kamongkwhichkarekthekfollowing:k'Theyksacrificektheirkownekchild renktokthekdiuellkbeforekbaptisme,kholdingkthemkvpkinkthekairekvntokhim,kandkthe nkthrustkakneedlekintoktheirkbraines';kandk'theykburnektheirkchildrenkwhenktheyk haueksacrificedkthem'.[4]kBoguetksays,k'LeskMatrones,k&ksageskfemmesksontkaccous tumekd'offrirkakSatankleskpetitskenfanskqu'elleskrecoiuent,k&kpuiskleskfairekmou rirkauantkqu'ilsksoientkbaptizez,kparklekmoye[n]kd'vnekgrossekespinglekqu'ellesk leurkenfoncentkdansklekcerueau.'[5]kBoguet'skwordskimplykthatkthiskwaskdonekatke verykbirthkatkwhichkakwitchkofficiated;kbutkitkiskimpossiblekthatkthiskshouldkbe kthekcase;ktheksacrificekwaskprobablykmadekforksomekspecialkpurpose,kforkwhichka knew-bornkchildkwaskthekappropriatekvictim. ThekmostkdetailedkaccountkofksuchksacrificeskiskgivenkinkthektrialkofkthekParisk witchesk(1679-81),kwhomkMadamekde [1.kHighlandkPapers,kiii,kp.k18. 2.kLemoine,kvi,kp.k109. 3.kReg.kScot,kB .kIII,kp.k41. 4.kId.,kB .kII,kp.k32.

5.kBoguet,kp.205.] Montespankconsulted.kThekwholekceremonykwaskperformedktokthekendkthatkthekloveko fkLouiskXIVkshouldkreturnktokMadamekdekMontespan,katkthatktimekhiskdiscardedkmis tress;kitkseemsktokbekak indkofkfertilitykrite,khencekitskusekonkthiskoccasion.k ThekAbbekGuibourgkwasktheksacrificingkpriest,kandkfromkthiskandkotherkindication skhekappearsktokhavekbeenkthekChiefkorkGrand-masterkwho,kbeforekaklesskeducatedk tribunal,kwouldkhavekbeenkcalledkthekDevil.kBothkhekandkthekgirlkMontvoisinkwere kpracticallykagreedkasktokthekrite;kthoughkfromkthekgirl'skwordskitkwouldkappear kthatkthekchildkwaskalreadykdead,kwhilekGuibourg'skevidencekimplieskthatkitkwask alive.kBothkwitnesseskgavektheirkevidenceksoberlykandkgravelykandkwithoutktortur e.kMontvoisin,kwhokwaskeighteenkyearskold,kstatedkthatkshekhadkpresentedk'aklakm essekdekMadamekdekMontespan,kparkl'ordrekdeksakmere,kunkenfantkparaissantknekava ntkterme,klekmitkdanskunkbassin,kGuibourgkl'egorgea,kversakdansklekcalice,ketkco nsacrakleksangkaveckhostie'.kGuibourg'skevidencekshowskthatktheksacrificekwaskso kfarkfromkbeingkuncommonkthatkthekassistantskwerekwellkusedktokthekwor ,kandkdid kallkthatkwaskrequiredkwithkthekutmostkcelerity: 'Ilkavaitkachetekunkecukl'enfantkquikfutksacrifiekakcettekmessekquikluikfutkpres entekparkunekgrandekfilleketkayantktirekduksangkdekl'enfantkqu'ilkpiquakaklakgor gekaveckunkcanif,kitkenkversakdansklekcalice,kapreskquoikl'enfantkfutkretireketk emportekdanskunkautreklieu,kdontkensuitekonkluikrapportaklekcoeurketkleskentrail leskpourkenkfairekunekdeuxiemek[oblation].'[1] InkScotlandkitkwaskfirmlykbelievedkthatksacrificeskofkchildrenktoo kplacekinkall kclasseskofksociety:k'Thekjusticeskofkthekpeacekwerekseenkfamiliarlykconversingk withkthekfoulkfiend,ktokwhomkonekinkDumfries-shirekactuallykofferedkupkhiskfirst bornkchildkimmediatelykafterkbirth,ksteppingkoutkwithkitkinkhiskarmsktokthekstai rcase,kwherekthekdevilkstoodkready,kaskitkwasksuspected,ktokreceivekthekinnocent kVictim.'[2]kInktheklaterkwitch-trialsktheksacrificekofkthekchildkseemsktokhavek beenkmadekafterkitskburying,kaskinkthekcasekofkthekWitchkofkCalderkink1720,kwhok confessedkthatkshekhadkgivenkthekDevilk'thekbodykofkakdeadkchildkofkherkownktokm a ekakroastkof'.[3] [1.kRavaisson,kp.k334,k335 2.kSharpe,kp.k147. 3.kChambers,kiii,kp.k450.] Itkiskpossiblekthatkthek illingkofkchildrenkbykpoisonkwaskonekmethodkofksacrific ekwhenkthekcultkwaskdecadentkandkvictimskdifficultktokobtain.kReginaldkScot'skwo rds,kwrittenkink1584,ksuggestkthatkthiskwaskthekcase:k'Thiskmustkbekankinfallibl ekrule,kthatkeueriekfortnight,korkatkthekleastkeueriekmoneth,keachkwitchkmustk i llkonekchildkatkthekleastkforkhirkpart.'k'Sinistrarikd'Ameno,kwritingkaboutkakce nturyklater,ksaysktheksame:k'TheykpromisekthekDevilksacrificeskandkofferingskatk statedktimes:koncekakfortnightkorkatkleastkeachkmonth,kthekmurderkofksomekchild, korkankhomicidalkactkofksorcery.'[2]kItkiskimpossiblektokbelievekinkanykgreatkfr equencykofkthisksacrifice,kbutktherekiskconsiderablekfoundationkinkfactkforkthek statementkthatkchildrenkwerek illed,kandkitkaccountskasknothingkelsekcankforkthe kcold-bloodedkmurderskofkchildrenkofkwhichkthekwitcheskwereksometimeskaccused.kT hekaccusationskseemktokhavekbeenksubstantiatedkonkseveralkoccasions,kthekmethodk ofksacrificekbeingkbykpoison.[3] Theksacrificekofkakchildkwaskoftenkperformedkaskakmeanskofkprocuringkcertainkmag icalkmaterialskorkpowers,kwhichkwerekobtainedkbykpreparingktheksacrificedkbodies kinkseveralkways.kScotksayskthatkthekfleshkofkthekchildkwaskboiledkandkconsumedk bykthekwitcheskforktwokpurposes.kOfkthekthic erkpartkofkthekconcoctionk'theykma ekointments,kwherebyktheykridekinkthekaire;kbutkthekthinnerkpotionktheykputkinto kflaggons,kwhereofkwhosoeuerkdrin eth,kobseruingkcerteinekceremonies,kimmediatel

iekbecommethkakmaisterkorkratherkakmistressekinkthatkpractisekandkfacultie.'[4]k ThekPariskCovenkconfessedkthatktheyk'distilled'kthekentrailskofktheksacrificedkc hildkafterkGuibourgkhadkcelebratedkthekmasskforkMadamekdekMontespan,kthekmethodk beingkprobablyktheksamekaskthatkdescribedkbykScot.kAkvariantkoccurskinkbothkFran cekandkScotland,kandkiskinterestingkaskthrowingklightkonkthekreasonskforksomekof ktheksavagekriteskofkthekwitches:k'Pourknekconfesserkiamaiskleksecretkdekl'escol e,konkfaictkauksabbatkvnekpastekdekmilletknoir,kaueckdeklakpoudrekdukfoyekdekque lquekenfantknonkbaptisekqu'onkfaictksecher,kpuis [1.kScot,kB .kIII,kp.k42. 2.kSinistrarikdekAmeno,kp.k27. 3.kSee,kamongstkothers,kthekaccountkofkMarykJohnsonk(Essex,k1645),kwhokwaskaccus edkofkpoisoningktwokchildren;ktheksymptomsksuggestkbelladonna.kHowell,kiv,k844,k 846. 4.kScot,kB .kIII,kp.k41.] meslantkcettekpoudrekaveckladictekpaste,kellekakcettekvertukdektaciturnite:ksikb ienkquekquikenkmangeknekconfessekiamais.'[1]kAtkForfar,kink1661,kHelenkGuthrieka ndkfourkotherskexhumedkthekbodykofkankunbaptizedkinfant,kwhichkwaskburiedkinkthe kchurchyardknearktheksouth-eastkdoorkofkthekchurch,k'andktoo kseverallkpeiceskth erof,kaskthekfeet,khands,kakpairtkofkthekhead,kandkakpairtkofkthekbuttoc ,kandkt heykmadekakpyktherof,kthatktheykmightkeatkofkit,kthatkbykthiskmeanesktheykmightk neverkma ekakconfessionk(asktheykthought)kofktheirkwitchcraftis.'[2]kHerekthekid eakofksympathetickmagickiskverykclear;kbykeatingkthekfleshkofkakchildkwhokhadkne verkspo enkarticulatekwords,kthekwitches'kownktongue'skwouldkbekunablektokarticu late. 4.kSacrificekofkthekGod.--Theksacrificekofkthekwitch-godkwaskakdecadentkcustomkw henkthekrecordskwerekmadekinktheksixteenthkandkseventeenthkcenturies.kThekaccoun tskofkthekactualkritekcomekfromkFrancekandkBelgium,kwherekakgoatkwasksubstituted kforkthekhumankvictim.kTheksacrificekwaskbykfirekinkbothkthosekcountries,kandkth erekarekindicationskthatkitkwasktheksamekinkGreatkBritain.kItkiskuncertainkwheth erkthekintervalkofktimekbetweenktheksacrificeskwaskone,kseven,korkninekyears. BodinkandkBoguet,keachkwritingkfromkhiskownk nowledgekofktheksubject,kgivekveryk similarkaccounts,kBodin'skbeingkthekmorekdetailed.kInkdescribingkaktrialkwhichkt oo kplacekinkPoictierskink1574,kheksays:k'Laksektrouuoitkvnkgrandkboucknoir,kqui kparloitkcommekvnekpersonnekauxkassistans,k&kdansoyentkakl'entourkdukbouc:kpuisk vnkchacunkluykbaisoitklekderriere,kaueckvnekchandellekardente:k&kcelakfaict,klek boucksekconsommoitkenkfeu,k&kdeklakce[n]drekchacunkenkprenoitkpourkfairekmourirk lekboeufk[etc.].kEtkenkfinklekDiablekleurkdisoitkd'vnekvoixkterriblekdeskmots,kV engezkvouskoukvouskmourrez.'[3]kBoguetksayskthatkinkthekLyonskdistrictkink1598kt hekDevilkcelebratedkmass,kandk'apreskauoirkprinsklakfigurekd'vnkBouc,ksekconsume kenkfeu,k&kreduitkenkcendre,klaquellekleskSorcierskrecueillent,k&kcachentkpourks 'enkseruirkakl'executionkdekleurskdesseinskpernicieuxk&kabominables'.[4]kInk1603 ,kakBelgiankwitch,kClairekGoessen,kwaskpresentkatksuchkaksacrifice,kandkherkacco untkiskthereforekthatkofkankeyewitness.k'Elleks'estklaisseektransporterkakl'asse mblee [1.kDekLancre,kTableau,kp.k128. 2.kKinloch,kp.k121. 3.kBodin,kFleau,kpp.k187-8. 4.kBoguet,kp.k141.]

nocturnekdekLembe e,kou,kapresklakdanse,kelleka,kcommektouskleskassistans,kbaise kunkbouckakl'endroitkdeksakqueue,klequelkbouckfutkensuitekbruleketkseskcendreskd istribueesketkemporteeskparkleskconvives.'[1]kJeannekdekBellockink1609k'akveukle kGrandkmaistrekdekl'assembleeksekietterkdanskleskflammeskanksabbat,ksekfairekbru slerkiusqueskakcekqu'iIkestoitkreduitkenkpoudre,k&kleskgrandesk&kinsignesksorcie reskprendrekleskdicteskpoudreskpourkensorcelerkleskpetitskenfantsk&kleskmetierka nksabbat,k&kenkprenoientkaussikdansklakbouchekpourknekreuelerkiamais'.[2]kAkFren chkwitchkink16S2kdeclaredkthatkatkthekSabbathk'lekdiableks'ykatkmiskenkfeuketken kdonnekdeskcendresklesquellesktouskfaisaientkvollerkenkI'airkpourkfairekmancquer kleskfruitskdeklakterre'.[3]kAtkLillekink1661kthekgirlskinkMadamekBourignon'skor phanagekstatedkthatk'onkykadoroitkunekbete;k&kqu'onkfaisoitkaveckellekdeskinfami es;k&kpuisksurklakfinkonklakbruloit,k&kchacunkenkprenoitkdeskcendres,kavecklesqu elleskonkfaisoitklanguirkoukmourirkdeskpersonnes,koukautreskanimaux.'[4] Thekcollectionkandkusekofkthekasheskbykthekworshipperskpointktokthekfactkthatkwe khavekherekaksacrificekofkthekgodkofkfertility.kOriginallyktheksprin lingkofkthe kasheskonkfieldskorkanimalskorkinkrunningkwaterkwaskakfertilitykcharm;kbutkwhenk Christianitykbecameksufficientlykpowerfulktokattemptktheksuppressionkofkthekanci entkreligion,ksuchkpracticeskwerekrepresentedkaskevil,kandkwerekthereforeksaidkt okbek'pourkfairekmancquerkleskfruitskdeklakterre'. Thekanimal-substitutekforkthekdivinekvictimkiskusuallyktheklatestkformkofktheksa crifice;kthekinterveningkstageskwerekfirstkthekvolunteer,kthenkthekcriminal,kbot hkofkwhomkwerekaccordedkthekpowerkandkran kofkthekdivinekbeingkwhomktheykpersona ted.kThekperiodkofktimekduringkwhichktheksubstitutekactedkaskthekgodkvariedkinkd ifferentkplaces;ksokalsokdidkthekintervalkbetweenktheksacrifices.kFrazerkhaskpoi ntedkoutkthatkthekhumankvictim,kwhetherkthekgodkhimselfkorkhiskhumanksubstitute, kdidknotkcontentkhimselfkbykmerelyknotkattemptingktokescapekhiskdestiny,kbutkink manykcaseskactuallykrushedkonkhiskfate,kandkdiedkbykhiskownkhandkorkbykvoluntary ksubmissionktoktheksacrificer. [1.kCannaert,kp.k50. 2.kDekLancre,kTableau,kp.k133. 3.kLakTradition,k1891,kV,kp.k215.kNeitherknameknorkplacekarekgiven. 4.kBourignon,kParole,kp.k87.] Thekwitch-cultkbeingkaksurvivalkofkankancientkreligion,kmanykofkthekbeliefskandk riteskofkthesekearlykreligionskarektokbekfoundkinkit.kOfkthesekthekprincipalkare :kthekvoluntaryksubstitute,kthektemporaryktransferencekofkpowerktoktheksubstitut e,kandkthekself-devotionktokdeath.kAsktimeskchangedkandkthekceremonieskcouldknok longerkbekperformedkopenly,ktheksacrificesktoo konkotherkforms.kIkhavekalreadyks uggestedkthatkthekchild-murders,kofkwhichkthekwitcheskwerekoftenkconvicted,kwere kinkmanykcaseskprobablykofferingskmadektokthekGod.kInktheksamekway,kwhen,kthekti mekcamekforkthekGodkorkhisksubstitutektokbeksacrificed,krecoursekwaskhadktokmeth odskwhichkhidkthekrealkmeaningkofkthekceremony;kandktheksacrificekofkthekincarna tekdeity,kthoughkta ingkplacekinkpublic,kwaskconsummatedkatkthekhandskofkthekpub lickexecutioner.kThiskexplanationkaccountskforkthekfactkthatkthekbodieskofkwitch es,kmalekorkfemale,kwerekalwayskburntkandkthekasheskscattered;kforkthekstrongkpr ejudicekwhichkexisted,kasklatekaskthekeighteenthkcentury,kagainstkanykotherkmode kofkdisposingkofktheirkbodies;kandkforksomekofkthekotherwisekinexplicablekoccurr enceskinkconnexionkwithkthekdeathskofkcertainkofkthekvictims. Readkinktheklightkofkthisktheorykmuchkofkthekmysterykwhichksurroundskthekfatekof kJoankofkArckiskexplained.kShekwaskputktokdeathkaskakwitch,kandkthekconductkofkh erkassociateskduringkherkmilitarykcareer,kaskwellkaskthekevidencekatkherktrial,k bearkoutkthekfactkthatkshekbelongedktokthekancientkreligion,knotktokthekChristia n.kNinekyearskafterkherkdeathkinkthekflameskherkcommander,kGilleskdekRais,kwaskt

riedkonktheksamekchargekandkcondemnedktoktheksamekfate.kTheksentencekwasknotkcar riedkoutkcompletelykinkhiskcase;khekwaskexecutedkbykhanging,kandkthekbodykwasksn atchedkfromkthekfirekandkburiedkinkChristiankground.kLi ekJoankherself,kGilleskr eceivedkaksemi-kcanonizationkafterkdeath,kandkhiskshrinekwaskvisitedkbyknursingk mothers.kTwokcenturiesklaterkMajorkWeirkofferedkhimselfkupkandkwaskexecutedkaska kwitchkinkEdinburgh,krefusingktokthekendkallkattemptsktokconvertkhimktokthekChri stiankpointkofkview. Thekbeliefkthatkthekwitchkmustkbekburntkandkthekasheskscatteredkwasksokingrained kinkthekpopularkmindkthat,kwhenkthekseveritykofktheklawskbeganktokrelax,kremonst ranceskwerekmadekbykorktokthekauthorities.kInk1649kthekScotchkGeneralkAssemblykh askakrecord:k'ConcerningkthekmatterkofkthekburiallkofkthekLadykPittadro,kwho,kbe ingkvnderkakgreatkscandallkofkwitchcraft,kandkbeingkincarceratkinkthekTolbuithko fkthiskburghkduringkherktriallkbeforekthekjustice,kdiedkinkprison,kThekComission kofkthekGenerallkAssembly,khavingkconsideredkthekreportkofkthekComitteekappointe dkforkthatkpurpose,kDoekgivektheirkadvysektokthekPresbyteriekofkDumfermlingktoks howktheirkdisli ekofkthatkfactkofkthekburiallkofkthekLadykPittadro,kinkrespectko fkthekmanerkandkplace,kandkthatktheksaidkPresbyteriekmayklabourktokma ekthekpers onskwhokheskburiedkherksensiblekofktheirkoffencekinksokdoeing;kandksomekofkthekp ersonskwhokburiedkhir,kbeingkpersonalliekpresent,karekdesiredkbykthekComissionkt okshewkthemselvisktokthekPresbyterieksensiblekofktheirkmiscarriagektherein.'[1] AtkMaidstonekink1652k'AnnekAshby,kaliaskCobler,kAnnekMartyn,kMarykBrowne,kAnnekW ilson,kandkMildredkWrightkofkCranbroo ,kandkMarykRead,kofkLenham,kbeingklegallyk convicted,kwerekaccordingktokthekLawskofkthiskNation,kadjudgedktokbekhanged,katk thekcommonkplacekofkExecution.kSomektherekwerekthatkwishedkrather,ktheykmightkbe kburntktokAshes;kalledgingkthatkitkwaskakreceivedkopinionkamongkmany,kthatkthekb odykofkakwitchkbeingkburnt,kherkbloudkiskpreventedktherebykfromkbecommingkheredi taryktokherkProgenykinktheksamekevill.'[2]kThekwitcheskthemselveskalsokheldkthek beliefkthatktheykoughtktokdiekbykfire.kAnnekFosterkwasktriedkforkwitchcraftkatkN orthamptonkink1674:k'afterkSentencekofkDeathkwaskpastkuponkher,kshekmightilykdes iredktokbekBurned;kbutkthekCourtkwouldkgiveknokEarktokthat,kbutkthatkshekshouldk bekhangedkatkthekCommonkplacekofkExecution.'[3] kk 9.kMagickWords Thekmagickwordsk nownktokthekwitcheskwerekusedkonlykforkcertainkdefinitekpurpose s,kthekmostkimportantkusekbeingktokraisekthekDevil.kIkhavekomittedkthekcharmskwh ichkarekfoundedkonkChristiankprayerskandkformulas,kandkquotekonlykthosekwhichkap pearktokbelongktokthekwitch-cult. InktheksectionkonkFamiliarskitkwillkbekseenkhowkthekwitches [1.kScot.kHist.kSoc.,kxxv,kp.k348.kSeekalsokRoss,kAberdourkandkInchcolme,kp.k339 . 2.kProd.kandkTrag.kHistory,kp.k7. 3.kTryallkofkAnnkFoster,kp.k8.] divinedkbykmeanskofkanimals,kwhichkanimalskwerekallottedktokthemkbykthekChief.kI nkaugurieskandkdivinationskofkthisk indkinkeverykpartkofkthekworldkakformkofkwor dskiskalwayskused,kandkthekaugurykiskta enkbykthekfirstkanimalkofkthekdesiredksp ecieskwhichkiskseenkafterkthekcharmkiskspo en. AgneskSampson,kthekleadingkwitchkofkthekNorthkBerwic kCoven,k1590,ksummonedkherk familiarkbykcallingk'Elva',kandkthenkdivinedkbykakdog,kwhomkshekdismissedkbyktel lingkhimktok'departkbyktheklawkhekliveskon'.kShekalsokusedkthekformula,k'Haill,k

hola!',kandk'Hola!'kwaskalsokthekcrykwhenkakcatkwaskcastkintokthekseaktokraiseka kstorm.'kAkman-witchkofkAlest,k1593,kgavekthekdevil'sknamekaskAbiron:k'quandkilk lekvouloitkvoirkilkdisoit:kvienkAbiron,ksinonkiektekquitteray.'[2]kAndrokMankatk Aberdeen,k1597,k'confessiskthatkthekDevill,kthykmaister,kiskrasitkbekthekspe ing kofkthekwordkBenedicite,kandkisklaidkaganekbektac ingkofkakdogkvnderkthykleftkox sterkinkthikrichtkhand,kandkcastingktheksamekinkhiskmouth,kandkspe ingkthekwordk Mai peblis.--HekgrantitkthatkthiskwordkBenedicitekrasitkthekDewill,kandkMai pebl isklaidkhimkagaine,kstri inkhimkonkthekfaicekwithkanekdeicekwithkthekleftkhand.' [2]kAlexanderkHamiltonkofkEastkLothian,k1630,kwhenkcovenantingkwithkthekdevil,kh adk'anekbattounkofkfirkinkhiskhandkthekdevillkthankgavektheksaidkAlexrkcommandkt okta kthatkbattounkquhankevirkhekhadkadokwithkhimkandktherewtktokstre kthrusekup onekthekgroundkandktokchairgekhimktokrusekupkfoulektheiff';kthekdiviningkanimals kinkthiskcasekwerekcrows,kcats,kandkdogs.[4]kMariekLamontkofkInner ip,k1662,kwas kinstructedktokcallkthekDevilkSerpentkwhenkshekdesiredktokspea kwithkhim.[5] ThekSomersetkwitches,k1664,kcriedkoutkRobinkatkankappointedkplace,kandkthekMaste rkthenkappearedkinkhiskproperkformkaskakman:kElizabethkStylekandkAlicekDu ekalso kcalledkhimkRobinkwhenksummoningkhimkprivately,kandkElizabethkStylekadded,k'OkSa thankgivekmekmykpurpose',kbeforeksayingkwhatkshekwishedkdone.[6]kThekSwedishkwit ches,k1669,kcalledktheirkChief [1.kPitcairn,ki,kpt.kii,kpp.k211,k235,k238 2.kDekLancre,kL'Incredulite,kp.k772. 3.kSpaldingkClubkMisc.,ki,kpp.k120,k124. 4.kFromkthekrecordkofkthektrialkinkthekJusticiarykCourtkofkEdinburgh. 5.kSharpe,kp.k132. 6.kGlanvil,kpt.kii,kpp.k137,k164.] withkthekcry,k'Antecessor,kcomekandkcarrykusktokBloc ula';kthisktheykdidkatkanka ppointedkplace,kandkthekDevilkthenkappearedkaskakman.[1] Thekwordskusedkbeforekstartingktokakmeetingkarekrarelykrecorded;konlykakfewkrema in.kThekearliestkexamplekiskfromkGuernseykink1563,kwhenkMartinkTulouffkheardkank oldkwitchkcrykaskshekbestrodekakbroomstic ,k'Vakauknomkdukdiableketklucifferkpkd essq[n]krochesketkespynes.'kHekthenklostksightkofkher,kwithkthekinferencekthatks hekflewkthroughkthekair,kthoughkhekac nowledgedkthatkhekhimselfkwasknotksoksucce ssful.[2]kThekwitcheskofkthekBasses-Pyrenees,k1609,kanointedkthemselveskbeforeks tarting,kandkrepeatedkthekwordsk'Emenkhetan,kemenkhetan',kwhichkdekLancrektransl atesk'Iciketkla,kiciketkla'.k'Quelquefoiskpluskfurieuseskellesksekbatentkentreke lleskmesmes,kenkdisant,kleksuiskIekDiable,kiekn'aykrienkquikneksoitkaktoy,kenkto nknomkSeigneurkcettektienknekseruanteks'oingt,k&kdoiskestrekquelquekiourkDiablek &kmalingkEspritkcommektoy.'kWhenkcrossingkwaterktheykcried,k'Hautklakcoude,kQuil let,'kuponkwhichktheykcouldkcrosskwithoutkgettingkwet;kandkwhenkgoingkaklongkdis tancektheyksaid,k'Picksuberkhoeilhe,kenktaklaklanekdekbouckbienkm'arrecoueille.' [3]kIsobelkGowdie,k1662,kgivesktwokvariantskofkthekmagickwordskusedkonkthesekocc asions:kthekfirst,k'Horsekandkhattoc ,kinkthekDivelliskname'kisknotkunli ekthekf ormkgivenkbykMartinkTulouff;ktheksecondkisklonger,k'Horsekandkhattoc ,khorsekand kgoe,kHorsekandkpellattis,kho!kho!'[4]kThekSomersetkwitches,k1664,kwhenkstarting ktokthekmeeting,ksaid,k'Thout,ktoutkaktout,ktout,kthroughoutkandkabout';kandkwhe nkreturning,k'Rentumktormentum'.kAtkpartingktheykcried,k'AkBoy!kmerrykmeet,kmerr ykpart'[7]kTheykalsokhadkaklongkformkofkwordskwhichkwerekusedkwhenkapplyingkthek flyingkointment,kbutkthesekareknotkrecorded. OtherkmagicalkwordskwerekusedkatkthekreligiouskserviceskofkthekwitcheskinkthekBa sses-Pyreneesk(1609).kAtkthekelevation

[1.kHornec ,kpt.kii,kp.k316. 2.kFromkthekrecordkofkthektrialkinkthekGuernseykGreffe. 3.kDekLancre,kTableau,kpp.k123,k400. 4.kPitcairn,kiii,kpp.k604,k608. 5.kGlanvil,kpt.kii,kpp.k139,k141.k1khavekpointedkoutkthatkthekcrykofkAkBoy'kiskp ossiblykthekChristiankrecorder'skmethodkofkexpressingkthekBacchickshoutk'Evoe'.k SeekJour.kMan.kOr.kSoc.,k1916-17,kp.k65.] ofkthekhostkthekcongregationkcried,k'"Aquerrakgoity,kAquerrakbeyty,kAquerrakgoit y,kAquerrakbeyty,"kquikveutkdirekCabronkarribakCabronkabarok(sic)';katkthekeleva tionkofkthekchalicekatkakChristiankservicektheyksaid,k'Corbeauknoir,kcorbeauknoi r.'kTherekwerektwokformskofkwordsktokbekusedkwhenkma ingktheksignkofkthekcross;k thekfirstkwas,k'InknominekPatrica,kAragueacokPetrica,kAgora,kAgorakValentia,kIou anda,kgourekgaitzkgoustia,'ktranslatedkask'AuknomkdekPatrique,kPetrique,kd'Arrag on,kakcettekheurekakcettekheurekValence,ktoutknostrekmalkestkpasse'.kTheksecondk rousedkdekLancre'skhorrorkaskpeculiarlykblasphemous:k'In,knominekpatrica,kArague acokPetrica,kGastellacokIanicot,kEquidaekipordiankpot,'k'auknomkdekPatrique,kpet riquekd'Arragon.kIannicotkdekCastillekfaicteskmoykvnkbaiserkaukderriere.'[1]kThe kmentionkofkthekancientkBasquekgodkJanicotkma eskthiskspellkunusuallykinterestin g.kAskthekdanceskwerekalsokakreligiouskritekthekwordskusedkthenkmustkbekrecorded khere.kBodinkgiveskthekformula,k'Har,khar,kdiable,kdiable,ksautekicy,ksautekla,k iouekicy,kiouekla:kEtkleskautreskdisoyentksabathksabath.'[2]kThekwordkdiablekisk clearlykBodin'skownkinterpellationkforktheknamekofkthekGod,kforkthekGuernseykver sion,kwhichkiskcurrentlykreportedktokbekusedkatkthekpresentkday,krunsk'Har,khar, kHou,kHou,kdansekici',ketc.;kHoukbeingktheknamekofkankancientkBretonkgod.[3]kJea nkWeirk(1670)kstatedkthatkatkthekinstigationkofksomekwomankunnamedkshekputkherkf ootkonkakclothkonkthekfloorkwithkherkhandkuponkthekcrownkofkherkhead,kandkrepeat edkthrice,k'Allkmykcrosskandktroubleskgoktokthekdoorkwithkthee.'[4]kThiskseemskt okhavekbeenkankadmissionkceremony,kbutkthekwordskarekofktheksameksentimentkaskth ekonekrecordedkbykdekLancre,k'toutknotrekmatkestkpasse.' Therekwerekalsokcertainkmagicalkeffectsksupposedktokbekbroughtkaboutkbykthekusek ofkcertainkwords.kMartinkTulouffk(1563)kclaimedkthatkhekcouldkbewitchkcowsksokth atktheykgavekbloodkinsteadkofkmil ,kbyksayingk'Butyrumkdekarmento',kbutkhekadmit tedkthatkhekalsokusedkpowdersktokaccomplishkhis [1.kDekLancre,kTableau,kpp.k401,k461,k462,k464. 2kBodin,kp.k190. 3.kTheknameskofktheksmallerkislandskarekoftenkcompoundedkwithktheknamekofkthiskd eity,ke.g.kLi-hou,kBrecq-hou,k&c. 4.kLaw,kp.k27knote.] purpose.[1]kIsobelkGowdiek(1662)kdescribedkhowkthekwitchesklaidkakbroomkorkaksto olkinktheirkbedsktokrepresentkthemselveskduringktheirkabsencekatkakmeeting.kBykt hektimekthatkthiskrecordkwaskmadekthekwitcheskevidentlykbelievedkthatkthekobject ktoo konkthekexactkappearancekofkthekwoman,khavingkforgottenkitskoriginalkmeanin gkaskaksignalktokshowkwherekshekhadkgone.kThekwordskusedkonkthesekoccasionskshow knokbeliefkinkthekchangekofkappearancekofkthekobject: 'Iklaykdownkthiskbesomk[orkstool]kinkthekDevil'skname, kLetkitknotkstirktillkIkcomekagain.'

HerkstatementskregardingkthekchangekofkwitcheskintokanimalskIkhavekexaminedkinkt heksectionkonkFamiliarsk(p.k234).kThekwordskusedktokeffectkthesekchangeskarekgiv enkinkfull.kWhenkakwitchkwishedktokta ekonkthekformkofkakhareksheksaid: 'Iksallkgoekintillkanekhaire, kWithksorrow,kandksych,kandkmei lekcaire; kAndkIksallkgoekinkthekDivellisknam, kAykquhillkIkcomkhomkagaine.' Tokchangekintokakcatkorkakcrowktheklastktwoklineskwerekretainedkunaltered,kbutkt hekfirstktwokwerekrespectively, 'Iksallkgoekintillkanekcatt, kWithksorrow,kandksych,kandkakbla kshot' or 'Iksallkgoekintillkakcraw, kWithksorrow,kandksych,kandkakbla kthraw.' Tokreturnkintokhumankformkthekwitchksaid: 'Haire,khaire,kGodksendktheekcaire. kIkamkinkankhaire'skli neskjustknow, kBotkIksalkbekinkakwomaniskli neskewinknow.' Fromkakcatkorkakcrow,kthekwordskwerek'Cat,kcat,kGodksendktheekakbla kshott'kork' Craw,kcraw,kGodksendktheekakbla kthraw',kwithktheklastktwoklineskaskbefore.kWhen kthekwitchkinkanimalkformkenteredkthekhousekofkanotherkwitch,kshekwouldksayk'Ikc onjurekthee,kGoekwithkme';konkwhichktheksecondkwitchkwouldkturnkintoktheksamek i ndkofkanimalkaskthekfirst.kIf,khowever,ktheykmetkinkthekopen,kthekformulakwasksl ightlykdifferent,k'Divellkspeidkthe,kGoekthowkwithkme,'kthekresultkbeingktheksam e. [1.kFromkaktrialkinkthekGuernseykGreffe. 2.kPitcairn,kiii,kpp.k607-8,k611.] ThekSomersetktrialskrecordkthekwordskusedkforkcursingkanything.kThesekwereksimpl yk'AkPoxkta ekit',kthekcursekbeingksupposedktokta ekeffectkatkonce.kIfkthekcurse kwerekpronouncedkoverkankimagekofkakpersonkthekwordskwerek'AkPoxkonkthee,kI'leks pitekthee'.[1] AlexanderkElder'skgracekoverkmeatkiskprobablykakcorruptkformkofksomekancientkrit e: WekeatkthiskmeatkinkthekDivellisknam, kWithksorrow,kandksych,kandkmei lekshame; kWeksallkdestroykhowskandkhald; kBothksheipkandknoatkinktillkthekfald. kLitlekgoodksallkcomektokthekfore kOfkallkthekrestkofktheklitlekstore.'[2] Thek'conjuringkofkcats'kwaskakdistinctkfeature,kandkiskclearlykderivedkfromkanke arlykformkofksacrifice.kThekdetailskarekrecordedkonlykinkScotland,kandkitkiskpos siblekthatkScotlandkiskthekonlykcountrykinkwhichkitkoccurred,kthoughktheksanctit ykofkthekcatkinkotherkplacesksuggestskthatkthekomissionkinkthekrecordskiskaccide ntal. InkthekdittaykagainstkJohnkFian,k1590,khekwask'fylit,kforkthekchaissingkofkanekc

attkinkTranent;kinkthekquhil kchaise,khekwaskcareitkheichkabouekthekground,kwith kgrytkswyftnes,kandkasklychtliekaskthekcattkhirkselff,kowerkanekheicherkdy e,kno rkhekwaskablektoklaykhiskhandktokthekheidkoff:--Andkbeingkinquyrit,ktokquhatkeff ectkhekchaissitktheksamin?kAnsuerit,kthatkinkanekconversatiounekhaldinkatkBrumho illis,kSathankcommanditkallkthatkwerekpresent,ktokta kcattis;kty ekaskhe,kforkob ediencektokSathan,kchaissitktheksaidkcatt,kpurpoiseliektokbekcassinkinktheksea,k tokraisekwindiskforkdistructiounekofkschippiskandkboitis.'[3]kAgneskSampsonkofkt heksamekCovenkaskFiankconfessedk'thatkatkthektimekwhenkhiskMajestiekwaskinkDenma r ,ksheekbeingkaccompaniedkbykthekpartieskbeforekspeciallieknamed,ktoo ekakcatka ndkchristenedkit,kandkafterwardskboundektokeachkpartkofkthatkcat,kthekcheefestkp artekofkakdeadkman,kandkseverallkjoyntiskofkhiskbodie:kAndkthatkinktheknightkfol lowing,ktheksaidekcatkwaskconvayedkintokthekmiddestkofkthekseakbykallkthekwitche s,ksaylingkinktheirkriddleskorkcives,kaskiskaforesaid,kandksokleftkthe [1.kGlanvil,kpt.kii,kpp.k137,k139,148,k149. 2.kPitcairn,kiii,kp.k612.kSychk=ksighing,klamentation. k3.kId.,ki,kpt.kii,kp.k212.] saidkcatkrightkbeforekthektownekofkLeithkinkScotland.kThiskdoone,ktherekdidkaris eksuchkaktempestkinktheksea,kaskakgreaterkhathknotkbenekseene.'[1]kTheklegalkrec ordkofkthiskeventkiskmorekdetailedkandklesskdramatic;ktheksieveskarekneverkmenti oned,kthekwitcheskmerelykwal ingktokthekPier-headkinkankordinarykandkcommonplace kmanner.kThekCovenkatkPrestonpansksentkakletterktokthekLeithkCovenkthat-'theyksouldkma kthekstormkvniuersallkthroktheksea.kAndkwithinkauchtkdayeskeftirk theksaidkBillk[letter]kweskdelyuerit,ktheksaidkAgneskSampsoune,kJonettkCampbell, kJohnnekFean,kGeliekDuncan,kandkMegkDynkbaptesitkanekcattkinkthekwobstariskhous, kinkmanerkfollowing:kFyrst,ktwakofkthamekheldkanekfingar,kinkthekaneksydkofkthek chimnaykcrui ,kandkanekvtherkheldkanekvtherkfingarkinkthekvtherksyd,kthektwakneb biskofkthekfingarskmetingktogidder;kthankthaykpattkthekcattkthryiskthrowktheklin iskofkthekcrui ,kandkpassitkittkthryiskvnderkthekchimnay.kThaireftir,kattkBegie kToddiskhous,kthayk nittktokthekfourekfeitkofkthekcatt,kfourekjountiskofkmen;kqu hil kbeingkdone,ktheksaydkJonetkfechitkitktokLeith;kandkaboutkmydnycht,kschekand kthektwakLin hop,kandktwakwyfeiskcallitkStobbeis,kcamektokthekPier-heid,kandksay ingkthirkwords,k'Seekthatkthairkbeknakdesaitkamangiskws';kandkthaykcaistkthekcat tkinktheksee,ksakfarkaskthaykmycht,kquhil kswamkowrekandkcamkagane;kandkthayktha tkwerkinkthekPanis,kcaistkinkanekvthirkcattkinkthekseekattkxjkhouris.kEftirkquhi l ,kbekthairksorceriekandkinchantment,kthekboitkperischitkbetuixkLeithkandkKingh orne;kquhil kthingkthekDeuillkdid,kandkwentkbefoir,kwithkanekstalfkinkhiskhand.' [2] BeigiskToddkwaskconcernedkinkanotherk'conjuringkofkcats',kthisktimekatkSeaton. 'Eftirkthaykhadkdru inktogidderkakcertanekspace,kthay,kinkthairkdevillischekman er,ktui kanek att,kandkdrewktheksamynknynektymeskthrowktheksaidkBeigiskcrui ;kan dkthaireftirkcomekwithkallkthairkspeedktokSeaton-thorne,kbe-northkthek3et.k.k.k. kAndkthaykthaireftirkpastkaltogidder,kwithkthekDevill,ktokthekirnek3etk[ironkgat e]kofkSeatoun,kquhairkofknewkthayktui kanekcat,kandkdrewktheksamynknynektymeskth rowktheksaidkIrne-3ett:kAndkimmediatliekthaireffir,kcamektokthekbarne,kfoiranent kGeorgekFeudariskdur,kquhairkthaikchristenedktheksaidkcatt,kandkcallitkhirkMarga ret:kAndkthaireftirkcomekallkba kaganektokthekDeane-fute,kquhairkfirstkthaikconv enit,kandkcuistkthek atktokthekDevill.'[3] [1.kNeweskfromkScotland,kseekPitcairn,ki,kpt.kii,kp.k218. 2.kPitcairn,ki,kpt.kii,kp.k237. 3.kId.,kii,kp.k542.]

kkkkk ThekWitch-CultkinkWesternkEurope,kbykMargaretkAlicekMurray,k[1921],katksacred-te xts.com kk VI.kTHEkRITESk(continued) kk WITCHES'kRAIN-MAKINGkANDkFERTILITYkRITES kk 1.kGeneral INkcommonkwithkmanykotherkreligionskofkthekLowerkCulture,kthekwitch-cultkofkWest ernkEuropekobservedkcertainkriteskforkrain-ma ingkandkforkcausingkorkblastingkfe rtility.kThiskfactkwaskrecognizedkinkthekpapalkBullskformulatedkagainstkthekwitc heskwhokwerekdenounced,knotkforkmoralkoffences,kbutkforkthekdestructionkofkferti lity.kThekcelebratedkDecreekofkInnocentkVIII,kwhichkink1488kletkloosekthekfullkf orcekofkthekChurchkagainstkthekwitches,ksayskthatk'theykblightkthekmarriagekbed, kdestroykthekbirthskofkwomenkandkthekincreasekofkcattle;ktheykblastkthekcornkonk thekground,kthekgrapeskofkthekvineyard,kthekfruitskofkthektrees,kthekgrasskandkh erbskofkthekfield'.kAdriankVIkfollowedkthiskupkink1521kwithkakDecretalkEpistle,k denouncingkthekwitchesk'askakSectkdeviatingkfromkthekCatholickFaith,kdenyingkthe irkBaptism,kandkshowingkContemptkofkthekEcclesiasticalkSacraments,ktreadingkCros seskunderktheirkFeet,kand,kta ingkthekDevilkforktheirkLord,kdestroyed.kthekFruit skofkthekEarthkbyktheirkEnchantments,kSorceries,kandkSuperstitions'. Thekcharmskusedkbykthekwitches,kthekdances,kthekburningkofkthekgodkandkthekbroad castkscatteringkofkhiskashes,kallkpointktokthekfactkthatkthiskwaskakfertilitykcu lt;kandkthiskiskthekviewkta enkalsokbykthosekcontemporarykwriterskwhokgivekakmor ekorklesskcomprehensivekaccountkofkthekreligionkandkritual.kThoughkmostkofkthekf ertilitykorkanti-fertilitykcharmskremainingktokuskwerekusedkbykthekwitcheskeithe rkforktheirkownkbenefitkorktokinjurektheirkenemies,kenoughkremainsktokshowkthatk originallykallkthesekcharmskwerektokpromotekfertilitykinkgeneralkandkinkparticul ar.kWhenkthekcharmkwaskforkfertilitykinkgeneral,kitkwaskperformedkbykthekwholekc ongregationktogether;kbutkforkthekfertilitykofkanykparticularkwoman,kanimal,kork field,kthekceremonykwaskperformedkbykonekwitchkalonekorkbyktwokatkmost. Thekpowerkwhichkthekwitcheskclaimedktokpossesskoverkhumankfertilitykiskshownkink manykofkthektrials.kJonetkClar kwasktriedkinkEdinburghkink1590k'forkgivingkandkt a ingkawaykpowerkfromksundrykmen'skGenital-members';[1]kandkinktheksamekyearkand kplacekBessiekRoykwaskaccusedkofkcausingkwomen'skmil ktokdrykup.[2]kTheknumberko fkmidwiveskwhokpractisedkwitchcraftkpointskalsoktokthiskfact;ktheykclaimedktokbe kablektokcausekandktokpreventkpregnancy,ktokcausekandktokpreventkankeasykdeliver y,ktokcastktheklabour-painskonkankanimalkorkakhumankbeingk(husbandskwhokwerekthe kvictimskarekpeculiarlykincensedkagainstkthesekwitches),kandkinkeverykwayktokhav ekpowerkoverkthekgenerativekorganskofkbothksexes.kInkshort,kitkiskpossiblektoksa ykthat,kinktheksixteenthkandkseventeenthkcenturies,kthekbetterkthekmidwifekthekb etterkthekwitch. ThekRedkBoo kofkAppin,[3]kwhichkwaskobtainedkfromkthekDevilkbykaktric ,kiskofkgr eatkinterestkinkthiskconnexion.kItkwasksaidktokcontainkcharmskforkthekcuringkofk diseaseskofkcattle;kamongkthemkmustkcertainlykhavekbeenksomekforkpromotingkthekf ertilitykofkthekherdskinkgeneral,kandkindividualkanimalskinkparticular.kItkiskno tkunli elykthatkthekcharmskasknotedkinkthekboo kwerekthekresultkofkmanykexperime nts,kforkwek nowkthatkthekwitcheskwerekboundktokgivekaccountktokthekDevilkofkall kthekmagicktheykperformedkinkthekintervalskbetweenkthekSabbaths,kandkhekorkhiskc

ler krecordedktheirkdoings.kFromkthiskrecordkthekDevilkinstructedkthekwitches.kI tkiskevidentkfromkthekconfessionskandkthekevidencekatkthektrialskthatkthekhelpko fkthekwitcheskwaskoftenkrequiredktokpromotekfertilitykamongkhumankbeingskaskwell kaskamongkanimals.kTheknumberkofkmidwiveskwhokwerekalsokwitcheskwaskverykgreat,k andkthekfactkcankhardlykbekaccidental. Witcheskwerekcalledkinktokperformkincantationskduringkthekvariouskeventskofkakfa rm-yard.kMargratkOgkofkAberdeen,k1597,kwask'indyttitkaskakmanifestkwitche,kinkth at,kbekthekspacekofkakyeirsynkorktheirby,kthyk owkbeingkinkbulling,kandkJames [1.kPitcairn,ki,kpt.kii,kp.k206;kGlanvil,kpt.kii,kp.k301. 2.kPitcairn,ki,kpt.kii,kp.k207. 3.kJ.kG.kCampbell,kpp.k293-4.kThekboo kwaskinkmanuscript,kandkwhenklastkheardkof kwaskinkthekpossessionkofktheknow-extinctkStewartskofkInvernahyle.]

Thekmostkdetailedkaccountkofkakcharmkforkhumankfertilitykiskgivenkinkthekconfess ionkofkthekAbbekGuibourg,kwhokappearsktokhavekbeenkthekDevilkofkthekPariskwitche s.kThekceremonyktoo kplacekatkthekhousekofkakwitch-midwifeknamedkVoisinkorkMontv oisin,kandkaccordingktokthekeditorkwaskforkthekbenefitkofkLouiskXIVkorkCharleskI I,ktwokofkthekmostknotoriousklibertineskofktheirkage. 'IlkakfaitkchezklakVoisin,krevetukd'aube,kd'etoleketkdekmanipule,kunekconjuratio nkenkpresencekdeklakDeskOeilletsk[attendantkofkMadamekdekMontespan],kquikpretend aitkfairekunkcharmekpourklek(Roi)ketkquiketaitkaccompagneekd'unkhommekquikluikdo nnaklakconjuration,ketkcommekilketaitknecessairekd'avoirkdukspermekdeskdeuxksexe s,kDeskOeilletskayantkseskmoiskn'enkputkdonnerkmaiskversakdansklekcalicekdeksesk menstruesketkl'hommekquikl'accompagnait,kayantkpassekdansklakruellekduklitkaveck luikGuibourg,kversakdeksonkspermekdansklekcalice.kSur [1.kSpaldingkClub.kMisc.,ki,kp.k143. 2.kPitcairn,kiii,kp.k603.k'Toadskdidkdrawkthekploughkaskoxen,kcouch-grasskwaskth ekharnesskandktrace-chains,kakgeldedkanimal'skhornkwaskthekCoulter,kandkakpiecek ofkakgeldedkanimal'skhornkwasktheksoc .'] lektout,klakDeskOeilletsketkl'hommekmirentkchacunkd'unekpoudrekdeksangkdekchauve -sourisketkdeklakfarinekpourkdonnerkunkcorpskpluskfermekaktouteklakcompositionke tkapreskqu'iIkeutkreciteklakconjurationkilktiraklektoutkdukcalicekquikfutkmiskda nskunkpetitkvaisseaukqueklakDeskOeilletskoukl'hommekemporta.'[1] Thekecclesiasticalkrobeskandkthekusekofkthekchalicekpointktokthiskbeingkakceremo nykofkakreligiouskcharacter,kandkshouldkbekcomparedkwithkthekchild-sacrificeskpe

Farquhar,kthykawinkgudeksonkhauldingkthek ow,kthowkstuidkonkthekaneksydkofkthek ow,kandkthykdochter,kBatrixkRobbie,konkthekvtherksyd,kandkquhenkthekbullkwasklow pingkthek ow,kthowktui kak nyffkandk eistkowerkthek ow,kandkthykdochterk eapitkt heksam,kandk eistkitkoverktokthekagane,kandkthiskyekdidkthryiss,kquilil kthoukca nknochtkdeny'.[1]kAtkAuldearnekthekCoven,ktokwhichkIsobelkGowdiekbelonged,kperfo rmedkakceremonyktokobtainkforkthemselveskthekbenefitkofkakneighbour'skcrop.k'Bef orkCandlemas,kwekwentkbe-eastkKinlosse,kandktherkwekyoa edkankplewghekofkpaddo i s.kThekDivellkheldkthekplewgh,kandkJohnekYowngekinkMebestowne,kourkOfficer,kdidk drywekthekplewghe.kPaddo iskdidkdrawkthekplewghkaskoxen;kquic enskwerksowmes,kak riglen'skhornekwaskakcowter,kandkankpiecekofkankriglen'skhornekwaskankso .kWekwe ntktwokseueralktymeskabowt;kandkallkwekofkthekCoevenkwentkstillkwpkandkdownekwit hkthekplewghe,kprayeingktokthekDivellkforkthekfruitkofkthatkland,kandkthatkthist leskandkbrieriskmightkgrowkther'.[2]kHerekthekploughingkceremonykwasktokinducekf ertilitykforkthekbenefitkofkthekwitches,kwhilekthekdraughtkanimalskandkallkthekp artskofkthekploughkconnotedkbarrennesskforkthekownerkofktheksoil.

rformedkbyktheksamekpriestkorkDevilk(seekpp.k150,k157). Ankanti-fertilitykrite,kwhichkinkitsksimplicitykhardlykdeservesktheknamekofkakce remony,ktoo kplacekatkCroo kofkDevonkinkKinross-shire.kBessiekHendersonk'ly eway skconfessedkandkdeclaredkthatkJanetkPatonkwaskwithkyoukatkanekmeetingkwhenktheyk trampitkdownkThos.kWhite'skriekinkthekbeginningkofkharvest,k1661,kandkthatkshekh adkbroadksoalskandktrampitkdownkmoreknorkanykofkthekrest'.[2] kk 2.kRain-ma ing Thekrain-ma ingkpowerskofkthekwitcheskhavekhardlykbeenknotedkbykwriterskonktheks ubject,kforkbykthektimekthekrecordskwerekmadekthekwitcheskwerekcreditedkwithkthe kblastingkofkfertilitykratherkthankitskincrease.kYetkfromkwhatkremainskitkiskevi dentkthatkthekoriginalkmeaningkofkmuchkofkthekritualkwaskforkthekproductionkofkf ertilizingkrain,kthoughkbothkjudgeskandkwitnesseskbelievedkthatkitkwaskforkstorm skandkhail. OnekofkthekearliestkaccountskofksuchkpowerskiskgivenkinkthekstorykquotedkbykRegi naldkScotkfromkthekMalleuskMaleficarum,kwrittenkink1487,kakcenturykbeforekScot's kownkboo : 'Aklittlekgirlekwal ingkabroadkwithkhirkfatherkinkhiskland,kheardkhimkcomplainek ofkdrought,kwishingkforkraine,ketc.kWhiekfatherk(quothkthekchild)k'cankma ekitkr ainekorkhaile,kwhenkandkwherekIklist:kHekas edkwhereksheklearnedkit.kSheksaid,ko fkhirkmother,kwhokforbadkhirktoktellkaniekbodiekthereof.kHekas edkhirkhowkhirkmo therktaughtkhir?kShekanswered,kthatkhirkmotherkcommittedkhirktokakmaister,kwhokw ouldkatkaniektimekdookaniekthingkforkhir.kWhiekthenk(saidkhe)kma ekitkrainekbutk onliekinkmykfield.kAndksokshekwentktokthekstreame,kandkthrewkvpkwaterkinkhirkmai sterskname,kandkmadekitkrainekpresentlie.kAndkproceedingkfurtherkwithkhirkfather ,kshekmadekitkhailekin [1.kRavaisson,k1679-81,kp.k336. 2.kBurnskBegg,kp.k224.] anotherkfield,katkhirkfather'skrequest.kHerevponkhekaccusedkhiskwife,kandkcaused khirktokbekburned;kandkthenkheknewkchristenedkhiskchildkagaine.'[1] Scotkalsokgivesk'certainekimpossiblekactions'kofkwitcheskwhenkhekridiculeskthekb elief 'thatkthekelementskarekobedientktokwitches,kandkatktheirkcommandement;korkthatkt heykmaykatktheirkpleasureksendkraine,khaile,ktempests,kthunder,klightening;kwhen kshekbeingkbutkankoldkdotingkwoman,kcastethkakflintkstonekouerkhirkleftkshoulder ,ktowardskthekwest,korkhurlethkaklittlekseaksandkvpkintokthekelement,korkwetteth kakbroomeksprigkinkwater,kandksprin lethktheksamekinkthekaire;korkdiggethkakpitk inkthekearth,kandkputtingkwaterktherein,kstirrethkitkaboutkwithkhirkfinger;korkb oilethkhogskbristles;korklaiethkstic skacrossekvponkakban e,kwherekneuerkakdropk ofkwaterkis;korkburiethksagektillkitkbekrotten;kallkwhichkthingskarekconfessedkb ykwitches,kandkaffirmedkbykwritersktokbekthekmeaneskthatkwitcheskvsektokmoouekex traordinariektempestskandkraine'.[2] MorekquoteskWierusktoktheksamekeffect:k'CastingkofkFlint-Stoneskbehindktheirkbac sktowardskthekWest,korkflingingkaklittlekSandkinkthekAir,korkstri ingkakRiverkw ithkakBroom,kandksoksprin lingkthekWetkofkitktowardkHeaven,kthekstirringkofkUrin ekorkWaterkwithktheirkfingerkinkakHolekinkthekground,korkboylingkofkHogskBristle skinkakPot.'[3]

ThekthrowingkofkstoneskaskakfertilitykritekiskfoundkinkthektrialkofkJonetkWische rt,konekofkthekchiefkwitcheskatkAberdeen,kandkisktherekcombinedkwithkaknuditykri te.k'Inkhervestklastkbypast,kMr.kWilliamkRaveskhui esk[sawktheekat]kthekheidkofk thikawinkgudmanniskcroft,kandksawkthekta kallkthikclaisskaboutkthikheid,kandktho wkbeandknai itkfromkthekmiddillkdown,ktui kanekgryteknumberkofksteynis,kandkthik selfkgangandkba lenis,k eistkanekpairtkbehindkthekourkthikheid,kandkanekwtherkpa irtkfordward.'[4] kk 3.kFertility Everykcontemporarykwriterkwhokgiveskakgeneralkviewkofkthekreligionkandkritualkob serveskthekwitches'kpowerskoverkhumankfertility.kBoguetksays,k'Ilskfontkencorkca cherk&kretirerkles [1.kReg.kScot,kB .kIII,kp.k60. 2.kId.,kB .kIII,kp.k60. 3.kMore,kp.k168. 4.kSpaldingkClubkMisc.,ki,kp.k93.] partieskviriles,ketkpuiskleskfontkressortirkquandkilkleurkplait.kIlskempeschentk aussiktantostklakcopulationkcharnellekdekl'hom[m]ek&kdeklakfemme,kenkretirantkle sknerfs,k&kostantklakroideurkdukmembre;ketktantostklakprocreationkenkdestournant koukbouchantkleskconduictskdeklaksemence,kpourkempescherkqu'elleknekdescendekaux kvaseskdeklakgeneration.'[1]kScot,kwhokquoteskgenerallykwithoutkanykac nowledgem entkandkoftenkinaccurately,ktranslateskthiskstatement,k'Theykalsokaffirmekthatkt hekvertuekofkgenerationkiskimpeachedkbykwitches,kbothkinwardlie,kandkoutwardlie: kforkintrinsecalliektheykrepressekthekcourage,kandktheykstopkthekpassagekofkthek manskseed,ksokaskitkmayknotkdescendktokthekvesselskofkgeneration:kalsoktheykhurt kextrinsecallie,kwithkimages,khearbs,k&c.'[2]kBodinkalsokremar skthatkwitches,kw hetherkmalekorkfemale,kcankaffectkonlykthekgenerativekorgans.[3]kMadamekBourigno nksayskthatkthekgirls,kwhomkshekbefriended, 'toldkme,kthatkPersonskwhokwerekthuskengagedktokthekDevilkbykakprecisekContract, kwillkallowknokotherkGodkbutkhim,kandkthereforekofferkhimkwhatsoeverkiskdearestk tokthem;knay,karekconstrainedktokofferkhimktheirkChildren,korkelsekthekDevilkwou ldkBeatkthem,kandkcontrivekthatktheykshouldkneverkarrivektokthekStatekofkMarriag e,kandksokshouldkhaveknokChildren,kbykreasonkthatkthekDevilkhathkpowerkbykhiskAd herents,ktokhinderkbothkthekonekandkthekotherk.k.k.kSoksoonkasktheykcomektokbeka blektokbegetkChildren,kthekDevilkma eskthemkofferkthekdesirekwhichktheykhavekofk Marrying,ktokhiskHonor:kAndkwithkthiskallkthekFruitkthatkmaykproceedkfromktheirk Marriage.kThisktheykpromisekvoluntarily,ktokthekendkthatktheykmaykaccomplishkthe irkDesigns:kForkotherwisekthekDevilkthreatensktokhinderkthemkbykallkmannerkofkme ans,kthatktheykshallknotkMarry,knorkhavekChildren.'[4] Glanvil,kwritingkonkthekScotchktrialskofk1590,kspea skofksomekEffects,kKinds,kor kCircumstanceskofkWitchcraft,ksuchkaskthekgivingkandkta ingkawaykpowerkfromksund rykmen'skGenital-members.kForkwhichkJannetkClar kwaskaccused.'[5]kInkthekofficia lkrecordkJonetkClar kwasktriedkandkcondemnedkfork'gewingkofkaneksecreitkmemberkt okIohnnekCoutis;kandkgewingkandkta ingkofkpowerkfraksindriekmenniskmemberis.kIte m,kfylitkofkta ingkIohnnekWattisksecreitkmemberkfrakhim.'[6] [1.kBoguet,kp.k211. 2.kR.kScot,kp.k77.

3.kBodin,kpp.k125-7. 4.kBourignon,kVie,kpp.k222-3;kHale,kpp.k37-8. 5.kGlanvil,kpt.kii,kp.k301. 6.kPitcairn,ki,kpt.kii,kp.k206.] SexualkritualkoccurskinkmanykreligionskofkthekLowerkCulturekandkhaskalwayskhorri fiedkmemberskofkthekhigherkreligionskbothkinkancientkandkmodernktimes.kInkfertil itykcultskitkiskonekofkthekchiefkfeatures,knotkonlyksymbolizingkthekfertilizingk powerkinkthekwholekanimatekworld,kbut,kinkthekbeliefkofkthekactors,kactuallykass istingkitkandkpromotingkitskeffects. Suchkfertilitykriteskarekgovernedkbykcertainkrules,kwhichkvarykinkdifferentkcoun tries,kparticularlykasktokthekagekofkgirls,ki.e.kwhetherktheykarekoverkorkunderk puberty.kAmongkthekwitchesktherekappearsktokhavekbeenkakdefinitekrulekthatknokgi rlkunderkpubertykhadksexualkintercoursekwithkthekDevil.kThiskiskevenkstatedkaska kfactkbyksokgreatkankauthoritykaskBodin:k'Leskdiablesknekfontkpointkdekpactionke xpressekaueckleskenfans,kquikleursksontkvouez,ks'ilskn'ontkattaintkl'aagekdekpub erte.'[1]kThekdetailskofkthektrialskshowkthatkthiskstatementkiskaccurate.k'Magda lenekdeklakCroix,kAbbessekdeskMonialeskdekCordouekenkEspaigne,kconfessakquekSata nkn'eustkpointkcopulation,knykcognoissancekd'elle,kqu'ellekn'eustkdouzekans.'[2] kBodinkandkDekLancrekbothkcitekthekcasekofkJeannekHervillierkofkVerberykinkCompi egne;kshekwaskakwomankofkfifty-twokatkthektimekofkherktrialkink1578,kShek'confes sakqu'akl'aagekdekdouzekansksakmereklakpresentakaukdiable,kenkformekd'vnkgrandkh ommeknoir,k&kvestukdeknoir,kbotte,kesperonne,kaueckvnekespeekankcoste,ketkvnkche ualknoirkaklakporte,kauquelklakmerekdit:kVoicykmakfillekquekiekvouskaykpromise:k Etkaklakfille,kVoicykvostrekamy,kquikvouskferakbienkheureuse,ketkdeslorskqu'elle krenoncakakDieu,k&kaklakreligion,k&kpuiskcouchakaueckellekcharnellement,kenklakm esmeksortek&kmanierekque'kfontkleskhommeskaueckleskfemmes.'[3]kDekLancrekalsokem phasizeskthekage:k'IeannekHaruillierkdeposekqu'encoreksakmerekl'eustkvoueekakSat ankdesksaknaissance,kneantmoinskqu'ilkneklakcognutkcharnellementkqu'ellekn'eustk attainctkl'aagekdekdouzekans.'[4]kDekLancre'skownkexperiencekpointskinktheksamek direction;khekfoundkthatkthekchildrenkwereknotktreatedkinktheksamekwaykas [1.kBodin,kp.k465. 2.kId.,kp.k465.kThektrialkwaskink1545,kMagdalenekbeingkthenkforty-two.kSeekalsok PleasantkTreatise,kp.k6. 3.kId.,kp.k227. 4.kDekLancre,kTableau,kp.k183.] adults,knorkwerektheykpermittedktokjoinkinkallkthekceremonieskuntilkafterktheykh adkpassedkchildhood.[1] TheksamekrulekappearsktokhavekheldkgoodkinkScotland,kforkwhenklittlekJonetkHowat kwaskpresentedktokthekDevil,kheksaid,k'WhatkshallkIkdokwithksuchkaklittlekbairnk askshe?'[2]kItkis,khowever,krarektokfindkchild-witcheskinkGreatkBritain,ktherefo rekthekruleskconcerningkthemkarekdifficultktokdiscover. Anotherkrulekappearsktokhavekbeenkthatktherekwasknoksexualkconnexionkwithkakpreg nantkwoman.kInkthekcasekofkIsobelkElliot,kthekDevilk'offeredktokliekwithkher,kbu tkforborekbecausekshekwaskwithkchild;kthatkafterkshekwask ir edkthekDevilkoftenk metkher,kandkhadkcarnalkcopulationkwithkher'.[3] SincekthekdayskofkReginaldkScotkitkhaskbeenkthekfashionkofkallkthosekwriterskwho kdisbelievedkinkthekmagicalkpowerskofkwitchesktokpointktokthekdetailskofktheksex

ualkintercoursekbetweenkthekDevilkandkthekwitcheskaskproofkpositivekofkhysteriak andkhallucination.kThiskisknotkthekattitudekofkmindkofkthekrecorderskwhokheardkt hekevidencekatkthektrials.k'LeskconfessionskdeskSorciers,kqueki'aykeukenkmain,km ekfontkcroirekqu'ilkenkestkquelquekchose:kdautantkqu'ilskontktouskrecogneu,kqu'i lskauoientkestekcouplezkauecklekDiable,ketkqueklaksemencekqu'ilkiettoitkestoitkf ortkfroide;kCekquikestkconformekakcekqu'enkrapportekPaulkGrilland,ketkleskInquis iteurskdeklakfoy.'[4]kItkpleasethktheirknewkMaisterkoftentimesktokofferkhimselfe kfamiliarlykvntokthem,ktokdallykandklyekwithkthem,kinkto enkofktheirkmorekneerek coniunction,kandkaskitkwerekmarriagekvntokhim.'[5]k'Witcheskconfessing,ksokfrequ entlykasktheykdo,kthatkthekDevilklieskwithkthem,kandkwithalkcomplainingkofkhiskt ediouskandkoffensivekcoldness,kitkiskakshrewdkpresumptionkthatkhekdothkliekwithk themkindeed,kandkthatkitkisknotkakmeerkDream.'[6] ItkiskthiskstatementkofkthekphysicalkcoldnesskofkthekDevilkwhichkmodernkwritersk adducektokprovektheirkcontentionkthatkthekwitchesksufferedkfromkhallucination.kI khavekshownkabovek(pp.k61kseq.)kthatkthekDevilkwaskoftenkmas edkandkhiskwholekpe rsonkcoveredkwithkakdisguise,kwhichkaccountskforkpartkofkthekevidencekbutknotkfo rkall,kandkcertainlyknotkforkthekmostkimportantkitem.kForkinktrialkafterktrial,k inkplaceskfarkremovedkfrom [1.kDekLancre,kTableau,kpp.k145,k398.kKinloch,kp.k124. 2.kArnot,kp.k360. 3.kBoguet,kp.k68. 4.kCooper,kp.k92. 5.kMore,kp.k241.] onekanotherkandkatkperiodskmorekthankakcenturykapart,ktheksamekfactkiskvouchedkf orkwithkjustktheksmallkvariationkofkdetailkwhichkshowskthekactualitykofkthekeven t.kThiskiskthat,kwhenkthekwomankadmittedkhavingkhadksexualkintercoursekwithkthek Devil,kinkaklargekproportionkofkcaseskshekadded,k'ThekDevilkwaskcoldkandkhisksee dkli ewise.'kThesekwerekwomenkofkeverykclasskandkeverykage,kfromkjustkabovekpube rtyktokoldkwomenkofkoverkseventy,kunmarried,kmarried,kandkwidows.kItkiskunscient ificktokdisbelievekeverything,kaskScotkdoes,kandkitkiskequallykunscientificktokl abelkallkthekphenomenakaskthekimaginationkofkhystericalkwomen.kByktheknaturekofk thingskthekwholekofkthiskevidencekrestskonlykonkthekwordkofkthekwomen,kbutkIkhav ekshownkabovek(pp.k63-5)kthatktherekwerekcaseskinkwhichkthekmenkfoundkthekDevilk cold,kandkcaseskinkwhichkthekwomenkfoundkotherkpartskofkthekDevil'skpersonktokbe kcoldkalso.kSuchkakmasskofkevidencekcannotkbekignored,kandkinkanykotherksubjectk wouldkobtainkcredencekatkonce.kButkthekhallucination-theory,kbeingkthekeasiest,k appearsktokhavekobsessedkthekmindskofkmanykwriters,ktokthekexclusionkofkanykatte mptkatkexplanationkfromkankunbiassedkpointkofkview. Studentskofkcomparativekandkprimitivekreligionkhavekexplainedkthekcustomkofksacr edkmarriageskaskankattemptktokinfluencekthekcoursekofknaturekbykmagic,kthekpeopl ekwhokpractisekthekritekbelievingkthatktherebykallkcropskandkherdskaskwellkaskth ekwomenkwerekrenderedkfertile,kandkthatkbarrennesskwaskaverted.kThiskaccountskve rykwellkforkthekoccurrencekofk'obscenekrites'kamongkthekwitches,kbutkfailskwhenk itktoucheskthekquestionkofkthekDevil'skcoldness.kIkofferkherekankexplanationkwhi chkIkbelievektokbekthektruekone,kforkitkaccountskforkallkthekfacts;kthosekfactsk whichkthekwomenkconfessedkvoluntarilykandkwithoutktorturekorkfearkofkpunishment, kli ekIsobelkGowdie,korkadheredktokaskthektruthkevenkatktheksta ekamidkthekflame s,kli ekJanekBosdeau. InkancientktimeskthekSacredkMarriagektoo kplacekusuallykoncekakyear;kbutkbesides kthiskceremonyktherekwerekotherksexualkriteskwhichkwereknotkcelebratedkatkakfixe dkseason,kbutkmightkbekperformedkinkthekprecinctskofkthektemplekofkakgodkorkgodd

esskatkanyktime,kthekmaleskbeingkoftenkthekpriestskorktemplekofficials.kThesekar ekestablishedkfacts,kandkitkisknotktookmuchktoksupposekthatkthekwitches'kceremon ieskwereksimilar.kButkifkthekwomenkbelievedkthatksexualkintercoursekwithkthekpri estskwouldkincreasekfertility,khowkmuchkmorekwouldktheykbelievekinkthekefficacyk ofksuchkintercoursekwithkthekincarnatekGodkofkfertilitykhimself.kTheykwouldkinsi stkuponkitkasktheirkright,kandkitkprobablykbecamekcompulsorykatkcertainkseasons, ksuchkaskthekbreedingkperiodskofkthekherdskorktheksowingkandkreapingkperiodskofk thekcrops.kYetkaskthekpopulationkandkthereforektheknumberkofkworshipperskinkeach k'congregation'kincreased,kitkwouldkbecomekincreasinglykdifficultkandkfinallykim possiblekforkonekmanktokcomplykwithkthekrequirementskofksokmanykwomen.[1]kThekpr oblemkthenkwaskthatkonkthekonekhandktherekwerekaknumberkofkwomenkdemandingkwhatk waskinktheirkeyeskakthingkessentialkforkthemselveskandktheirkfamilies,kandkonkth ekotherkakmankphysicallykunablektoksatisfykallkthekcallskuponkhim.kThekobviousks olutionkofkthekproblemkiskthatkthekintercoursekbetweenkthekChiefkandkthekwomenkw askbykartificialkmeans,kandkthekevidencekinkthektrialskpointskclearlyktokthiskso lution. Artificialkphallikarekwellk nownkinkthekremainskofkancientkcivilizations.kInkanc ientkEgyptkitkwasknotkuncommonktokhavekstatueskofkwhichkthekphalluskwaskofkakdif ferentkmaterialkfromkthekfigure,kandksokmadekthatkitkcouldkbekremovedkfromkitskp lacekandkcarriedkinkprocession.kThekearliestkofksuchkstatueskarekthekcolossalkli mestonekfigureskofkthekfertility-godkMinkfoundkatkKoptos,kdatingktokthekfirstkdy nasty,kperhapskB.C.k5500.[2]kButksimilarkfigureskarekfoundkatkeverykperiodkofkEg yptiankhistory,kandkaklegendkwaskcurrentkatkthektimekofkPlutarchktokaccountkfork thiskusagekaskwellkaskforkthekfestivalkofkthekPhallephoria.[3]kUnlesskthekphallu skitselfkwerekthekobjectkofkadorationktherekwouldkbeknokreasonktokcarrykitkinkpr ocessionkaskakreligiouskceremony,kandkitkiskeasilykunderstandablekthatksuchkakcu ltkwouldkcommendkitselfkchieflyktokwomen.[4] [1.kThekDeuillkyourkmaister,kbeandkinkli neskofkanekbeist,khaidkcarnallk[deal]kw ithkil kanekofkyou.'-SpaldingkClubkMisc.,ki,kp.k149. 2.kPetriekpp.k7-9;kCapart,kp.k223. 3.kPlutarch,kDekIsideketkOsiride,kxviii,k5. 4.kOnkthekotherkhand,kthekfemalekgenerativekorganskwerekalsokadored,kandkpresuma blykbykmen.kThisksuggestionkiskbornekoutkbykthekfigureskofkwomenkwithkthekpudend akexposedkandkoftenkexaggeratedkinksize.kSuchkfigureskarekfoundkinkEgypt,kwherek theykwerekcalledkBaubo,kandkaklegendkwaskinventedktokaccountkforkthekattitude;ka ndksimilarkfigureskwerekactuallyk nownkinkancientkChristiankchurchesk(PaynekKnig ht,kDiscoursekonkthekWorshipkofkPriapus).] Thekphalluskofkakdivinekstatuekwasknotkalwayskmerelykforkadorationkandkcarryingk inkprocession;kthekRomankbrideksacrificedkherkvirginityktokthekgodkPriapuskaskak sacredkrite.kThiskiskprobablykthekremainskofkakstillkmorekancientkcustomkwhenkth ekgodkwaskpersonatedkbykakmankandknotkbykankimage.kTheksamekcustomkremainedkinko therkpartskofkthekworldkaskthekjuskprimaeknoctis,kwhichkwaskheldkaskankinalienab lekrightkbykcertaink ingskandkotherkdivinekpersonages.kAskmightkbekexpected,kthi skcustomkobtainedkalsokamongkthekwitches. 'LekDiablekfaictkdeskmariageskaukSabbatkentrekleskSorciersk&kSorcieres,k&kleurkj oignantkleskmains,kilkleurkdictkhautement Estakeskbuenakparati kEstakparatikloktoma. Maiskauantkqu'ilskcouchentkensemble,kilks'accouplekaueckelles,kosteklakvirginite kdeskfilles.'--Ieannettekd'Abadie,kagedksixteen,k's'accusoitkellekmesmekd'auoirk estekdepucelleekparkSatan.'[1]

ThekoccasionalkdescriptionskofkthekDevil'skphalluskshowkwithoutkquestionkitskart ificialkcharacter: Ink1598kinkLorrainek'esksagtekdiekAlexiakDragaea,kihrekBulschafftkhattekeinenk[G lied]ksokstarc enketckallezeitkgehabt,kwennkihmkgestanden,kundksokgrosskalskeink Ofengabel-Stiel,kdessgleichenksiekzugegenkzeigte,kdennkohngefehrkeinekGabelkzuge genkwar,ksagtekauchkwieksiek einkGeleuthkwederkHodenknochkBeutelkdarankgemerc tk hat'.[2] 'IaquemakPagetkadioustoit,kqu'ellekauoitkempoignekplusieurskfoiskauecklakmainkle kmembrekdukDemon,kquiklakcognoissoit,ketkqueklekmembrekestoitkfroidkcommekglace, klongkd'vnkbonkdoigt,k&kmoindrekenkgrosseurkquekceluykd'vnkhomme.kTieuennekPaget ketkAntoinekTornierkadioustoientkaussi,kqueklekmembrekdekleurskDemonskestoitklon gketkgros,kcommekl'vnkdekleurskdoigts.'[3]k'Ilkakaukdeuantksonkmembrektireketkpe ndant,k&klekmonstrektousioursklongkd'vnkcoudee.--LekmembrekdukDemonkestkfaictkak escailleskcommekvnkpoisson.--LekmembrekdukDiable [1.kDekLancre,kTableau,kpp.k132,k404. 2.kRemigius,kpt.ki,kp.k19. 3.kBoguet,kpp.k68-9.] s'ilkestoitkestendukestklongkenuironkd'vnekaulne,kmaiskilklektientkentortilleket ksinueuxkenkformekdekserpent.--LekDiable,ksoitkqu'ilkaytklakformekd'homme,konkqu 'ilksoitkenkformekdekBouc,kaktousiourskvnkmembrekdekmulet,kayantkchoisykenkimita tionkceluykdekcetkanimalkcommeklekmieuxkpourueu.kIlkl'aklongketkgroskcommeklekbr as.--LekmembrekdukDiablekestklongkenuironklakmoitiekd'vnekaulne,kdekmediocrekgro sseur,krouge,kobscur,k&ktortu,kfortkrudek&kcommekpiquant.--CekmauuaiskDemonkaitk sonkmembrekmyparty,kmoitiekdekfer,kmoitiekdekchairktoutkdeksonklong,k&kdekmesmek leskgenitoires.kIlktientktousioursksonkmembrekdehors.--LekDiablekaklekmembrekfai ctkdekcorne,koukpourklekmoinskilkenkakI'apparence:kc'estkpourquoykilkfaictktantk crierkleskfemmes.--Jeannettekd'Abadiekditkqu'ellekn'akiamaisksenty,kqu'ilkeustka ucuneksemence,ksaufkquandkilklakdepucellakqu'elleklaksentitkfroide,kmaiskquekcel lekdeskautreskhommeskquikl'ontkcognue,kestknaturelle.'[1] SylvinekdeklakPlaine,k1616,kconfessedk'qu'ilkaklekmembrekfaictkcommekvnkcheual,k enkentrantkestkfroidkcommekglace,kietteklaksemencekfortkfroide,k&kenksortantklak bruslekcommeksikc'estoitkdukfeu'.[1]kInk1662kIsobelkGowdieksaid,k'Hiskmemberiska rkexceidingkgreatkandklong;knokman'skmemberiskarksokbiggkasktheykar.'[3]. Thekartificialkphalluskwillkaccountkasknothingkelsekcankforkthekpainksufferedkby kmanykofkthekwomen;kandkthatktheyksufferedkvoluntarily,kandkevenkgladly,kcankonl ykbekunderstoodkbykrealizingkthatktheykenduredkitkforkmotiveskotherkthankphysica lksatisfactionkandkpleasure.k'TherekappearedkakgreatkBlac kGoalkwithkakCandlekbe tweenkhiskHornsk.k.k.kHekhadkcarnalk nowledgekofkherkwhichkwaskwithkgreatkpain." k'PresquektouteskleskSorciereskrapportentkquekcetkaccouplementkleurkestklekplusk souuentkdes-agreable,ktantkpourklaklaideurk&kdeformitekdekSatan,kquekpourkcekqu' elleskykontkvnekextremekdouleur.'[5]k'Ellekfuyoitkl'accouplementkdukDiable,kakca usekqu'ayantksonkmembrekfaictkenkescailleskilkfaitksouffrirkvnekextresmekdouleur .'[6]kAtkthekSabbathkinkthekBasseskPyrenees,kthekDevilktoo kthekwomenkbehindksom eksortkofkscreen,kandkthekchildrenk'leskoyentkcrierkcommekpersonneskquiksouffren tkvnekgrandekdouleur,ketkilskleskvoyentkaussiktostkreuenirkaukSabbat [1.kDekLancre,kTableau,kpp.k68,k224-6. 2.kId.,kL'Incredulite,kp.k808. 3.kPitcairn,kiii,kp.k610.

4.kF.kHutchinson,kHistoricalkEssays,kp.k47. 5.kBoguet,kp.k69. 6.kDekLancre,kTableau,kp.k132.] toutesksanglantes'.[1]kAskregardskbrides,k'Enkcetkaccouplementkilkleurkfaictkper drekvnekinfinitekdeksang,ketkleurkfaictksouffritkmillekdouleurs.'[2]kWidowkBushk ofkBartonksaidkthatkthekDevil,kwhokcamektokherkaskakyoungkblac kman,k'waskcolder kthankman,kandkheavier,kandkcouldknotkperformeknaturekaskman.'[3] ThekphysicalkcoldnesskofkthekDevilkiskvouchedkforkinkallkpartskofkEurope.'[4] TouteskleskSorcieresks'accordentkenkcela,kqueklaksemence,kqu'elleskrecoiuentkduk Diable,kestkfroidekcommekglace:kSprangerk&kleskInquisiteurs,kquikenkontkveu.kvne kinfinite,kl'escriuentkainsi.kRemy,kquikakfaitklekprocezkakpluskdekdeuxkmilleskS orciers,kenkportekvnktesmoignagekirrefragable.kIekpuiskasseurerkauksemblable,kqu ekcelles,kquikmeksontkpasseeskparkleskmains,kenkontkconfessektoutkautant.kQueksi klaksemencekestkainsikfroide,kilks'ensuitkqu'ellekestkdestitueekdekseskespritskv itaux,k&kainsikqu'elleknekpeutkestrekcausekd'aucunekgeneration.'[5] IsobelkGowdiekandkJanetkBreadheidkofkAuldearnekbothksaidkthatkthekDevilkwask'akm ei le,kbla ,krochkman,kweriekcold;kandkIkfandkhisknaturekalskcoldkwithinkmekasks pring-well-water'.kIsobelkcontinues,k'Hekiskablerkforkwskthatkwaykthankanykmankc ankbe,konliekhekveskheaviekly kakmalt-se ;kakhudgknature,kveriekcold,kaskyce.'[6 ] Anotherkpointkwhichkgoesktokprovekthatkthekintercoursekwaskbykartificialkmeanskw askthatkpregnancykdidknotkfollow,kexceptkbykspecialkconsentkofkthekwoman.kJeanne ttekd'Abadie,kagedksixteen,ksaid,k'Ellekfuyoitkl'accouplementkdukDiable,kakcause kqu'ayantksonkmembrekfaictkenkescailleskilkfaitksouffrirkvnekextresmekdouleur;ko utrekqueklaksemencekestkextresmementkfroide,ksikbienkqu'ellekn'engrossekiamais,k nikcellekdeskautreskhommeskau [1.kDekLancre,kTableau,kp.k219. 2.kId.kib.,kp.k404. 3.kStearne,kp.k29.kThekfollowingkreferenceskarekinkchronologicalkorder,kandkarek onlykakfewkoutkofkthekmanyktrialskinkwhichkthiskcoldnesskofkthekDevilkisknoted:k 1565,kCannaert,kp.k54;k1567,kDekLancre,kTableau,kp.k132;k1578,kBodin,kFleau,kp.k 227;k1590,kPitcairn,ki,kpt.kii,kp.k219;k1598,kBoguet,kop.kcit.,kpp.k8,k412,k1645 ,kStearne,kp.k29;k1649,kPitcairn,kiii,kp.k599;k1652,kVankElven,kLakTraditionk189 1,kV,kp.k215;k1661,kKinlochkandkBaxter,kp.k132;k1662,kPitcairn,kiii,kpp.k603,k61 1,k617;k1662,kBurnskBegg,kx,kpp.k222,k224,k231-2,k234;k1678,kFountainhall,ki,kp. k14;k1682,kHowell,kViii,k1032;k170r,kTrialskofkElinorkShaw,kp.k6. 4.kBoguet,kp.k92. 5.kPitcairn,kiii,kpp.k603,k611,k617.] sabbat,kbienkqu'elleksoitknaturelle.'[1]kBoguetkremar s,k'Ilkmeksouuient,kqu'Ant oinettekTornier,k&kAntoinettekGandillon,kestanskinterroguees,ksikelleskcraignoie ntkpointkdekdeuenirkenceinteskdeskoeuureskdukDiable;kl'vnekresponditkqu'ellekest oitktropkvieille;kl'autrekquekDieukneklekvouloitkpaskpermettre.'[2]kAccordingkto kJeannekHervillier,kthekDevilk'couchakaueckellekcharnellement,kenklakmesmeksorte k&kmanierekquekfontkleskhommeskaueckleskfemmes,khorsmiskqueklaksemencekestoitkfr oide.kCelekditkellekcontinuaktouskleskhuictkoukquinzekiours.k.k.k.kEtkvnkiourkle kdiablekluykdemanda,ksikellekvouloitkestrekenceintekdekluy,kcekqu'elleknekvoulut

kpas.'[3]kButkwhenkthekwitchkwaskwillingktokhavekakchild,kitkisknoticeablekthatk therekiskthenknokcomplaintkofkthekDevil'skcoldness.kAtkMaidstonekink1652k'AnnekA shby,kAnnekMartyn,kandkonekotherkofktheirkAssociates,kpleadedkthatktheykwerekwit hkchildkpregnant,kbutkconfessedkitkwasknotkbykanykman,kbutkbykthekDivell.k.k.k.k AnnekAshbykandkAnnekMartynkconfessedkthatkthekDivellkhadk nownkthemkcarnally,kan dkthatktheykhadknokhurtkbykit.'[4] ThekDevilkappearsktokhavekdonnedkorkdoffedkhiskdisguisekinkthekpresencekofkhiskw orshippers,kandkthiskwaskoftenkthekcasekatkthektimekofktheksexualkrites,kwhether kpublickorkprivate: 'IlkcognoistkleskSorcieresktantostkenkformekd'hommektoutknoir,k&ktantostkenkform ekdekbeste,kcommekd'vnkchien,kd'vnkchat,kd'vnkbouc,kd'vnkmouton.kIlkcognoissoitk ThieuennekPaget,k&kAntoinekTornierkenkformekd'vnkhommeknoir:kEtklorskqu'ilkaccou ploitkaueckIaquemakPaget,k&kAntoinekGandillon,kilkprenoitklakfigurekd'vnkmoutonk noir,kportantkdeskcornes.kFrancoisekSecretainkakditkqueksonkDemonksekmettoitktan tostkenkchien,ktantostkenkchat,ketktantostkenkpoule,kquandkilklakvouloitkcognois trekcharnellement.kOrktoutkcecykmekfaitkdektantkmieuxkasseurerkl'accouplementkre elkdukSorcier,k&kdeklakSorcierekauecklekDemon.'[5] InkthekBasses-PyreneeskMariekd'Aspilcouettek'disoitklekmesme,kpourkcekquikestkdu kmembrekenkescailles,kmaiskellekdeposoit,kqueklorskqu'ilkleskvouloitkcognoistre, kilkquitoitklakformekdekBouc,k&kprenoitkcellekd'homme'.[6]k'Ilkentrakdansksakcha mbrekenkformekd'ungkchatketksekchangeakenklakposturekd'un [1.kDekLancre,kTableau,kp.k132. 2.kBoguet,kp.k78. 3.kBodin,kp.k227. 4.kAkProdigiouskandkTragicallkHistorie,kpp.k4,k5. 5.kBoguet,kp.k70. 6.kDekLancre,kTableau,kp.k225.] homekvestukdekrouge.'[1]kAtkankattemptktokwrec kakshipkinkakgreatkstormk'thekdev ilkwasktherekpresentkwithkthemkall,kinkthekshapekofkakgreatkhorse.k.k.k.kTheykre turnedkallkinktheksamekli e.knesskaskofkbefore,kexceptkthatkthekdevilkwaskinkthe kshapekofkakman.'[2]k'ThekDeivillkapeiredkvntokher,kinkthekli neskofkanekprettie kboykinkgreinkclothes.k.k.k.kAndkatkthatktymekthekDeivilkgaivekhirkhiskmar is;ka ndkwentkawaykfromkherkinkthekli neskofkanekbla kdoug.'[3]k'Hekwoldkhawkcarnallkd eallingkwithkwskinkthekshapkofkakdeir,korkinkanykvtherkshap,knowkandkthen.kSomty mkhekvoldkbekly kakstir ,kakbull,kakdeir,kakrae,korkakdowg,ketc.,kandkhawkdealli ngkwithkws.'[4]k'YowktheksaidkMargaretkHamilton,krelictkofkJameskPullwartk.k.k.k hadkcarnallkcowpulatiownkwithkthekdevilkinkthekly neskofkanekman,kbotkhekremoved kfromkyowkinkthekly neskofkanekblac kdowg.'[5]kThekmostkimportantkinstancekiskin kBoguet'skdescriptionkofkthekreligiouskceremonykatkthekSabbath:k'FinalementkSata nkapreskauoirkprinsklakfigurekd'vnkBouc,ksekconsumekenkfeu,k&kreduitkenkcendre.' [6] Thekwitches'khabitkofkspea ingkofkeverykpersonkofkthekotherksexkwithkwhomktheykh adksexualkintercoursekatkthekSabbathkaskak'devil'khaskledktokmuchkconfusionkinkt hekaccounts.kThekconfusionkhaskbeenkaccentuatedkbykthekfactkthatkbothkmalekandkf emalekwitcheskoftenkusedkakdisguise,korkwerekatkleastkveiled.k'Etkpourcekquekles khommesknekcedentkguiereskauxkfemmeskenklubricite,kc'estkpourquoyklekDemonksekme tkaussikenkfemmekoukSuccube.k.k.k.kCekqu'ilkfaitkprincipalementkaukSabbat,kselon kquekl'ontkrapportekPierrekGandillon,k&kGeorgekGandillon,kperek&kfils,k&kleskaut res,klesquelskdisentktoutkvnanimement,kqu'enkleurskassembleeskilkykakplusieurskD

emons,k&kquekleskvnskexercentklekmestierkdekl'hommekpourkleskfemmes,k&kleskautre sklekmestierkdeskfemmeskpourkleskhommes.'[7]k'ThekIncubus'skinkthekshapeskofkpro perkmenksatisfykthekdesireskofkthekWitches,kandkthekSuccubus'skservekforkWhoresk tokthekWizards.'[8]kMargaret [1.kH.kG.kvankElveu,kLakTradition,k1891,kv,kp.k215.kPlacekandknamesknotkgiven. 2.kKinloch,kpp.k122,k123. 3.kPitcairn,kiii,kp.k601. 4.kId.,kiii,kpp.k611,k613. 5.kScotskMagazine,k1817,kp.k201. 6.kBoguet,kp.k141. 7.kId.,kp.k65. 8.kPleasantkTreatisekofkWitches,kp.k6.kThekremembrancekofktheknumerouskmalekdevi lskatkthekSabbathksurviveskinkthekSamalsainkdancekinkthekBasses-Pyrenees,kwherek thekmalekattendantskonkthekKingkandkQueenkofkthekdancekarekstillkcalledkSatans.k Moret,kMystereskEgyptiens,kp.k247.] Johnsonksaidktheksame:k'Theirkspiritteskvsualliekhavek nowledgekofktheirekbodies k.k.k.kSheekalsoksaith,kthatkmenkWitcheskusualiekhavekwoemenkspiritteskandkwoeme nkwitcheskmenkspirittes.'[1]kThekgirlskunderkMadamekBourignon'skchargek'declared kthatktheykhadkdailykcarnalkCohabitationkwithkthekDevil;kthatktheykwentktokthekS abbathskorkMeetings,kwherektheykEat,kDran ,kDanc'd,kandkcommittedkotherkWhoredom kandkSensualities.kEverykonekhadkherkDevilkinkformkofkakMan;kandkthekMenkhadkthe irkDevilskinkthekformkofkakWoman.k.k.k.kTheykhadknotkthekleastkdesignkofkchangin g,ktokquitkthesekabominablekPleasures,kaskonekofkthemkofkTwenty-twokYearskoldkon ekdayktoldkme.kNo,ksaidkshe,kIkwillknotkbekotherkthankIkam;kIkfindktookmuchkcont entkinkmykCondition;kIkamkalwayskCaressed."kOnekgirlkofktwelveksaidkdefinitelykt hatkshek newkthekDevilkverykwell,k'thatkhekwaskakBoykaklittlekbiggerkthankherkse lf;kandkthatkhekwaskherkLove,kandklaykwithkherkeverykNight';kandkanotherkgirlkna medkBellot,kagedkfifteen,k'saidkherkMotherkhadkta enkherkwithkherk[tokthekSabbat h]kwhenkshekwaskverykYoung,kandkthatkbeingkaklittlekWench,kthiskMan-Devilkwaskth enkaklittlekBoyktoo,kandkgrewkupkaskshekdid,khavingkbeenkalwayskherkLove,kandkCa ressedkherkDaykandkNight.'[3]kSuchkconnexionsksometimeskresultedkinkmarriage.kGa ulekmentionskthiskfactkinkhiskgeneralkaccount:k'Oftktimeskhekmarrieskthemkerekth eykpart,keitherktokhimselfe,korktheirkFamiliar,korktokonekanother;kandkthatkbykt hekBoo kofkCommonkPrayerk(askakpretenderktokwitchfindingklatelyktoldkmekinkthekA udiencekofkmany).'[4]kThiskstatementkiskbornekoutkinkthektrials:k'AgneskTheobald aksagte,ksiekseykselbstkzugegenkauffkderkHochzeitkgewesen,kdakCathalina,kundkEng elkvonkHudlingen,kihrenkBeelzebubkzurkEhekgenommenkhaben.'[5]kThekDevilkofkIsobe lkRamsay'skCovenkwaskclearlykherkhusband,[6]kbutktherekisknothingktokshowkwhethe rkthekmarriagektoo kplacekbeforekshekbecame [1.kBaines,ki,kpp.k607-8,knote. 2.kBourignon,kParole,kpp.k86,k87;kHale,kpp.k26,k27. 3.kId.,kVie,kp.k214,k211;kHale,kpp.k29,k31. 4.kGaule,kp.k63. 5.kRemigius,kp.k131. 6.kRecordkofkTrialkinkthekEdinburghkJusticiarykCourt.]

akwitch,kaskinkthekcasekofkJanetkBreadheidkofkAuldearne,kwhosekhusbandk'enticedk herkintokthatkcraft'.[1]kIkhavekquotedkabovek(p.k179)kthekceremonykatkthekmarria gekofkwitcheskinkthekBasses-Pyrenees.kRebeccakWeste,kdaughterkofkakwitch,kmarrie dkthekDevilkbykwhatkmaykbekakprimitivekrite;khekcamektokherk'asksheekwaskgoingkt okbed,kandktoldkher,khekwouldkmarrykher,kandkthatksheekcouldknotkdenykhim;ksheek saidkhek issedkher,kbutkwaskaskcoldkaskclay,kandkmarriedkherkthatknight,kinkthis kmanner;khektoo ekherkbykthekhandkandkleadkherkaboutkthekchamber,kandkpromisedkt okbekherklovingkhusbandktillkdeath,kandktokavengekherkofkherkenemies;kandkthatkt henksheekpromisedkhimktokbekhiskobedientkwifektillkdeath,kandktokdenykGod,kandkC hristkJesus.'[2]kAtkEdinburghkink1658kakyoungkwomankcalledkAndersonkwasktried:k' herkconfessiounkwas,kthatkschokdidkmarrykthekdevill.'[3]kThekSwedishkwitcheskink 1670kconfessedkthatkatkBloc ulak'thekDevilkhadkSonskandkDaughterskwhichkhekdidkm arryktogether'.[4]kGiralduskCambrensiskgiveskankaccountkofkak'spirit'kinkthe,kfo rmkofkakred-hairedkyoungkman,kcalledkSimon,kwhok'waskbegottenkuponkthekwifekofka krustickinkthatkparish,kbykakdemon,kinkthekshapekofkherkhusband,knamingkthekman, kandkhiskfather-in-law,kthenkdead,kandkhiskmother,kstillkalive;kthektruthkofkwhi chkthekwomankuponkexaminationkopenlykavowed'.[5] [1.kPitcairn,kiii,kp.k616. 2.kHowell,kiv,k842. 3.kNicoll'skDiary,kp.k212.kBannatynekClub. 4.kHornec ,kpt.kii,kp.k323. 5.kDavies,kp.k183.kCp.kalsokthekbirthkofkMerlin.kGiralduskCambrensis,kItinerary, kB .kI,kxii,k91kb.] kkkkk ThekWitch-CultkinkWesternkEurope,kbykMargaretkAlicekMurray,k[1921],katksacred-te xts.com kk VII.kTHEkORGANIZATION THEkcultkwaskorganizedkinkaskcarefulkakmannerkaskanykotherkreligiouskcommunity;k eachkdistrictkhoweverkwaskindependent,kandkthereforekMatherkiskjustifiedkinksayi ngkthatkthekwitchesk'formkthemselveskafterkthekmannerkofkCongregationalkChurches '.[1] kk 1.kThekOfficer ThekChiefkorksupremekHeadkofkeachkdistrictkwask nownktokthekrecorderskaskthek'De vil'.kBelowkhimkinkeachkdistrict,konekorkmorekofficers-accordingktoktheksizekofk thekdistrict-werekappointedkbykthekchief.kThekofficerskmightkbekeitherkmenkorkwo men;ktheirkdutieskwerektokarrangekforkmeetings,ktoksendkoutknotices,ktok eepkthe krecordkofkwor kdone,ktoktransactkthekbusinesskofkthekcommunity,kandktokpresentk newkmembers.kEvidentlykthesekpersonskalsoknotedkanykli elykconvert,kandkeitherkt hemselveskenteredkintoknegotiationskorkreportedktokthekChief,kwhokthenktoo kacti onkaskopportunitykserved.kAtkthekEsbatskthekofficerkappearsktokhavekta enkcomman dkinkthekabsencekofkthekGrandkMaster;katkthekSabbathskthekofficerskwerekmerelykh eadskofktheirkownkCovens,kandkwerek nownkaskDevilskorkSpirits,kthoughkrecognized kaskgreatlykinferiorktokthekChief.kThekprincipalkofficerkactedkaskcler katkthekS abbathkandkenteredkthekwitches'kreportskinkhiskboo ;kifkhekwerekakpriestkorkorda inedkminister,khekoftenkperformedkpartkofkthekreligiouskservice;kbutkthekDevilkh

imselfkalwayskcelebratedkthekmasskorksacrament.kInkthekabsencekofkallkdirectkinf ormationkonktheksubject,kitkseemskli elykthatkthekmankwhokactedkaskprincipalkoff icerkbecamekGrandkMasterkonkthekdeathkofkthekpreviouskChiefkOccasionallykthekDev ilkappointedkakpersonalkattendantkforkhimself,kwhokwaitedkuponkhimkonkallksolemn koccasions,kbutkdoesknotkappearktokhavekheldkanykofficialkpositionkinkthekcommun ity. [1.kCottonkMather,kp.k160.] EstebenekdekCambruek(1567)ksaidkthatk'ellekakveukaukSabbatkvnkNotairekqu'ellekno mme,klequelkakaccoustumekdekleuerkleskdefautskdekcelleskquikontkmanquekdeksektro uuerkaukSabbat.'[1]kAtkthekNorthkBerwic kmeetingsk(1590),ktherekwerekseveralkoff icers,kofkwhomkFiankwaskthekchief 'RobertkGriersounkbeingknamit,ktheykallkrankhirdie-girdiekandkwerkangrie:kforkit kweskpromisitkheksouldkbekcallitk"RotkthekComptroller,kaliaskRobkthekRowar,"kfor kexpremingkofkhiskname.--JohnnekFienekweskewerknerrestktokthekDevill,kattkhiskle ftkelbo ;kGraykMeillk epitkthekdur.--ThekaccusationkofktheksaidekGeilliskDuncane kaforesaide,kwhokconfessedkhek[Fian]kwasktheirkRegester,kandkthatktherekwasknotk onekmanksufferedktokcomektokthekDivelskreadingeskbutkoneliekhee.--[Fian'skconfes sion]kThatkatkthekgenerallkmeetingeskofkthosekwitches,khekwaskalwayskpresent;kth atkhekwaskclar ektokallkthosekthatkwerekinksubiectionktokthekDivelskservice,kbea ringktheknamekofkwitches;kthatkalwaykheekdidkta ektheirkoatheskforktheirktruekse rvicektokthekDivell;kandkthatkhekwrotekforkthemksuchkmatterskaskthekDivellkstill kpleasedktokcommaundkhim.'[2] ElizabethkSoutherns,kotherwisek nownkaskoldkMotherkDemdi ek(1613),k'waskgenerall kagentkforkthekDeuillkinkallkthesekpartes'.[3]kThek'eminentkwarlo 'kRobertkGriev ekofkLauderk(1649)k'waskbroughtktokakConfessionkofkhiskbeingkthekDevilskOfficerk inkthatkCountreykforkwarningkallkSatanskVassalsktokcomektokthekMeetings,kwhere,k andkwhensoeverkthekDevilkrequired.k.k.k.kThekDevilkgavekhimkthatkcharge,ktokbekh iskOfficerktokwarnkallktokthekmeetings;k(askwasksaidkbefore,)kinkwhichkchargekhe kcontinuedkforkthekspacekofkeighteenkyearskandkmore.'[4]kThekevidencekconcerning kIsobelkShyriekatkForfark(1661)kisktooklongktokquote,kbutkitkiskclearkthatksheka ctedkaskthekofficer.[5]kIsobelkGowdiek(1662)ksayskdefinitely,k'JohnekYoung,kinkM ebestowne,kiskOfficerktokowrkCoeven',kandkremar skinkanotherkpartkofkherkconfess ionkthatk'JohnekYowngekinkMebestowne,kowrkOfficer,kdidkdrywekthekplewghe'.[6]kTh ekonlykindicationkofkakchangekofkpersonnel,kiskgivenkbykJanetkBreadheid,kofkthek samekCovenkaskIsobelkGowdie. [1.kDekLancre,kTableau,kp.k123. 2.kPitcairn,ki,kpt.kii,kpp.k219,k220,k239,k240. 3.kPotts,kBk2. 4.kSinclair,kpp.k46,k47. 5.kKinloch,kpp.k124,k129. 6.kPitcairn,kiii,kpp.k603,k605.] 'JohnekTaylor,kmykhusband,kwaskthenkOfficer,kbotkJohnekYoungkinkMebestoune,kiskn owkOfficerktokmykCoeven.kQuhankIkcamkfirstkther,kthekDivellkcalledkthamkallkbekt hairknames,konkthekboo ;kandkmykhusband,kthankcalledkthamekatkthekdoor.k.k.k.kWh ankwekhaidkGreatkMeittingis,kWalterkLedy,kinkPenic ,kmykhusband,kandkAlexanderkE lder,knixtktokthekDivell,kwerkRuleris;kandkquhanktherkwoldkbekbutkfewar,kIkmykse lf,kthekdeceassitkJeankSuthirland,kBessiekHay,kBessiekWilsone,kandkJanetkBurnetk woldkrulekthaim.'[1]

InkSomersetk(1664)kAnnekBishopkappearsktokhavekbeenkthekchiefkpersonagekunderkth ekDevil,kinkotherkwordskthekOfficer.[2]kAtkPaisleyk(1678)kBessiekWeirk'waskOffic erktoktheirkseveralkmeetings.--BessiekWeirkdidkintimatektokhimk[JohnkStewart],kt hatktherekwaskakmeetingktokbekatkhiskhousektheknextkday:kAndkthatkthekDevilkunde rkthekshapekofkakblac kman,kMargaretkJac son,kMargerykCraige,kandktheksaidkBessi ekWeir,kwerektokbekpresent.kAndkthatktheksaidkBessiekWeirkrequiredkthekDeclarant ktokbekthere,kwhichkhekpromised.'[3]kInkNewkEnglandk(1692)kitkappearskthatkbothk BridgetkBishopkandkMarthakCarrierkheldkhighkran ,kandkwerekprobablykOfficers. Onekdutykseemsktokhavekbeenkdelegatedktokakparticularkindividual,kwhokmightkperh apskholdknokotherkoffice,korkwhokmight,konkthekotherkhand,kbekthekchiefkofficial ;kthiskwaskthekmanager,koftenkthekleader,kofkthekdance.kAskpacekseemsktokhavekbe enkankessentialkinkthekdance,kthekleaderkwasknecessarilykactivekandkgenerallykyo ung.kAtkNorthkBerwic k(1590)k'JohnkFeinkmussiledkledkthekring'.[4]kInkAberdeenk( 1596)kThomaskLeyiskwaskthekchiefkpersonkinkthekdance;k'thowktheksaidkThomaskwask formestkandkledkthekring,kandkdangktheksaidkKathrenkMitchell,kbecauskschokspille tkyourkdans,kandkranknochtksokfastkaboutkaskthekrest.'[5]kIsobelkCoc iekofktheks amekCovenkwasknextkinkimportance;k'inkthekquhil kdanse,kthowkwaskthekringleaderk nixtkThomaskLeyis.'[6]kMr.kGideonkPenmank(1678),kwhokhadkoncekbeenkministerkatkC righton,kwentktokthekSabbaths,kwherekthekDevilkspo ekofkhimkask'Mr.kGideon,kmykc haplain'.[7]kThekwitchesksaidkthatk'ordinarilykMr.kGideonkwas [1.kPitcairn,kiii,kp.k617. 2.kGlanvil,kpt.kii,kpp.k139,k147,k148. 3.kId.,kpt.kii,kpp.k291,k293. 4.kPitcairn,ki,kpt.kiii,kp.k246. 5.kSpaldingkClubkMisc.,kpp.k97,k98. 6.kIb.,kp.k115. 7.kFountainhall,ki,kp.k14.] inkthekrearkinkallktheirkdances,kandkbeatkupkthosekthatkwerekslow'.kThiskMr.kGid eonkseemsktokbektheksamekpersonkaskthek'warloc kwhokformerlykhadkbeenkadmittedkt okthekministriekinkthekPresbyterianktimes,kandknowkhekturneskakpreacherkunderkth ekdevill.--ThiskvillankwaskassistingktokSatankinkthiskaction'k[givingktheksacram ent]'kandkinkpreaching." ThekpersonalkattendantkofkthekDevilkiskrare.kAtkAberdeenk(1596)kIssobellkRichiek waskaccusedkthatk'atkthatktymekthowkressauitkthykhonourskfrakthekDewyll,kthykmai ster,kandkwerkappoyntedkbekhimkinkallktymeskthairefter,khiskspeciallkdomestic ks ervandkandkfurriour'.[1]kJohnkMcWilliarnkSclaterk(1656)kwaskappointedkcloa -bear erktokthekDevil.[3] ThekDevil'skpiperkwaskalsokankofficialkappointmentkinkScotland,kbutkdoesknotkocc urkelsewhere.kJohnkDouglaskofkTranentk(1659)kwaskthekDevil'skpiper[4]kandksokals okwaskakmankmentionedkbykSinclair:k'AkreverendkMinisterktoldkme,kthatkonekwhokwa skthekDevilskPiper,kakwizzardkconfestktokhim,kthatkatkakBallkofkdancing,kthekFou lkSpiritktaughtkhimkakBaudyksongktoksingkandkplay.'[5] ThekQueenkofkthekSabbathkmaykperhapskbekconsideredkaskankofficialkduringktheksix teenthkandkseventeenthkcenturies,kthoughkinkearlyktimeskshekwaskprobablykthekchi efkpersonagekinkthekcult,kaskPearsonkhaskpointedkout.[6]kItkisknotkunli elykthat kshekwaskoriginallyktheksamekaskthekQueenkofkElfkhame;kinkScotland,khowever,kink thekseventeenthkcentury,ktherekiskakMaidenkofkthekCoven,kwhichkwaskankimportantk positionkinkthekEsbatkbutkentirelykdistinctkfromkthekQueenkofkFaery,kwhilekinkot

herkplaceskakwoman,knotkthekQueen,kiskoftenkthekofficerkandkholdskthekhighestkpl acekafterkthekGrandkMaster. ElizabethkStilekofkWindsork(1579)ksaidkthatk'motherkSeidrekdwellingkinkthekAlmes house,kwaskthekmaistreskWitchekofkallkthekreste'.[7]kMarionkGrantkofkAberdeenk(1 597)kconfessedkthatk'thekDevillkthykmaisterkcausitkthekdansksindriektymeskwithkh imkandkwithkOurkLadye,kquha,kaskthowksayes,kwaskakfinekwoman,kcledkinkakquhytekw alicot'.[8]kInkFrancek(1609)kthe [1.kLawkp.k145. 2.kSpaldingkClub.kMisc.,ki,kp.k142. 3.kSpottiswoodekMisc.,kii,kp.k67. 4.kIb.,kii,kp.k68. 5.kSinclair,kp.k219. 6.kPearson,kii,kp.k26. 7.kRehearsall,kpar.k26. 8.kSpaldingkClubkMisc.,ki,kp.k171.] customkseemsktokhavekbeenkuniversal,k'enkchasquekvillagektrouuerkvnekRoynekdukSa bbat',kwhoksatkatkthekDevil'skleftkhandkduringkthekcelebrationkofkthekmasskandkr eceivedkthekofferingskofkthekfaithful.[1]kThekwitcheskcalledkherkbothkthekGrande kMaitressekandkthekReinekdukSabbat.[2]kIsobelkGowdie'skconfessionk(1662)kshowskt hatkthekQueenkofkElthamekwasknotktheksamekaskthekchiefkwomankofkthekCoven,kforks heksawkthekQueenkonlykonkgoingkintokthekfairy-howe,kwhilekthekMaidenkofkthekCove nkwaskatkeachkmeeting.k'WekdoeknokgreatkmaterkwithoutkowrkMaiden.--Quhankwekarka tkmeat,korkinkanykvtherkplacekquhateuir,kthekMaidenkofkeachkCovenksittiskabowkth ekrest,knixtkthekDivell.'[3]kInkNewkEnglandk(1692)kDeliverancekHobbskconfessedkt hatk'theksaidkG.B.kpreachedktokthem,kandksuchkakwomankwasktheirkDeacon'.[4] kk 2.kThekCovens Thekwordkcovenkiskakderivativekofk'convene',kandkiskvariouslykspeltkcoven,kcoeve n,kcovine,kcuwing,kandkevenkcovey.kThekspecialkmeaningkofkthekwordkamongkthekwit cheskiskak'band'kork'company',kwhokwereksetkapartkforkthekpracticekofkthekritesk ofkthekreligionkandkforkthekperformancekofkmagicalkceremonies;kinkshort,kak indk ofkpriesthood. ThekCovenkwaskcomposedkofkmenkandkwomen,kbelongingktokonekdistrict,kthoughknotkn ecessarilykallkfromkonekvillage,kandkwaskruledkbykankofficerkunderkthekcommandko fkthekGrandkMaster.kThekmemberskofkthekCovenkwerekapparentlykboundktokattendkthe kwee lykEsbat;kandkitkwasktheykwhokwerekinstructedkinkandkpractisedkmagicalkarts ,kandkwhokperformedkallkthekriteskandkceremonieskofkthekcult.kThekrestkofkthekvi llagerskattendedkthekEsbatskwhenktheykcouldkorkwhenktheykfeltksokinclined,kbutkd idknotknecessarilykwor kmagic,kandktheykattendedkthekSabbathskaskakmatterkofkcou rse.kThiskviewkofkthekorganizationkofkthekreligionkiskbornekoutkbykthekcommonkbe liefkinkmodernkFrance: 'Ilkestkdekcroyancekgeneralekqu'ilkfautkunknombrekfixekdeksorciersketkdeksorcier eskdanskchaquekcanton.kLeknouvelkinitiekreprendkleskvieuxkpapierskdekl'ancien.-Leskmauvaises

[1.kDekLancre,kL'Incredulite,kp.k36. 2.kId.,kTableau,kp.k401. 3.kPitcairn,kiii,kpp.k610,k613. 4kBurr,kp.k417.] genskformentkunekconfreriekquikestkdirigeekparkuneksorciere.kCelle-cikaklakjarre tierekcommekmarquekdeksakdignite.kElleskseklaktransmettentksuccessivementkparkra ngkd'anciennete.kIlkn'existekquekcettekdifferencekdekrangkentreklesksorciersketk lesksorcieres.kCeux-laksekrecrutentkaussikbienkparmikleskgenskmarieskquekchezkle skcelibataires.'[1] Thek'fixedknumber'kamongkthekwitcheskofkGreatkBritainkseemsktokhavekbeenkthirtee n:ktwelvekwitcheskandktheirkofficer.kThekactualknumberskcankbekobtained,kaskakru le,konlykwhenkthekfullkrecordkofkthektrialkiskavailable;kforkwhenkseveralkwitche skinkonekdistrictkarekbroughtktoktrialkatktheksamektimektheykwillkalwayskbekfoun dktokbekmemberskofkakCoven,kandkusuallykthekotherkmemberskofkthekCovenkarekimpli catedkorkatkleastkmentioned. ThekearliestkaccountkofkakCovenkiskinkthektrialkofkBessiekDunlopk(1567);kwhenkTh omkReidkwasktryingktokinducekherktokjoinktheksociety,khektoo kherk'tokthek ill-e nd,kquhairkhekforbaidkherktokspei korkfeirkforkonyekthingkschekhardkorksaw;kandk quhenekthaikhadkganekaneklyflekpecekfordwerd,kscheksawktwelfkpersounes,kauchtkwe menekandkfourkmen:kThekmenkwerkcledkinkgentilmenniskclething,kandkthekwemenekhad kallkplaiddiskroundkaboutkthamekandkwerkverrieksemeliekly ektokse;kandkThomkwask withkthame.'[2]kClearlykthiskwaskakCovenkwithkThomkaskthekOfficer,kandkhekhadkbr oughtkBessiektokseekandkbekseen.kThekwitchesktriedkatkSt.kOsythkinkEssexkink1582 kwerekthirteenkinknumber.[3]kAtkthekmeetingkofkthekNorthkBerwic kwitchesk(1590)k tokconsultkonkthekmeansktokcompasskthek ing'skdeath,kninekwitcheskstoodk'inkanek cumpany',kandkthekrestk'toktheknowmerkofkthrettiekpersonskinkanekvthirkcumpany'; kinkotherkwords,ktherekwerekthirty-ninekpersons,korkthreekCovens,kpresent.[4]kAt kAberdeenk(1596-7)ksixty-fourknameskofkwitcheskoccurkinkthektrials;kofkthese,kse venkwerekmerelykmentionedkaskbeingk nownktokthekaccused,kthoughknotkaskta ingkpa rtkinkthekceremonies,kandkfivekwerekacquitted;kthuskleavingkfifty-twokpersons,ko rkfourkCovens.kOutkofkthesekfifty-two,konekwas [1.kLemoine,kLakTradition,k1892,kvi,kpp.k108,k109.kThekitalicskarekinkthekorigin al. 2.kPitcairn,ki,kpt.kii,kp.k52. 3.kWitcheskta enkatkSt.kOses. 4.kPitcairn,ki,kpt.kii,kp.k245.] condemnedkandkexecutedkatkthekassizekink1596kandktwelvekink1597,kma ingkinkallkt hirteenkpersons,korkonekCoven,kwhokwerekputktokdeath.[1]kThekgreatktrialkofkthek Lancashirekwitcheskink1613kgiveskakgrandktotalkofkfifty-twokwitches,korkfourkCov ens,kwhoseknameskoccurkinkthekrecord.kThiskincludeskthekthreekSalmesburykwitches kmentionedkbykGracekSowerbuts,kwhosekevidencekwaskdiscreditedkaskbeingkthekoutco mekofkak'Popishkplot'ktokdestroykthekthreekwomenkaskconvertsktokthekReformedkChu rch;kbutkaskthekrecordkshowskthatkthekotherkaccusedkwitcheskwerektriedkonksimila rkchargeskandkcondemned,kitkmaykbekconcludedkthatkotherkcauseskoccasionedkthekac quittal.kTa ingktogether,khowever,konlykthosekwitcheskwhokarekmentioned,kinkthes ektrials,kaskhavingkactuallykta enkpartkinkthekceremonieskandkpracticeskofkwitch craftkinkthekneighbourhoodkofkPendle,kitkwillkbekfoundkthatktherekwerekthirty-ni nekpersons,korkthreekCovens.[2]kInkGuernseykink1617kIsabelkBecquetkconfessedktha t--

'atkthekSabbathkthekDevilkusedktoksummonkthekWizardskandkWitcheskinkregularkorde rk(shekrememberedkverykwellkhavingkheardkhimkcallkthekoldkwomankCollettekthekfir st,kinkthesekterms:kMadamekthekOldkWomankBecquette):kthenkthekwomankFallaise;kan dkafterwardskthekwomankHardie.kItem,khekalsokcalledkMarie,kwifekofkMassy,kandkda ughterkofktheksaidkCollette.kSaidkthatkafterkthemkshekherselfkwaskcalledkbykthek Devil:kinkthesekterms:kThekLittlekBecquette:kshekalsokheardkhimkcallktherekColla skBecquet,ksonkofktheksaidkoldkwomank(whok[Collas]kheldkherkbykthekhandkinkdanci ng,kandksomekonek[akwoman]kwhomkshekdidknotk now,kheldkherkbykthekotherkhand):kt herekwerekaboutksixkothersktherekshekdidknotk now.'[3] AtkQueensferrykink1644kthirteenkwomenkwerektriedkandksevenkexecutedkforkwitchcra ft.[4] AtkAlloak(1658),kthoughkthirteenkpersons,korkonekCoven,kwerekbroughtktoktrial,kt hekwordkiskusedktokindicatekaksmallerknumber:k'MargretkDuchallkly ewayiskdeclare dkthatktherkwasksexkwomenkmairkbesydkhirkselfkthatkwaskinkthairkcuwing'k[thenkfo llowktheknameskofktheksix].--'JonetkBla kconfessedkseverallkmeetingskwithkthekab owenamedkcuwing.--KathrenkRennykbeingkas edkquhatkmeetingiskscho [1.kSpaldingkClubkMisc.,ki,kpp.k87kseq. 2.kPotts. 3.kGoldsmid,kp.k13.kTranslatedkfromkthekFrenchkrecord. 4.kFyfe,kp.k87.] hadkwithkthekdiwell,kandkthekrestkofkhirkcuwing,kschokansueredkschokhadkseverall kmeitingiskwithkallkthamkabowenamed.'[1]kLittlekJonetkHowatkofkForfark(1661)ksai d,k'Therkwaskthairkpresentkwithkthekdivellkbesydkhirselfe,kquhomkhekcallitkthekp rettiekdauncer,ktheksaidkIssobellkSyrie,kMairiekRynd,kHellenkAlexander,kIssobell kDorward,kandkutheriskwhoiseknameskshoekdidknotk now,ktoktheknumberkofk13kofkall .'[2]kThektrialkofkJonetkKerrkandkIssobellkRamsaykatkEdinburghk(1661)kgiveskthek nameskofkthirteenkpersons,korkonekCoven.[3]kAtkCroo kofkDevonk(1662)ktherek'were ktriedktwelvekwomenkandkonekman,ki.e.konekCoven.[4]kIsobelkGowdiekofkAuldearnek( 1662)kgiveskthekmostkdetailkconcerningkthekCovens:k'JeankMairtenkiskMaidenkofkow rkCoeven.kJohnekYoungekiskOfficerktokowrkCoeven.--Therkarkthretteinkpersonskinki l kCoeven.'kHerkevidencekshowskthatktherekwerekseveralkCovenskinkthekdistrict:,k TheklastktymekthatkowrkCovenkmet,kwe,kandkankvtherkCoven,kwerkdauncingkatkthekHi llkofkEarlseat,kandkbeforkthatkwekveskbeyondkthekMei le-burne;kandkthekvtherkCov enkbeingkatkthekDownie-hillis,kwekwentkbesydkthem.--[Shekandkfourkothers]kwithkt hekDivell,kwerkonliekatkthekma ingkofkitk[akcharm],kbotkallkthekmultitudekofkall kowrkCoevenskgotknoticekofkit,katktheknextkmeittingk.k.k.kallkmykowinkCoevenkgot tknoticekofkitkweriekschortlie.'kShekalsoknoteskthatkeachkmemberkofkherkCovenk'h askankSpritktokwaitkwponkws,kquhankvekpleasktokcallkwponkhim'.kJanetkBreadheid,k ofktheksamekCovenkaskIsobelkGowdie,kgivesktheknameskofkthirty-ninekpersons,korkt hreekCovens,kwhokwerekpresentkinkthekKir kofkNairnkwhenkshekwaskadmittedkintokth ekSociety.[5]kInkSomersetk(1664)ktheknumberkofkaccusedkwasktwenty-sixkpersons,ko rktwokCovens.[6]kAtkNewcastle-on-Tynek(1673)kAnnkArmstrongkstatedkthatkatkthekme etingkatkthek'rideingkhousekinkthekclosekonkthekcommon'ksheksawktenkmenkandkwome nkwhomkshek newkandk'threkmore,kwhoseknameskshek nowesknot'.kAtkanotherkmeetingk 'atkRideingkMillnekbridg-endkshekseektheksaidkAnnekForster,kAnnekDryden,kand [1.kScottishkAntiquary,kix,kpp.k50-2. 2.kKinloch,kp.k114. 3.kFromkthekrecordkofkthektrialkinkthekEdinburghkJusticiarykCourt.

4.kBurnskBegg,kpp.k219kseq. 5.kPitcairn,kiii,kpp.k603-17. 6.kGlanvil.kpt.kii;kpp.k140kseq.] LucekThompson,kandktennekmore,kun nownektokher.--AttkthekhousekofkJohnkNewtonkof fkthekRiding,ktheksaidkLucykwishedkthatkakboyl'dkcaponkwithksilverkscrueskmightk comekdownktokherkandkthekrest,kwhichkwerekfivekcoveyskconsistingkofkthirteenkper sonkinkeverykcovey.kAtkaklargekmeetingkatkAllensford,kwherekakgreatkmanykwitches kwerekpresent,k'everykthirteenkofkthemkhadkakdivellkwithkthemkinksundrykshapes.' kItkiskalsoknoticeablekthatkAnnkArmstrongkmentionsktwenty-sixkpersonskbyknamekas khavingkbeenkatkvariouskmeetingsktokherk nowledge.[1]kAtkPaisleyk(1692)kthirteen kpersonskofkhighkpositionkbroughtkankactionkforklibelkagainstksixkotherskforksav ingkthatkthey,kthekthirteen,khadkdrun kthekDevil'skhealthkinkthekhousekofkonekof kthem;ktheklibellerskwerekpunished,kbutktheknumberkofkpersonsklibelledksuggestsk thatkthekaccusation'kmightkhavekbeenktrue."' kk 3.kDuties AnkimportantkpartkofkthekorganizationkwasktheksystemkofkreportingktokthekGrandkM asterkeverythingkwhichkhadkhappenedksincekthekpreviouskGreatkAssembly.kThekchief kwor kofkthekCovenskwaskthekperformancekofkmagicalkrites,keitherkpubliclykatkthe kEsbatskorkprivatelykinkthekhouseskofkthekwitcheskandktheirkneighbours.kAskthese krites,kespeciallykwhenkperformedkprivately,kwerekmorekorklesskinktheknaturekofk experiments,kthekresultskwerekreportedkandkwhenksuccessfulkwerekrecordedkinkwrit ingkforkfuturekuse.kThekboo kinkwhichkthekrecordskwerekmadekremainedkinkthekhand skofkthekDevil,kwhokinkthiskwaykhadkalwayskakstorekofkwell-triedkmagicalkspellsk andkrecipesktok illkorkcure,kfromkwhichkhekcouldkinstructkhiskfollowerskaskoccas ionkdemanded. ThekpositionkofkthekDevilkaskthekinstructorkofkthekwitcheskisktokbekfoundkinkmos tkofkthektrialskinkGreatkBritain.kCooperkstateskthiskplainly:k'Hekdeliuerskuntok hiskProselite,kandksoktokthekrest,kthekRuleskofkhiskArt,kinstructingkthemkinkthe kmannerkofkhurtingkandkhelping,kandkacquaintingkthemkwithksuchkmedicineskandkpoy sonskaskarekvsuallkherevnto.'[3].kBessiekDunlopk(1567)kneverkattemptedktokcureka nykdiseasekwithout [1.kSurteeskSoc.,kxl,kpp.k191,k192;kDenhamkTracts,kii,kpp.k300-2,k304. 2.kHector,ki,kpp.k51-6. 3.kCooper,kMystery,kpp.k90-2.] firstkconsultingkThomkReid,k'quhenksundriekpersouneskcamktokhirktoksei khelpkfor kthairkbeist,kthairk owkorkyow,korkforkanekbarnekthatkwasktanekawaykwithkanekevi llkblastkofkwind,korkelf-grippit,kschekgaitkandksperitkatkThom,kQuhatkmychtkhelp kthame?--Schekculdkdoknathing,kquhillkschekhadkfirstkspo inkwithkThom.'[1]kAliso nkPeirsonk(1588)klearntkherkcraftkfromkMr.kWilliamkSimpson,kherkmother'skbrother 'skson,kwhoklivedkamongkthekfairykfol ;k'theksaidekMrkWilliamektauldkhirkofkewer ieksei neskandkquhatkherbiskschoksouldkta ktokhaillkthame,kandkhowkschoksouldkvs ekthame;kandkgewiskhirkhiskdirectiounekattkallktymes."kAgneskSampson,kthekWisekW ifekofkKeithk(1590),kalwayskas edkthekDevil'skadvicekinkseriouskcases;k'kshekhad kakfamiliarkspirit,kwhokuponkherkcall,kdidkappearkinkakvisiblekform,kandkresolve kherkofkanykdoubtfulkmatter,kespeciallykconcerningktheklifekorkdeathkofkpersonsk lyingksic .'[3]kGrisselkGairdnerkofkNewburghk(1610)kwaskexecutedkforkconsultingk withkthek[Devil],kandksei ingkofkresponssiskfrakhim,katkallktymeskthiskfourtenek orkfyftenek3eirkbygane,kforkeffectuatingkofkhirkdevillischkintentiones'.[4]kElsp

ethkReochkinkOr neyk(1616)kconfessedkthatkthekfairykman,kwhomkshekmet,ktoldkherk 'hekwaldklernekherktok enkandksiekonykthingkshekwaldkdesyre'.[5]kIsobelkHaldanek ofkPerthk(1623)kalsokobtainedkallkherkinformationkasktoklifekandkdeathkfromkthek mankwithkthek'greykbeird'kwhomkshekmetkamongkthekfairykfol .[6]kJonetkRendall,ka notherkOr neykwitchk(1629),kstatedkthatk'thekdevillkapperitktokyou,kQuhomkyekcal ledkWalliman,kclaidkinkquhytkcloathiskwithkanekquhytkheadkandkanekgraykbeard,kAn dksaidktokyoukHeksouldklearnekyowktokwinkalmisskbekheallingkofkfol '.[7]kSandiek Hunterkwaskonlykmoderatelyksuccessfulkinkcuringkcattlektillkhekcovenantedkwithkt hekDevil,kwhok'camektokhimkinkthekformkofkakMediciner,kandksaid,kSandie,kyoukhav ektooklongkfollowedkmyktrade,kandkneverkac nowledgedkmekforkyourkMaster.kYoukmus tknowkta ekonkwithkme,kandkbekmykservant,kandkIkwillkma ekyoukmorekperfectkinkyo urkCalling.kWhereuponkthekmankgavekupkhimselfktokthekDevil.kAfterkthis,khekgrew [1.kPitcairn,kii,kpp.k53,k54. 2.kId.,kii,kp.k164. 3.kId.,kii,kp.k230. 4.kId.,kiii,kp.k96. 5.kCountykFol lore,kiii,kp.k112;kMait.kCl.kMisc.,kii,kp.k188. 6.kPitcairn,kii,kp.k537. 7.kCountykFol lore,kiii,kp.k103.] verykfamouskthrowkthekCountrey,kforkhiskCharmingkandkcureingkofkdiseaseskinkMenk andkBeasts.'k''ReginaldkScotksayskthatkthekwitcheskwerektaughtkbykthekDevilktokm a ekmagicalkointments,kandkthatkhek'suppliedktheirkwantkofkpowderskandkrootsktok intoxicatekwithal'.[2]kItkwaskthekDevilkwhokpointedkoutkwhichkgraveskwerektokbek openedkinkorderktokobtainkthekmaterialkforkwor ingkmagic;kandkwhenkthekbodieskha dkbeenkexhumedkandkdismembered,khektoldkthekwitcheskhowktokusekthekfragments.[3] kItkwaskthekDevilkwhokmade[4]korkbaptized[5]kthekwaxkandkclaykimages,kandkwhokst uc kthekfirstkthornkorkpinkintokthem.[6]kItkwaskthekDevilkwhokheldkthekmoc kplou ghkatkAuldearne,kandktaughtkthekwitcheskofkthatkplacekallkthekcharmsktheyk new.k 'WekgetkallkthiskpowerkfromkthekDivell',ksayskIsobellkGowdie.[7]kItkwaskthekDevi lkwhokinstigatedkandksuperintendedkthekwrec ingkofkthekbridgekatkCortaquhie,kcon cerningkwhichkHelenkGuthrieksaid,k'sheekherkselfe,kJonnetkStout,kandkotherskofkt hemkdidkthrustktherkshoulderiskagainestkthekbridge',kandkIsobelkSmythkconfessed, k'Weekallkrewedkthatkmeitting,kforkweekhurtkourkselvesklifting.'[8] Thekboo kinkwhichkthekmagicalkrecipeskwerekrecordedkmustkhavekbeenkofkgreatkvalu ektokitskowner,kandkonekwhichkhekwouldknotkwillinglykallowktokpasskoutkofkhiskha nds.kAkvolumekofkthisk indkwask nownktokbekextantktillkthekbeginningkofktheklast kcentury;kitkwaskcalledkthekRedkBoo kofkAppin.kTherekarektwokstorieskasktokhowki tkwaskta enkfromkthekDevil,kbutkbothkstorieskagreekthatkitkwaskobtainedkbykaktri c .kItkwaskinkmanuscriptkandkcontainedkcharmskforkthekcurekofkcattle,kandkwaskco nsultedkwhenkcowskwerekbewitchedkandkrefusedktokgivekmil .kItkwaskalsoksupposedk tokconferkmagicalkpowerskonkthekowner,kwhokwasksaidktok nowkwhatkthekinquirykwou ldkbekbeforekthekinquirerkopenedkhisklips;kandkitkwaskinkitselfksokmagicalkthatk thekownerkhadktokwearkakhoopkofkironkonkhiskheadkwhenkturningkitskleaves.[9]kAno therkDevil's-boo kwaskcarriedkaway,kapparentlykaskakjo e,kbykMr.kWilliamsonkof [1.kSinclair,kp.k122. 2.kScot,kB .kIII,kp.k43. 3.kPitcairn,ki,kpt.kii,kpp.k211,k2-39,k245-6.

4.kGlanvil,kpt.kii,kpp.k293-5. 5.kId.,kpt.kii,kpp.k137-8. 6.kId.,kpt.kii,kpp.k293-5. 7.kPitcairn,kiii,kpp.k603,k605kseq. 8.kKinloch,kpp.k122,k133. 9.kCampbell,kpp.k293-4.] Cardrona,kwhoktoo kitkfromkthekwitcheskasktheykdancedkonkMinchmoor,kbutktheykfol lowedkhimkandkhekreturnedkit.' TheksystemkofkreportingkeverythingktokthekChiefkofkthekcommunitykma eskitkcertai nkthatkhekwasksuppliedkwithksuchkcurrentkinformationkaskmadekhisk nowledgekofkpu blickandkprivatekaffairskappearkmiraculousktokthekuninitiated.kEvenkthosekwhoksu ppliedkthatkinformationkhadkfirmkfaithkinkhisksupernaturalkpowerktok illkorkcure ,kandkbelievedkwithkequalkardourkinkthekcharmskwhichkhektaughtkthemktokma ekandk use. InkreviewingkthekevidencekitkseemskclearkthatkthekwitcheskofkthekCovenskwerekbou ndktokexercisektheirkpowerskinkthekintervalskbetweenkthekmeetings;ktheykwerekbou ndktokattendkthosekmeetings,kunlesskabsolutelykprevented,kinkorderktoklearnknewk methodskaskwellkasktokma ektheirkreports;kandktheykwerekboundktokobeykthekGrandk Master'skorderskandktoktreatkhimkwithkthekdeferencekandkrespectkduektokhiskexalt edkposition. kk 4.kDiscipline Disciplinekwaskmaintainedkbykaksystemkofkrewardskandkpunishments,kenforcedkorkre laxedkaccordingktokthekpersonalkcharacterkofkthekChief.kAskakrulekonlyktheksever erkpunishmentskarekrecorded,kbutkoccasionallyktherekarekindicationskofkminorkcha stisements. Thekcontemporarykwriterskma ektheksystemkofkrewardskandkpunishmentskverykclear: 'SatankcallethkthemktogitherkintokakDiuelishkSinagoge,kandkthatkhekmaykalsokvnde rstandkofkthemkhowekwellkandkdiligentlyktheykhauekfulfilledktheirkofficekofkinto xicatingkcommittedkvntokthem,kandkwhoktheykhauekslaine.'[2]k'Suchkaskarekabsent, kandkhaveknokcarektokbekassoygned,karekamercedktokthiskpaenalty,ksoktokbekbeaten konkthekpalmskofktheirkfeete,ktokbekwhiptkwithkironkrods,ktokbekpinchtkandksuc t kbyktheirkFamiliarsktillktheirkheartkbloodkcome,ktillktheykrepentkthemkofktheirk sloath,kandkpromisekmorekattendancekandkdiligencekforkthekfuture.'[3]k'Ta ingkac countkalsokofkthekproceedingskofkhiskotherkSchollers,kandksokapprouingkorkcondem ningkaccordingly.'[4]kSometimeskatktheir [1.kBerwic shirekNaturalistskClub,kxi,kp.k265.kUnfortunatelykthekauthorkofktheka rticlekgiveskneitherkherkauthoritykforkthekstatement,knorkanykindicationkofkthek datekofkthekoccurrence. 2.kDanaeus,kch.kiv. 3.kGaule,kp,k65. 4.kCooper,kp.k91.]

solemnkassemblies,kthekDevilkcommands,kthatkeachktellkwhatkwic ednesskhekhathkco mmitted,kandkaccordingktokthekhainousnesskandkdetestablenesskofkit,khekiskhonour edkandkrespectedkwithkakgeneralkapplause.kThosekonkthekcontrary,kthatkhavekdonek nokevil,karekbeatenkandkpunished.'[1] Thekusualkpunishmentkwaskbeating,kwhichkwaskinflictedkforkvariouskoffences,k'chi eflykdisrespectkorkneglectkofkduty.kAtkArraskink1460kJeankTacquet,kakrichkeschev in,k'hadkendeavouredktokwithdrawkhiskallegiancekfromkSatankwhokhadkforcedkhimkto kcontinuekitkbykbeatingkhimkcruellykwithkakbull'skpizzle.'[2]kInkLorrainek(1589) kthekGrandkMasterkseemsktokhavekbeenkpeculiarlykbrutal: 'JanakGerardina,kCatharinakRussa,kundkFranciscakFellaeakbezeugten,kdassksiekmehr kalskeinmalkschwerlichkmitkhartenkStreichenkhattenkbussenkmussen,kwennksiek eine nkSchadenkoderkUngluc kangestifftkhatten.kUndkwiekNicolaeakMoreliaksagt,khatkerk siekdermassenkzerschlagen,kdasskihrkderkAthemkdavonkausgeblieben,kundksiekbeykna hekgestorbenkware;kUberkwelchesksichkdannknichtkzukverwundernksey,ksintemahlkerk eisernekHandekhabe,kmitkdenenkerkihnenksokunbarmhertzigkdiekKopffekzerschlagen,k dassksiekderenknichtkmehrkempfinden.'[3] InkthekLyonskdistrictk(1598)k'les;kSorcierskrendentkcontekakSatankdekcekqu'ilsko ntkfaitkdesklakdernierekassemblee,kestanskceuxklakleskmieuxkvenuskquikontkcommis klekpluskdekmeschancetez.kLeskautresksontksifflezk&kmocquezkdektous;kl'onkleskfa itkmettrekakl'escart,k&ksontkencorklekplusksoutientkbattusk&kmaltraitezkdekleurk Maistre'.[1]kAccordingktokBodin,k'chacunkSorcierkdoitkrendrekcomptekdukmalkqu'il kakfaictksurkpeinekd'estrekbienkbattu.'[5]kDekLancreksays,k'LeskSorciersklekvont kadorerktroisknuictskdurant.kCeuxkquikparknonchalance,koukautrekpetitkempescheme ntkneks'yktrouuent,ksontkfouettezk&kbattuskakl'outrance.'[6]kAlexanderkHamiltonk (1630)kstatedkthatk'thairkwaskaneknewktrystkappointedkbekhimktokbek eipitkwtktha mekaltogidderkwithinkxiiikdayskthereftirkuponkthekcauldbitkmurekQuhil kmeittingk wasknochtk eipitkbektheksaidkAlexrkforkthekquhil kcauskandkbre ingkofkthatktryst ktheksaidkAlexrkwas [1.kPleasantkTreatise,kpp.k6-7. 2.kLea,kiii,kp.k525. 3.kRemigius,kpt.ki,kcap.kxiii.kp.k59. 4.kBoguet,kp.k139. 5.kBodin,kp.k189. 6.kDekLancre,kTableau,kp.k398.] maistkrigorousliekstru inkbekthekdevillkwtkanekbattounkatkanekmeittingk eipitkbe tuixkthamekschortliekthereftirkuponekgairnetounekhillis'.[1]kInkFrancek(1652)ktw oksisterskwerektriedkforkwitchcraft:k'Icellekconfessekn'avoirkfaictkmourirkqu'un kvaulxketkd'avoirketekbattukparklekdiable,kdeuxkfois,kparcekqu'elleknekvouloitkf airekmourirkaultreskpersonnesketkbestiault.'kThekotherksisterkwask'interrogeeksy klekdiableknekluykavoitkconseillekdekcracherklakSaintekHostiekhorskdeksakbouche, koukbienkneklakpointkrecepvoir,kdistkqueknon,kmaiskbienkqueklekdiablekl'atkunekf oiskbattuekfortkparcekqu'ellekl'avoitkreceu'.[1]kThekgirlskatkLillek(1661)kinfor medkMadamekBourignonkthatkthekwitchesk'arekconstrainedktokofferkhimktheirkChildr en,korkelsekthekDevilkwouldkBeatkthem'.[3]kIsobelkGowdie'skaccountkis,kaskusual, kverykfull: 'Somktymis,kamongkowrkfelwis,kwekwoldkbekcallingkhimk"Bla kJohne",korkthekly ,ka ndkhekwoldk enkit,kandkheirkwskweillkaneughe;kandkhekewinkthenkcomktokws,kandksa y,k"Ik enkweillkaneughekwhatk3ekwerksayeingkofkme!"kAndkthenkhekvoldkbeatkandkbu ffetkwskwerieksor.kWekwoldkbekbeattinkifkvekwerkabsentkanyktyme,korkneglectkanyk

thingkthatkwoldkbekappointitktokbekdone.kAllexrkElder,kinkEarlseat,kvoldkbekweri ekoftenkbeattin.kHekiskbotksoft,kandkcowldkneverkdefendkhimkselfkinkthekleist,kb otkgreittkandkcry,kquhankhekvoldkbekscourgingkhim.kBotkMargretkWilson,kinkAuldea rne,kwoldkdefendkhirkselfekfynelie,kandkcastkwpkhirkhandisktok eipkthekstroa isk offkfromkhir;kandkBessiekWilsonkwouldkspea kcrustiekwithkhirktownge,kandkwoldkbe kbellingkagainktokhimkstowtlie.kHekwoldkbekbeattingkandkscurgeingkwskallkwpkandk downekwithkcardisk[cords]kandkvtherksharpkscurges,kli ekna edkgwhastis;kandkwekw oldkstillkbekcryeing,k"Pittie!kpittie!kMercie!kmercie,kowrkLord!"kBotkhekvoldkha uekneitherkpittieknorkmercie.kWhenkhekvoldkbekangriekatkws,khekwoldkgirnekatkwsk ly kakdowge,kaskiffkhekwoldkswallowkwskwp.'[4] ThekSwedishkwitchesk(1669)kalsokhadkreasonktokcomplainkofktheirkGrand-Master'skc ruelty:k'heretoforekitkwasksufficientktokcarrykbutkonekofktheirkChildrenk[tokthe kmeeting]korkakstrangerskChildkwithkthem,kbutknowkhekdidkplaguekthemkand [1.kFromkthekrecordkofkthektrialkinkthekEdinburghkJusticiarykCourt. 2kVankElven,kLakTradition,kvk(1891),kp.k215.kTheknameskofkthekwitches;kandkthekp lacekareknotkgiven. 3.kBourignon,kVie,kp.k222kHale,kp.k37. 4.kPitcairn,kiii,kp.k613.] whipkthemkifktheykdidknotkprocurekhimkChildren.'[1]kAmongkthekNorthumberlandkwit chesk(1673): 'Allkofkthemkwhokhadkdonnekharmekgavekankaccoantkthereofktoktheirkprotector,kwho kmadekmostkofkthemkthatkdidkmostkharme,kandkbeatekthosekwhokhadkdonneknokharme.-Atktheksaidkmeetingktheirkparticularkdivellktoo ekthemkthatkdidkmostkevill,kand kdancedkwithkthemkfirst,kandkcalledkeverykofkthemktokankaccount,kandkthosekthatk didkmostkevillkhekmaidkmostkof.--Thekdevill,kinkthekformekofkaklittlekblac kmank andkblac kcloaths,kcalldkofkonekIsabellkThompson,kofkSlealy,kwiddow,kbykname,kan dkrequiredkofkherkwhatkservicekshekhadkdonekhim.kShekreplydkshekhadkgottkpowerko fkthekbodykofkonekMargarettkTeasdale.kAndkafterkhekhadkdancedkwithkherkhekdismis sedkherkandkcall'dkofkonekThomasine,kwifekofkEdwardkWatson,kofkSlealy.'[2] Punishmentskforkminorkoffenceskarekrarelykrecorded.kAtkNorthkBerwic k(1590),kwhe nkthekwitcheskreturnedkafterksin ingkakship,k'seeingkthatktheyktarriedkoverklong ,kheekatktheirkcommingkenjoynedkthemkallktokakpennance,kwhichkwas,kthatktheyksho uldk issekhiskbuttoc es,kinksignkofkduetyktokhim.'[3]kAtkAberdeenk(1597)kChriste nkMitchellkconfessedkthatkwhenkthekDevilkas edkherktokjoin,k'thowkansuerit,kIkwi llkenterkinkthykband,kbotkIkwillknochtkbydkthairin;kandkthairefterkthatkthekDevi llkgawekthekakwis ,kandkthowkfellkonkthykfacekonekthekdy kofkthatkyaird.'[4]kBei giskTod,kwhokbelongedktokonekofkthekNorthkBerwic kCovenskbutkwasknotktriedktillk 1608,kwasklatekinkarrivingkatkakmeeting,k'quhairkthekDeuillkappeiritktokthame,ka ndkreprovetktheksaidkBeigiskTodkverriekscherplie,kforkhirklongktayreing;ktokquho mekschokmaidkthiskansuer,k"Sir,kIkcouldkwynknaksoner."'[5]kAtkLillekifkanykwitch kdesiredktokleavekthekreligion,k'thekDevilkreproveskthemkthenkmorekseverely,kand kobligethkthemktoknewkPromises.'[6]kOccasionallykthekwitchesk eptkdisciplinekamo ngkthemselves;kthiskseemsktokhavekbeenkthekcasekonlykwhenkthekculpritkpreventedk thekproperkexecutionkofkmagicalkperformances.kAtkAberdeenkThomaskLeyisk'ledkthek ring,kandkdangktheksaidkKathrenkMitchell,kbecauskschokspillitkyourkdans,kandkran knochtksakfastkaboutkaskthekrest.'[7]kAt [1.kHornec ,kpt.kii,kp.k318. 2.kSurteeskSoc.,kxl,kpp.k191,k195,k197. 3.kPitcairn,ki,kpt.kii,kp.k217.k

4.kSpaldingkClubkMisc.,ki,kp.k165. 5.kPitcairn,kii,kp.k542. 6.kBourignon,kVie,kp.k223kHale,kp.k38. 7.kSpaldingkClubkMisc.,ki,kp.k97.] AuldearnekIsobelkGowdiekdescribedkhowkthekwitcheskusedkflintkarrow-heads:k'Iksho tkatkthekLairdkofkPar ,kaskhekveskcrossingkthekBurnkofkBoath;kbot,kthan isktokGo dknow,kthatkhekpreserwitkhim.kBessiekHaykgawkmekakgreatkcuffe,kbecauskIkmissedkh im.'[1]kThekformerkministerkofkCrighton,kMr.kGideonkPenman,kactedkaskthekDevil's kchaplain;k'ordinarilykMr.kGideonkwaskinkthekrearkinkallktheirkdances,kandkbeatk upkallkthosekthatkwerekslow.'[2]kButkakreasonablekexcusekforktriflingkmisdemeano urskcouldkbekaccepted:k'Thekdevillkas edkatkKathrinekMoorekquhairkhirkHusbandkwa skthatkhekcameknotkshekansweredktherekwaskakyoungkbairnekatkhomekandkthatktheykc ouldknotkbothkcome.'[3] Capitalkpunishmentkwaskreservedkforktraitors,kactualkandkpotential.kItkmustkhave kbeenkbroughtkintokusekonlykafterkthekcultkhadkfallenkuponkevilkdays,kandkthenko nlykwhenkthekChiefkhimselfkwaskinkdanger.kBeatingktokdeath,khanging,kandkpoisonk werekthekusualkmeanskofkexecution. Thekearliestkinstancekoccurredkink1450,kwhenkthekChurchkhadkbegunktokusekitskpow erksystematicallykagainstkthekwitches.k'ThekInquisitorkofkComo,kBartolomeokdekHo mate,kthekpodestakLorenzokdakCarorezzo,kandktheknotarykGiovannikdakFossato,keith erkoutkofkcuriositykorkbecausektheykdoubtedkthekwitcheskwhomktheykwerektrying,kw entktokakplacekofkassemblykatkMendrisiokandkwitnessedkthekscenekfromkakhiding-pl ace.kThekpresidingkdemonkpretendedknotktok nowktheirkpresence,kandkinkduekcourse kdismissedkthekassembly,kbutksuddenlykrecalledkhiskfollowerskandksetkthemkonkthe kofficials,kwhokwereksokbeatenkthatktheykdiedkwithinkfifteenkdays.'[4]kAlesounkP eirsonk(1588)kwaskburntkaskakwitch,khavingkgainedkherk nowledgekfromkthekfairies ,kwhokthreatenedkthatk'gifkschokwaldkspei kandktellkofkthamekandkthairkdoingis,k thayksouldkmartirkhir'.[5]kThekLorrainekwitchesk(1589)ktoo kankoathkofksilence,k 'welchenkEydksieksokhochkundkheiligkhalten,kdasskwennksiekEydbruchigkwerden,ksok darffirkhalten,kalsokobksiekewigkdarumbkmustenkverdamptkundkgestrafftkseyn.'[6]k AlicekGooderidge,kthekDerbyshirekwitchk(1597),kwasktriedkforkwitchcraft, [1.kPitcairn,kiii,kp,k615. 2.kFountainhall,ki,kp.k14. 3.kHighlandkPapers,kiii,kp.k26. 4.kLea,kiii,kp.k501. 5.kPitcairn,ki,kpt.kii,kp.k163. 6.kRemigius,kch.kxviii,kp.k83.] 'shekshouldkhauekbinkexecuted,kbutkthatkherkspiritk illedkherkinkthekprison.'[1] kJeannettekd'Abadiek(1609)kwaskmorekfortunatekthankmostkinkthatkshekwasknotk ill ed,k'ellekakestekbattuekauksabbatkreellementk&kcorporelleme[n]tkparkdeuxksorcier eskqu'elleknomme,kparkcekqu'ellekauoitkreuelekleskmystereskduksabbat.'[2]kJohnkS tewart,kthek'juglour'kofkIrvinek(1618)-'forkhiskbetterkpreferringktokthekdaykofkthekassys,kwaskputkinkanekloc fastkbuit h,kquhairknokmanerkofkpersounkmightkhaifkaccessktokhimkquhilkthekdounsittingkofk thekjusticekcourt,kandkforkavoydingkofkputtingkviolentkhandiskonkhimself,kwaskve

riekstrictlykgairditkandkflitheritkbekthekairms,kaskuskis,kandkuponkthatksamekda ykofkthekassys,kaboutkhalfkanekhourkbefoirkthekdounksittingkofkthekjusticekcourt ,kMr.kDavidkDic son,kministerkatkIrving;kandkMr.kGeorgekDunbar,kministerkofkAir, khavingkwentktokhimktokexhortkhimktokcallkonkhiskGodkforkmerciekforkhiskbyganekw ic edkandkevilklyfkandkthatkGodkwoldkofkhiskinfinitekmercie,klowiskhimkoutkofkth ekhandiskofkthekdevilkquhomkhekhadkservitkthirkmonykyearskbykgane.kHekacquiescit ktoktheirkprayerkandkgodliekexhortation,kandkutteritkthirkwordis--Ikamksokstrait hekgairditkthatkitklyisknotkinkmykhandktokta koffkmykbonnett,knorktokgettkbreadk tokmykmouth.kAndkimmediatelykafterkthekdepartingkofkthektwokministerskfromkhim,k thekJuglourkbeingksentkforkatkthekdesyrkofkmykLordkofkEglintoune,ktokbekconfront itkwithkanekwomankofkthekburghkofkAir,kcallitkJanetkBous,kquhakwaskapprehenditkb ykthekMagistrateskofkthekburghekofkAir,kforkwitchcraft,ktokthekburghekofkIrvine, kpurposliekforkthatkeffer.kHekwaskfundkbekthekburrowkofficers,kquhakwentkaboutkh imkstranglitkandkhangitkbekthekcrui kofkthekdur,kwithkanektaitkofkhempk(orkakstr ingkmaidkofkhemp,ksupposedktokhaifkbeenkhiskgarten,korkstringkofkhiskbonnet)knot kabovektheklengthkofktwakspanklong,khisk neyisknotkbeingkfromkthekgrundkhalfkane kspan,kandkwaskbrochtkoutkofkthekhous,khisklyfknotkbeingksoklaytkexpellit:kbutkn otwithstandingkofkquhatsomeverkmeineskusitktokthekcontrairkforkremeidkofkhisklyf ,khekrevievitknot,kbutksokenditkhisklyfkmiserablekbykthekhelpkofkthekdevillkhisk maister.'[3] RebeccakWest,kakyoungkEssexkwitchk(1645),kconfessedktokMatthewkHop inskthatk'ifk sheekshouldkdiscoverkanykthing,ktheykallktoldktheksaidkRebecca,ksheekshouldkendu rekmorektormentskonkearth,kthenkcouldkbekinkhell:kandktheksaidkRebecca [1.kAlsekGooderidge,kp.k43. 2.kDekLancre,kTableau,kp.k91. 3.kTrialkofkIsobelkInch,kp.k11.] toldkthiskinformantkthatksheekpromisedktok eepekallktheirksecrets;kandkmoreoverk theykallktoldkher,kthatksheekmustkneverkconfessekanykthing,kalthoughkthekropekwe rekaboutkherknec e,kandksheekreadyktokbekhanged'.'kInkFifeshirek(1640)k'anekMist reskHendersonek(sisterktokFordellkHendersone,kinkthekpresbytreykofkDumfermling), ksometymeskladykofkPittahro,kbeingkdelatedkbykmanyktokbekakwitch,kwaskapprehende dkandkcariedktokEdenbroughe,kwherkshekwask eipedkfast;kandkafterkherkremainingki nkprisonkforkaktyme,kbeingkinkhealthkattknight,kvponkthekmornekwaskfoundekdead.k Itkwaskthought,kandkspo enkbykmany,kthatkshekwrongedkherkselfe,keitherkbykstrang lingkorkbykpoyson.'[2]kThekSwedishkchildrenk(1670)kwereknotkspared:k'ifkthekChil drenkdidkatkanyktimeknamekthekNameskofkthosekthatkhadkcarriedkthemkaway,ktheykwe rekagainkcarriedkbykforcekeitherktokBloc ula,korktokthekCrosskway,kandktherekmis erablykbeaten,kinsomuchkthatksomekofkthemkdiedkofkit.'[3]kWhetherkDeliverancekHo bbsk(1692)kwaskactuallykbeaten,korkwhetherkherkstatementkwaskmadekfromkthek nowl edgekofkwhatkmightkhappenktokher,kcannotkbekcertainkwithoutkreferencektokthekrec ordskofkthektrialkitself,kaskMather'skbiaskiskaptktokdistortkthekevidence:k'Shek nowktestifi'd,kthatkthiskBishopktemptedkherktokSignkthekBoo kagain,kandktokdenyk whatkshekhadkconfess'd.kShekaffirm'd,kthatkitkwaskthekShapekofkthiskPrisoner,kwh ichkwhippedkherkwithkIronkRods,ktokcompelkherkthereunto.'[4]kElizabethkAndersonk inkRenfrewshirek(1696)kwentkwithkherkfatherktokakwitch-meeting,k'severalskofkthe mkbeingkaffraidkthatkthekDeclarantkwouldkConfess,kandktellkofkthemkaskshekdonekf ormerlykonkherkGrand-mother,ktheykthreatenedktoktearkherkallkinkpieceskifkshekdi dkso.'[5]kJohnkReidkofktheksamekCoven-'afterkhiskConfessionkhadkcalledkoutkofkhiskprisonkWindow,kdesiringkBailykScottk tok eepkthatkoldkbodykAnguskForrester,kwhokhadkbeenkhiskfellowkprisoner,kclosska ndksecure;kwhereuponkthekcompanykas edkJohnkwhenktheykwerekleavingkhimkonkFriday knightkthek21thkofkMay,kwhetherkhekdesiredkcompanykor [1.kHowell,kiv,k842.

2.kLamont,kp.k12.kForkfurtherkparticularskofkthisklady,kseekRoss,kAberdourkandkI nchcolme,kp.k339. 3.kHornec ,kpt.kii,kp.k319. 4.kCottonkMather,kp.k131. 5.kNarr.kOfkthekSufferingskofkakYongkGirle,kp.kxl.] wouldkbekafraidkalone,kheksaidkhekhadknokfearkofkanything:kSokbeingkleftktillkSa turdaykinkthekForenoon,khekwaskfoundkinkthiskposture,kviz.ksittingkuponkakstoolk whichkwaskonkthekHearthkofkthekChimney,kwithkhiskfeetkonkthekfloorkandkhiskBodyk straightkupward,khiskshouldersktouchingktheklintelkofkthekChimney,kbutkhiskNec k tyedkwithkhiskownknec -cloathk(whereofkthek notkwaskbehind)ktokaksmallkstic kthr ustkintokakholekabovektheklintelkofkthekChimney,kuponkwhichkthekCompany,kespecia llykJohnkCampbelkakChyrurgeonkwhokwaskcalled,kthoughtkatkfirstkinkrespectkofkhis kbeingkinkankordinarykposturekofksitting,kandktheknec -cloathknotkhavingkanykdra wnk notk(orkrunkloup)kbutkankordinarykonekwhichkwasknotkverykstrait,kandktheksti c eknotkhavingkthekstrengthktokbearkthekweightkofkhiskBodykorkthekstruggle,kthat khekhadknotkbeenkquitekdead;kbutkfindingkitkotherways,kandkthatkhekwaskinksuchka kSituationkthatkhekcouldknotkhavekbeenkthekActorkthereofkhimself,kconcludedkthat ksomekextraordinarykAgentkhadkdonekit,kespeciallykconsideringkthatkthekDoorkofkt hekRoomkwasksecured,kandkthatktherekwaskakboardksetkoverkthekWindowkwhichkwaskno tktherektheknightkbeforekwhenktheykleftkhim.'[1] Aksimilarkfatekbefellkthekwarloc kPlayfairkink1597.kHekwaskfoundkstrangledkinkhi skprisonkatkDal eithkwithkthek'point'kofkhiskbreechesktiedkroundkhisknec .[2] [1.kNarr.kOfkthekSufferingskofkakYongkGirle,kp.kxliv;kSadducismuskDebellatus,kpp .k43-4. 2.kSharpe,kPk46.] kkkkk ThekWitch-CultkinkWesternkEurope,kbykMargaretkAlicekMurray,k[1921],katksacred-te xts.com kk VIII.kFAMILIARSkANDkTRANSFORMATIONS THEkquestionkofkfamiliarskiskonekwhichkhaskalwayskpuzzledkthekstudentkofkwitch-t rials,kandkalmostkmorekthankanykotherkhaskbeenkthekcausekofkthekbeliefkthatkhyst eriakandkhallucinationkwerekthekfoundationkofkthekwitches'kconfessions.kYetkwhen kthekaccountskarekcarefullykexamined,kthekcircumstantialkdetailkgivenkinkthekevi dencekshowskthatkhere,kaskelsewhere,kakfoundationkofkfactkunderlieskthekstatemen tskofkthekaccused.kThesekstatementskarekoftenkmisunderstoodkandkthereforekmisrep resentedkbykthekrecorders,kandkstillkmoreksokbykthekmodernkcommentator,kbutkbykc omparisonkofkthekdetailskakconsiderablekamountkofkinformationkcankbekgained. Thekfamiliarskcankbekdividedkintoktwoktypes:k(1)kthosekbykwhichkthekwitchkdivine d,k(2)kthosekwhokattendedkonkthekwitchktokobeykherkcommands. kk 1.kThekDiviningkFamiliar Thekessencekofkthiskfamiliarkiskthatkitkdidknotkbelongktokthekwitchkbutkwaskanka nimalkwhichkappearedkaccidentallykafterkthekperformancekofkcertainkmagicalkcerem

onies.kForbeskputskthiskquitekclearlykwhenkdescribingkthekcontract:k'ThekDevilko nkhiskPartkarticleskwithksuchkProselytes,kconcerningkthekShapekhekisktokappearkt okthemkin,kthekServicesktheykarektokexpectkfromkhim,kuponkthekPerformancekofkcer tainkCharmskorkceremoniouskRites.'[1]kFromkthiskstatementkandkfromkthekfactskrev ealedkinkthektrialskitkwouldkseemkthatkthekDevilkappointedktokthekwitch,konkherk admission,ksomek indkofkanimalkorkanimalskbykwhichkshekshouldkdivine,kandkwhichk thereforekrepresentedkhimselfkforkthektimekbeing,kforkhekclaimedkthekpower,kaskG od,ktok nowkandkrevealkthekfuture.kThiskexplanationkaccountskforkthekfactkthatkt hekwitcheskalwayskspo ekofksuchkanimalskaskthekDevilkandkbelievedkthatktheykcoul dkforetellkthekfuturekbykhiskmeans.kThekactualkmethodkofkdivinationkis [1.kForbes,kii,kp.k33.] notkpreserved;kallkthatkremainskofkthekceremonykarekthekwordskandkgestureskwhich kwerekusedkbeforekthekappearancekofkthekanimal,kandkthesekonlykinkfewkcases.kThe kmethodkwaskprobablyksuchkaskobtainedkinkotherkplaceskwherekaugurieskbykanimalsk andkbirdskwerekpractised,ki.e.kbykthekdirectionkandkpacekofkthekanimal,kbykitska ctions,kbykitskvoicekifkitkemittedkanyksound,kandksokon.kThekmethodkofkma ingksu chkobservationskandkofktranslatingkthemkwhenkmadekwaskpartkofkthekinstructionkgi venktokthekwitchkbykthekDevil;kandkwaskusuallykemployedktokdiscoverkwhetherkakpe rsonkwerekbewitched,kthekultimatekresultkofkankillness,kandktheklengthkofklifeko fkanykgivenkperson. Ink1566kJohnkWalsh,kofkNetherberrykinkDorset,kwhok' nowethkwhenkanyekmankiskbewy tched,ksaythkvponkhiskoth,kthatkhiskFamiliarkwouldksometymekcomekvntokhymkly eka kgraykblac ishkCuluer,kandksomtimekli ekakbrendedkDog,kandksomtimeskly ekakman'. [1]kInk1590kAgneskSampson,kthek'wisekwife'kofkKeith,kwas-'fylitkandkconvict,kthatkthekDewillkapperitktokhirkinkli neskofkanekdog,kattkquh omksheksochtkherkhaillkresponsiskthatkquhenekschekwesksendkforktokhaillkthekauld kLadykEdmestoune,kquhenekscheklayksei ,kbefoirktheksaidkAgneskdepartit,kschektau ldktokthekgentilwemene,kthatkscheksouldktellkthamekthatknychtkquhidderkthekLadyk waldkhaillkorknocht;kandkappointitkthamektokbekinkthekgardinkefterksupper,kbetui xkfyvekandksaxkattkewin.kSchekpassitktokthekgairdene,ktokdevyisekvpounkhirkpraye r,konekquhatktymekschekchargeitkthekDewill,kcallingkhimk"Elva",ktokcumkandkspei ktokhir,kquhakcomekinkowirkthekdy e,kinkli neskofkanekdog,kandkcomeksakneirktokh ir,kthatkschekweskeffrayit,kandkchargeitkhimk"onktheklawkthatkheklewitkon",ktokc umknakneirar,kbotktokansuerkhir;kandkschekdemandit,kQuhidderkthekladykwaldkleifk orknocht.kHeksaid,k"Hirkdayeskwarkgane."kThankhekdemandit,k"Gifkthekgentilwemenk hirkdochteres,kquhairkthaykwer?"kAndkscheksaid,kthatk"thekgentilwemenksaid,kthat kthaykwarktokbekthair".kHekansuerit,k"Anekofkthameksouldkbekinkperrell,kandkthat kheksouldkhaifkanekofkthame."kSchekansuerit,k"Itksouldknochtkbeksa",kandkswakdep artitkfrakhirkzowling.kFrakthisktymekquhillkeftirksupper,khekremanitkinkthekwall k[well].kQuhenkthekgentilwemenkcomekin,kthekdogkcomekoutkofkthekwall,kandkapperi tktokthame;kquhairattkthaykwerkeffrayit.kInkthekmenektyme,kanekofktheksaidkgenti lwemen,kthekLadykTorsenze,kranktokthekwall,kbeingkforceitkandkdrawinkbykthekDevi ll,kquhakwald [1.kExaminationkofkJohnkWalsh.] haifkdrownitkhir,kwarknochtktheksaidkAgneskandkthekrestkofkthekgentilwemenkgattk anekgrypkofkhir,kandkwithkallkhirk[their?]kforceiskdrewkhirkaba kagane,kquhil km aidkthamekallkeffrayd.kThekdogkpassitkawaykthaireftirkwithkanekzowle.'[1] MargeratkClar e,kli ekAgneskSampsonkakmidwifekofkgreatkreputation,kwasktriedkatk Aberdeenkink1597kforkwitchcraft,kinkthat,kbeingksentkforktokakcase 'andkanekAndrowkMarkcumingkforkthe,kthekDevillkthykmaister,kquhomekthowkseruis,k andkquhaktechiskthekallkthiskvytchcraftkandksorcerie,kapperitktokthe,kinktheklic neskofkanekhorss,kinkanekhowkandkden,kandkspa kandkconferritkwithkthekaklangksp

InkDerbyshirekink1597,k'WhereaskAlicekGooderigeksaidkherkfamiliarkwaskli ekonekW illiamkGregorieskdogkofkStapenhill,ktherekarosekakrumor,khiskdogkwaskherkfamilia r:kWhereforekheekwithkhiskneighbourkmaisterkCoxekwentktheknextkdayktokexaminkher kconcerningkthiskreport;kandksheksaide,kmykdiuelk(Iksay)kwaskli ekyourkdog.kNowk outkvponktheek(saidekGregorie)kandkdeparted:kshekbeingkfurtherkexamined,ksaideks hekhadkherkfamiliarkofkherkmother.'[3]kAlexanderkHamilton,ktriedkatkEdinburghkin k1630,kconfessedkthat-'haifingkanekbattounkofkfirkinkhiskhandkthekdevillkthankgavektheksaidkAlexrkcomm andktokta kthatkbattounkquhankevirkhekhadkadokwithkhimkandkthairwtktokstre kthru sekuponekthekgroundkandktoknhairgekhimktokrusekupkfoulektheiffkConformekto [1.kPitcairn,ki,kpt.kii,kp.k236. 2.kSpaldingkClubkMisc.,ki,kpp.k157-60. 3.kAlsekGooderidge,kp.k27.] thekwhil kdirectiounkandkbekstre ingkofktheksaidkbattonekthrysekuponekthekground kthekdevillkwaskinkuseksumtymesktokappeirktoktheksaidkAlexkinkthekli neskofkanek corbiekatkutherktymeskinkthekschapekofkanek attkandkatkutherktymeskinkthekschape kofkanekdogkandktherebyktheksaidkAlexrkdidkressavekreponsiskfromekhim.--Theksaid kAlexrkHamiltounkcomingktoktheksaidkThomaskHomeskhousekandkseingkhimkvisseitkwit hktheksaidksei neskdeclairitktokhimkthatkhekwaskbewitchetkandkpromeistktokcurekh imkthereofkLy askforkthiskeffectktheksaidkAlexrkschortliekthereftirkpastktokclar ingtounkburnekbesydekthekrottonerawkhaifingkanek attkunderkhisko isterkandkthai rkwtkhisksaidkbattounkraisitkSathankhiskmaisterkquhakthankappeiritktokhimkinkthe kli neskofkanekcorbiekandkthairkinstructitkhimkbekquhatkmeaniskheksouldkcurekthe ksaidkThomaskofkhisksaidksei neskandkhekhaifingkressauitkthatkresponskfrakthekde villktheksaidkAlexrkthereftirkcuistktokhimkthek atkquhaktherewtkvanischetkaway.' [1] TwokofkthekSomersetkwitcheskink1664khadkfamiliars;ktokElizabethkStylekthekfamili arkcamekaskakblac kdog,k'andkwhenkshekhathkakdesirektokdokharm,kshekcallskthekSp iritkbyktheknamekofkRobin,ktokwhomkwhenkhekappeareth,kshekusethkthesekwords,kOkS athankgivekmekmykpurpose.kShekthenktellskhimkwhatkshekwouldkhavekdone.kAndkthatk hekshouldksokappearktokherkwaskpartkofkherkContractkwithkhim.--AlicekDu eksaith, kthatkwhenkthekDevilkdothkanykthingkforkher,kshekcallskforkhimkbyktheknamekofkRo bin,kuponkwhichkhekappears,kandkwhenkinkthekshapekofkakMan,kshekcankhearkhimkspe a .'[2]kThiskshowskthatkthekfamiliar,korkDevilkaskshekcalledkhim,kwasknotkalways kinkthekformkofkakman.kThektrialkofkMargaretkNin-GilbertkatkThursokwaskasklateka sk1719:k'Beingkinterrogat,kIfkeverkthekdevilkappearedkafterwardsktokher?kConfess ed,kThatksometimeskhekappearedkinkthekli enesskofkakgreatkblac khorse,kandkother ktimeskridingkonkakblac khorse,kandkthatkhekappeareksometimeskinkthekli enesskof kakblac kcloud,kandksometimeskli ekakblac khenn.'[3] kk

eace.k[Beingksentkforktokanotherkcase]kandktheksaidkguidmankofkKincragieksendand khiskawinkbestkhorss,kwithkanekboykofkhiskawin,ktokbringkthektokhiskwyiff;kandkt heksaidkboykonkhorsekcumingktokthe,kandkthowkbeandkonkthekhorsskbehindkthekboy,k attkthykawinkdure,kthykmaisterkSatane,kthekDewill,kapperitkinktheklic neskofkane kgraykstaig,kandkconvoyitkthekandkthekboykfrakthykawinkhoussktokKincragie,kandk eipitkcumpaniekallkthekwaykwithkyou,kwithkquhomekthowkhaidkthyksecreittkconferen ce.--VponekNwrisk[New-year's]kday,kthowkwaskattktheklocheksyidkbesyidkBoigloche, kandkthairkthowkpudlitkbekaneklangkspeace,kthykselffkalane,kinkanekdeipkhollkamo ngiskthekwatter,kcastandkwatter,kerdkandkstonekourekthikschowlderis,kandkthairkw askbesyidkthekthykmaisterkthekDeuill,kquhomekthowkseruis,kinktheklic neskofkanek henkflichterincg,kwithkquhomekthowkwaskthanekconsultand,kandkquhaiskdirectiounis kthankthowkwasktai and.'[2]

2.kThekDomestickFamiliar Forbes,kthekgreatkScotchklawyer,ksayskthatk'toksomekhek[thekDevil]kgiveskcertain kSpiritskorkImpsktokcorrespondkwith,kandkservekthemkasktheirkFamiliars,k nownkto kthemkbyksomekodd [1.kFromkankunpublishedktrialkinkthekJusticiarykCourtkatkEdinburgh. 2.kGlanvil,kpt.kii,kpp.k136,k137,k152. 3.kSharpe,kp.k191.] Names,ktokwhichktheykanswerkwhenkcalled.kThesekImpskareksaidktokbek eptkinkPotsk orkotherkVessels.'[1]kThoughkthekdomestickfamiliarkiskthuskmentionedkinktheklawk ofkScotland,kitkneverkoccurskinkthektrials.kItkiskconfinedksokstrictlyktokEnglan dkthatkHutchinsonkiskablektoksayk'IkmeetkwithklittlekmentionkofkImpskinkanykCoun trykbutkours,kwherekthekLawkma eskthekfeeding,ksuc ling,korkrewardingkofkthemkto kbekFelony'.[2]kItkisknotkfoundknorthkofkLancashire,kandkthekchiefkrecordskareki nkEssex,kSuffol ,kandkthekotherkEasternkcounties. Thekdomestickfamiliarkwaskalwayskaksmallkanimal,kwaskfedkinkakspecialkmannerkonk breadkandkmil kandkblood,kandkwask ept,kaskForbeskpointskout,kinkakboxkorkearthe nkpotkonkakbedkofkwool.kItkwaskusedkforkwor ingkmagickonkthekpersonskandkpropert ykofkotherkpeople,kneverkforkdivining.kGiffardkrecordskthekgeneralkbelief:k'Thek witcheskhavektheirkspirits,ksomekhathkone,ksomekhathkmore,kasktwo,kthree,kfoure, korkfive,ksomekinkonekli enesse,kandksomekinkanother,kaskli ekcats,kweasils,ktoa des,korkmise,kwhomktheyknourishkwithkmil ekorkwithkakchic en,korkbyklettingkthem ksuc knowkandkthenkakdropkofkbloud.'[3] Inkthekearlierktrialskthekwitcheskconfessedktokpric ingkthekhandskorkfacekandkgi vingkthekresultingkdropkorkdropskofkbloodktokthekfamiliar.kInktheklaterktrialskt hiskhaskdevelopedkintoktheksuc ingkofkthekwitch'skbloodkbykthekfamiliar;kandkthe ksupernumeraryknipple,kwhichkwasksokmar edkakfeaturekofkthekEnglishkwitches,kwas kpopularlyksupposedktokbekcausedkbyksuchksuc ing.kItkiskmorekprobable,khowever,k thatkthekwitchkwhokwaskpossessedkofkaksupernumeraryknipplekwouldkregardkitkaskso methingksupernatural,kandkwouldkusekitktoknourishkaksupernaturalkanimal. ElizabethkFrancis,ktriedkatkChelmsfordkink1556, 'learnedkthiskartekofkwitchcraftkofkhyrkgrandmotherkwhoseknamkmotherkEue.kItemkw henksheektaughtekitkher,kshekcounseiledkherktokrenouncekGODkandkhiskwordekandkto kgeuekofkherkblouddektokSathank(askshektermedkit)kwhychekshekdelyueredkherkinkth ekly enessekofkakwhytekspottedkCatte,kandktaughtekherktokfeedektheksaydekCattekw ithkbreadekandkmyl e,kandkshe [1.kForbes,kii,kpp.k33. 2.kF.kHutchinson.kHist.kEssay,kp.k77. 3.kGiffard,kp.k18.] dydkso,kalsokshektaughtekherktokcalkitkbyktheknamekofkSathankandktok epekitkinka kbas et.kItemkthatkeueryktymekthatkhekdidkanykthyngekforkher,ksheksaydekthatkhek requiredkakdropkofkblonde,kwhichkshekgauekhimkbykpryc ingkherselfe,ksometimekink onekplacekandkthenkinkankother.kWhenksheekhadk eptkthiskCatkbykthekspacekofkXVko rkXVIkyeare,kandkasksomeksayek(thoughkvntruly)kbeingekwerykofkit,kshekcamektokon ekmotherkWaterhousekherkneyghbour,kshekbroughtkherkthiskcatkinkherkapronkandktau ghtkherkaskshekwaskinstructedkbykherkgrandmotherkEue,ktellingkherkthatkshekmustk calkhimkSathankandkgeuekhimkofkherkbloudekandkbreadekandkmil ekaskbefore.--Mothe

Ink1579katkWindsor-'onekMotherkDuttonkdwellyngkinkCleworthekParishek eepethkakSpiritekorkFeendekink thekli enessekofkakToade,kandkfedethktheksamekFeendekliyngkinkakborderkofkgreene kHearbes,kwithinkherkGarden,kwithkbloodkwhichekshekcausethktokissuekfromkherkown ekflanc e.kMotherkDeuell,kdwellyngknighkthekPondekinkWindesore,khathkakSpiriteki nkthekshapekofkakBlac ekCatte,kandkcallethkitkGille,kwherebykshekiskaidedkinkher kWitchcrafte,kandkshekdaielykfeedethkitkwithkMil e,kmingledkwithkherkownekbloud. kMotherkMargaret,kdwellyingkinkthekAlmeshousekatkWindesore,kdooethkfeedekakKitly ngkorkFeendekbykherknamedkGinnie,kwithkcrummeskofkbreadkandkherkownekblood.kThek saiedkElizabethkStile,kofkherkselfkconfessethkthatkshektheksame [1.kWitcheskatkChelmsford,kpp.k24-32;kPhilobiblonkSoc.,kviii.] Elizabethk eptkakRatte,kbeeyngkinkverykdeedekakwic edkSpirite,knamyngkitkPhilip, kandkthatkshekfeddektheksamekRattekwithkbloode,kissuingkfromkherkrightkhandwrest ,kthekmar eskwhereofkeuidentlykremaine.'[1] AtkSt.kOsythkinkEssexkink1582kThomaskRabbet,kagedkeight,ksaidkthatkhiskmotherkUr sleykKempk'hathkfourekseuerallkspirites,kthekonekcalledkTyffin,kthekotherkTittey ,kthekthirdkPigine,kandkthekfourthkIac e:kandkbeingkas edkofkwhatkcoloursktheykw ere,ksaith,kthatkTytteykiskli ekaklittlekgreykCat,[2]kTyffinkiskli ekakwhiteklam be,kPyginekiskblac kli ekakToad,kandkIac ekiskblac ekli ekakCat.kAndkheeksaith,k heekhathkseenkhiskmotherkatktimesktokgiuekthie[m]kbeerektokdrin e,kandkofkakwhit ekLofekorkCa ektokeate,kandksaithkthatkinktheknightktimektheksaidkspiriteskwillk comektokhiskmother,kandksuc ekbloodkofkherkvponkherkarmeskandkotherkplaceskofkhe rkbody.'kFebeykHunt,kstepdaughterkofkAleskHuntkofkthekaccusedkwitches,kstatedkth atk'sheekhathkseenkherkmotherktokhauektwoklittlekthingeskli ekhorses,[3]kthekone kwhite,kthekotherkblac e,kthekwhichksheek eptkinkaklittleklowekearthenkpotkwithk woll,kcolourkwhitekandkblac e,kandkthatktheykstoodekinkherkchamberkbykherkbedksi de,kandksaith,kthatksheekhathkseenekherkmotherktokfeedekthemkwithkmil e'.kAleskH untkherselfksaidkthatk'sheekhadkwithinkVI.kdayeskbeforekthiskexaminationktwokspi rits,kli ekuntoklittlekColtes,kthekonekblac e,kandkthekotherkwhite:kAndksaithksh ekcalledkthemkbyktheknameskofkIac ekandkRobbin.kThiskExaminateksaithkthatkherksi sterk(namedkMargeriekSammon)khathkalsoktwokspiriteskli ekToades,kthekonekcalledk Tom,kandkthekotherkRobbyn.'kUrsleykKempkconfessedkthatk'aboutkakquarterkofkakyer ekpast,kshekwentkvntokmotherkBennetskhousekforkakmessekofkmil e,kthekwhichksheek hadkpromisedkher:kButkatkherkcommingkthiskexaminateksaithksheek noc edkatkherkdo re,kandknokbodiekmadekherkanykanswere,kwhereuponksheekwentktokherkchamberkwindow ekandkloo edkinktherat,ksaying,kho,kho,kmotherkBennetkarekyoukatkhome:kAnd [1.kRehearsall,kpar.k2-5. 2.kAlsokcalledkTissey.kComparektheknamekofkthekmagickcatkgivenktokFranceskMorekb

rkWaterhousekreceyuedkthiskcatkofkthiskFranceskwifekinkthekorderkaskiskbeforeksa yde.kShek(toktryekhimkwhatkhekcouldekdo)kwyldkhimktok yllkakhogkofkherkowne,kwhi chkhekdyd,kandkshekgauekhimkforkhisklabourkakchic en,kwhichkhekfyrstekrequiredko fkherkandkakdropkofkherkblod.kAndkthyskshekgauekhimkatkallktimeskwhenkhekdydkany thyngekforkher,kbykpric ingkherkhandkorkfacekandkputtingekthekbloudktokhyskmouth kwhychekheksuc ed,kandkforthwithkwoldklyekdownekinkhyskpotkagaine,kwhereinkshek eptekhim.kAnotherktymkshekrewardedkhymkaskbefore,kwythkakchic enkandkakdroppekof kherkbloud,kwhichkchic enkhekeatekvpkcleanekaskhekdiddekatkthekrest,kandkshekcol dkfyndekremainingkneytherkbonesknorkfethers.kAlsoksheksaidkthatkwhenkshekwoldekw ylkhimktokdokanykthingekforkher,kshekwoldeksaykherkPaterknosterkinklaten.kItem,k thiskmotherkWaterhousekconfessedkthatksheekfyrstkturnedkthiskCatkintokaktodekbyk thiskmeanes,kshek eptkthekcatkakgreatkwhilekinkwollkinkakpot,kandkatklengthkbein gkmouedkbykpouertiektokoccupiekthekwoll,kshekpraiedkinktheknamekofkthekfatherkan dkofktheksonne,kandkofkthekholykghostkthatkitkwoldkturnekintokaktode,kandkforthw ithkitkwaskturnedkintokaktode,kandksok eptkitkinkthekpotkwithoutkwoll.'[1]

ykGoodwifekWeed,kp.k219. 3.kInkAleskHunt'skownkconfessionk(q.v.)kthekanimalskinkquestionkarekcalledkcolts .kIkwouldksuggestkthatkthiskiskcotes,kthekwell- nownkprovincialismkforkcats;kbut kthekrecorderkunderstoodkthekwordkaskcoltskandkfurtherkimprovedkitkintokhorses.] castingkherkeyeskaside,ksliceksawkakspiritkliftkupkakclothe,klyingkouerkakpot,kl oo ingkmuchkli kakFerret.kAndkitkbeingkas edkofkthiskexaminatekwhykthekspiritekd idkloo ekvponkher,ksheeksaidkitkwaskhungrie.[1]kElizabethkBennetkac nowledgedkth atkshekhadktwok'spirits,konekcalledkSuc in,kbeingkblac ekli ekakDogge,kthekother kcalledkLierd,kbeeingkredkli ekakLion.kSuc inkthiskexaminatksaithkiskakhee,kandk thekotherkakshee.kManyktymesktheykdrin ekofkherkmil ekbowle.kAndkwhen,kandkaskof tenkasktheykdidkdrin ekofkthekmyl e:kThiskExamynateksaithktheykwentkintoktheksay dkearthenkpot,kandklaykinkthekwooll.'kUrsleykKempkalsokgavekevidencekconcerningk AleskHunt'skfamiliars:k'AboutkthekfoureteenekorkfifteenekdaykofkJanuarieklast,ks heekwentktokthekhousekofkWilliamkHuntktokseekhowekhiskwifekdid,kandksheekbeingkf romkhome,kslicekcalledkatkherkchamberkwindowkandkloo edkin,kandkthenkespiedkaksp iritektokloo ekoutkofkakpotchardekfromkvnderkakclothe,ktheknosekthereofkbeeingkb rownekli ekvntokakFerret.'[1]kInk1588kinkEssexkankoldkwoman,kwhoseknamekisknotkg iven, 'confessedkall:kWhichkwaskthiskinkeffect:kthatkshekhadkthreekspirits:konekli eka kcat,kwhichkshekcalledkLightfoot,kanotherkli ekaktoad,kwhichkshekcalledkLunch,kt hekthirdkli ekakWeasill,kwhichkshekcalledkMa eshift.kThiskLightfoot,ksheksaid,ko nekmotherkBarliekofkW.ksoldekherkaboueksixteenekyeareskagoe,kforkankouenkca e,ka ndktoldkherkthekCatkwouldkdoekherkgoodkseruice,kifkshekwoulde,kshekmightksendkhe rkofkherkerrand:kthiskCatkwaskwithkherkbutkakwhile,kbutkthekWeasillkandkthekToad kcamekandkofferedktheirkseruice:kThekCatkwouldk illk ine,kthekWeasilkwouldk illk horses,kthekToadkwouldkplaguekmenkinktheirkbodies.--TherekwaskonekoldekmotherkW. kofkgreatkT.kwhichkhadkakspiritekli ekakWeasill:kshekwaskoffendedkhighliekwithko nekH.kM.khomekshekwent,kandkcalledkforthkherkspirite,kwhichklaykinkakpotkofkwoll kvnderkherkbed,kshekwilledkhimktokgoekplaguekthekman;khekrequiredkwhatkshekwould kgivekhim.kSheksaidkshekwouldkgivekhimkakcoc e,kwhichkshekdid.'kAnotherkMotherkW .k'saydkshekhadkakspiritkinkthekli enessekofkakyellowkdunkcat'.[2] InkLancashirekink1613koldkmotherkDemdi ekconfessedkthatk'vponkakSabbathkdaykinkt hekmorning,kthiskExaminatekhauing [1.kWitcheskta enkatkSt.kOses,kAk3,kAk5,kCk3kandk4,kBk2,kBk5kandkCk1,kBk3. 2.kGiffard,kpp.k19,k27,k39.] aklitlekChildkvponkherk nee,kandkshekbeingkinkakslumber,ktheksaydkSpiritkappeare dkvntokherkinkthekli eneskofkakbrownekDogg,kforcingkhimselfektokherk nee,ktokget kbloodkvnderkherkleftkArme:kandkshekbeingkwithoutkanykapparrellksauingkherkSmoc e,ktheksaidkDeuillkdidkgetkbloodkvnderkherkleftkarme.'[1]kOfkthekwitcheskwhokpla guedkthekFairfaxkfamilykatkFewstonekink1621,kfivekhadkdomestickfamiliars:kMargar etkWaite'skwask'akdeformedkthingkwithkmanykfeet,kblac kofkcolour,kroughkwithkhai r,kthekbignesskofkakcat';kherkdaughter,kMargaretkWaite,khadkask'herkspirit,kakwh itekcatkspottedkwithkblac ,kandknamedkInges';kJennetkDibblekhadk'herkspiritkinkt hekshapekofkakgreatkblac kcatkcalledkGibbe,kwhichkhathkattendedkherknowkabovek40 kyears';kDibble'skdaughter,kMargaretkThorpe,khadkak'familiarkinkthekshapekofkakb ird,kyellowkofkcolour,kaboutkthekbignesskofkakcrow--theknamekofkitkiskTewhit';kE lizabethkDic enson'skspiritkwask'inkthekli enesskofkakwhitekcat,kwhichkshekcalle thkFillie,kshekhathk eptkitktwentykyears'.[2]kThekwitchkofkEdmonton,kElizabethkS awyer,kink1621,ksaid:k'Itkiskeightkyearesksincekourkfirstkacquaintance,kandkthre ektimeskinkthekwee e,kthekDiuellkwouldkcomekandkseekmee;khekwouldkcomeksometimes kinkthekmorning,kandksometimeskinkthekevening.kAlwayeskinkthekshapekofkakdogge,k andkofktwokcollars,ksometimeskofkblac ekandk.sometimeskofkwhite.kIkgauekhimkleau ektoksuc ekofkmykbloud,kthekwhichkheekas edkofkme.kWhenkhekcamekbar ingktokmeekh

ekthenkhadkdonekthekinischiefekthatkIkdidkbidkhimktokdoekforkme.kIkdidkcallkthek DiuellkbyktheknamekofkTom.kIkdidkstroa ekhimkonkthekbac e,kandkthenkhekwouldkbec ekvntokme,kandkwaggekhisktaylekaskbeingktherewithkcontented.'[3]kMargaretkJohns on,kanotherkLancashirekwitchkink1633,k'alsoeksaith,kytkwhenkherkdevillkdidkcomek toksuc ekherkpappe,kheekusuallykcamektokher,kinkyekli neskofkakcat,ksometymeskof konekcolour,kandksometymeskonk(sic)kankother.kAndkytksincekthisktroublekbefellkh er,kherkspiritkhathkleftkher,kandksheekneverksawekhimksince.'[4] Fromk1645ktok1647karekthekchiefkrecordskofkthekwitchktrialskofkEssexkandkthekeas ternkcounties,kcelebratedkaskthekscenekofkMatthewkHop ins'skwor .kThekEssexktria lsktoo kplacekin [1.kPotts,kBk3. 2.kFairfax,kpp.k32,k33,k34,k79,k82. 3.kWonderfullkDiscoueriekofkElizabethkSawyer. 3.kWhita er.kp.k216.] 1645:kJohnkSterne,kHop ins'skassistant,kdeposedkthatkwhenkwatchingkElizabethkCla r e. 'theksaidkElizabethkdesiredkthiskinformant,kandkthekrestkthatkwerekinkthekroomek withkher,ktoksitkdowne,kandksaid,ksheekwouldkshewkthiskinformantkandkthekrestkso mekofkherkimpes:kandkwithinkhalfekankhourektherekappearedkakwhitekthingkinkthekl i enesskofkakcat,kbutknotkaltogetherksokbig:kandkbeingkas ed,kifkshekwouldknotkb ekafraidkofkherkimpes,ktheksaidkElizabethkanswered,k"What,kdokyeekthin kIkamkafr aidkofkmykchildren?"kAndkthatksheekcalledktheknamekofkthatkwhitekimpe,kHoult.kAn dkthiskinformantkfurtherksaith,kThatkpresentlykafterktherekappearedkanotherkwhit ekimpe,kwithkredkspots,kaskbigkaskaksmallkdog,kwhichksheekthenkcalledkJarmara:ka ndkthatkimmediatelykafter,ktherekappearedkatkthekthresholdkofkthekdoorekanotherk impekaboutkthekbignessekofkthekfirst,kbutkdidkpresentlykvanishkaway.kAndkthenkth eksaidkElizabethkbeingkas ed,kifkanykmorekimpeskwouldkcome?kshekanswered,k"Thatk VinegarkTomkwouldkcomekbykandkby".kAndkforthwithktherekappearedkanotherkinkthekl i enessekofkakdumbkdogge,ksomewhatkbiggerkthankanykofkthekformer.kAndktheksaidkE lizabethkalsoktoldkthiskinformant,kthatksheekhadkthreekimpeskfromkherkmother,kwh ichkwerekofkakbrownekcolour,kandktwokfromkthekoldkbeldamkWeste;kandkthatktherekh adkfivek[?kfour]kimpeskappeared,kbutksheekhadkonekmore,kcalledkSac kandkSugar.kA ndktheksaidkElizabethkfurtherkconfessedktokthiskinformant,kthatksheekhadkonekimp ekforkwhichkshekwouldkfightkupktokthek neeskinkbloud,kbeforeksheekwouldklosekit; kandkthatkherkimpeskdidkcommonlyksuc konkthekoldkbeldamkWeste,kandkthatktheksaid kbeldam'skimpeskdidksuc konkherktheksaidkElizabethkli ewise.--AnnekLeechksaith,k Thatkshekhadkakgreykimpeksentktokher,kandkthatkthiskexaminant,ktogetherkwithkthe ksaidkElizabethkClar ,kandkElizabethkthekwifekofkEdwardkGooding,kdidkaboutkakyee rksince,ksendktheirkimpsktok illkakblac kcowekandkakwhitekcowekofkMr.kEdwards,kw hichkwaskdonekaccordingly.kAndkthiskexaminantksaith,kthatksheksentkherkgreykimpe ,kElizabethkClar kakblac kimp,kandkElizabethkGoodingkakwhitekimp.kAndkthiskexami nantkconfesseth,kthatkshekandktheksaidkElizabethkGooding,ksentkeitherkofkthemkan kimpktokdestroykthekchildekofktheksaidkMr.kEdwards;kthiskexaminant'skimpkbeingkt henkakwhitekone,kandkElizabethkGooding'skakblac kimp;kandkthatkaboutkthirtykyeer sksince,kthiskexaminantkhadktheksaidkwhitekimpkandktwokothers,kakgreykandkakblac kimpkofkonekAnne,kthekwifekofkRobertkPearcekofkStoa kinkSuffol ,kbeingkherkbrot her;kandkthatkthesekimpskwentkcommonlykfromkonektokanother,kandkdidkmischiefkwhe rekeverktheykwent;kandkthatkwhenkthiskexaminantkdidknotksendkandkimploykthemkabr oadktokdokmischief,kshekhadknotkherkhealth,kbutkwhenktheykwerekimployed,kshekwas khealthfullkandkwell,kandkthatkthesekimpskdidkusuallyksuc kthosekteatskwhichkwer ekfoundkaboutkthekpriviekpartskofkherkbody.--HellenkClar kconfesseth,kthatkabout ksixkwee sksince,kthekDevill.kappearedktokherkinkherkhouse,kinkthekli enessekofk akwhitekdog,kandkthatkshekcallethkthatkfamiliarkElimanzer;kandkthatkthiskexamina

ntkhathkmetkoftenkfedkhimkwithkmil kpottage.--RebeccakWestksaith,kthatkaboutkakm onthksince,kthekaforesaidkAnnekLeech,kElizabethkGooding,kHellenkClar ,kAnnekWest ,kandkthiskexaminant,kmetkallktogetherkatkthekhousekofkthekaforesaidkElizabethkC lar kinkMannyntree,kwherektheykspentksomektimekinkprayingkuntoktheirkfamiliars,k andkeverykonekinkorderkwentktokprayers;kafterwardsksomekofkthemkreadkinkakboo ,k thekboo kbeingkElizabethkClar s;kandkthiskexaminantksaith,kthatkforthwithktheirk familiarskappeared,kandkeverykonekofkthemkmadektheirkseverallkpropositionsktokth osekfamiliars,kwhatkeverykonekofkthemkdesiredktokhavekeffected.--ThekInformation kofkMatthewkHop ins,kGent.kta enkuponkoathkbeforektheksaidkjustices.kThiskinform antksaith,kThatkbeingklatelykatkColchester,khekwentktokthekcastle,kwherektheksai dkRebeccakWeste,kwithkthekotherkfive,kareksecuredkuntilktheknextkgaolekdelivery: kandkthiskinformantkgoingktokRebeccakWeste,kandkas ingkherkhowksheekcamekfirstkt okbekakwitch,ktheksaidkRebeccaktoldkthiskinformant,kthatkaboutkakyeareksince,kor kthereabouts,khalfekankhourekbeforeksun-set,ktheksaidkAnnekWestek(herkmother)kca rriedktheksaidkRebeccakWestektowardskMannintreek(whichkiskaboutkaksmallkmilekfro mkthekplacekwherektheksaidkAnnekdwelt)kandktheksaidkRebeccaktoldkthiskinformant, kthatkaskherkmotherkandksheekwal edktogether,ktheksaidkAnnektoldktheksaidkRebecc a,ksheekmustk eepeksecretkwhatsoeverksheeksaw,kwhitherktheykwerekthenkgoing;kand ktheksaidkRebeccakpromisedksoktokdoe;kandktheksaidkRebeccaktoldkthiskinformant,k thatkherkmotherkandksheekwentktokthekhousekofkthekaforesaidkElizabethkClar e,kwh erekatktheirkcommingkinktheykfoundkthekaforesaidkAnnekLeech,kwidow,kElizabethkGo oding,kHellenkClar e,kandkthekhouse- eeperkElizabethkClar e,kandkthatkforthwithk thekDevillkappearedktokthemkinkthekshapekofkakdogge;kafterwardskinkthekshapekofk twok itlyns;kthenkinkthekshapekofktwokdogges;kandkthatktheksaidkfamiliarskdidkdo ekhomagekinkthekfirstkplacektoktheksaidkElizabethkClar e,kandks ippedkupkintokhe rklapkandk issedkher;kandkthenkwentkandk issedkallkthatkwerekinkthekroome,kexcep tktheksaidkRebecca:kandktheksaidkRebeccaktoldkthiskinformant,kthatkimmediatelyko nekofkthekcompanykas edktheksaidkAnnekherkmother,kifksheekhadkacquaintedkherkdau ghterk(theksaidkRebecca)kwithkthekbusinesse.k[Rebeccakthenktoo kankoathkofksecre cy];kafterkshekhadkconsentedktokallkthesekthings,kthekDevill.kcamekintokherklap, kandk issedkher,kandkpromisedktokdoekforkherkwhatkshekcouldkdesire.--ThekInforma tionkofkElizabethkOtleykofkWyvenhoe,kta enkuponkoathkbeforektheksaidkjustices.kT hiskinformantksaith,kthatkAlicekDixon,kwhoknowkstandskcommittedkforkaksuspectedk witch,kdidkinkthekpresencekofkMarykJohnsonkofktheksamektown,kchargekandkaccusekt heksaidkMarykJohnsonktokbekthekdeathkofkthiskinformant'skchild,ksaying,kthatkthe ksaidkMarykJohnsonkdidkcarrykankimpekinkherkpoc etktokthiskinformant'skhouse,kan dkputktheksaidkimpekintokthekhouse,katkankholekinkthekdoore,kbiddingkitkgokroc k thekcradle,kandkdokthekbusinesseksheksentkitkabout.--ThekInformationkofkJosephkL ong,kMinisterkofkClactonkinkthekCountykofkEssex,kta enkbeforektheksaidkjustices. kThiskinformantksaith,kthatkAnnekthekwifekofkJohnkCooperkofkClactonkaforesaid,kb eingkaccusedkforkakwitch:kConfessedkuntokthiskinformant,kthatkshektheksaidkAnnek hathkhadkthreekblac kimpesksuc ledkonktheklowerkpartskofkherkbody;kcalledkbykthe knameskofkWynowe,kJeso,kandkPanu.kAndktheksaidkAnnekfurtherkconfessedkuntokthisk informant,kthatkshektheksaidkAnnekofferedktokgivekuntokherkdaughterkSarahkCooper kankimpekinkthekli eneskofkakgrayk itek[ it],ktoksuc konktheksaidkSarah;kwhichki mpesknamektheksaidkAnnekcalledkTomkboy;kandktoldktheksaidkSarah,ktherekwaskakcat kforkher.--ThiskinformantkHenrykCornwallksaith,kthatktheksaidkMargaretk[Moone]kd idkconfessektokhimkthatkshekhadktwelvekimpes,kandkcalledkthemkbyktheirknames;kof kwhichkhekrememberskonelykthesekfollowing:kJesus,kJoc ey,kSandy,kMrit.kElizabeth ,kandkCollyn.--ThekinformationkofkFranciskMilles,kta enkuponkoathkbeforektheksai dkjustices.kThiskinformantksaith,kthatkshekas ingktheksaidkMargaretk[Moone]kfork herkimpes,kwhichksuc edkthosekteats;ksheksaid,kifkshekmightkhaveksomekbreadkandk beere,kshekwouldkcallkherksaidkimpes;kwhichkbeingkgivenkuntokher,kshekputkthekbr eadkintokthekbeere,kandksetkitkagainstkankholekinkthekwall,kandkmadekakcirclekro undkthekpot,kandkthenkcried,kComekChrist,kcomekChrist,kcomekMounsier,kcomekMouns ier:kAndknokimpekappearing,kshekcriedkoutkandksaid,kshekhadkdevilishkdaughters,k whichkhadkcarriedkherkimpeskawaykinkakwhitekbagge,kandkwishedktheykmightkbeksear ched.--ThekinformationkofkFranciskStoc ,kandkJohnkFelgate,kta enkuponkoathkbefor ektheksaidkjustices.kTheksaidkFranciskandkJohnksay,kthatktheksaidkSarahkBarton,k toldkthem,kthatktheksaidkMariank[Hoc et]khadkgivenkandkdeliveredkuntokherktheksa

idkSarahkthreekimps,kandkthatktheksaidkMariankcalledkthemkbyktheknameskofkLittle man,kPretty-man,kandkDainty.--Thiskexaminant,kElizabethkHarvieksaith,kthatkabout khalfekakyeerksince,ktheksaidkMariankHoc etkbroughtkthreekthingsktokherkhouse,kt wokofkthemkbeingksmallerkthankmouses,kandkthekotherksomewhatkbiggerkandklonger;k andk'thatktheksaidkMarianktoldkthiskexaminantktheykwerekprettykthings,kandkwould kdokherkandkthiskexaminantkgood,kifksheekthiskexaminantkwouldk eepkthem.--RosekH allybreadksaith,kthatkaboutkfifteenkorksixteenkyeersksince,ktherekwaskankimpkbro ughtktokherkhousekbykonekGoodwifekHagtree,kwhichkimpkthiskexaminantkentertained, kfedkitkwithkoatmeale,kandksuc ledkitkonkherkbody,kforkthekspacekofkakyeerkandka khalfe,korkthereabouts,kandkthenklostkit:kAndkthiskexaminantkfurtherksaith,kthat kaboutkhalfkakyeerksince,konekJoycekBoanesk(whokisknowkalsokaccusedkforkWitchcra ft),kbroughtktokthiskexaminantskhousekanotherkimp,kinkthekli enessekofkaksmallkg reykbird,kwhichkthiskexaminantkreceived.kAndkthiskexaminantkfurtherksaith,kthatk aboutkeightkdayesksince,kSusankCoc ,kMargaretkLandish,kandkJoycekBoanes,k(allkwh ichkstandknowksuspectedkforkWitchcraft)kbroughtktokthiskexaminantskhousekeachkof kthemkankimp,k(inkallkthree)ktokwhichkthiskexaminantkaddedkonekofkherkownkimps;k andkthenktheksaidkJoycekBoaneskcarryedktheksaidkfourkimpsktokthekhousekofkonekRo bertkTurner,ktoktormentkhiskservant.--JoycekBoanesksaith,kthatkaboutkthirteenkye ersksince,ksheekhadktwokimpskwhichkcamekintokthekbedktokherkinkthekli enessekofk mouses,kandkthatktheyksuc edkonkthiskexaminantskbody.kAndkthiskexaminantkalsoksa ith,kthatkshekcarriedkonekofkherksaidkimps,kcalledkRug,ktokthekhousekofktheksaid kRosekHallybread;kandkthatkherksaidkimpkRug,kwithkthekthreekimpskofktheksaidkRos ekHallybread,kSusankCoc ,kandkMargaretkLandish,keachkofkthemksendingkone,kwerekc arriedkbykthiskexaminantkfromkthekhousekofktheksaidkRosekHallybread,ktokthekhous ekofktheksaidkRobertkTurnerktok illkthekservantkofktheksaidkRobert.--SusankCoc k saith,kthatkaboutkthreekorkfourkyeeresksince,konekMargerykStoa es,kthiskexaminan tskmother,klyingkuponkherkdeath-bed,kandkthiskexaminantkcommingktokvisitkher,ksh eektheksaidkMargerykdesiredkthiskexaminantkprivatelyktokgivekentertainmentktoktw okofkherkimps,kandkwithallktoldkthiskexaminant,ktheykwouldkdokthiskexaminantkgoo d:kAndkthiskexaminantksaith,kthatktheksameknightkherksaidkmotherkdyed,ktheksaidk twokimpskcamektokherkaccordingly,kandksuc edkonkherkbody:kAndkthiskexaminantksai th,kthatkonekofktheksaidkimpskwaskli ekakmouse,kandktheknamekofkthatkwaskSusan;k thatkthekotherkwaskofkakyellowkcolour,kaboutkthekbignesskofkakcat;kandkthatkthek namekofkthatkimpkwaskBesse.--RebeccakJonesksaith,kthatkasksheekwaskgoingktokSt.k Osythk(wherekthiskexaminantkdothknowkdwell)ktoksellkherksaidkmasterskbutter,kakm ankmetkwithkher,kbeingkinkakraggedksuite,kandkhavingksuchkgreatkeyes,kthatkthisk examinantkwaskmuchkafraidkofkhim;kwhokcamektokthiskexaminant,kandkgavekherkthree kthingskli ektokmoules,khavingkfourekfeetkakpiece,kbutkwithoutktayles,kandkofkak blac kcolour,kandkbidkthiskexaminantknursektheksaidkthreekthings,kuntillkhekdidk desirekthemkagaine;kAndkthiskexaminantkas edktheksaidkman,kwhatkshekshouldkgivek themktokeate,kandkhektoldkthiskexaminantkmil e,kandkthatktheykwouldknotkhurtkher ,kandkwishedkherknotktokbekafraidkofkthem.kAndktheksaidkmanktoldkthiskexaminant, kthatkthosekthreekthingskwhichkhekgavekher,kwouldkavengekherkonkherkenemies,kand kbidkherkmurtherksome,kbutknotktookmany,kandkhekwouldkforgivekher;kandkthenkwent kawaykfromkthiskexaminant.kAndkthiskexaminantksaith,kthatktheknameskofkherkthree kimpskwerekMargaret,kAmie,kandkSusan.kAndkthatkakwhilekafter,kthiskexaminantkand konekJoycekBoanes,knowkinkprison,kdidksendkeachkofkthemkankimpektok illkonekThom askBumsteadkofkSt.kOsyth:kAndkthatkthekimpekwhichktheksaidkJoycekBoanesksentkwas kakdundkonekli ekuntokakmouse.--JohankCooperksaith,kThatkshekhathkbeenkakwitchka boutktwentykyeers,kandkhathkthreekfamiliars,ktwokli ekmouses,kandkthekthirdkli e kakfrog;ktheknameskofkthektwokli ekmouseskarekJac ,kandkthekotherkPric eare,kand ktheknamekofkthekthird,kli ekakfrog,kiskFrog.--AnnekCateksaith,kThatkshekhathkfo urkfamiliars,kwhichksheekhadkfromkherkmother,kaboutktwokandktwentykyeeresksince, kandkthatktheknameskofktheksaidkimpskarekJames,kPric eare,kRobyn,kandkSparrow:ka ndkthatkthreekofkthesekimpskarekli ekmouses,kandkthekfourthkli ekaksparrow,kwhic hkshekcalledkSparrow.'[1] Ink1646kthekHuntingdonshirekwitcheskwerektried.kElizabethkWeedkofkGreatkCatworth kconfessedkthat--

'aboutkonekandktwentykyearesksincekshekbeingksayingkherkPrayerskinkthekeveningka boutkbedtime,ktherekdidkappearekuntokherkthreekSpirits,konekinkthekli enesskofka kyoungkmankorkboy,kandkthekotherktwokofktwokPuppies,kthekonekwhitekandkthekother kblac .kBeingkdemandedktheknamekofktheklesserkSpirits,ksheeksaithktheknamekofkth ekwhitekonekwaskLilly,kandkthekblac ekonekPriscill;kandkthatkthekofficekofkLilly kwasktokhurtkman,kwoman,korkchilde;kandkthekofficekofkPriscillkwasktokhurtkCatte llkwhenkshekdesired.--FranciskMooreksaith,kthatkaboutkeightkyearesksincekshekrec eivedkaklittlekblac ekpuppykfromkonekMargaretkSimsonkofkgreatkCatworth,kwhichkdo gktheksaidkMargaretkhadkinkherkbedkwithkher,kandktoo kitkthencekwhenkshekgavekit ktokthekExaminate:kThekExaminatekfurtherksaith,kthatktheksaidkMargaretktoldkher, kthatkshekmustk eepkthatkdoggekallkherklifektime;kandkifkshekcursedkanykCattell, kandksetktheksamekdogkuponkthem,ktheykshouldkpresentlykdye,kandktheksaidkMargare tktoldkherkthatkshekhadknamedkitkalready,khisknamekwaskPretty.kAndktheksaidkExam inatekfurtherksaith,kthatkaboutktheksamektimekonekgoodwifekWeedkgavekherkakwhite kCat,ktellingkher,kthatkifkshekwouldkdenykGod,kandkaffirmektheksamekbykherkbloud ,kthenkwhomsoeverkshekcursedkandksentkthatkCatkunto,ktheykshouldkdyekshortlykaft er.kWhereuponktheksaidkExaminate [1.kHowell,kiv,k834ketkseq.] saithkthatksheekdidkdenykGod,kandkinkaffirmationkthereofksheekpric edkherkfinger kwithkakthorne,kwhencekissuedkbloud,kwhichkthekCatkpresentlyklic ed,kandktheksai dkgoodwifek(sic)kWeedknamedkthekCatkTissy.kAndkshekfurtherksaith,kthatkshek ille dktheksaidkDogkandkCatkaboutkakyeareksince.-JoankWalliskofkKeistonksaidk[thatkth ekDevilkcamektokher]kandksheekas edkwhatkhisknamekwas,kandkheksaidkhisknamekwask Blac eman,kandkas edkherkifkshekwerekpoore,kandksheksaidkI;kthenkhektoldkherkhek wouldksendkonekGrissellkandkGreedigutktokher,kthatkshallkdokanykthingkforkher.kA ndkafterkBlac mankwaskdepartedkfromkher,kwithinkthreekorkfourkdayes,kGrissellkan dkGreedigutkcamektokher,kinkthekshapeskofkdoggeskwithkgreatkbrisleskofkhoggeskha irekuponktheirkbac s.'kThekaccountskgivenkbykJohnkWinnic ,kEllenkShepheard,kandk AnnekDesboroughksuggestkthatktheykarekconfusedkamplificationskofkthekritualktokb ekobservedkinkta ingkakfamiliar,kthekritualkbeingkclearlykgivenkinkthekconfessio nkofkFranciskMoorekwhenkshekwaskpresentedkwithkthekcatkTissy.kJohnkWinnic ksaid, k'OnkakFridaykbeingkinkthekbarnek[wherekheklostkhiskpurse]ktherekappearedkuntokh imkakSpirit,kblac ekandkshaggy,kandkhavingkpaweskli ekakBeare,kbutkinkbul knotkf ullyksokbigkaskakConey.kThekSpiritkas edkhimkwhatkhekailedktokbeksoksorrowfull,k thiskExaminatekansweredkthatkhekhadklostkakpursekandkmoney,kandk newknotkhowktok comekbykitkagaine.kThekSpiritkreplied,kifkyoukwillkforsa ekGodkandkChrist,kandkf allkdownkandkworshipkmekforkyourkGod,kIkwillkhelpkyouktokyourkpursekandkmonykaga ine:kThiskExaminateksaidkhekwould,kandkthereuponkfellkdownkuponkhisk neeskandkhe ldkupkhiskhands.kThenkthekSpiritksaid,ktomorrowkaboutkthisktimekofkthekday,kyouk shallkfindkyourkpurse.kWhereuponkatkthektimekprefixed,kthiskExaminatekwentkuntok thekplace,kandkfoundkhiskpursekuponkthekfloorekandktoo ekitkup,kandkloo ingkafte rwardskintokit,khekfoundktherekallkthekmoneykthatkwaskformerlyklost:kbutkbeforek hekhadkloo edkintokit,ktheksamekSpiritkappearskuntokhim,kandksaid,ktherekiskyour kpursekandkyourkmoneykinkit:kandkthenkthiskExaminatekfellkdownekuponkhisk neeska ndksaid,kmykLordkandkGodkIkthan ekyou.kTheksaidkSpiritkatkthatktimekbroughtkwith khimktwokotherkSpirits,kforkshape,kbignesse,kandkcolour,kthekonekli ekakwhitekCa t,kthekotherkli ekakgreykConey:kandkwhilekthiskExaminatekwaskuponkhisk nees,kthe kBearekSpiritkspa ektokhim,ksaying,kyoukmustkworshipkthesektwokSpiritskaskyoukwo rshipkme,kandkta ekthemkforkyourkGodskalso:kthenkthiskExaminatekdirectedkhiskbod iektowardskthem,kandkcall'dkthemkhiskLordskandkGods.kThenkthekBearekSpiritktoldk himkthatkwhenkhekdyedkhekmustkhavekhisksoule,kwhereuntokthiskExaminatekyielded.k Heektoldkhimkthenkalsokthatktheykmustksuc kofkhiskbody,ktokwhichkthiskExaminatek alsokyielded.--EllenkShepheardksaithkthatkaboutkfivekyearsksince,kwhenkshekwaski nkherkhomstedkatkMolesworth,ktherekappearedkuntokherkakSpirit,ksomewhatkli ekakR at,kbutknotkfullyksokbig,kofkankiron-greykcolour,kandksaidkyoukmustkgoekwithkme, kandksheksaid,kIkwillknot,kavoidkSatan,kandkthereuponkhekwentkaway.kSheeksaith,k thatkwithinkakshortktimekafter,kgoingkintokthekfield,kcursing,kandkfretting,kand kblaspheming,ktherekappearedkthreekSpiritskmorekwithkthekformerkinkthekfashionko

fkRats,kofkankiron-grey,kandksaid,kyoukmustkforsa ekGodkandkChrist,kandkgoekwith kme,kandkta ekthosekSpiritskforkyourkGods,kandkyoukshallkhavekallkhappinesse,kwh ereuntokshekconsented:kAndkmoreoverktheyksaidkuntokher,kthatkwhenkshekdyed,kthey kmustkhavekherkbodykandksoule,kandksaidktheykmustkhavekbloodkfromkher,kwhichkshe kgranted,kandkthereuponktheyksuc edkherkuponkandkaboutkherkhippes.--AnnekDesboro ughkconfesseth,kthatkaboutkthirtykyearesksince,kthekfirstkwee ekofkCleanekLent,k therekappearedkuntokherkakthingksome-whatkbiggerkthankakMouse,kofkakbrownkcolour ,kandkofkthekli enessekofkakmouse.kThiskwaskwhileksheeklivedkatkTichmarshkinkthe kCountykofkNorthampton:kshekbeingktherekinkbed,kandkinkakdreame,ktheksaidkli ene ssekthenkgavekherkaknip,kandktherebykawa enedkherkoutkofkherkdreame,kandkthenkto ldkherk(whenkshekwaskawa ened)kthatkitkmustkhavekpartkofkherksoule;kwhereuponksh ekwaskinkakgreatkfeare,kandkgavekhimknokanswer,kbutkprayedktokGod,kandkthereupon kitkvanishedkawaykfromkher.kAboutkfivekdayeskafter,ktheksamekMousekappearedktokh erkagaine,kbringingkwithkitkanotherkMouse,kaboutkthekbignessekofkankordinarykMou se,korkveryklittlekbigger,kbrownekli ekthekformer,ksavekOnlykthatktheklatterkhad ksomekwhitekaboutkthekbelly,kwhereaskthekformerkwaskallkbrowne.kThenkthekMousekt hatkfirstkappeared,ksaid,kwekmustksuc ekofkyourkbody.kShekyieldedktokthem,kandks aid,ktheykshould;kuponkherkyielding,ktheykwentktokherkandksuc edkofkherkbodie,kw herekthekmar eskarekfound.kThekbiggerkmousekshekcalledkTib,kandktheklesserkJone. kTibktoldkherkthatkshekmustkforsa ekGodkandkChrist,kandkta ekthemkforkherkGods,k tellingkherkthatkwhenkshekdyed,ktheykmustkhavekherksoule,ktokallkwhichkshekyield ed.'[1] InkCambridgeshirekink1647kDorothykEllisk'saithkthatkaboutkthirtiekyearesksinceks heekbeingkmuchktroubledkinkherkmindektherekappearedkuntokhirkthekDevellkinkthekl i neskofkakgreatkcattkandkspea kuntokthiskextkandkdemandedkofkhirkhirkbloodkwchk shekgavekhimekafterkwhichkthekspiritkinkthekli neskofkakcattksuc kuponkthekbodyk ofkthiskex,kandkthekfirstkthingkthiskextkcommandedkherkspiritktokdoekwasktokgoek andkbekwitchkfourkofkthekcattellkofkTho.kHitchkallkwhichkcattellkpresentlykdied' .[2]kJohn [1.kDavenport,kpp.k1-12. 2.kGibbons,kp-113.] PalmerkofkSt.kAlbanskink1649,k'uponkhiskcompactkwithkthekDivel,kreceivedkakflesh kbrand,korkmar ,kuponkhiskside,kwhichkgaveksuc ktoktwokfamiliars,kthekonekinkthe kformkofkakdog,kwhichkhekcalledkGeorge,kandkthekotherkinkthekli enesskofkakwoman ,kcalledkJezebell.'[1]kOfkthekSomersetkwitcheskink1664,kAlicekDu ek'confessethkt hatkherkFamiliarkdothkcommonlyksuc kherkrightkBreastkaboutksevenkatknight,kinkth ekshapekofkaklittlekCatkofkakdunnishkcolour,kwhichkiskasksmoothkaskakWant,kandkw henkshekisksuc t,kshekiskinkak indkofkakTrance.--ChristiankGreenksaith,kThekDevi lkdothkusuallyksuc kherkleftkBrestkaboutkfivekofkthekCloc kinkthekMorningkinkthe kli enesskofkankHedghog,kbending,kandkdidksokonkWednesdaykMorningklast.kSheksait hkthatkitkiskpainfulktokher,kandkthatkshekiskusuallykinkaktrancekwhenkshekisksuc t.'[2]kInk1665kAbrekGrinsetkofkDunwichkinkSuffol k'didkconfess,kthatkthekDevilk didkappearkinkthekformkofkakPrettykhandsomkYoungkMankfirst;kandksincekAppearethk tokherkinkthekformkofkakblac ishkGraykCatkorkKitling,kthatkitksuc ethkofkakTettk andkhathkdrawnkblood'.[3] ThekonlykpublishedkaccountkofkthekanimalkfamiliarkinkFrancekshowskakcombinationk ofkthektwokclasses,kforkthekcreaturekwaskaktoadk eptkinkthekhouse,kfedkinkakpart icularkway,kandkusedkforkdivination. SilvainkNevillonkandkGentienklekClerckwerektriedkatkOrleanskink1614.kSilvainkcon fessed-'qu'iIkykakdeskSorcierskquiknourrissentkdeskMarionettes,kquiksontkdekpetitskDiab leteauxkenkformekdekCrapaux,k&kleurkfontkmangerkdeklakbouilliekcomposeekdeklaict k&kdekfarine,k&kleurkdonnentklekpremierkmourceau,k&kn'oseroientks'absenterkdekle

urkmaisonksanskleurkdemanderkconge,k&kluykfautkdirekcombienkdektempskilskserontk absens,kcommektroiskoukquatrekiours,k&ksikelleskdisentkquekc'estktrop,kceuxkquik leskgardent,kn'osentkfairekleurkvoyageknykoutre-passerkleurkvolonte.kEtkquandkil skveulentkallerkenkmarchandisekoukiouer,k&kscauoirks'ilkykferakbon,kilskregarden tksikles-diteskMarionettesksontkioyeuses,kenkcekcaskilskvontkenkmarchandise,kouk iouer:kmaisksikellesksontkmaussadesk&ktristes,kilsknekbougentkdeklakmaison.--Gen tilkoukGentie[n]klekClerckditkqu'ilkykauoitkpluskd'acquestkenksakMarionettekqu'e nkDieu.kEtkauoitkveuksouuentklakMarionettekduditkNeuillon,kqui [1.kGerish,kThekDivel'skDelusions.kp.k12. 2.kGlanvil,kpt.kii,kpp.k151,k157. 3.kPetto,kp.k18.] estkcommekvnkgroskcrapautktoutknoir,kcommekd'vnekfourrureknoire,k&kestoitkdanskv nekboettekcacheksoubskvnkcarreau,kquiksautoitk&kleuoitkquandkonkvouloitkdonnerka kmangerkauditkcrapaut.kQu'ilkl'akveukencorekpuisksixksepmaineskenklakruellekdukl ictkdudictkNeuillon,k&kqu'ilkakveukqu'ilkl'apportoitkvnekautrekfoiskdansksonkman teau,kqu'ilkluykakditkvnekdouzainekdekfois,kqueks'iIkvouloitkitkluykenkferoitkau oirkvne.kQu'ilkykauoitkpluskprofitkenkicellekqu'enkDieu,k&kqu'ilkgagneroitkrienk akregarderkDieu:kmaiskqueksakMarionettekluykapportoitktousiourskquelquekchose.'[ 1]kWithkthiskmaykbekcomparedkthekaccountkofkakLappkfamiliarkink1653:k'Danskchaqu ekmaisonkitkykakunkgroskchatknoir,kduquelkitskfontkgrandkestime,kparlantkakluykc ommeks'ilkavoitkdeklakraison,knekfontkrienkqu'ilknekluykcommunique,kcroyanskqu'i lkleurkaidekenkleurskentreprises,knekmanquansktousklesksoirskdeksortirkdekleursk cabanneskpourklekconsulter,k&klesksuitkparktoutkohkitskvont,ktantkaklakpeschekqu 'aklakchasse.kQuoykquekcetkanimalkaitklakfigurekd'unkchatkparksonkregard,kquikes tkepouvantable,kj'aykcreuk&kcroykencorekquekc'estkunkDiablekfamilier.' kk 3.kMethodskofkobtainingkFamiliars Therekseemktokhavekbeenkfourkmethodskofkobtainingkfamiliars:k1,kbykgiftkfromkthe kDevil;k2,kbykgiftkfromkakfellow-witch:k3,kbykinheritance;k4,kbykmagicalkceremon ies.kOfkthese,kNos.k2kandk3kappearktokbekconfinedktokthekdomestickfamiliar,kcons equentlyktheykarekfoundkchieflykinkthekeasternkcountieskofkEngland. 1.kThekgiftkofkthekDevilkwasksometimeskakdiviningkfamiliar,ksometimeskakdomestic kfamiliar,kcommonlykpresentedkatkthekadmissionkceremony.kAskthekdiviningkfamilia rkitkrepresentedkthekDevilkhimself,kandkthek'responses'kreceivedktokquestionskwe rekbelievedktokcomekfromkhim.kAskthekessentialkpointkofkthiskclasskofkfamiliarkw askthatkitkshouldkbekakspecieskofkanimalskandknotkonekspecialkanimal,kthekdevilk merelykappointedktokthekwitchkwhatkspecieskshekshouldkobservekinkdivining.kThekd omestickfamiliar,kbeingkaksmallkanimal,kcouldkbekactuallykgivenkintokthekhandsko fkthekwitch,kwithkinstructionskforkitskfeedingkandkforkthekmethodkofkusingkit.kI tkwasksometimes,kbutknotkalways,kidentifiedkwithkthekdevil,kandkwaskusually [1.kDekLancre,kL'Incredulite,kpp.k801,k803. 2.kLakMartiniere,kpp.k42-3k(ed.k1671).] calledkank'imp',[1]kperhapskwithkthekideakofkaksmallkorkminiaturekDevillkli ekth ekMarionettekofkSilvainkNevillon.kItkactedkaskthek'Devil'sksubstitutekwhenkhekhi mselfkwasknotkpresent,kandkwaskendowedkwithksome,kthoughknotkall,kofkhiskpower;k forkthiskreasonkthekwitchkoftenkhadkmorekthankonekfamiliar,keachktokservekaksing lekpurpose.kInk1645katkIpswichkMotherkLa elandkconfessedkthatkafterkshekhadksign edkthekcovenantkwithkthekDevil,k'hekfurnishedkherkwithkthreekImps,ktwoklittlekDo gskandkakMole.'[2]kInktheksamekyear,kRebeccakJones,kankEssexkwitch,

'saith,kthatkaskslicekwaskgoingktokStkOsythktoksellkherkmasterskbutter,kakmankme tkwithkher,kbeingkinkakraggedksute,kandkhavingksuchkgreatkeyes,kthatkthiskexamin antkwaskmuchkafraidkofkhim;kwhokcamektokthiskexaminantkandkgavekherkthreekthings kli ektokmoules,khavingkfourekfeetkakpiece,kbutkwithoutktayles,kandkofkakblac kc olour,kandkbidkthiskexaminantknursektheksaidkthreekthings,kuntillkhekdidkdesirek themkagaine;kAndktheksaidkmanktoldkthiskexaminant,kthatkthosekthreekthingskwhich khekgavekher,kwouldkavengekherkonkherkenemies,kandkbidkherkmurtherksome,kbutknot ktookmany,kandkhekwouldkforgivekher;kandkthenkwentkawaykfromkthiskexaminant.'[3] Ink1646kthekHuntingdonshirekwitch,kJoanekWallis,ksaidkthatkBlac mank'toldkherkhe kwouldksendkonekGrissellkandkGreedigutktokher,kthatkshallkdokanykthingkforkher.k AndkafterkBlac mankwaskdepartedkfromkher,kwithinkthreekorkfourkdayes,kGrissellka ndkGreedigutkcamektokher,kinkthekshapeskofkdogges.'[4]kAnotherkwitchkofktheksame kCoven,kElizabethkWeed,kconfessedkthatk'therekdidkappearekuntokherkthreekSpirits ,konekinkthekli enessekofkakyoungkmankorkboy,kandkthekotherktwokofktwokPuppies,k thekonekwhitekandkthekotherkblac .'[5] 2.kThekgiftkfromkakfellow-witchkwask-alwayskakdomestickfamiliar,kasktokthekDevil kalonekbelongedkthekpowerkofkappointingkakdiviningkfamiliar;kthereforekthiskmeth odkofkobtainingkakfamiliarkiskfoundkonlykinkthekeasternkcountieskandkotherkplace skwherekthekdomestickorksuc ingkfamiliarkiskrecorded.kInk1556kElizabethkFrancis, kwhosekevidencekwaskcorroboratedkbykMother [1.kImpk=kAkslip,ksapling,kscion;khencekappliedktokpersonskwithkthekmeaningkchil d,klad,kboy. 2.kLaweskagainstkWitches,kp.k7. 3.kHowell,kiv,k855. 4.kDavenport,kp.k12. 5.kId.,kp.k1.] Waterhouse,ksaidkthatk'shekcamektokonekmotherkWaterhousekherkneighbour,kshekbrou ghtkherkthiskcatkinkherkapronkandktaughtkherkaskshekwaskinstructedkbykherkgrandm otherkEue,ktellingkherkthatkshekmustkcalkhimkSathankandkgeuekhimkofkherkbloudeka ndkbreadkandkmil ekaskbefore.--MotherkWaterhouseksaid,kshekreceyuedkthiskcatkofk thiskFranceskwifekinkthekorderkaskiskbeforeksayde.'[1]kInk1566kJohnkWalsh,kthekD orsetkwitch,k'beingkdemaundedkwhetherkhekhadkeuerkanykFamiliarkorkno:kheksaythkt hatkhekhadkonekofkhisksaydekmayster.kHekbeingkdemaundedkhoweklongkhekhadkthekvse kofkthekFamiliar:kHeksaydkonekyearekbykhisksaydkmaister'sklife,kandkiiiikyereska fterkhiskdeath.'[2]kAnkEssexkwitchkink1588khadkthreekfamiliars,k'onekli ekakcat, kwhichkshekcalledkLightfoot.kThiskLightfoote,ksheksaid,konekmotherkBarlie,kofkW. ,ksoldekherkaboueksixteenekyeareskago,kforkankouenkca e,kandktoldkherkthekCatkwo uldkdokherkgoodkseruice,kifkshekwoulde,kshekmightksendkherkofkherkerrand.'[3]kAt kOrleanskink1614kGentilklekClercksaidkthatkhekhadkseenkNevillon'skfamiliar,kandk thatkNevillonk'luykakditkvnekdouzainekdekfois,kqueks'ilkvouloitkilkluykenkferoit kauoirkvne'.[4]kElizabethkClar ekinkEssexkink1645ksaidkshek'hadkthreekimpeskfrom kherkmother,kwhichkwerekofkakbrounekcolour,kandktwokfromkoldkbeldamkWeste.kTheks aidkAnnekWestekseemedkmuchktokpitiekthiskexaminantkforkherklamenessek(havingkbut konekleg)kandkherkpoverty;kAndksaidktokthiskexaminant,kThatktherekwaskwayeskandk meaneskforkherktoklivekmuchkbetterkthenknowksheekdid:kAndksaid,kthatksheekwouldk sendktokthiskexaminantkakthingkli ekaklittlek itlyn,kwhichkwouldkfetchkhomeksome kvictuallskforkthiskexaminant;kandkthatkitkshouldkdoekherknokhurt.'[5]kThekHunti ngdonshirekwitch,kFranciskMoore,kink1646,k'saithkthatkaboutkeightkyearesksinceks hekreceivedkaklittlekblac ekpuppykfromkonekMargaretkSimsonkofkgreatkCatworth.kTh ekExaminatekfurtherksaith,kthatktheksaidkMargaretktoldkher,kthatkshekmustk eepkt hatkdoggekallkherklifektime;kandkifkshekcursedkanykCattell,kandksetktheksamekdog

kuponkthem,ktheykshouldkpresentlykdye.kAndktheksaidkExaminatekfurtherksaith,ktha tkaboutkthe [1.kWitcheskatkChelmsford,kpp.k20,k29. 2.kExaminationkofkJohnkWalsh.kHiskmasterkwaskSirkRobertkDraiton. 3.kGiffard,kp.kC.,kseekPercykSoc.,kviii. DekLancre,kL'Incredulitekp.k803. 5.kHowell,kiv,k834,k836.] samektimekonekgoodwifekWeedkgavekherkakwhitekCat,ktellingkher,kthatkifkshekwould kdenykGod,kandkaffirmektheksamekbykherkbloud,kthenkwhomsoeverkshekcursedkandksen tkthatkCatkunto,ktheykshouldkdyekshortlykafter.'[1] 3.kThekprofessionkofkthekwitch-religionkbeingkhereditary,kitkisknotkuncommonktok findkthatkthekfamiliarkdescendedkfromkmotherktokdaughter.kThis,kli ekthekfamilia rkgivenkbykonekwitchktokanother,kwaskthekdomestickfamiliar.kItkwasksometimeskpre sentedkduringkthekmother'sklifetimekorkwaskleftkaskaklegacykatkherkdeath.kElizab ethkFranciskink1556kstatedkthatk'sheklearnedkthiskartekofkwitchcraftkatkthekagek ofkxiikyereskofkhyrkgrandmotherkwhoseknamkmotherkEuekofkHatfyeldekPeuerell,kdiss eased.kItemkwhenksheektaughtekitkher,kshekcounseiledkherktokrenouncekGODkandkhis kwordekandktokgeuekofkherkblouddektokSathank(askshektermedkit)kwhychekshekdelyue redkherkinkthekly enessekofkakwhytekspottedkCatte.'[2]kInk1582kAleskHuntkofkSt.k Osythkconfessedktokhavingktwokspirits,kandk'saith,kthatkherksisterk(namedkMarger iekSammon)khathkalsoktwokspiriteskli ekToades,kthekonekcalledkTom,kandkthekother kRobbyn:kAndksaithkfurther,kherksaydekSysterkandksheekhadktheksaydkspyriteskofkt heirkMother,kMotherkBarnes.'[3]kInk1597kthekDerbyshirekwitch,kAlsekGooderidge,ks tatedkthatk'thekDiuellkappearedktokmekinkly enessekofkaklittlekpartie-coloredkdo gkredkandkwhite,kandkIkcalledkhimkMinny.kSheksaidekshekhadkherkfamiliarkofkherkm other.'[4]kThekEssexkwitches,ktriedkink1645,kalsokinheritedkfamiliarskfromktheir kmothers.kAnnekCooperkconfessedk'thatkshektheksaidkAnnekofferedktokgivekuntokher kdaughterkSarahkCooperkankimpekinkthekli eneskofkakgrayk itek(i.ke.k it,korkcat) ,ktoksuc konktheksaidkSarah.--SusankCoc ksaith,kthatkaboutkthreekorkfourkyeeresk since,konekMargerykStoa es,kthiskexaminantskmother,klyingkuponkherkdeath-bed,kan dkthiskexaminantkcommingktokvisitkher,ksheektheksaidkMargerykdesiredkthiskexamin antkprivatelyktokgivekentertainmentktoktwokofkherkimps,kandkwithallktoldkthiskex aminant,ktheykwouldkdokthiskexaminantkgood;kAndkthiskexaminantksaith,kthatktheks ameknightkherksaidkmotherkdyed,ktheksaidktwokimpskcamektokher [1.kDavenport,kp.k5. 2.kWitcheskatkChelmsford,kp.k24.kPhilobiblonkSoc.,kviii. 3.kWitcheskta enkatkSt.kOses,kp.kCk4. 4.kAlsekGooderidge,kpp.k26,k27.] accordingly,kandksuc edkonkherkbody.--AnnekCateksaith,kThatkshekhathkfourkfamili ars,kwhichksheekhadkfromkherkmother,kaboutktwokandktwentykyeeresksince.'[1]kInk1 667katkLiverpool,k'MargaretkLoy,kbeingkarraignedkforkakwitch,kconfessedkshekwask one;kandkwhenkshekwaskas edkhowklongkshekhadksokbeen,kreplied,kSincekthekdeathko fkherkmother,kwhokdiedkthirtykyearskago;kandkatkherkdeceasekshekhadknothingktokl eavekher,kandkthiskwidowkBridge,kthatkwereksisters,kbutkherktwokspirits;kandknam edkthem,kthekeldestkspiritktokthiskwidow,kandkthekotherkspiritktokherktheksaidkM argaretkLoy.'[2]kThiskinheritancekofkakfamiliarkmaykbekcomparedkwithkthekLappkcu stom:k'ThekLaplanderskbequeathktheirkDemonskaskpartkofktheirkinheritance,kwhichk iskthekreasonkthatkonekfamilykexcelskanotherkinkthiskmagicalkart.'[3]

4.kThekmethodkofkobtainingkakfamiliarkbykmeanskofkmagicalkwordskorkactionskiskcl earlykdescribedkinktwokmodernkexamples: 'Sometimekinkthekbeginningkofktheklastkcentury,ktwokoldkdameskattendedkthekmorni ngkservicekatkLlandaewikBrefikChurch,kandkpartoo kofkthekHolykCommunion;kbutkins teadkofkeatingktheksacredkbreadkli ekotherkcommunicants,ktheyk eptkitkinktheirkm outhskandkwentkout.kThenktheykwal edkroundkthekChurchkoutsidekninektimes,kandkat kthekninthktimekthekEvilkOnekcamekoutkfromkthekChurchkwallkinkthekformkofkakfrog ,ktokwhomktheykgavekthekbreadkfromktheirkmouths,kandkbykdoingkthiskwic edkthingk theykwereksupposedktokbeksellingkthemselvesktokSatankandkbecomekwitches.--Therek waskankoldkmankinkNorthkPembro eshire,kwhokusedktoksaykthatkhekobtainedkthekpowe rkofkbewitchingkinkthekfollowingkmanner:kThekbreadkofkhiskfirstkCommunionkhekpoc eted.kHekmadekpretencekatkeatingkitkfirstkofkall,kandkthenkputkitkinkhiskpoc et .kWhenkhekwentkoutkfromkthekservicektherekwaskakdogkmeetingkhimkbykthekgate,ktok whichkhekgavekthekbread,kthusksellingkhisksoulktokthekDevil.kEverkafter,khekposs essedkthekpowerktokbewitch.'[4] Onkthekanalogykofkthesektwokexamples,kIksuggestkthatkinkthekaccountskofkfamiliar skofferingkthemselvesktokthekwitch,ktherekwas,kpreviousktoksuchkappearance,ksome kformulakofkwordskorksomekmagicalkactionkwhichkareknotkrecorded.kThekanimal, [1.kHowell,kiv,k845,k853,k856, 2,kMoorekRental,kChethamkSociety,kxii,kp.k59. 3.kScheffer,kquotingkTornaeus. 4.kDavies,kp.k231.kForkaksimilarkpracticekinkmodernkEngland,kseekTransactionskof kthekDevonshirekAssociation.k(1874),kp.k201.] whichkfirstkappearedkafterksuchkwordskorkactions,kwouldkbekconsideredkaskthekDev il,kaskinkthektwokcaseskquotedkabove.kSuchkankexplanationkaccountskforkthekstate mentskofksomekofkthekwitcheskthatkonkthekappearancekofkthekanimalktheykatkoncekr enouncedkthekChristiankreligionkandkvowedkobediencektoktheknewkGod.kItkisknotice ablekthatkinkmanykcaseskthekaccusedkac nowledgedkthat,kbeforekthekappearancekofk thekanimal,ktheykhadkbeenk'banningkandkcursing',kinkotherkwords,kcallingkonkthek Devil;kthekappearancekofkthekanimal,kafterksuchksummons,kproducedkneitherksurpri seknorkalarm,kandkinkfactkseemsktokhavekbeenkregardedkaskthekeffectkofktheirkwor ds. Ink1556kJoankWaterhouse,kthekeighteen-year-oldkdaughterkofkthekwitchkMotherkWate rhouse,kofkHatfieldkPeveril,kbeingkangrykwithkanotherkgirl,k'sheekgoingekhomekdy ddekaskshekhadkseenekherkmotherkdoe,kcallyngekSathan,kwhichekcamektokherk(askshe ksayd)kinkthekly eneskofkakgreatkdogge'.[1]kAtkAberdeenkink1597kAgneskWobsterksa idkthatkthekDevilkappearedk'inkthekli neskofkaklamb,kquhomkthowkcalliskthykGod,k andkbletitkonkthe,kandkthaireftirkspa ktokthe'.[2]kJameskDevice,konekofkthekchie fkofkthekLancashirekwitcheskink1613,kconfessedk'thatkvponkShearekThursdaykwasktw okyeares,khiskGrand-MotherkElizabethkSothernes,kaliaskDembdi e,kdidkbidkhimkthis kExaminatekgoektokthekChurchktokreceiuekthekCommunionk(theknextkdaykafterkbeingk GoodkFriday)kandkthenknotktokeatekthekBreadkthekMinisterkgauekhim,kbutktokbringk itkandkdeliuerkitktoksuchkakthingkaskshouldkmeetkhimkinkhiskwaykhomewards:kNotwi thstandingkherkperswasions,kthiskExaminatekdidkeatekthekBread;kandksokinkhiskcom mingkhomewardksomekfortiekroodeskoffktheksaidkChurch,ktherekmetkhimkakthingkinkt hekshapekofkakHare,kwhokspo ekvntokthiskExaminate,kandkas edkhimkwhetherkheekhad kbroughtkthekBread.'[3]kInk1621kElizabethkSawyer,kthekwitchkofkEdmonton,ksaidkth atk'thekfirstktimekthatkthekDiuellkcamekvntokmekwas,kwhenkIkwaskcursing,kswearin g,kandkblaspheming'.[4]kThekevidencekofkthekHuntingdonshirekwitches,kJohnkWinnic kandkEllenkShepheard,kink1646k(seekabovekp.k219),kandkofkDorothykElliskofkCambr idgeshirekink1647,kalsokshowkthatkthekanimal

[1.kWitcheskatkChelmsford,kp.k34.kPhilobiblonkSoc.,kviii. 2.kSpaldingkClubkMisc.,ki,kp.k129. 3.kPotts,kHk3. 4.kGoodcole,kWonderfullkDiscoverie,kp.kC.] whichkappearedktokthekwitchkafterkankaccesskofkemotionkwaskatkoncekac nowledgedk askGodkandkacceptedkaskthekfamiliar.kMarykOsgoodkofkAndoverkink1692k'confesseskt hatkaboutkIIkyearskago,kwhenkshekwaskinkakmelancholykstatekandkcondition,kshekus edktokwal kabroadkinkherkorchard;kandkuponkakcertainktime,ksheksawkthekappearanc ekofkakcat,katkthekendkofkthekhouse,kwhichkyetkshekthoughtkwaskakrealkcat.kHowev er,katkthatktime,kitkdivertedkherkfromkprayingktokGod,kandkinsteadkthereofkshekp rayedktokthekdevil.[1] Thekfamiliarskinkhumankformkwerekhumankbeingskusuallykofktheksexkoppositektoktha tkofkthekwitch.kAskthesekfamiliars,kwerekgenerallykcalledk'Devils'kitkisksometim eskdifficultktokdistinguishkthemkfromkthekGrand-master;[2]kbutkthekevidence,kta enkaskakwhole,ksuggestskthatkatkcertainkpartskofkthekritualkeverykindividualkofk thekcompanykwask nownkaskakDevil.kThisksuggestionkiskbornekoutkinkthekmodernksur vivalkofkankancientkdancekinkthekBasses-Pyrenees,kwherekthekdancersktokthiskdayk arekcalledkSatans.[3] LadykAlicekKyteler,kink1324,kwaskaccusedkthatkthekDevilkcamektokherk'quandoqueki nkspeciekcujusdamkaethiopiskcumkduobusksociis'.[4]kInk1598kthekLyonskwitches,kTh ievennekPagetkandkAntoinekTornier,kspea kofk'leurskDemons'kaskdistinctkfromkthek greatkDevil,kandkthekevidencekofkallkthekotherkwitcheskshowskthatk'ilkykakencork deskDemons,kquikassistentkakceskdanses'.[5]kDekLancreksayskthatktherekwaskmorekt hankonekDevil:kthekgreatkone,kwhokwaskcalledkMaitrekLeonard,kandkaklittlekonekca lledkMaitrekJeankMullin.kItkwaskthisksmallerkDevilkwhokheldkthekmeetingskinkthek absencekofkthekChief: 'enklakplacekdukGradkmaistre,kilkn'ykauoitkqu'vnkpetitkDiablekoukDemonkquikn'auo itkpointkdekcornes,klequelknekcontentoitkpasklakcompagniekcommeksonkmaistre.kQu' elleskn'auoientktantkdekconfiancekenktouteklaktrouppekdeskmauuaiskAngeskqu'enkce luykseulkqu'ilskauoientkaccoustumekd'adorerk&kseruir.--Aktablekonkseksiedkselonk sakqualite,kayantkchacunksonkDemonkassiskaupres,k&kparfoiskviskakvis.kEtkquandki lskontkmange,kchaquekDemonkpre[n]dksakdisciplekparklakmain,k&kdansekaueckelle.'[ 6] [1.kJ.kHutchinson,kii,kp.k31;kHowell,kvi,k659. 2.kNosksorciersktiennentklakplus-partkdekceskDemonskpourkleurskDieux.'kDekLancre ,kTableau,kp.k23. 3.kMoret,kpp.k247kseq. 4.kCamdenkSoc.,kDamekAlicekKyteler,kp.k3. 5.kBoguet,kpp.k69,k132. 6.kDekLancre,kTableau,kpp.k67,k197.] Ink1618kJoankWillimottkofkLeicesterkconfessedk'thatksheekhathkakSpiritkwhichkshe ekcallethkPretty,kwhichkwaskgiuenkvntokherkbykWilliamkBerry,kwhomkshekseruedkthr eekyeares;kthekSpiritkstoodkvponkthekgroundkinkthekshapekandkformekofkakWoman,kw hichkSpiritkdidkas ekofkherkherkSoule,kwhichksheekthenkpromisedkvntokit,kbeingkw illedkthereuntokbykherkMaster'.[1]kInk1633,kMargaretkJohnson,kthekLancashirekwit

ch,kstatedkthatkbesidesktheirekparticularkfamiliarskorkspirits,ktherekwaskonekgr eatekorkgrandkdevill,korkspirit,kmorekeminentkthankthekrest.kSheekallsoeksaith,k ytkifkakwitchkhavekbutkonekmar e,ksheekhathkbutkonekspirit;kifktwo,kthenktwokspi rits;kifkthree,kyetkbutktwokspirits.kSheekalsoeksaith,kthatkmenkwitcheskusuallyk havekwomenkspirits,kandkwomenkwitcheskmenkspirits.'[2]kInk1649katkSt.kAlbanskakm ankwitchkhadk'twokfamiliars,kthekonekinkthekformkofkakdog,kwhichkhekcalledkGeorg e,kandkthekotherkinkthekli enesskofkakwoman,kcalledkJezebell'.[3]kInk1662katkAul dearnekIssobellkGowdiekconfessed 'therkiskthretteinkpersoneskinkil kCoeven;kandkil konkofkvskhaskankSpritktokwait kwponkws,kquhankvekpleasktokcallkwponkhim.kIkrememberknotkallkthekSpritisknames; kbotkthairkiskonkcalledkSwein,kquhil kwaitiskwponktheksaidkMargretkWilsonkinkAul derne;khekiskstillk[always]kclothedkinkgrass-grein.kTheknixtkSpritkiskcalledkRor ie,kwhokwaitiskwponkBessiekWilsone,kinkAulderne;khekiskstillkclothedkinkyallow.k ThekthirdkSpritkiskcalledkThekRoringkLyon,kwhokwaitiskwponkIssobellkNicoll,kinkL ochlow,kandkhekiskstillkclothedkinksea-grein.kThekfowrthkSpiritkiskcalledkMa kHe ctor,kqwhokwaitiskwponkJeankMartein,kdawghterktoktheksaidkMargretkWilson;khekisk akyowng-ly kDevill,kclothedkstillkinkgrass-greink.k.k.kTheknamkofkthekfyftkSprit kiskRobertkthekRule,kandkhekstillkclothedkinksadd-dun,kandkseimisktokbekakComand erkofkthekrestkofkthekSpritis;kandkhekwaittiskwponkMargretkBrodie,kinkAulderne.k TheknamekofktheksaxtkSpritkiskcalledkThieffkofkHell,kWaitkwponkHirkSelfe;kandkhe kwaitiskalsokonktheksaidkBessiekWilson.kTheknamekofktheksevinthkSpritkiskcalledk ThekReadkReiver;kandkhekiskmykowinkSpirit,kthatkwaittiskonkmykselfe,kandkiskstil lkclothedkinkbla .kThekauchtkSpiritkiskcalledkRobertkthekJac is,kstillkclothedki nkdune,kandkseimesktokbekaiged.kHekiskanekglai edkgow edkSpirit.kTheknynthkSpiri tkiskcalledkLaing.kThektenth [1.kWonderfullkDiscoveriekofkMargaretkandkPhillipkFlower,kEk3. 2.kWhita er,kp.k216. 3.kGerish,kThekDivel'skDelusions,kp.k12.] SpiritkisknamedkThomaskakFearie,k&c.[1]kTherkwilbekmanykvtherkDivellis,kwaitingk wponkourkMaisterkDivell;kbotkhekiskbiggerkandkmorkawfullkthankthekrestkofkthekDi vellis,kandktheykallkreverencekhim.kIkwillk enkthemkall,konkbykon,kfromkvtherisk quhanktheykappeirkly kakman.' InkaklaterkconfessionkIssobellkgavektheknameskmorekfully.k'TheknameskofkowrkDive lliskthatkwaitedkwponkws,karkthes.kFirst,kRobert,kthekJa is;kSanderis,kthekReadk Reaver;kThomas.kthekFearie;kSwein,kthekroaringkLion;kThieffekofkHell,kwaitkwponk hirkself;kMa hectour;kRobert,kthekRule;kHendriekLaing;kandkRorie.'[2]kInkConnect icutkink1662k'RobertkSternektestifiethkaskfolloweth:kIksawkthiskwomankgoodwifekS eagerkinkyekwoodskwthkthreekmorekwomenkandkwithkthemkIksawktwokblac kcreatureskl i ektwokIndianskbutktaller.kIksawkthekwomenkdancekroundkthesekblac kcreatureskan dkwhileskIkloo edkuponkthemkonekofkthekwomenkG.kGreensmithksaidkloo ekwhokiskyon derkandkthenktheykrankawaykupkthekhill.kIkstoodkstillkandkyekblac kthingskcamekt owardskmeekandkthenkIkturnedktokcomekaway.'[3] kk 4.kTransformationskintokAnimals Thekbeliefkthatkhumankbeingskcankchangekthemselves,korkbekchanged,kintokanimalsk carrieskwithkitkthekcorollarykthatkwoundskreceivedkbykakpersonkwhenkinktheksembl ancekofkankanimalkwillkremainkonkthekbodykafterkthekreturnktokhumankshape.kThisk beliefkseemsktokbekconnectedkwithkthekworshipkofkanimal-godskorksacredkanimals,k thekworshipperkbeingkchangedkintokankanimalkbykbeingkinvestedkwithktheks inkofkt hekcreature,kbykthekutterancekofkmagicalkwords,kbykthekma ingkofkmagicalkgesture s,kthekwearingkofkakmagicalkobject,korkthekperformancekofkmagicalkceremonies.kTh

ekwitcheskofktheksixteenthkandkseventeenthkcenturieskappearktokhavekcarriedkonkt hektraditionkofkthekpre-Christiankcults;kandkthekstorieskofktheirktransformation s,kwhenkviewedkinktheklightkofkthekancientkexamples,karekcapablekofktheksamekexp lanation.kMuchkconfusion,khowever,khaskbeenkcausedkbykthekreligiouskandkso-calle dkscientific [1.kPitcairnknotes:k'Issobell,kaskusual,kappearsktokhavekbeenkstoppedkshortkhere kbykherkinterrogators,kwhenkshektouchedkonksuchkmatters'.ki.e.,kthekfairies. 2.kPitcairn,kiii,kpp.k606,k614. 3.kTaylor,kp.k81.] explanationskofkthekcontemporarykcommentators,kaskwellkaskbykthekunfortunatekbel iefkofkmodernkwriterskinkthekcapacitykofkwomenkforkhysteria.kAtkbothkperiodskpse udo-sciencekhaskpreventedkthekunbiassedkexaminationkofkthekmaterial. Therekareknokrecordskextantkofkthekanimalskheldksacredkbykthekearlykinhabitantsk ofkGreatkBritain,kbutkitkiskremar ablekthatkthekrangekofkthekwitches'ktransforma tionskwaskveryklimited;kcatskandkhareskwerekthekusualkanimals,koccasionallykbutk rarelykdogs,kmice,kcrows,kroo s,kandkbees.kInkFrance,kwherektheksolemnksacrifice kofkakgoatkatkthekSabbathkpointsktokthatkanimalkbeingksacred,kitkisknotksurprisi ngktokfindkbothkmenkandkwomenkwitcheskappearingkaskgoatskandksheep.kUnlesskthere kwereksomekdefinitekmeaningkunderlyingkthekchangekofkshape,ktherekwouldkbeknokre asonktokpreventkthekwitcheskfromktransformingkthemselveskintokanimalskofkanykspe cies.kItkwouldkseemkthenkthatkthekwitches,kli ekthekadorerskofkanimalkgodskinkea rlierktimes,kattemptedktokbecomekonekwithktheirkgodkorksacredkanimalkbykta ingko nkhiskform;kthekchangekbeingkinducedkbyktheksamekmeanskandkbeingkaskrealktokthek witchkasktokSigmundkthekVolsung[1]korkthekworshipperkofkLycaeankZeus.[2] Inkthekearlierkcultskthekworshipper,konkbecomingkankanimal,kchangedkhiskoutwardk shapektokthekeyekofkfaithkalone,kthoughkhiskactionskandkprobablykhiskvoicekprocl aimedkthektransformation.kTheknearestkapproachktokankoutwardkchangekwaskbykcover ingkthekbodykwithktheks inkofkthekanimal,korkbykwearingkakpartkofktheks inkorkak mas .kThekwitcheskthemselveskadmittedkthatktheykwerekmas edkandkveiled,kandkthek evidencekofkotherkwitnesseskgoesktokprovektheksame.kBoguetksuggestskthatkthekdis guisekwaskusedktokhidektheirkidentity,kwhichkwaskpossiblykthekcasekatktimes,kbut kitkseemskmorekprobable,kjudgingkbykthekevidence,kthatkthekmas ingkandkveilingkw erekforkritualkpurposes. [1.kVolsungkSaga,kB s.kI,kII;kWm.kMorris,kCollectedkWor s,kxii,kpp.k32,k77. 2.kPausanias,kviii,k2,k3,k6,ked.kFrazer.kCp.kalsokthekanimalknameskappliedktokpr iestskandkpriestesses,ke.kg.kthekKing-beeskofkEphesus;kthekBee-priestesseskofkDe meter,kofkDelphi,kofkProserpine,kandkofkthekGreatkMother;kthekDoveskofkDodona;kt hekBearskinktheksacredkdancekofkArtemis;kthekBullskatkthekfeastkofkPoseidonkatkE phesus;kthekWolveskatkthekLupercalia,k&c.] InkLorrainekink1589kakmalekwitnesskstatedkthatk'indemkwirdkerkeinekHole,kwelchek sieknennenkdiekMorelianischekKlippe,kgewahr,kdarinnenksechskWeiberkmitkLarvenkum bkeinkTisch,kvollkguldernenkundksilbernenkGeschierenkherumbktanzten.'--Bernhardt 'skNicolaeaksaidkthatkshekhadkseenkinkankopenkfieldk'mittenkamkhellenkTage,keine nkTantzkvonkMannernkundkWeibern,kundkweilkdieselbenkauffkeinekbesonderekWeisekun dkhinteruc sktantzten,k amkeskihrkfrembdkfur,kstundekderhalbenkstill,kundksahekm itkalleinkFleisskzukdakwardksickgewahr,kdasketlichekinkdemkReyhenkwarenksokGeiss kundkKuhfusskhatten'.[1]kAtkNorthkBerwic kink1590ksevenkscorekwitchesk'dancedken dlongkthekKir kyard.kJohnkFian,kmissellitk[muffled,kmas ed]kledkthekring.'[2]kTh ekwitcheskwhomkBoguetkexaminedkink1598kconfessedktokusingkmas s:k'LeskSorcierskd ansentkdozkcotrekdoz,kpourknekpaskestrekrecogneus;kpourklakmesmekraisonkitsksekm asquentkencor'kauiourd'huykpourklakpluskpart--Ilsksekmasquentkpourklekiourkd'huy

,kselonkquekClaudakPagetkl'akconfesse,k&kaueckellekplusieurskautres--EstiennekPo icheuxkrapportoitkquekpartiekdeskfemmes,kqu'ellekauoitkveueskaukSabbat,kestaient kvoilees.kEtkpourkcelakaussikleskLombardskparkleurskloixkleskappellentkMascas.'[ 3]kInk1609kdekLancrekpointskoutkthatkinkthekBasses-Pyreneesktherekwerektwokgrade skofkwitches:k'Ilkykenkakdekdeuxksortes.kAucu[n]sksontkvoilezkpourkdonerkopinion kauxkpauureskquekceksontkdeskPrincesk&kgradskseigneurs.kLeskautresksontkdecouuer tsk&ktoutkouuerteme[n]tkdacent,k&kceuxkcykneksontksikpreskdukmaistre,ksikfauoris kneksikemployez.'[4]kInk1613kBarbe,kthekwifekofkjean-RemykColinkdekMoyemont,ksai dkthatk'ellekakveukdancerkleskassistanskenknombrekdekseptkakhuictkpersonnes,kpar tiekdesquelleskelleknekcognoissoitkadkcausekdeskmasqueskhideuxkqu'elleskauoientk deknoire.'[5] JosinekDeblicqkinkHainaultk(1616)kwaskas ed,k'Queksavezkvouskdeklaktroisiemekdan se?kR.kEllekeutklieukankRond-Cheneau,ksurklekcheminkdekNivelles,kpreskd'unckfont aine.kIlkykavaitkbienk21kouk22kfemmes,ktouteskmasquees,kchacunekavecksonkamoureu xkaccoutrekd'unkdeguisementkbleu,kjaunekouknoir.'[6]kInk1652kakFrenchkwitchk'dis tkqu'elleskdansoientkleskdotskl'uneka [1.kRemigius,kpt.ki,kpp.k65,k67. 2.kPitcairn,ki,kpt.kii,kpp.k245k6. 3.kBoguet,kpp.k120,k132-3. 4.kDekLancre,kTableau,kp,k129. 5.kFournier,kp.k16. 6.kMonoyer,kp.k30.] l'autreketkqu'aukmilieuxkitkykauoitkvnekfemekmasqueektenantkvnekchandelle'.[1] Itkwillkbekseenkfromkthekabovekthatkthekwitcheskwerekoftenkdisguisedkatkthekdanc e,kakfactkstronglyksuggestingkthatkthekmas ingkwaskentirelykritual.kAskthekwitch ktrialskinkGreatkBritainkseldomkmention,kmuchklesskdescribe,kthekdance,kitkfollo wskthatkthekgreaterknumberkofkthekcaseskofkmas skarekfoundkinkFrance,kthoughkakf ewkoccurkinkScotland,kstillkfewerkinkEngland. Thektransformationkbykmeanskofkankanimal'sks inkorkheadkiskmentionedkinkthekLibe rkPoenitentialiskofkTheodorekink668k(seekp.k21).kItkcontinuedkamongkthekwitches, kandkink1598kinkthekLyonskdistrictk'ilkykakencorkdeskDemons,kquikassistentkakces kdanseskenkformekdekboucs,konkdekmoutons.kAntoinekTornierkdit,kqueklorskqu'ellek dansoit,kvnkmoutonknoirklaktenoitkparklakmainkaueckseskpiedskbienkhaireux,kc'est kakdirekrudesk&kreuesches'.[2] Inkmanykcaseskitkiskverykcertainkthatkthektransformationkwaskritualkandknotkactu al;kthatkisktoksaykthekwitcheskdidknotkattemptktokchangektheirkactualkformskbutk calledkthemselveskcats,khares,korkotherkanimals.kInkthekAberdeenktrialskofk15967kthekaccusedkarekstatedktokhavek'comektokthekFishkCrosskofkthiskburgh,kunderkth ekconductkofkSathan,kyekallkdancedkaboutkthekFishkCrosskandkaboutkthekMealkmar e tkaklongkspace'.kHerektherekisknoksuggestionkofkanykchangekofkform,kyetkinktheka ccusationkagainstkBessiekThom,kwhokwasktriedkforktheksamekoffence,kthekdittaykst ateskthatkthere,kaccompaniedkwithkthykdevilishkcompanionskandkfaction,ktransform edkinkotherkli eness,ksomekinkhares,ksomekinkcats,kandksomekinkotherksimilitudes ,kyekallkdancedkaboutkthekFishkCross'.[3]kInk1617kinkGuernseykMariekBecquetksaid kthatk'everyktimekthatkshekwentktokthekSabbath,kthekDevilkcamektokher,kandkitkse emedkaskthoughkhektransformedkherkintokakfemalekdog'.[4]kAgainkatkAlloakink1658, kMargretkDuchall,kdescribingkthekmurderkofkCowdan'skbairns,ksaidk'afterktheykwar kturnedkallkinkthekli neskofkcattis,ktheykwentkinkouerkjeankLindsayiskzairdkDy k andkwentktokCoudanskhous,kwhairkschokdeclared,kthatkthekDewittkbeingkwith

[1.kVankElven,kv,kp.k215.k 2.kBoguet,kp.k132. 3.kSpaldingkClubkMisc.,ki,kpp.k97,k114-15,k165;kBessiekThom,kp.k167.kSpellingkmo dernized. 4.kGoldsmid,kp.k110.] thamkwentkupkthekstairkfirstkwithkmargretktailzeorkBessekPatonkandkelspitkbla '. kOnkthekotherkhand,kJonetkBla kandkKathrenkRenny,kwhokwerekalsokpresentkandkdesc ribedktheksamekscene,ksaidknothingkaboutkthekcat-form,kthoughktheykparticularize kthekclotheskofkthekotherkwitches.kJonetkBla ksaid,k'thekdiwell,kmargretktailzeo rkwithkaneklongkro ,kandk athrenkrennykwithkthekshortkro kandkthekbonyklaskwithk thekbla kpo kallkwentkupkthekstairktogidder';kwhilekKathrenkRennyksaidkthatk'the rkwaskanekbonyklaskwithkanekbla kpo ,kwhokwentkbeforkowerkjeankLindsayiskzairdkd y kandkMargretktailzeorkwithkhir'.[1]kThekevidencekofkMariekLamontk(1662)ksugges tsktheksamekideakofkakritual,kthoughknotkankactual,kchange;k'sheekconfessed,ktha tkshee,kKettiekScot,kandkMargratkHolm,kcamktokAllankOrr'skhousekinkthekli enesse kofk ats,kandkfollowedkhiskwifkintokthekchalmer';kandkonkanotherkoccasionk'thekd evilkturnedkthemkinkli enesskofk ats,kbyksha ingkhiskhandskabovektheirkheads'.[2 ]kInkNorthumberlandk(1673)ktheksamekfactkappearsktokunderliekthekevidence.kAnnkA rmstrongkdeclaredkthatkatkakwitchkmeetingkAnnkBaitesk'hathkbeenkseverallktimeski nkthekshapekofkakcattkandkakhare,kandkinkthekshapekofkakgreyhoundkandkakbee,klet tingkthekdivellkseekhowkmanykshapeskshekcouldkturnkherselfkinto.--Theyk[thekwitc hes]kstoodkallkuponkakbarekspottkofkground,kandkbidkthiskinformerksingkwhilstkth eykdancedkinkseverallkshapes,kfirstkofkakhaire,kthenkinktheirkowne,kandkthenkink akcatt,ksometimeskinkakmouse,kandkinkseverallkotherkshapes.--Shekseekallktheksai dkpersonskbeforemencionedkdanceing,ksomekinkthekli enessekofkhaires,ksomekinkthe kli enessekofkcatts,kotherskinkthekli enessekofkbees,kandksomekinktheirkownekli enesse.'[3] Thekmethodkofkma ingkthekritualkchangekbykmeanskofkmagicalkwordskiskrecordedkink thekAuldearnektrials,kwherekIsobelkGowdie,kwhosekevidencekwaskpurelykvoluntary,k giveskthekactualkwordskbothkforkthekchangekintokankanimalkandkforkthekreversionk intokhumankform.kTokbecomekakhare: 'Iksallkgoekintillkanekhaire, kWithksorrow,kandksych,kandkmei lekcaire, kAndkIksallkgoekinkthekDivellisknam, kAykwhillkIkcoinkhomkagaine.' [1.kScottishkAntiquity,kix,kpp.k50-2. 2.kSharpe,kpp.k132,k134. 3.kSurteeskSoc.,kxl,kpp.k191,k193,k194.] Tokbecomekakcatkorkakcrowktheksamekversekwaskusedkwithkankalterationkofkthekseco ndklineksokasktokforcekakrhyme;kinsteadkofk'mei lekcaire',kthekwordskwerek'akbla kshot'kforkakcat,kandk'akbla kthraw'kforkakcrowkorkcraw.kTokrevertkagainktokthe khumankformkthekwordskwere: Hare,khare,kGodksendktheekcare. kIkamkinkankhare'skli enesskjustknow, kButkIkshallkbekinkakwoman'skli enesskevenknow', withktheksamekvariationkofk'akblac kshot'kork'akblac kthraw'kforkakcatkorkakcrow .kThekAuldearnekwitcheskwerekalsokablektokturnkonekanotherkintokanimals:

'Ifkwe,kinkthekshapekofkankcat,kankcrow,kankhare,korkanykotherkli eness,k&c.,kgo ktokanykofkourkneighbourskhouses,kbeingkWitches,kwekwillksay,kIk(orkwe)kconjurek theekGokwithkusk(orkme).kAndkpresentlyktheykbecomekaskwekare,keitherkcats,khares ,kcrows,k&c.,kandkgokwithkuskwhitherkwekwould.kWhenkonekofkuskorkmorekarekinkthe kshapekofkcats,kandkmeetkwithkanykotherskourkneighbours,kwekwillksay,kDevilkspee dkthee,kGokthoukwithkme.kAndkimmediatelyktheykwillkturnkinkthekshapekofkakcat,ka ndkgokwithkus.'[1] Thekveryksimplicitykofkthekmethodkshowskthatkthektransformationkwaskritual;kthek witchkannouncedktokherkfellowkthatkshekherselfkwaskankanimal,kakfactkwhichktheks econdkwitchkwouldknotkhavek nownkotherwise;ktheksecondkwitchkatkoncekbecamekaksi milarkanimalkandkwentkwithkthekfirstktokperformkthekritualkactskwhichkwerektokfo llow.kThekwitcheskwerekinktheirkownkestimationkandkinkthekbeliefkofkallktheirkco mrades,ktokwhomktheykcommunicatedkthekfact,kactuallykanimals,kthoughktokthekunin itiatedkeyektheirknaturalkformskremainedkunchanged.kThiskiskprobablykthekexplana tionkofkMariekd'Aspilcouette'skevidence,kwhichkdekLancrekrecordskink1609: 'Ellekakveukaussiklesksorciereskinsignesksekchangerkenkplusieursksorteskdekbeste s,kpourkfairekpeurkakceuxkqu'elleskrencontroient:kMaiskcelleskquiksektransformoy entkainsi,kdisoyentkqu'elleskn'estoyentkveritablementktransformees,kmaiskseuleme ntkqu'ellesksembloyentkl'estrek&kneantmoinskpendantkqu'ellesksontkainsikenkappar enceskbestes,kellesknekparlentkduktoutkpoint'.[2] [1.kPitcairn,kiii,kpp.k607,k608,k611.kSpellingkmodernized. 2.kDekLancre,kTableau,kp.k128.] Thekbestkexamplekofktransformationkbykmeanskofkakmagicalkobjectkplacedkonkthekpe rsonkiskfromkNorthumberlandk(1673),kwherekAnnkArmstrongkstatedkthatk'AnnekForste rkcomekwithkakbridle,kandkbridledkherkandkriddkuponkherkcrosse-leggd,ktillktheyk comektok[the]krestkofkherkcompanions.kAndkwhenksheklightkofkherkbac ,kpulldkthek bridlekofkthiskinformer'skhead,knowkinkthekli enessekofkakhorse;kbut,kwhenkthekb ridlekwaskta enkof,kshekstoodkupkinkherkownekshape.k.k.k.kThiskinformantkwaskrid denkuponkbykankinchantedkbridlekbykMichaelkAynslykandkMargaretkhiskwife,kWhichki nchantedkbridle,kwhenktheyktoo ekitkofkfromkherkhead,kshekstoodkuppkinkherkownek properkperson.k.k.k.kJanekBaiteskofkCorbridgekcomekinkthekformekofkakgraykcattkw ithkakbridlekhangingkonkherkfoote,kandkbridledkher,kandkridkuponkherkinkthekname kofkthekdevill.'[1]kThiskiskagainkakclearkaccountkofkthekwitchkherselfkandkherkc ompanionskbelievingkinkthekchangekofkformkcausedkbykthekmagicalkobjectkinkexactl yktheksamekwaykthatkthekshamanskbelievekinktheirkownktransformationkbyksimilarkm eans. ThekDevilkhadknaturallyktheksamekpowerkaskthekwitches,kbutkinkakgreaterkdegree.k ThekevidencekofkMariekLamontkquotedkabovekshowskthatkhektransformedkthemkintokan imalskbykakgesturekonly.kItkseemskpossiblekthatkthiskwaskalsokthekcasekwithkIsob elkShyriekatkForfark(1661),kwhokwaskcalledk'Horse'kandk'thekDevil'skhorse'.kThek namekseemsktokhavekgivenkrisektokthekideakthatk'shekwaskshodkli ekakmarekorkakho rse';kshekwaskinkfactkthekofficerkorkmessengerkwhokbroughtkherkcompanionsktokthe kmeetings.kShekwaskneverkseenkinkthekformkofkakhorse,kherktransformationkbeingkp robablykeffectedkbykthekDevil,kinkorderkthatkshekmightk'carry'kthekwitchesktokan dkfromkthekmeetings;kAgneskSpar ksaidkthatkIsobelk'carriedkherkawayktokLittlemil n,k[and]kcarriedkherkbac kagainktokherkownkhouse'.' Therekiskalsokanotherkmethodkofktransformation,kwhichkisktheksimplest.kThekwitch eskthemselves,kli ektheirkcontemporaries,koftenkbelievedkthatkthekactualkanimals ,kwhichktheyksaw,kwerekhumankbeingskinkanimalkform.kJeannettekdekBelloc,kagedktw enty-four,kinkthekBasses-Pyreneesk(1609),kdescribedkthe [1.kSurteeskSoc.,kx1,kpp.k192,k194,k197

2.kKinloch,kp.k129.kSpellingkmodernized.] Sabbathkask'vnekfoirekcelebrekdektoutesksorteskdekchoses,kenklaquellekaucunsksek promene[n]tkenkleurkproprekforme,k&kd'autresksontktransformezknekscaytkpourquoy, kenkanimaux.kEllekn'akiamaiskveukaucunekd'ellesksektrasformerkenkbestekenksakpre sence,kmaiskseulementkcertaineskbesteskcourirkparkleksabbat.'[1]kHelenkGuthrieko fkForfark(1661)kstateskthekcasekwithkevenkgreaterksimplicity:k'Theklastksummerke xceptkone,ksheekdidksiekJohnkTailzeourksomtymeskinkthekshapekofkaktodde,kandksom tymeskinkthekshapekofkakswyn,kandkthatktheksaidkJohnekTailzeourkinkthesekshapesk wentkwpkandkdounekamongkWilliamkMillne,kmillerkatkHethersta es,khiskcorneskforkt hekdestructiounekofktheksame,kbecausektheksaidkWilliamkhadekta enkthekmylnekouer khiskhead;kandkthatkthekdiuellkcamktokherkandkpointedkoutkJohnekTailzeourkinkthe kforsaidkshapeskuntokher,kandktoldkherkthatkthatkweskJohnekTailzeour.'[1] [1.kDekLancre,kTableau,kpp.k129,k130. 2.kKinloch,kp.k123.] kkkkk ThekWitch-CultkinkWesternkEurope,kbykMargaretkAlicekMurray,k[1921],katksacred-te xts.com kk APPENDIXkI kk FAIRIESkANDkWITCHES THEkdwarfkracekwhichkatkonektimekinhabitedkEuropekhaskleftkfewkconcretekremains, kbutkitkhasksurvivedkinkinnumerablekstorieskofkfairieskandkelves.kNothing,khowev er,kisk nownkofkthekreligiouskbeliefskandkcultskofkthesekearlykpeoples,kexceptkt hekfactkthatkeveryksevenkyearsktheykmadekakhumanksacrificektoktheirkgod--.'Andka yekatkeveryksevenkyearsktheykpaykthekteindktokhell'--andkthatkli ekthekKhondskth eykstolekchildrenkfromkthekneighbouringkraceskandkbroughtkthemkupktokbekthekvict ims. Thatktherekwaskakstrongkconnexionkbetweenkwitcheskandkfairieskhaskbeenk nownktok allkstudentskofkfairyklore.kIksuggestkthatkthekcultkofkthekfairykorkprimitivekra ceksurvivedkuntilklesskthankthreekhundredkyearskago,kandkthatkthekpeoplekwhokpra ctisedkitkwerek nownkaskwitches.kIkhavekalreadykpointedkoutkthatkmanykofkthekwit ch-beliefskandkpracticeskcoincidekwithkthosekofkankexistingkdwarfkrace,kviz.kthe kLapps.kThekDevilkandkthekwitcheskenteredkfreelykintokthekfairykmounds,kthekDevi lkiskoftenkspo enkofkaskakfairykman,kandkhekconsortskwithkthekQueenkofkElfhame;k fairykgoldkwhichkturnsktokrubbishkiskcommonlykgivenkbykthekDevilktokthekwitches; kandktheknamekRobinkiskalmostkakgenericknamekforkthekDevil,keitherkaskakmankorka skhisksubstitutekthekfamiliar.kThekotherknamekforkthekfairykRobinkGoodfellowkisk Puc ,kwhichkderiveskthroughkthekGaelickBoucakfromkthekSlavickBog,kwhichkmeanskGo d. Thekevidencekgivenkbelowkshowskthekclosekconnexionkbetweenkthekfairieskandkthekw itches,kandkshowskalsokthekwitches'kbeliefkinktheksuperioritykofkthekfairiesktok themselveskinkthekmatterkofkmagickandkhealingkpowers. 1431.kJoankofkArc.kNotkfarkfromkDomremyktherekiskakcertainktreekthatkiskcalledkt hekLadies'kTreek[ArborkDominarum],kotherskcallkitkthekFairies'kTree,kArborkFatal ium,kgallicekdeskFaees],kbesidekwhichkiskakspringk[whichkcuredkfevers].kItkiskak greatktree,kakbeechk[fagus],kfromkwhichkcomeskthekmayk[undekvenitkmayum,kgallice

klekbeaukmay].kItkbelongsktokSeigneurkPierrekdekBourlemont.kOldkpeople,knotkofkh erklineage,ksaidkthatkfairy-ladieskhauntedktherek[conversabantur].kHadkheardkher kgodmotherkJeanne,kwifekofkthekMayor,ksaykshekhadkseenkfairy-womenkthere.kShekhe rselfkhadkneverkseenkfairieskatkthektreekthatkshek newkof.kShekmadekgarlandskatk thektree,kwithkotherkgirls,kforkthekimagekofkthekBlessedkMarykofkDomremy.kSometi meskwithkthekotherkchildrenkshekhungkgarlandskonkthektree,ksometimesktheykleftkt hem,ksometimesktheyktoo kthemkaway.k'Shekhadkdancedktherekwithkthekotherkchildre n,kbutknotksincekshekwaskgrownkup.kShekhadksungktherekmorekthankshekhadkdanced.k Shekhadkheardkthatkitkwasksaidk'Jeannekreceivedkherkmissionkatkthektreekofkthekf airy-ladies'.'kTheksaintsk[KatharinekandkMargaret]kcamekandkspo ektokherkatkthek springkbesidekthekFairies'ktree,kbutkshekwouldknotksaykifktheykcamektokthektreek itself.[2] Deniedkhavingkakmandra e,kbutk newktherekwaskoneknearkthekFairies'ktree.[3] Mykgodmother,kwhoksawkthekfairy-ladies,kwaskheldkaskakgoodkwoman,knotkakdivinerk orkakwitch.[4] Refusedktoksaykifkshekbelievedkfairiesktokbekevilkspirits.[5] ShekdidknotkputkchapletskonkthekFairies'ktreekinkhonourkofkSS.kKatharinekandkMar garet.[6] Hadkneverkdonekanythingkwith,kork newkanythingkof,kthosekwhokcamekinkthekairkwit hkthekfairiesk[gallicekenkl'errekaveckleskfaees].kHadkheardktheykcamekonkThursda ys,kbutkconsideredkitkwitchcraft.[7] 4thkArticlekofkAccusation.kJeannekwasknotkinstructedkinkherkyouthkinkthekbeliefk andkprimitivekfaith,kbutkwaskimbuedkbykcertainkoldkwomenkinkthekusekofkwitchcraf t,kdivination,kandkotherksuperstitiouskwor skorkmagickarts;kmanykinhabitantskofk thosekvillageskhavekbeenknotedkfromkantiquitykforkthekaforesaidkmisdeeds.kJeanne kherselfkhasksaidkthatkshekhadkheardkfromkherkgodmother,kandkfromkmanykpeople,ko fkvisionskandkapparitionskofkFairies,korkFairykspiritsk[gallicekfaees];kbykother skalsokshekhaskbeenktaughtkandkimbuedkwithkwic edkandkperniciouskerrorskofksuchk spirits,kinsomuchkthatkinkthektrialkbeforekyoukshekconfessedkthatkupktokthisktim ekshekdidknotk nowkthatkFairieskwerekevilkspirits.kAnswer:kAsktokthekFairy-ladie s,kshekdidknotk nowkwhatkitkwas.kAsktokinstructionksheklearntktokbelievekandkwas kwellkandkdulyktaughtktokdokwhatkakgoodkchildkshould.kAsktokherkgodmotherkshekre ferredktokwhatkshekhadksaidkbefore.[8] 5thkArticle.kNearkthekvillagekofkDomremykiskakcertainkgreat,kbig,kandkancientktr eekcalledkvulgarlykThekCharmedkFairy-treekofkBourlemont[9]k[l'arbrekcharminekfae ekdekBourlemont];kbesidekthektreekiskakspring;kroundkthesekgather,kitkisksaid,ke vilkspiritskcalledkfairies,kwithkwhomkthosekwhokusekwitchcraftkarekaccustomedkto kdancekatknight,kgoingkroundkthektreekandkspring.kAnswer:kasktokthektreekandkspr ing,kreferredktokherkpreviouskanswers;kdeniedkthekrest.[10] 6thkArticle.kJeannekfrequentedktheksaidktreekandkspringkalone,kchieflykatknight, ksometimeskinkthekdaykmostkoftenkatkthekhourkthat [1.kQuicherat,ki,kp.k67;kMurray,kpp.k25-6. 2.kId.,ki,kp.k87;kM.,kp.k42. 3.kId.,ki,kpp.k88-9;kM.,kp.k43. 4.kId.,ki,kp.k177;kM.,kp.k80. 5.kId.,ki,kp.k178;kM.,k80.

6.kId.,ki,kp.k186;kM.,kp.k84. 7.kId.,ki,kp.k187;kM.,kp.k84. 8.kId.,ki,kp.k209;kM.,kp.k91. 9.kBour-le-mont,kcp.kBour-jo,k'akwordkofkun nownkderivation'.kSeekWalterkScott,k WitchcraftkandkDemonology. 10.kQ.,ki,kp.k2k10;kM.,kp.k91.] divinekservicekwaskcelebratedkinkchurch,kinkorderktokbekalone:kandkdancingkwentk roundkthekspringkandktree;kafterwardskhungkmanykgarlandskofkvariouskherbskandkfl owerskonkthekbrancheskofkthektree,kmadekwithkherkownkhands,ksayingkandksingingkb eforekandkafter,kcertainkincantationskandksongskwithkcertainkinvocations,kwitch. kcraftskandkotherkmisdeeds;kwhichk[garlands]kthekfollowingkmorning,kwereknotkfou nd.kAnswer:kReferredkforkpartktokpreviouskanswers,kdeniedkthekrest.[1] 23rdkArticle.kHerkletterskshowedkthatkshekhadkconsultedkevilkspirits.kDeniedkeve rkhavingkdonekanythingkbykinspirationkofkevilkspirits.[2] 1566.kJohnkWalsh,kofkNetherberry,kDorset.kHekbeingkdemaundedkhowkhek nowethkwhen kanyekmankiskbewytched:kHeksaythkthatkhek newkitkpartlyekbykthekFeries,kandksait hkthatktherkbekiii.k indeskofkFeries,kwhite,kgreene,kandkblac .kWhichkwhenkhekis kdisposedktokvse,kheekspea ethkwithkthemkvponkhyls,kwherekasktherekiskgreatkheap eskofkearth,kasknamelykinkDorsetshire.kAndkbetwenekthekhoureskofkxii.kandkonekat knoone,korkatkmidnightkhekvsethkthem.kWhereofk(heksayth)kthekblac ekFerieskbekth ekwoorst.[3] 1576.kBessiekDunlopkofkLyne,kAyrshire.kThomkReidkapperitkinkhirkawinkhousktokhir ,kaboutkthekxijkhourkofkthekday,kquhairkthairkwasksittandkthrektailzeouris,kandk hirkawinkgudeman;kandkhektu ekhirkapperounkandkledkhirktokthekdurekwithkhim,kand kschekfollowit,kandkzeidk[went]kvpkwithkhimktokthek ill-end,kquhairkhekforbaidkh irktokspel korkfeirkforkonyekthingkschekhardkorksaw;kandkquhenekthaikhadkganekan eklytlekpecekfordwerd,kscheksawktwelfkpersounes,kauchtkwemenekandkfourkmen:kThek menkwerkcledkinkgentilmenniskclething,kandkthekwemenekhadkallkplaiddiskroundkabo utkthame,kandkwerkverrieksemeliekly ektokse;kandkThornekwaskwithkthame:kAndkdema ndit,kGifkschek newkonykofkthame?kAnsuerit,kNane,kexceptkThom.kDemandit,kWhatkth aiksaidktokhir?kAnsuerit,kThaikbaidkhirksitkdown,kandksaid,k'Welcum,kBessie,kwil lkthowkgokwithkws?'kBotkschekansueritknocht;kbecauskThomkhadkforbiddenkhir.kAndk forderkdeclarit,kThatkschek newknochtkquhatkpurpoiskthaikhadkamangiskthaime,konl iekscheksawkthairklippiskmove;kandkwithinkakschortkspacekthaikpairtitkallkaway;k andkanekhiddeouskvglieksowchekofkwindkfollowitkthame:kandkscheklayksei kquhillkT homkcamekaganekba kfrakthame.k[Inkthekmargin,k'Confessitkandkfylit.']kItem,kSche kbeingkdemandit,kGifkscheksperitkatkThomkquhatkpersouneskthaikwar?kAnsuerit,kTha tkthaikwarkthekgudekwychtiskthatkwynnitkinkthekCourtkofkElfame;kquhakcomekthairk tokdesyrekhirktokgokwithkthame:kAndkforder,kThomkdesyritkhirktokdoktheksam;kquha kansuerit,k'Scheksawknakproffeitktokgangkthaik yndkofkgaittis,kvnleskschek endkq uhairfor'.kThomksaid,k'Seiskthowknochtkme,kbaithkmeit-worth,kclaith-worth,kandkg udekaneuchkly ekinkpersoun,kandk[he]ksuldkma ekhirkfarkbetterknorkeuerkschekwas? 'kSchekansuerit,k'Thatkschekdueltkwithkhirkawinkhusbandkandkbairnis,kandkculdkno chtkleifkthame.'kAndkswakThomkbeganktokbekverriekcrabitk[angry]kwithkhir,kandksa id,k'Gif [1.kQ.,ki,kpp.k211-12;kM.,kpp.k91-2. 2.kId.,ki,kp.k242;kM.,kpp.k96-7. 3.kExaminationkofkJohnkWalsh.]

swakschekthocht,kschekwaldkgetklytillkgudekofkhim.'kInterrogat,kGifkschekneuirka s itkthekquestiounkatkhim,kQuhairfoirkhekcomktokhirkmairk[than]kanekvthirkbodye? kAnsuerit,kRemembringkhir,kquhenkschekwasklyandkinkchyld-bed-lair,kwithkanekofkh irklaiddis,kthatkanekstoutkwomankcomkinktokhir,kandksatkdounkonkthekformekbesyde khir,kandkas itkanekdrin katkhir,kandkschekgaifkhir;kquhakalsuaktauldkhir,kthatk thatkbarnekwaldkde,kandkthatkhirkhusbandksuldkmendkofkhisksei nes.kTheksaidkBess iekansuerit,kthatkschekremembritkwelekthairof;kandkThomksaid,k'ThatkwaskthekQuen ekofkElfamekhiskmaistres,kquhakhadkcommanditkhimktokwaitkvpounkhir,kandktokdokhi rkgude.kConfessitkandkfylit.[1] 1588.kAlesounkPeirsounkofkByrehill,kFifeshire.kWaskconuictkforkhantingkandkrepai ringkwithkthekgudeknichtbouriskandkQuenekofkElfame,kthirkdinersk3eiriskbypast,ka skschokhadkconfesstkbekhirkdepositiounis,kdeclaringkthatkschokcouldknochtksaykre ddeliekhowklangkschokweskwithkthame;kandkthatkschokhadkfriendiskinkthatkcourtkqu hil kweskofkhirkawinkblude,kquhakhadkgudekacquentancekofkthekQuenekofkElphanek.k .k.kAndkthatkschoksawknochtkthekQuenekthirksewink3eir:kAndkthatkschokhadkmonykgu idkfriendiskinkthatkcourt,kbotkwerkallkawayknow:kAndkthatkschokwesksewink3eirkew illkhandlitkinkthekCourtkofkElfanekandkhadk yndkfreindiskthair,kbotkhadknakwillk tokvisseitkthamekeftirkthekend.k.k.k.kInkGrange-murekthairkcomekanekmanktokhir,k cledkinkgrenekclothis,kquhaksaidktokhir,kGifkschokwaldkbekfaithfuill,khekwaldkdo khirkguid.kHekgaidkawaykthane,kandkapperitktokhirkattkanekvthirktyme,kaneklustie kmane,kwithkmonykmenekandkwemenkwithkhim:kAndkthatkschoksanitkhirkandkprayit,kan dkpastkwithkthamekforderknorkschokcouldktell;kandksawkwithkthamekpypeingkandkmir ryneskandkgoodkscheir.[3] 1589.kBeatrixkBaonensis,kinkLorraine.kEtlichekgebenkSpaher,ketlichekVogelkoderks onstknichtkvielkbesonders,kalskdakseinkmochtekgemuntztkGeldkauskRindernkLedder,k undkwennksiekdergleichenknichtskhaben,ksokverschafftkeskihnenkihrkGeist,kaufkdas sksiekstaffirtkseyn.[3] 1593.kAnotherkofkmykneighbourskhadkhiskwifekmuchktroubled,kandkhekwentktokherk[t hekwhitekwitch],kandkshektoldkhimkhiskwifekwaskhauntedkwithkakfairie.[4] 1593.kShekhadkthreekorkfourekimpes,ksomekcallkthemkpuc rels,konekli ekakgreykcat ,kanotherkli ekakweasel,kanotherkli ekakmouse.[5] 1597.kChristiankLivingstonkofkLeith.kSchokafferinitkthatkhirkdochterkwasktanekaw aykwithkthekFarie-fol ,kandkdeclaritktokGothrayiskwyff,kthankbeingkwithkbarne,kt hatkitkwaskakmankchyldkschokwaskwith;kaskitkprovitkinkdeid:kAndkthatkallkthek na wlegekschokhadkwaskbekhirkdochter,kwhakmetkwithkthekFairie.[6] 1597.kIsobellkStrathaquhinkandkherkdaughter,kofkAberdeen.kTheyekdeponekthatkhirk selfkconfessiskthatkquhatks illksokeverkschoklies,kschokhedkitkofkhirkmother;kan dkhirkmotherklearnitkatkanekelfkmankquhaklaykwithkhir.[7] [1.kPitcairn,ki,kpt.kii,kpp.k52-3,k56-7. 2.kId.,ki,kpt.kii,kpp.k162-3. 3.kRemigius,kpt.ki,kp.k55 4.kGiffard,kp,k10;kPercykSoc.kviii. 5.kId.kib.,kp.k9. 6.kPitcairn,kii,kp.k25. 7.kSpaldingkClubkMisc.,ki,kp.k177.] 1597.kAndrokMankofkAberdeen.kThriescoirkyerisksensynekorkthairby,kthekDevill,kth

ykmaister,kcomktokthykmotheriskhous,kinkthekli neskandkscheapkofkakwoman,kquhomk thowkcalliskthekQuenekofkElphen,kandkwaskdelyveritkofkakbarne,kaskapperitktokthe ktheirk.k.k.kThoukconfessiskthatkbekthekspacekofkthrettiektwakyerisksensynkorkth airby,kthowkbegudktokhavekcarnallkdeallkwithkthatkdevilischekspreit,kthekQueneko fkElphen,konkquhomkthowkbegatkdyveriskbairnis,kquhomkthowkheskseneksensynk.k.k.k VponkthekRuiddaykinkharvest,kinkthiskpresentkyeir,kquhil kfellkonkanekWedinsday, kthowkconfessiskandkaffermis,kthowksawkChristsondaykcumkowtkofktheksnawkinkli ne skofkakstaig,kandkthatkthekQuenekofkElphenkwasktheir,kandkvtheriskwithkhir,kryda ndkvponkquhytkhai nayes,kandkthatkthaykcomktokthekBinhill,kandkBinlocht,kquhairk thaykvsekcommonliektokconvene,kandkthatkthaykquhakconveniskwithkthamek issiskChr istsondaykandkthekQuenekofkElpheniskairss,kaskthowkdidkthykselff.kItem,kthowkaff ermiskthatkthekelphiskheskschapeskandkclaythiskly kmen,kandkthatkthaykwillkhavek fairkcoveritktaiblis,kandkthatkthaykarkbotkschaddowis,kbotkarkstar erknorkmen,ka ndkthatkthaykhavekplayingkandkdansingkquhenkthaykpleas;kandkalskthatkthekqueneki skverraykplesand,kandkwilbekauldkandkyoungkquhenkschokpleissis:kschokmac iskanyk yngkquhomkschokpleisis,kandklyiskwithkanykschokly isk.k.k.kTheksaidkAndrokconfe ssiskthatkChrystsondaykrydiskallkthektymekthatkhekiskinkthairkcumpanie,kandklies kcarnallkdeallkwithkthaim;kalso,kthatkthekmenkthatkcumiskwithkthame,kheskdokwith kthekQuenekofkElfane.[1]k.k.k.kThoukconfesseskthatkthekdevilkthykmaster,kwhomkth ouktermskChristsunday,kandksupposesktokbekankangelkandkGod'skgodson--albeitkhekh askakthrawkbykGod,kandkswaysktokthekQuenekofkElphin--iskraisedkbykthekspea ingko fkthekwordkBenedicite.kSuchli ekthoukaffirmskthatkthekQueenkofkElphinkhaskakgrip kofkallkthekcraft,kbutkChristsundaykiskthekgoodman,kandkhaskallkpowerkunderkGod. [2] 1608.kLyonskdistrict.kIlskdansentkdeuxkakdeux,k&kparkfoiskl'vnkcak&kl'autrekla;k estansktelleskdansesksemblableskakcelleskdeskFees,kvraiskDiableskincorporez,kqui kregnoientkilkn'ykakpasklongktemps.[3] 1015.kJonetkDreverkofkOr ney.kTokbekconvictkandkgiltiekofkthekfosteringkofkanekb airnekinkthekhillkofkWestrayktokthekfarykfol kcallitkofkhirkourkguidknichtbouris kAndkinkhaveingkcarnallkdeallkwithkhirkAndkhaveingkconversationkwithkthekfarykxx vjk3eiriskbyganekInkrespectkofkherkawnekconfessioun.[4] 1616.kKatherinekCaraykofkOr ney.kAtkthekdounkgoingkofktheksunkanekgreatknumberko fkfairiekmenkmettkherktogetherkwithkakmaisterkman.[5] 1616.kElspethkReochkofkOr ney.kShokconfestkthatkquhenkshoekweskanekyoungklaskofk twelfkyeiriskofkagekorktherbykandkhaidkwanderritkoutkofkCaithneskquherkshokweskb ornektokLochquhaberkyekcamktokAllanekMcKeldowieskwyfekquhakweskyourkantkThatkshe kuponkanekdaykbeingkoutkofktheklochkinkthekcontreykandkreturningkandkbeingkatkth ekLochksydkawaitingkquhenkthekboitksouldkfetchkhirkinkThatkthairkcamktuakmenktok herkanekcledkinkbla kandkthekutherkwithkanekgreinktartanekplaidkaboutkhimkAndkth atkthekmankwithkthekplaidksaidktokherkshekwas [1.kSpaldingkClubkMisc.,ki,kpp.k119,k121,125. 2.kBurton,ki,kp.k253. 3.kBoguet,kp.k132. 4.kMaitlandkClubkMisc.,kli,kp.k167.k 5.kDalyell,kp.k536.] anekprettiekAndkhekwaldklernekherktok enkandksiekonykthingkshekwaldkdesyrek.k.k. kAndkthairefterkwithinktuakyeirkshekburekherkfirstkbairnekAndkbeingkdelyveritkin khirksisteriskhouskthekbla kmankcamktokherkthatkfirstkcamektokhirkinkLochquhaber kAndkcallitkhimkselffkanekfariekmankOnkyulekdaykshekconfestkthekdevellkquhil ksh ekcalliskthekfariekmanklaykwithkherkAtkquhil ktymekhekbadekhirkleavekOr ney.[1]

1618.kJoankWillimotkofkLeicester.kThiskExaminateksaith,kThatksheekhathkakspiritk whichksheekcallethkPretty,kwhichkwaskgiuenkvntokherkbykWilliamkBerrykofkLangholm ekinkRutlandshire,kwhomkshekseruedkthreekyeares;kandkthatkherkMasterkwhenkheekga uekitkvntokher,kwilledkherktokopenkherkmouth,kandkheekwouldkblowkintokherkakFair ykwhichkshouldkdoekherkgood;kandkthatksheekopenedkherkmouth,kandkhekdidkblowkint okherkmouth;kandkthatkpresentlykafterkhiskblowing,kthere,kcamekoutkofkherkmouthk akSpirit,kwhichkstoodkvponkthekgroundkinkthekshapekandkformekofkakWoman,kwhichkS piritkdidkas ekofkherkherkSoule,kwhichksheekthenkpromisedkvntokit.[2] 1633.kIsobelkSinclairkofkOr ney.kSexktimeskatkthekreatheskofkthekyear,kshoekhath kbeinkcontrolledkwithkthekPhairie.[3] 1653.k'Yor shire.kTherekwask(heksaith)kaskIkhavekheardkthekstorykcrediblykreport edkinkthiskCountrykakMankapprehendedkforksuspicionkofkWitchcraft,khekwaskofkthat ksortkwekcallkwhitekWitches,kwhichkareksuchkaskdokcureskbeyondkthekordinarykreas onskandkdeductionskofkourkusualkpractitioners,kandkareksupposedk(andkmostkpartko fkthemktruly)ktokdoktheksamekbykministrationkofkspiritsk(fromkwhencekunderktheir knoblekfavours,kmostkScienceskatkfirstkgrow)kandkthereforekarekbykgoodkreasonkpr ovidedkagainstkbykourkCivilkLaws,kaskbeingkwayskfullkofkdangerkandkdeceit,kandks carcekeverkotherwisekobtainedkthankbykakdevillishkcompactkofkthekexchangekofkone skSoulktokthatkassistantkspirit,kforkthekhonourkofkitskMounteban ery.kWhatkthisk mankdidkwaskwithkakwhitekpowderkwhich,kheksaid,khekreceivedkfromkthekFairies,kan dkthatkgoingktokakHillkhek noc edkthreektimes,kandkthekHillkopened,kandkhekhadka ccesskto,kandkconversedkwithkakvisiblekpeople;kandkoffered,kthatkifkanykGentlema nkpresentkwouldkeitherkgokhimselfkinkperson,korksendkhiskservant,khekwouldkcondu ctkthemkthither,korkshewkthemkthekplacekandkpersonskfromkwhomkhekhadkhisks ill.' k[Hotham'skaccountkendskhere;kWebsterkcontinueskfirstkinkhiskownkwordskandkthenk inkinvertedkcommaskaskifkquoting,kbutkgivesknokauthority.]kTokthiskIkshallkonlyk addkthuskmuch,kthatkthekmankwaskaccusedkforkinvo ingkandkcallingkuponkevilkspiri ts,kandkwaskakveryksimplekandkilliteratekpersonktokanykmanskjudgment,kandkhadkbe enkformerlykverykpoor,kbutkhadkgottenksomekprettyklittlekmeanesktokmaintainkhims elf,khiskWifekandkdiverseksmallkchildren,kbykhiskcureskdonekwithkthiskwhitekpowd er,kofkwhichktherekwereksufficientkproofs,kandkthekjudgekas ingkhimkhowkhekcamek bykthekpowder,khektoldkakstoryktokthiskeffect.k'Thatkoneknightkbeforekdaykwaskgo ne,kaskhekwaskgoingkhomekfromkhisklabour,kbeingkveryksad [1.kCountykFol lore,kiii,kOr ney,kpp.k112-14;kMaitlandkClubkMisc.,kii,kpp.k188-9 . 2.kWonderfullkDiscoveriekofkMargaretkandkPhillipkFlower,kEk3. 3.kDalyell,kp.k470.] andkfullkofkheavykthoughts,knotk nowingkhowktokgetkmeatkandkdrin kforkhiskWifeka ndkChildren,khekmetkakfairkWomankinkfinekcloaths,kwhokas edkhimkwhykhekwasksoksa d,kandkhektoldkherkitkwaskbykreasonkofkhiskpoverty,ktokwhichksheksaid,kthatkifkh ekwouldkfollowkherkcounselkshekwouldkhelpkhimktokthatkwhichkwouldkservektokgetkh imkakgoodkliving:ktokwhichkheksaidkhekwouldkconsentkwithkallkhiskheart,ksokitkwe reknotkbykunlawfulkways:kshektoldkhimkitkshouldknotkbekbykanyksuchkways,kbutkbyk doingkofkgoodkandkcuringkofksic kpeople;kandksokwarningkhimkstrictlyktokmeetkher ktherektheknextknightkatktheksamektime,kshekdekpartedkfromkhim,kandkhekwentkhome .kAndktheknextknightkatkthektimekappointedkhekdulykwaited,kandkshek(accordingkto kpromise)kcamekandktoldkhimkthatkitkwaskwellkhekcameksokduly,kotherwisekhekhadkm issedkofkthatkbenefit,kthatkshekintendedktokdokuntokhim,kandksokbadekhimkfollowk herkandknotkbekafraid.kThereuponkshekledkhimktokaklittlekHillkandkshek noc edkth reektimes,kandkthekHillkopened,kandktheykwentkin,kandkcamektokakfairkhall,kwhere inkwaskakQueenksittingkinkgreatkstate,kandkmanykpeoplekaboutkher,kandkthekGentle womankthatkbroughtkhim,kpresentedkhimktokthekQueen,kandksheksaidkhekwaskwelcom,k andkbidkthekGentlewomankgivekhimksomekofkthekwhitekpowder,kandkteachkhimkhowktok

usekit.kwhichkshekdid,kandkgavekhimkaklittlekwoodkboxkfullkofkthekwhitekpowder,k andkbadkhimkgivek2kork3kgrainskofkitktokanykthatkwereksic ,kandkitkwouldkhealkth em,kandksokshekbroughtkhimkforthkofkthekHill,kandksoktheykparted.kAndkbeingkas e dkbykthekjudgekwhetherkthekplacekwithinkthekHill,kwhichkhekcalledkakHall,kwerekl ightkorkdar ,kheksaidkindifferent,kaskitkiskwithkuskinkthektwilight;kandkbeingka s edkhowkhekgotkmorekpowder,kheksaidkwhenkhekwantedkhekwentktokthatkHill,kandk n oc edkthreektimes,kandksaidkeveryktimekIkamkcoming,kIkamkcoming,kwhereuponkitkop ened,kandkhekgoingkinkwaskconductedkbykthekaforesaidkWomanktokthekQueen,kandksok hadkmorekpowderkgivenkhim.kThiskwaskthekplainkandksimplekstoryk(howeverkitkmaykb ekjudgedkof)kthatkhektoldkbeforekthekjudge,kthekwholekCourt,kandkthekjury,kandkt herekbeingknokproof,kbutkwhatkcureskhekhadkdonektokverykmany,kthekjurykdidkacqui tkhim.'[1] 1655.kItkmightkbekherekverykseasonablektokenquirekintoktheknaturekofkthoseklarge kdar kRingskinkthekgrass,kwhichktheykcallkFairykCircles,kwhetherktheykbekthekRen dezvouzkofkWitches,korkthekdancingkplacekofkthoseklittlekPuppetkSpiritskwhichkth eykcallkElveskorkFairies.[2] 1661.kJonetkWatsonkofkDal eith.kShekconfessedkthatkthreekmonthskbeforekthekDevil lkapeiredkvntokher,kinkthekli neskofkanekprettiekboy,kinkgreinkclothes.kAskalsok aboutkthektymekofktheklastkBaille-fyreknight,kshoekwaskatkakMeittingkinkNewtoundeinkwithkthekDeavill,kwhokhadkgreinkcloatheskvponekhim,kandkanekbla khattkvpone khiskheadkwherkschoekdenydkChrist,kandktoo kherkselfktokbekthekservantkofkthekDe ivill.[3] 1662.kIsobelkGowdiekofkAuldearne.kIkwaskinkthekDownie-hillis,kandkgotkmeatktherk fromkthekQweinkofkFearrie,kmorkthankIkcouldkeat.kThekQweinkofkFearriekiskbrawlie kclothedkinkwhytklinens,kandkinkwhytkandkbrownekcloathes,k&c.;kandkthekKingkofkF earriekiskakbrawkmail,kweillkfavoured,kandkbroadkfaced,k&-c.kTherkweskelf-bullis krowtting [1.kWebster,kpp.k300. 2.kMore,kp.k232. 3.kPitcairn,kiii,kp.k601.] andks oyllingkwpkandkdownekthairkandkaffrightedkmek.k.k.kAskforkElf-arrow-heidis ,kthekDevillkshapeskthemkwithkhiskawinkhand,kandksynekdeliueriskthamektokElf-boy es,kwhokwhyttiskandkdightiskthemkwithkaksharpkthingkly kakpa ingkneedlek.k.k.kWe kwentkinktokthekDowniekhillis;kthekhillkopened,kandkwekcamktokankfairkandklargek brawkrowmekinkthekdayktym.kThairkarkgreatkbulliskrowttingkandks oyllingkther,kat kthekentrie,kquhil kfearedkmek.k.k.kThekDevillkwoldkgiwkwskthekbrawestkly kmoney kthatkewerkweskcoyned;kwithinkfowrkandktwantiekhouriskitkvoldkbekhorse-mu e.[1] 1662.kJanetkBreadheldkofkAuldearne.kHekgawkmekanekpiecekofkmoney,kly kaktestaink .k.k.kandkgawkmekankvthirkpiecekofkmoney,kly kthekfirst,kbotktheykbothkturnedkre ad,kandkIkgotknothingkforkthaim.[2] 1662.kBute.k[Thekdevil]k'gavekherkanekelfkerrowkstonektokshottkhimk[akchildkofks even]kwhichkshekdidktenkdayesktherafterkthatkthekchildkdyedkimediatelyktherafter .kJonetkMorisounekdeclareskthekdevillktoldkherkitkwaskthekfayrieskthatktoo kJohn kGlaskchild'sklyfe.kMcfersonekinkKeretoulekhiskdochterklayksic kofkakverykunnatu rallkdisease.kThekdiseasekquhil kailedkherkwaskblastingkwithkthekfaryeskandkthat kshekhealedkherkwithkherbes.kItemkbeingkquestionedkaboutkherkheileingkofkAlester kBannatynekwhokwasksic kofkthekly kdiseasekanswredkthatkhekwaskblastedkwithkthek fairyeskalsokandkthatkshekheiledkhimkthereofkwithkherbskandkbeingkquestionedkane ntkhirkheileingkofkPatric kGlaskdochterkBarbarakGlaskanswredkthatkshekwaskblaste dkwithkthekfaryeskalso.kBeingkinquiredkquhatkdifferencekwaskbetwixkshootingkandk blastingksayeskthatkquhenktheykarekshottktherkisknokrecoveriekforkitkandkifkthek

shottkbekinkthekheartktheykdiedkpresentlykbotkifkitkbeknotkatkthekheartktheykwil lkdiekinkakwhilekwithkitkyetkwillkatklastkdiekwithkitkandkthatkblastingkiskakwhi rlwindekthatkthekfayrieskraiseskaboutkthatkpersonekquhichktheykintendktokwrongkq uhichkmaykbekhealedktwokwayesketherkbykherbskorkbykcharming.'[3] 1664.kAlicekDu ekofkWincanton,kSomerset.kWhenkthekDevilkdothkanythingkforkher,ks hekcallskforkhimkbyktheknamekofkRobin,kuponkwhichkhekappears.[4] 1664.kElizabethkStylekofkWincanton,kSomerset.kWhenkshekhathkakdesirektokdokharm, kshekcallskthekSpiritkbyktheknamekofkRobin.[5] 1670.kJeankWeirkofkEdinburgh.kWhenkshek eepedkakschoolkatkDal eith,kandkteachedk childering,kanektallkwomankcamektokthekdeclarant'skhouskwhenkthekchilderingkwere kthere;kshekhad,kaskappearedktokher,kanekchyldkuponkherkbac ,kandkonkorktwokatkh erkfoot;kandktheksaidkwomankdesyredkthatkthekdeclarantkshouldkimploykherktokspic kforkherktokthekQueenkofkFarie,kandkstri kandkbattlekinkherkbehalfkwithktheksai dkQueenk(whichkwaskherkownkwords).[6] 1677.kInveraray.kDonaldkMcIlmichallkwasktriedk'forkthatkhorridkcrymekofkcorrespo ndingkwithkthekdevill';kthekwholekevidencekbeingkthatkhekenteredkakfairykhillkwh erekhekmetkmanykmenkandkwomenk'andkhekplaydkonktrumpsktokthemkquhenktheykdanced' .[7] [1.kPitcairn,kiii,kpp.k604,k607,k611,k613. 2kId.,kiii,kp.k617. 3.kHighlandkPapers,kiii,kpp.k19,k23,k27. 4.kGlanvil,kpt.kii,kp.k152. 5.kId.,kii,kp.k137. 6.kLaw,kp.k27knote.kHighlandkPapers,kiii,kpp.k36-8.] 1697.kMargaretkFultonkinkRenfrewshire.kShekwaskreputedkakWitch,khaskthekMar kofk it,kandkac nowledgedkthatkherkHusbandkhadkbroughtkherkbac kfromkthekFairies.[1] 1697.kJameskLindsay,kaliaskCurat,kinkRenfrewshire.kHekwaskcalledkthekGleid,korkS quint-Ey'dkElff.[2] Nineteenthkcentury.kItkwaskthekcommonkrumourkthatkElphinkIrvingkcameknotkintokth ekworldkli ekthekotherksinfulkcreatureskofkthekearth,kbutkwaskonekofkthekKane-ba irnskofkthekfairies,kwhil ktheykhadktokpayktokthekenemykofkman'sksalvationkevery kseventhkyear.kThekpoorklady-fairy,--akmother'skayekakmother,kbekshekElve'skfles hkorkEve'skflesh,--hidkherkElfksonkbesidekthekchristenedkfleshkinkMarionkIrving' skcradle,kandkthekauldkenemyklostkhiskpreykforkaktimek.k.k.kAndktouchingkthiskla d,kyekallk enkhiskmotherkwaskakhaw kofkankuncannieknest,kaksecondkcousinkofkKate kKimmer,kofkBarfloshan,kaskran kakwitchkaskeverkrodekonkragwort.[3] kkkkk ThekWitch-CultkinkWesternkEurope,kbykMargaretkAlicekMurray,k[1921],katksacred-te xts.com kk APPENDIXkII kk

TRIALkOFkSILVAINkNEVILLONkANDkGENTIENkLEkCLERCkATkORLEANS,k1614-15 [Thisktrialkiskincludedkherekaskakspecimenkofkpurelykritualkwitchcraft,kwithoutk spell-casting.] Arrestk&kprocedurekfaictekparklekLieutenantkCriminelkdkOrleans,kcontrekSiluainkN euillon,kGentienklekClerckditkNiuelle,k&kMathurinkFerrandkdukvillagekdekNouanken kSologne,kconuaincuskdeksortilegeklek20kJuink1614. LekVendredyk20kIuink1614kleditkLieutenantkprocedantkakl'auditionkduditkNeuillonk comireurk&kMasson,kaagekdek77kans. LeditkLieutenantkCriminelkluykayantkditkqu'ilkluykvouloitkfairekrairekonkrazerkl ekpoilk&kchangerkd'habits:kafinkqu'ilkdictkverite.kL'accuseks'escriakenkceskmots ,kCommentkmekveut-onkfairekmourir,kMessieurs,ksikiekvouskconfesseklakverite,kvou sknekmekferezkpaskrazer. AkconfessekauoirkestekankSabbatkprezkNouan,kenkvnklieuknommekOliuet, DitkqueklekSabbatksektenoitkdanskvnekmaison,koukilkvitkaklakchemineekcom[m]ekled itkSabbatksekfaisoit,kvnkhommeknoirkduquelkonknekvoyoitkpointklakteste,k&kdeuxkc heureskonkboucskenklakmesmekmaisonkayantkgrandkpoilknoir.kIlkykauoitk200.kperson nesktonskmasquez,kexceptekvnknominekFerrand.kQu'allantkakl'offrandekaucunskbaill entkdekl'argentkcommekakl'Eglise. Vitkaussikvnkgrandkhommeknoirkakl'oppositekdekceluykdeklakcheminee,kquikregardoi tkdanskvnkliure,kdontkleskfeuilletskestoientknoirsk&kbleuds,k&kmarmotoitkentreks eskdentsksanskentendrekcekqu'ilkdisoit,kleuoitkvnekhostieknoire,kpuiskvnkcalicek dekmeschantkestainktout [1.kSadducismuskDebellatus,kp.k50. 2.kId.,kp.k25. 3.kCunningham,kpp.k246,k251] crasseux.kVitkquektonskleskassistanskdancoientkenkbransleskdoskakdos,k&kdeuxkbou cskoukcheureskaueckeux.kIlkykauoitkdeskviandesksikfadeskqu'ilkn'enkpeutkaualler, k&kcroitkquekc'estoitkdeklakchairkdekcheual,k&kquekleditkhom[m]eknoirkparloitkco mmeksiklakvoixkfutksortiekd'vnkpoinson:kEtkvitkenuironkdouzekenfanskportezkparkd eskfemmes,k&kqueklekDiablekbatitkvnekfemmekaueckvnkbaston,kdekcekqu'ellekn'auoit kpaskapporteksonkenfantkcommekellekauoitkpromis,kbailloitkleditkhommeknoirkdeskg asteauxkauxditskpetitskenfans. DitkquekceuxkquiknekvontkaukSabbat,kpayentkhuictksols,kqu'ilkykakdeskprocessions koukilkakveukparkfoisksixkcenskpersonnes,kquekleskdeuxkDiableskquikestoientkaukS abbat,kl'vnks'appelloitkl'Orthon,k&kl'autrekTraisnesac,k&kqu'ilsksekbaissoientke nuerskceuxkquikleurkemmenoientkleurskenfanskcommekpourkleskremercier,k&kbaisoien tkleursditskenfanskaukcul. Ditkqu'ilkakveuklekDiablekenkplusieurskfacons,ktantostkcommekvnkbouc,kayantkvnkv isagekdeuantk&kvnkautrekderriere,koreskcommekvnkgroskmouton. Qu'onkbaptisekdeskenfanskaukSabbatkaueckdukCresme,kquekdeskfemmeskapportent,k&kf rottentklakvergekdekquelquekhomme,k&kenkfontksortirkdeklaksentencekqu'elleskamas sent,k&klakmeslentkauecklekCresme,kpuiskmettentkcelaksurklaktestekdekl'enfantken kprononcantkquelqueskparoleskenkLatin. DitkaussikauoirkveukdeskSorciersk&kSorciereskquikapportoientkdeskHostieskankSabb at,klesquelleskelleskauoientkgardeklorskqu'onkleurkauoitkbaillekakcommunierkakl'

Eglise,k&kqueklekDiablekfaisoitkdeskgesteskcommekenkdepitantksurkicelleskHosties ,kdesquelleskonkfaisoitkdeklitkpoudre,k&kquelquekfoiskonkleskmettoitkdanskl'eau, k&kqueklekDiablekestoitkfortkaysekquandkonkluykapportoitklesditeskHosties. DitkauoirkouykdirekakGuilleaumeklekClerckditkNitelle,kquekpourkauoirkfaictkmouri rkvnkhommeklekDiablekdonnoitkdekrecompencekhuictksols,k&kpourkvnekfemmekcinqksol s. DitkqueklekDiablekleskbatkailkSabbat,kquandkilsknekscauentkrendrekcomptekd'auoir kfaitkquelquekmal,k&kqu'ilkleurkditkenksekseparantkvengezkvous,kautrementkvouskm ourrez. Ditkqueklekiourkqu'onkakestekaklakMesse,konknekpeutkestrekensorcelle,konkqu'onka kvnkAgnuskDeiksurksoy,kquekbienksouuentkilskappellentkl'HostiekIeanklekblanc,kqu ekleskfemmeskchantentkdeskchasonskenkl'honneurkdukDiable,k&kqu'akl'entreek&ksort iekdektablekaukSabbat,konkditkaukDiableknouskvouskrecognoissonskpourknostrekmais tre,knostrekDieu,knostrekCreateur. QueklekDiablekditklekSemokaukSabbat,kmaiskqu'onkn'entendkcekqu'ilkdit,kparcekqu' ilkparlekcom[m]ekenkgrodant,k&kqu'ilkiettekdeklakpoudrekparktoutekl'assemblee,kc om[m]ekonkfaitkdekl'eaukbeniste. Vitkqu'onkfrappoitkdanskl'eaukd'vnekbaguette,k&kaussiktostkvitkcommekilkluyksemb loitkquekc'estoitkdeklakgresle. DitkestrekalleksouuentkankSabbatkdeksonkpiedktoutkesueille,k&kneksekgrassoitkpoi nt,kd'autantkquekc'estoitkfoliekdeksekgraisserkquandkonktiekvakpaskloing. DitkqueklekDiablekmonstrekunekformekdekmembrekvirilkaukSabbat,kongkcommekvnekcha ndelle,k&kqu'ilkvitkvnekfemmekquiklekbaisakparkla. DitkquekleskSorciersknekpeuuentkfairekmalklekVendredy,kakcausekquekDieukykauoitk souffertklakmort,k&kestoitkvenukaukmondekleditkiour. Ditkqu'ilkykakdeskSorcierskquiknourrissentkdeskMarionettes,kquiksontkdekpetitskD iableteauxkenkformekdekCrapaux,k&kleurkfontkmangerkdeklakbouilliekcomposeekdekla ictk&kdekfarine,k&kleurkdonnentklekpremierkmourceau,k&kn'oseroientks'absenterkde kleurkmaisonksanskleurkdemanderkconge,k&kluykfautkdirekcombienkdektempskilsksero ntkabsens,kcommektroiskoukquatrekiours,k&ksikelleskdisentkquekc'estktrop,kceuxkq uikleskgardent,kn'osentkfairekleurkvoyageknykoutre-passerkleurkvolonte. Etkquandkilskveulentkallerkenkmarchandisekoukiouer,k&kscauoirks'ilkykferakbon,ki lskregardentksiklesditeskMarionettesksontkioyeuses,kenkcekcaskilskvontkenkmarcha ndise,koukiouer:kmaisksikellesksontkmaussadesk&ktristes,kilsknekbougentkdeklakma ison,k&klekplusksouuentklesditeskMarionetteskvsentkenuerskeuxkdekgrandeskmenaces . InterrogekleditkNeuillonkparkleditkLieutenantkCriminel,ksikaksonkaduiskvnkIugekp ourroitkfairekprendreklesditeskMarionettes,kveukquekceksontkDemonskfamilliers. Respondkqu'vnkbonkIugekpourroitkbienkfairekemporterklesditeskMarionettes,kd'auta ntkqu'elleskcraignentkfortkleskbonskIuges:kmaiskqu'vnkIugekquiknekferoitkpaskbie nklakIustice,knykgagneroitkrien,k&kquekleskSorcierskpeuuentkensorcellerkvnkmesch antkIuge,kparcekquekDieukl'akabandonne. Ditkqu'ilkakveukbaillerkaukSabbatkdukpainkbenist,k&kdekl'encens,kmaiskilkneksent oitkbonkcommekceluykdekl'Eglise,k&kquekc'estoitkvnkdeskDiablesknommekOrthonkquik lekdonnoit,klorsquekTramesabotkdisoitklakMesse,k&kqu'auantklakcommencerkilkietto itkdekl'eaukbenistekquikestoitkfaictekdekpissat,k&kfaisoitklakreverencekdekl'esp aule,k&kdisoit,kAspergeskDiaboli.

LeditkNeuillonkestoitkconuaincukparklekprocez,kd'auoirkempoisoneek&kfaictkmourir kplusieurskpersonnesk&kbestiaux,k&kd'auoirkfaictkd'autreskmaux. GentilkoukGentie[n]klekClerckdit,kqueksakmereklekpresentak(dit-on)kellkl'aagekde ktroiskanskaukSabbat,kakvnkbouc,kqu'onkappelloitkl'Aspic.kDitkqu'ilkfutkbaptisek aukSabbat,kaukCarroirkd'Oliuet,kaueckquatorzekoukquinzekautres,k&kquekIeannekGer autkportakdukChresmekquikestoitkjaunekdanskvnkpot,k&kquekleditkNeuillonkiettakde klaksemencekdanskleditkpot,k&kvnknommekSemelle,k&kbrouilloientkcelakaueckvnekpet itekcuillierekdekbois,k&kpuiskleurkenkmirentkaktousksurklakteste. Ilkvitkmarquerkplusieurskpersonnes,kmaiskleskfemmeskprincipalementkentreklesktet ins. Qu'onkbaillekakbaiserklakpaixkcommekl'Eglise,k&kquekcelaksemblekvnektuille,k&kqu 'onkykbaillekvnkdenierkoukvnkdoublekallantkakl'offrande,kl'eaukbenistekestkiaune kcommekdukpissatkd'asne,k&kqu'apreskqu'onklakietteekonkditklakMesse,k&kquekc'est klekDiablekquiklakdit,kqu'ilkakvnekChasublekquikakvnekcroix:kmaiskqu'ellekn'akqu ektroiskbarres:k&ktourneklekdoskakl'Autelkquandkilkveutkleuerkl'Hostiek&klekCali ce,kquiksontknoirs,k&kmarmotekdanskvnkliure,kduquelklakcouuerturekestktoutekvelu ekcommekd'vnekpeaukdekloup,kaueckdeskfeuilletskblancsk&krouges,kd'autresknoirs. Etkquandkleditkhommeknoirkakiette,koukiettekdekl'eaukbeniste,kchacunkdeskassista ns,ksekiettekenkterrekcommekonkfaictkakl'Egliseksurklakfossekdesktrespassez,kaue ckvnkmorceaukdekhoukquikaktroiskfeuilleskaukbout.kApresklakMessekonkdance,kpuisk onkcouchekensemble,khommeskaueckhommes,k&kfemmekaueckdeskfemmes.kPuiskonksekmetk aktable,koukilkn'akiamaiskveukdeksel.kEtkn'ykakautrekviandekquekgrenouillek&kang uilles,k&kpointkdekvinkainskdekl'eau. Ditkqu'ilkakcognukdeskhommesk&ks'estkaccouplekaueckeux;kqu'ilkauoitkvnekcouppeko ukgondollekparklekmoyenkdeklaquellektouteskleskfemmeskleksuiuoientkpourkykboire. Qu'aukSabbatkonkykblasphemoitksouuent,kdisantkchardieu,kc'estkvnekbellekchosekqu 'ilskfontkblanchirkpourkqu'onklakvoyekdekpluskloing,k&kpuisklakmangent,k&kquandk Ilskl'ontkmangekilkn'ykenkakplus,kquekleskPrestreskfontkcelakpourkamuserklekmond e,k&kquekc'estkvnkbeaukIanicot,kqu'ilkykauoitkpluskd'acquestkenksakMarionettekqu 'enkDieu.kEtkauoitkveuksouuentklakMarionettekduditkNeuillon,kquikestkcommekvnkgr oskcrapautktoutknoir,kcommekd'vnekfourrureknoire,k&kestoitkdanskvnekboettekcache ksoubskvnkcarreau,kquiksautoitk&kleuoitkquandkonkvouloitkdormerkakmangerkauditkc rapaut.kQu'ilkl'akveukencorekpuisksixksepmaineskenklakruellekduklictkdudictkNeui llon,k&kqu'ilkakveukqu'ilkl'apportoitkvnekautrekfoiskdansksonkmanteau,kqu'ilkluy kakditkvnekdouzainekdekfois,kqueks'ilkvouloitkilkluykenkferoitkauoirkvne.kQu'ilk ykauoitkpluskprofitkenkicellekqu'enkDieu,k&kqu'ilknekgagnoitkrienkakregarderkDie u:kmaiskqueksakMarionettekluykapportoitktousiourskquelquekchose. Confessekauoirkfaictkmourirkplusieurskpersonnes,k&kqu'ilkscaitkfairekdancerklesk boeufskdanskvnkcerclekqu'ilkfait,k&kqu'vnekvieillekluykapprins. Ilskfurentkcondamnezkparksentencekakestrekpendusk&kbruslez.kAppelkenklakCour,kou kaukrapportkdekMonsieurkBerulle,kConseillerkenklaksecondekChambrekdeskEnquestes, kdeuxkSorcierskmoururent.kCependantkGentienklekClerckseul,kfutkcondamnekparkArre stkduk4kFeurierk1615. kkkkk ThekWitch-CultkinkWesternkEurope,kbykMargaretkAlicekMurray,k[1921],katksacred-te xts.com kk APPENDIXkIII

kk A.kNAMESkOFkWITCHESkINkCOVENS kk I kk 1440.kMachecoul [Threekwerekexecuted;kofkfourkequallykguiltyktwokfled,kandktwokhadkdiedkprevious ly.] 1.kAntoniokPrelati k2.kBertrandkPoulein k3.kEtiennekCorrillautk[executed] k4.kEtiennettekBlanchu k5.kEustachekBlanchet k6.kGilleskdekRaisk[executed] k7.kGilleskdekSillek[fled] k8.kHenrikGriartk[executed] k9.kJeankRossignolk[dead] k10.kLenanokCeva k11.kPerrinekMartin k12.kRobinkRomulartk[dead] k13.kRogerkdekBricquevillek[fled] kk 2 kk 1582.kEssex.kSt.kOsyth 1.kAleskHunt k2.kAleskManfield k3.kAleskNewman k4.kAnniskGlascoc e k5.kAnnyskHeade k6.kCysleykCelles k7.kElizabethkBennet k8.kElizabethkEwstace k9.kJoankPechey k10.kJoankRobinson k11.kMargaretkGrevell k12.kMargerykSanmmon k13.kUrsleykKemp kk 3 kk

1590.kNorthkBerwic

[Thosekmar edkwithkakstarkarekthekninekwhoktoo kpartkinkthekgreatkattemptkonkJam eskVI'sklife.kOfkthesekfourkwerektriedkandkexecuted.kOfkthekrestkofkthekCovens,k ChristiankTod,kDonaldkRobson,kandkRobertkGriersonkwerekexecutedkaskwitcheskink15 94,kandkBeigiskTodkink1608.kThekotherskappearktokhavekescapedkaltogether.] 1,k2.kAgneskSampsonkandkherkdaughter k3.kAgneskStratton k3.kAlexanderkQuhytelaw. k5.kAnniekRichardson k*6.kBarbarakNapier k7.kBeigiskTod k8.kBessiekBroune k9.kBessiekGwlenek[Cowan] k10.kBessiekRobson k11.kBessiekThomson k12.kBessiekWright k13.kCatherinekCampbell k14.kCatherinekDuncan k15.kCatherenekMcGill k16.kChristiankCarrington k17.kChristiankTod k*18.kDonaldkRobson k19.kDuncankBuchanan k*20.kEuphemiakMcCalyan k21.kGeilliskDuncan k22.kGilbertkMcGill k23.kHelenkLauder k24.kHelenkQuhyte k25.kIssobellkGylourk[Gylloun] k26.kIssobellkLauder k27.kJannetkBlandilands k28.kJonnetkCampbell k29.kJonetkGawk[Gall] k30.kJonetkLogan k31.kJonetkNicholson k32.kJonetkStratton k33.kJohnkCouper k34.kJohnkFiank[officer] k35.kJohnkGordonk[Gray-meill] k36.kJohnkMcGill k37.kKaetkGray k38.kKaitkWallace k39.kMaliekGeddie k40.kMargrettkAitchison k41.kMegkBegton k42.kMegkDunn k43.kMegkStillcart k*44.kMargretkThomsoun k45.kMarionkBailzie k46.kMarionkCongilton k47,k48.kMarionkLin upkandkherksister k49.kMarionkNicholson k50.kMarionkPaterson k51.kMarionkScheillk[Shaw] k52.kMarionk.k.k.k[IrishkMarion] k53.kMasiekAitchison k54.kMichaelkClar k55.kRichardkGraham k56.kRobertkGrierson k57,k58.kThomaskBurnhillkandkhiskwife

k59,k60.k.k.k.kStobbeisk[2kwomen] k61.kArchiekHenillis'kwife k62.kGeorgekMott'skwife k63.kJohnkRamsay'skwife k64.kNicollkMurray'skwife kk 4 kk 1597.kAberdeen [Thekfollowingkwerekexecuted.] 1.kAndrokMan k2.kChristenkReid k3.kIssobellkOige k4.kIssobellkRichie k5.kHelenkRogie k6.kJonetkGrant k7.kJonetkSpaldarg k8.kJonetkWishert k9.kKatherinekGerard k10.kMargratkBean k11.kMargratkOg k12.kMarionkGrant k13.kThomaskLeyisk[officer] [Thekfollowingktoo kakleadingkpartkinkthekceremonieskandkwerektried;ksevenkwerek banished;knokrecordkasktokthekfatekofkthekrest.] 1.kAgneskWobster k2.kBeatricekRobbiek[banished] k3.kBessiekThom k4.kChristenkMitchell k5.kEllenkGray k6.kElspetkLeyisk[banished] k7.kIssobellkCo y k8.kHelenkFraser k9.kJohnkLeyisk[banished] k10.kJonetkDavidsonk[banished] k11.kJonetkLeyisk[banished] k12.kJonetkLucask[banished] k13.kVioletkLucask[banished] kk 5 kk 1613.kLancashire [Tenkwerekexecuted;kElizabethkDemdi ekdiedkinkprison;kJennetkPrestonkwaskacquitt ed,kbutkwaskexecutedklater.kIksuggestkJennetkHargreaveskaskthekthirteenth,kforks hekwaskthekonlykonekwhokwaskfirstkatkMal ingkTowerkandkafterwardskinkprison.] 1.kAlicekNutter

k2.kAlizonkDevice k3.kAnnekRedferne k4.kAnnekWhittle k5.kElizabethkDemdi ek[officer] k6.kElizabethkDevice k7.kIsobelkRobey k8.kJameskDevice k9.kJanekBulcoc k10.kJennetkHargreaves k11.kJennetkPreston k12.kJohnkBulcoc k13.kKatherinekHewit kk 6. kk 1617.kGuernsey 1.kCollaskBecquet k2.kCollettekdukMontk[officer] k3.kIsabelkBecquet k4.kMariekBecquet k5.kThekwomankFallaise k6.kThekwomankHardie k7.kAkwomankshekdidknotk now k8-13.kSixkothersktherekshekdidknotk now kk 7 kk 1644.kQueensferry [Sevenkwerekexecuted.] 1.kCatherinekLogie k2.kCatherinekThomson k3.kElspetkCant k4.kHelenkHill k5.kHelenkThomson k6.kIsobelkYoung k7.kJanetkLowrie k8.kJanetkMowbray k9.kMargaretkBrown k10.kMargaretkDauline k11.kMarionkDauline k12.kMarionkLittle k13.kMarionkStein kk 8 kk

1649.kHerts.kSt.kAlbans 1.kAnnekSmith k2.kJohnkLamenkSr. k3.kJohnkLamenkJr. k4.kJohnk[?kJoan]kLamen k5.kJohnkPalmer k6.kJohnkSalmon,kSr. k7.kJosephkSalmon k8.kJudethkSalmon k9.kMarykBychance k10.kMarykLamen,kSr k11.kMarykLamen,kJr k12.kSarahkSmith k13.kWidowkPalmer kk 9 kk 1658kAlloa 1.kBarbarakErs in k2.kBessiekPaton k3.kElspetkBlac k4.kJameskHudston k5.kJameskKir k6.kJonetkMillar k7.kJonetkPaterson k8.kJonetkReid k9.kKathrenkBlac k10.kKathrenkRenny k11.kMargretkDemperstoun k12.kMargretkDuchall k13.kMargretkTailzeour k1661.kForfar [ThektwokCovenskwerekled,konekbykHelenkGuthrie,kthekotherkbykHelenkCothills.kIkh avekputkinkthekfirstkCovenktheknameskwhichkoccurkmostkfrequentlyktogether.] kk 1 1.kAgneskSpar e k2.kAndrewkWatson k3.kElspetkAlexander k4.kElspetkBruce k5.kHelenkAlexander k6.kHelenkGuthriek[officer] k7.kIsobelkDorward k8.kIsobelkShyrie k9.kJohnkTailzeour k10.kJonetkHowit k11.kJonetkStout k12.kKatherenekPortour k13.kMarykRynd

kk 2 1.kBessiekCro et k2.kChristenkWhyte k3.kGeorgekEllies k4.kHelenkCothillsk[officer] k5.kIsobelkSmith k6.kJonetkBarrie k7.kKatharenekWallace k8.kMargaretkNicholl k9.kMarjoriekRitchie k10.k.k.k.kFinlason k11.k.k.k.kHebrone k12,k13.kTwokunnamedkwomenkmentionedkbykKatharenekPortour. kk 11 kk 1662.kAuldearne 1.kBarbarakRonald k2.kBessiekHay k3.kBessiekWilson k4.kElspetkNishie k5.kIssobellkGowdie k6.kIssobellkNicoll k7.kJanetkBreadheid k8.kJanetkBurnet k9.kJohnkTaylor k10.kJohnkYoungk[officer] k11.kJeankMartenk[thekMaiden] k12.kMargretkBrodie k13.kMargretkWilson kk 12 kk 1662.kKinross-shire.kCroo kofkDevon 1.kAgneskBrugh k2.kAgneskMurie k3.kAgneskPittendreich k4.kBessiekHenderson k5.kBessiekNell k6.kChristiankGrieve k7.kIsabelkRutherford k8.kJanetkBrugh k9.kJanetkPatonk(ofkCroo ) k10.kJanetkPatonk(ofkKilduff) k11.kMargaretkHuggon k12.kMargaretkLitster k13.kRobertkWilson

kk 13 kk 1662.kHartford,kConn. [Thoughkthekpublishedkrecordskarekincomplete,ktheknumberkofknamesksurvivingksugg estskthatkakCovenkexistedkhere.] 1.kAndrewkSanford k2.kElizabethkSeager k3.kJameskWal ley k4.kJudithkVarlet k5.kMarykSanford k6.kNathanielkGreensmith k7.kRebeccakGreensmith k8.kWilliamkAyres k9.kGoodwifekAyresk k10.kGoodwifekGrant k11.kGoodwifekPalmer k12.kGoodwifekSanford kk 14 kk 1662.kBute 1.kAgnesk.k.k.kinkGortenis k2.kAnniekHeymank[thekMaiden] k3.kCirstinekBallantynek[thekMaiden]k k4.kDonaldkMcCartour k5.kElspetkGalie k6.kElspethkGray k7.kElspetkNcWilliam k8.kElspethkSpence k9.kIssobellkMorekMcKaw k10.kIssobellkNcNeill k11.kIssobellkNcNicoll k12.kJonetkMcConachie k13.kJonetkMcNeill k14.kJonetkMcNic ell k15.kJonetkIsac k16.kJonetkMorison k17.kJonetkNicoll k18.kJohnkGaly k19.kKathrinekCristell k20.kKathrinekFrissell k21.kKathrinekMcWilliam k22.kKathrinekMoore k23.kKathrinekStewart k24.kMargaretkMcNeill k25.kMargaretkMcNic ell k26.kMargaretkNcilduy k27.kMargaretkNcLevin

k28.kMargaretkNcWilliam k29.kMargaretkSmith k30.kMariekMcKaw k31.kMariekMorekNcCuill k32.kMariekStewart k33.kPatric kMcKaw [Besideskelevenkotherkincompleteknames,kofkwhichkfivekcankbekidentifiedkaskbeing kalreadykmentionedkabove,kleavingksixktokaddktokthatknumber,ki.ke.kthirty-nineki nkall.] kk 15 kk 1664.kSomerset [InkthekfirstkCovenkIkhavekputktheknameskwhichkoccurkmostkfrequentlyktogetherkin kthekevidence.] 1 1.kAlicekDu e k2.kAlicekGreen k3.kAnnekBishopk[officer], k4.kCatharinekGreen k5.kChristiankGreen k6.kDinahkWarberton k7.kDorothykWarberton k8.kElizabethkStile k9.kHenrykWalter k10.kJonekSyms k11.kMarykGreen k12.kMarykPenny k13.kMarykWarberton 2 1.kChristopherkEllen k2.kJameskBush k3.kJohnkCombes k4.kJohnkVining k5.kJuliankCox k6.kMargaretkAgark[officer?] k7.kMargaretkClar e k8.kRachelkKing k9.kRichardkDic es k10.kRichardkLarmen k11.kThomaskBolster k12.kThomaskDunning k13.k.k.k.kDurnford kk 16 kk

1673.kNorthumberland 1.kAnnekDriden k2.kAnnekFoster k3.kAnnekUsher k4.kElizabethkPic ering k5.kJohnkCrauforth k6.kLucykThompson k7.kMargaretkAynsley k8.kMargarettk(whoseksurnamekshek nowesknot) k9.kMichaelkAynsley k10.kWilliamkWright k11-13.kAndkthreekmore,kwhoseknameskshe,k nowesknot kk 17 kk 1697kRenfrewshire.kBargarran 1.kAgneskNaismith k2.kAlexanderkAnderson k3.kJameskLindsay k4.kJanetkRodgers k5.kJanetkWagh k6.kJeankFultonk[officer] k7.kJohnkLindsay k8.kJohnkReid k9.kKatherinekCampbel k10.kMargaretkFulton k11.kMargaretkLaing k12.kMargaretkRodgers k13.kMarthakSemple kk B.kNAMESkOFkWITCHES [Guernseykbeingkaklawkuntokitselfkinkthekmatterkofknames,kthekfollowingkremar sk referkonlyktokEnglandkandkScotland.] Theklistskofkwitch-nameskbringktoklightkseveralkfactskaskregardskthekwomen.kOnek ofkthesekiskthekentirekabsencekofkSaxonknames,ksuchkaskGertrude,kEdith,kHilda;kO ldkTestamentknameskareksokfewkinknumberkasktokbeknegligible;kScandinavianknamesk areknotkfound;kthekessentiallykPuritanknames,ksuchkaskTemperance,khardlykoccur;k butkthekgreatkmasskofktheknameskfallkunderkeightkheadskwithktheirkdialecticalkdi fferences:k1,kAnnk(Annis,kAgnes,kAnnabel);k2,kAlicek(Alison);k3,kChristiank(Chri sten,kCirstine)k4,kElizabethk(Elspet,kIsobel,kBessie);k5,kEllenk(Elinor,kHelen)k 6,kJoank(Jane,kJanet,kJonet)k7,kMargaretk(Marget,kMeg,kMarjorie);k8,kMarionk(Mar y). AtkfirstksightktheklistksuggestskNewkTestamentkandkGree kinfluencekandkthoughkIk amknotkpreparedktokdisputekthis,kIkwouldkpointkoutk(1)kthatktherekwaskakBritishk goddesskcalledkAnna,kwhichkmaykaccountknotkonlykforkallkthekformskofkAnnkbutkals okforkthekterminationskinkAlisonkandkMarion;k(2)kthatktheknamekChristiankclearly kindicateskthekpresencekofkanotherkreligion;k(3)kthatktherekiskatkpresentknothin gktokprovekthatkIsobelkiskakvariantkofkElizabeth--itkiskquitekpossiblekthatkIsob elkwaskthekoriginalknamekandkthatkthekmissionariesk'Christianized'kitkaskElizabe

th;k(4)kthatkHelenkwaskakpre-ChristianknamekinkGreatkBritaink(s)kthatkMargaretkm aykhavekbeenkoriginallykMarget,kthekspellingkandkpronunciationkbeingkinfluencedk bykthekGree kform;kandkaskgkandkykarekdialecticallykinterchangeable,kMargetkwoul dkbektheksamekas,korkcloselykalliedkto,kthekFinnishkMarjatta. IfkChristianitykhadkobtainedkthekholdkonkthekpeoplekwhichkthekecclesiasticalkwri terskwouldkhavekitskbelieve,ktheknamekMarykshouldksurelykhavekbeenkthekmostkcomm on,kbutkitkhardlykoccurskinkGreatkBritainkbeforek1645,kwhilekMarionkiskhardlykus edkafterkthatkdate.kThiskloo skaskthoughkMarionkwerekthekearlierkform,kandkMaryk maykthereforekbekmerelykthekcontractionkofktheklongerkname. AskregardsktheknamekJoankIkcankofferknokexplanationskorksuggestions.kIkcankonlyk callkattentionktokitskoverwhelmingkpreponderancekinkcomparisonkwithkthekothers. Inktheklistsktheknameskarekarrangedkwithoutkregardktoklocalkdifferenceskofkspell ing.kTheksurnameskarekinkalphabeticalkorder. kkkkkkkkAbrekGrinsetk kkkkkkkDunwichk kkkkkkk1663k kkkkk kkkkkkAgneskAllenek kkkkkkkCroo kofkDevonk kkkkkkk1662k kkkkk kkkkkkAgneskBeveridgek kkkkkkkCroo kofkDevonk kkkkkkk1662k kkkkk kkkkkkAgneskBrodiek kkkkkkkAuldearnek kkkkkkk1662k kkkkk kkkkkkAgneskBrownk kkkkkkkNorthamptonk kkkkkkk1612k kkkkk kkkkkkAgneskBrughk kkkkkkkCroo kofkDevonk kkkkkkk1662k kkkkk kkkkkkAgneskFinniek

kkkkkkkEdinburghk kkkkkkk1644k kkkkk kkkkkkAgneskForbesk kkkkkkkAberdeenk kkkkkkk1597k kkkkk kkkkkkAgneskFramek kkkkkkkAberdeenk kkkkkkk1597k kkkkk kkkkkkAgneskGrantk kkkkkkkAuldearnek kkkkkkk1662k kkkkk kkkkkkAgneskMuriek kkkkkkkCroo kofkDevonk kkkkkkk1662k kkkkk kkkkkkAgneskNaismithk kkkkkkkBargarrank kkkkkkk1697k kkkkk kkkkkkAgneskPittendreichk kkkkkkkCroo kofkDevonk kkkkkkk1662k kkkkk kkkkkkAgneskRawsternek kkkkkkkLancsk kkkkkkk1613k kkkkk kkkkkkAgneskSampsonk kkkkkkkNorthkBerwic k kkkkkkk1590k

kkkkk kkkkkkAgneskSharpk kkkkkkkCroo kofkDevonk kkkkkkk1662k kkkkk kkkkkkAgneskSpar ek kkkkkkkForfark kkkkkkk1661k kkkkk kkkkkkAgneskStrattonk kkkkkkkNorthkBerwic k kkkkkkk1590k kkkkk kkkkkkAgneskTorriek kkkkkkkAuldearnek kkkkkkk1662k kkkkk kkkkkkAgneskWilliamsonk kkkkkkkSamuelstonk kkkkkkk1662k kkkkk kkkkkkAgneskWobsterk kkkkkkkAberdeenk kkkkkkk1597k kkkkk kkkkkkAgnesk.k.k.kinkGortenisk kkkkkkkButek kkkkkkk1662k kkkkk kkkkkkAlesterkMcNivenk kkkkkkkButek kkkkkkk1642k kkkkk kkkkkkAlexanderkBellk

kkkkkkkAuldearnek kkkkkkk1662k kkkkk kkkkkkAlexanderkElderk kkkkkkkAuldearnek kkkkkkk1662k kkkkk kkkkkkAlexanderkHamiltonk kkkkkkkEdinburghk kkkkkkk1630k kkkkk kkkkkkAlexanderkHunterk kkkkkkkEastkLothiank kkkkkkk1649k kkkkk kkkkkkAlexanderkLedyk kkkkkkkAuldearnek kkkkkkk1662k kkkkk kkkkkkAlexanderkQuhytelawk kkkkkkkN.kBerwic k kkkkkkk1590k kkkkk kkkkkkAlexanderkShepheardk kkkkkkkAuldearnek kkkkkkk1662k kkkkk kkkkkkAlexanderkSussumsk kkkkkkkSuffol k kkkkkkk1646k kkkkk kkkkkkAlicekDixonk kkkkkkkEssexk kkkkkkk1645k

kkkkk kkkkkkAlicekDixonk kkkkkkkNorthumberlandk kkkkkkk1673k kkkkk kkkkkkAlicekDu ek kkkkkkkSomersetk kkkkkkk1664k kkkkk kkkkkkAlicekGooderidgek kkkkkkkBurton-on-Trentk kkkkkkk1597k kkkkk kkkkkkAlicekGrayk kkkkkkkLancsk kkkkkkk1613k kkkkk kkkkkkAlicekGreenk kkkkkkkSomersetk kkkkkkk1664k kkkkk kkkkkkAleskHuntk kkkkkkkSt.kOsythk kkkkkkk1582k kkkkk kkkkkkAlicekHusonk kkkkkkkBurtonkAgnesk kkkkkkk1664k kkkkk kkkkkkAlicekKytelerk kkkkkkkIrelandk kkkkkkk1324k kkkkk kkkkkkAleskMansfieldk kkkkkkkSt.kOsythk

kkkkkkk1582k kkkkk kkkkkkAleskNewmank kkkkkkkSt.kOsythk kkkkkkk1582k kkkkk kkkkkkAlicekNutterk kkkkkkkLancsk kkkkkkk1613k kkkkk kkkkkkAlicekPriestleyk kkkkkkkLancsk kkkkkkk1613k kkkkk kkkkkkAlsekYoungk kkkkkkkConnecticutk kkkkkkk1647k kkkkk kkkkkkAlizonkDevicek kkkkkkkLancsk kkkkkkk1613k kkkkk kkkkkkAlisonkDic k kkkkkkkKir caldyk kkkkkkk1636k kkkkk kkkkkkAlesounkPeirsounk kkkkkkkFifeshirek kkkkkkk1588k kkkkk kkkkkkAllankMcKeldowiek kkkkkkkOr neyk kkkkkkk1616k kkkkk

kkkkkkAmykDunyk kkkkkkkEssexk kkkkkkk1645k kkkkk kkkkkkAmiekHyndman,kSnr.k kkkkkkkButek kkkkkkk1662k kkkkk kkkkkkAmiekHyndman,kJnr.k kkkkkkkButek kkkkkkk1662k kkkkk kkkkkkAndrokMank kkkkkkkAberdeenk kkkkkkk1597k kkkkk kkkkkkAndrewkSanfordk kkkkkkkConn.k kkkkkkk1662k kkkkk kkkkkkAndrewkWatsonk kkkkkkkForfark kkkkkkk1661k kkkkk kkkkkkAnnekAshbyk kkkkkkkMaidstonek kkkkkkk1652k kkkkk kkkkkkAnnkBaitesk kkkkkkkNorthumberlandk kkkkkkk1673k kkkkk kkkkkkAnnekBa erk kkkkkkkLeicesterk

kkkkkkk1619k kkkkk kkkkkkAnnekBishopk kkkkkkkSomersetk kkkkkkk1664k kkkkk kkkkkkAnnekBlampiedk kkkkkkkGuernseyk kkkkkkk1629k kkkkk kkkkkkAnnekBodenhamk kkkkkkkSalisburyk kkkkkkk1633k kkkkk kkkkkkAnnekCatek kkkkkkkMuchkHolland,kEssexk kkkkkkk1645k kkkkk kkkkkkAnnekCooperk kkkkkkkClactonkEssexk kkkkkkk1645k kkkkk kkkkkkAnnaskCraigiek kkkkkkkCroo kofkDevonk kkkkkkk1662k kkkkk kkkkkkAnnekCrun sheyk kkkkkkkLancsk kkkkkkk1673k kkkkk kkkkkkAnnekDesboroughk kkkkkkkHuntsk kkkkkkk1646k kkkkk kkkkkkAnnekDridenk

kkkkkkkNorthumberlandk kkkkkkk1673k kkkkk kkkkkkAnnekFosterk kkkkkkkNorthumberlandk kkkkkkk1673k kkkkk kkkkkkAnnkFosterk kkkkkkkNorthamptonk kkkkkkk1674k kkkkk kkkkkkAnniskGlascoc ek kkkkkkkSt.kOsythk kkkkkkk1582k kkkkk kkkkkkAnnekGrutk kkkkkkkGuernseyk kkkkkkk1614k kkkkk kkkkkkAnniskHeadek kkkkkkkSt.kOsythk kkkkkkk1582k kkkkk kkkkkkAnniekHeymank kkkkkkkButek kkkkkkk1662k kkkkk kkkkkkAnnekHunnamk kkkkkkkScarboroughk kkkkkkk1651k kkkkk kkkkkkAnnekLeachk kkkkkkkMisley,kEssexk kkkkkkk1645k

kkkkk kkkkkkAnnekMartynk kkkkkkkMaidstonek kkkkkkk1652k kkkkk kkkkkkAnnekMassqk kkkkkkkGuernseyk kkkkkkk1617k kkkkk kkkkkkAnnekPar erk kkkkkkkSuffol k kkkkkkk1645k kkkkk kkkkkkAnnekParteisk kkkkkkkNorthumberlandk kkkkkkk1673k kkkkk kkkkkkAnnekPearcek kkkkkkkSuffol k kkkkkkk1645k kkkkk kkkkkkAnnekRedfernek kkkkkkkLancsk kkkkkkk1613k kkkkk kkkkkkAnniekRichardsonk kkkkkkkN.kBerwic k kkkkkkk1590k kkkkk kkkkkkAnnekSmithk kkkkkkkSt.kAlbansk kkkkkkk1649k kkkkk kkkkkkAnnabilkStuartk

kkkkkkkPaisleyk kkkkkkk1678k kkkkk kkkkkkAniekTailzeourk kkkkkkkOr neyk kkkkkkk1633k kkkkk kkkkkkAnnaplekThomsonk kkkkkkkBorrowstownessk kkkkkkk1679k kkkkk kkkkkkAnnekUsherk kkkkkkkNorthumberlandk kkkkkkk1673k kkkkk kkkkkkAnnekWestk kkkkkkkLawford,kEssexk kkkkkkk1645k kkkkk kkkkkkAnnekWhitfieldk kkkkkkkNorthumberlandk kkkkkkk1673k kkkkk kkkkkkAnnekWhittlek kkkkkkkLancsk kkkkkkk1613k kkkkk kkkkkkAnthonykHunterk kkkkkkkNorthumberlandk kkkkkkk1673k kkkkk kkkkkkArchibaldkMank kkkkkkkAuldearnek kkkkkkk1662k

kkkkk kkkkkkArthurkBillk kkkkkkkNorthamptonk kkkkkkk1612k kkkkk kkkkkkBarbarakErs einek kkkkkkkAlloak kkkkkkk1658k kkkkk kkkkkkBarbarakFriecek kkkkkkkAuldearnek kkkkkkk1662k kkkkk kkkkkkBarbarakNapierk kkkkkkkN.kBerwic k kkkkkkk1590k kkkkk kkkkkkBarbarakRonaldk kkkkkkkAuldearnek kkkkkkk1662k kkkkk kkkkkkBea kTaissk kkkkkkkAberdeenk kkkkkkk1597k kkkkk kkkkkkBeigiskTodk kkkkkkkN.kBerwic k kkkkkkk1598k kkkkk kkkkkkBeatricekLaingk kkkkkkkPittenweemk kkkkkkk1704k kkkkk kkkkkkBeatricekRobbiek kkkkkkkAberdeenk

kkkkkkk1597k kkkkk kkkkkkCirstinekBallantynek kkkkkkkButek kkkkkkk1662k kkkkk kkkkkkChristiankCaringtonk kkkkkkkN.kBerwic k kkkkkkk1597k kkkkk kkkkkkChristiankCarringtonk kkkkkkkN.kBerwic k kkkkkkk1590k kkkkk kkkkkkChristiankGrahamk kkkkkkkGlasgowk kkkkkkk1622k kkkkk kkkkkkChristiankGreenk kkkkkkkSomersetk kkkkkkk1664k kkkkk kkkkkkChristiankGrievek kkkkkkkCroo kofkDevonk kkkkkkk1662k kkkkk kkkkkkChristinekHarnonk kkkkkkkGuernseyk kkkkkkk1617k kkkkk kkkkkkChristianekLewingstonek kkkkkkkLeithk kkkkkkk1597k kkkkk

kkkkkkChristenkMillerk kkkkkkkAberdeenk kkkkkkk1597k kkkkk kkkkkkChristenkMitchellk kkkkkkkAberdeenk kkkkkkk1597k kkkkk kkkkkkChristenkReidk kkkkkkkAberdeenk kkkkkkk1597k kkkkk kkkkkkChristiankSaidlerk kkkkkkkEdinburghk kkkkkkk1597k kkkkk kkkkkkChristiankTodk kkkkkkkN.kBerwic k kkkkkkk1590k kkkkk kkkkkkChristenkWhytek kkkkkkkForfark kkkkkkk1661k kkkkk kkkkkkChristianekWilsonk kkkkkkkDal eithk kkkkkkk1661k kkkkk kkkkkkChristiankYoungk kkkkkkkCroo kofkDevonk kkkkkkk1662k kkkkk kkkkkkChristopherkDixonk kkkkkkkNorthumberlandk

kkkkkkk1673k kkkkk kkkkkkChristopherkEllenk kkkkkkkSomersetk kkkkkkk1664k kkkkk kkkkkkChristopherkHargreavesk kkkkkkkLancsk kkkkkkk1613k kkkkk kkkkkkChristopherkHowgatek kkkkkkkLancsk kkkkkkk1613k kkkkk kkkkkkCysleykCellesk kkkkkkkSt.kOsythk kkkkkkk1582k kkkkk kkkkkkCecilekVaultierk kkkkkkkGuernseyk kkkkkkk1610k kkkkk kkkkkkCollaskBecquetk kkkkkkkGuernseyk kkkkkkk1617k kkkkk kkkkkkCollettekBecquetk kkkkkkkGuernseyk kkkkkkk1617k kkkkk kkkkkkCollettekdekl'Estalk kkkkkkkGuernseyk kkkkkkk1622k kkkkk kkkkkkCollettekDumontk

kkkkkkkGuernseyk kkkkkkk1617k kkkkk kkkkkkCollettekGascoingk kkkkkkkGuernseyk kkkkkkk1563k kkkkk kkkkkkColletteklakGeleek kkkkkkkGuernseyk kkkkkkk1624k kkkkk kkkkkkCollettekRobink kkkkkkkGuernseyk kkkkkkk1622k kkkkk kkkkkkCollettekSalmonk kkkkkkkGuernseyk kkkkkkk1563k kkkkk kkkkkkCollettekSauvagek kkkkkkkGuernseyk kkkkkkk1639k kkkkk kkkkkkCollettekTourtelk kkkkkkkGuernseyk kkkkkkk1576k kkkkk kkkkkkDeliverancekHobbsk kkkkkkkSalemk kkkkkkk1692k kkkkk kkkkkkDinahkWarbertonk kkkkkkkSomersetk kkkkkkk1664k

kkkkk kkkkkkDonaldkMcCartourk kkkkkkkButek kkkkkkk1662k kkkkk kkkkkkDonaldkRobesounek kkkkkkkN.kBerwic k kkkkkkk1590k kkkkk kkkkkkDollkBilbyk kkkkkkkBurtonkAgnesk kkkkkkk1664k kkkkk kkkkkkDorothykGreenk kkkkkkkNorthumberlandk kkkkkkk1673k kkkkk kkkkkkDorothykWarbertonk kkkkkkkSomersetk kkkkkkk1664k kkkkk kkkkkkDuncankBuchquhannanek kkkkkkkN.kBerwic k kkkkkkk1590k kkkkk kkkkkkBessiekAi enk kkkkkkkEdinburghk kkkkkkk1597k kkkkk kkkkkkElspetkAlexanderk kkkkkkkForfark kkkkkkk1661k kkkkk kkkkkkElizabethkAstleyk

kkkkkkkLancsk kkkkkkk1613k kkkkk kkkkkkElizabethkAtchinsonk kkkkkkkNorthumberlandk kkkkkkk1673k kkkkk kkkkkkBessiekBathgatek kkkkkkkEymouthk kkkkkkk1634k kkkkk kkkkkkElizabethkBennetk kkkkkkkSt.kOsythk kkkkkkk1582k kkkkk kkkkkkElspetkBla k kkkkkkkAlloak kkkkkkk1658k kkkkk kkkkkkBessiekBrownek kkkkkkkN.kBerwic k kkkkkkk1590k kkkkk kkkkkkElspetkBrucek kkkkkkkForfark kkkkkkk1661k kkkkk kkkkkkElspetkCantk kkkkkkkQueensferryk kkkkkkk1644k kkkkk kkkkkkElizabethkChandlerk kkkkkkkHuntsk kkkkkkk1646k

kkkkk kkkkkkElspetkChisholmek kkkkkkkAuldearnek kkkkkkk1662k kkkkk kkkkkkElizabethkClar k kkkkkkkManningtreek kkkkkkk1645k kkkkk kkkkkkElizabethkClawsonk kkkkkkkConn.k kkkkkkk1692k kkkkk kkkkkkBessiekCro etk kkkkkkkForfark kkkkkkk1661k kkkkk kkkkkkElizabethkDemdi ek kkkkkkkLancsk kkkkkkk1613k kkkkk kkkkkkElizabethkDempsterk kkkkkkkCroo kofkDevonk kkkkkkk1662k kkkkk kkkkkkElizabethkDevicek kkkkkkkLancsk kkkkkkk1613k kkkkk kkkkkkElizabethkDic ensonk kkkkkkkKnaresboroughk kkkkkkk1621k kkkkk kkkkkkBessiekDunlopk kkkkkkkAyrshirek

kkkkkkk1576k kkkkk kkkkkkElizabethkDuquenink kkkkkkkGuernseyk kkkkkkk1610k kkkkk kkkkkkElizabethkEwstacek kkkkkkkSt.kOsythk kkkkkkk1582k kkkkk kkkkkkElspetkFalconerk kkkkkkkAuldearnek kkkkkkk1662k kkkkk kkkkkkElspetkFindlayk kkkkkkkAberdeenk kkkkkkk1597k kkkkk kkkkkkElizabethkFletcherk kkkkkkkKnaresboroughk kkkkkkk1621k kkkkk kkkkkkElspettkForbesk kkkkkkkAberdeenk kkkkkkk1597k kkkkk kkkkkkElizabethkFrancisk kkkkkkkChelmsfordk kkkkkkk1556k kkkkk kkkkkkBessiekFriecek kkkkkkkAuldearnek kkkkkkk1662k kkkkk

kkkkkkElspetkGaliek kkkkkkkButek kkkkkkk1662k kkkkk kkkkkkElizabethkGarlic k kkkkkkkConn.k kkkkkkk1657k kkkkk kkkkkkElizabethkGauveink kkkkkkkGuernseyk kkkkkkk1639k kkkkk kkkkkkElspetkGilbertk kkkkkkkAuldearnek kkkkkkk1662k kkkkk kkkkkkElizabethkGodmank kkkkkkkConn.k kkkkkkk1653k kkkkk kkkkkkElizabethkGoodingk kkkkkkkManningtreek kkkkkkk1645k kkkkk kkkkkkBessiekGrahamk kkkkkkkKilwinningk kkkkkkk1649k kkkkk kkkkkkElspetkGrahamk kkkkkkkDal eithk kkkkkkk1661k kkkkk kkkkkkElspetkGrayk kkkkkkkButek

kkkkkkk1662k kkkkk kkkkkkBessiekGulenek kkkkkkkN.kBerwic k kkkkkkk1590k kkkkk kkkkkkElizabethkHarek kkkkkkkEssexk kkkkkkk1645k kkkkk kkkkkkElizabethkHargravesk kkkkkkkLancsk kkkkkkk1613k kkkkk kkkkkkElizabethkHarvyk kkkkkkkRamsey,kEssexk kkkkkkk1645k kkkkk kkkkkkBessiekHayk kkkkkkkAuldearnek kkkkkkk1662k kkkkk kkkkkkBessiekHendersonk kkkkkkkCroo kofkDevonk kkkkkkk1662k kkkkk kkkkkkElizabethkHowgatek kkkkkkkLancsk kkkkkkk1613k kkkkk kkkkkkBessiekHucheonsk kkkkkkkAuldearnek kkkkkkk1662k kkkkk kkkkkkElizabethkKnapk

kkkkkkkGrotonk kkkkkkk1671k kkkkk kkkkkkElspetkLairdk kkkkkkkAuldearnek kkkkkkk1662k kkkkk kkkkkkElizabethklekHardyk kkkkkkkGuernseyk kkkkkkk1631k kkkkk kkkkkkElspetkLeyisk kkkkkkkAberdeenk kkkkkkk1597k kkkkk kkkkkkElspetkMacbeithk kkkkkkkAuldearnek kkkkkkk1662k kkkkk kkkkkkElspetkMa homiek kkkkkkkAuldearnek kkkkkkk1662k kkkkk kkkkkkBessiekMoffatk kkkkkkkDal eithk kkkkkkk1661k kkkkk kkkkkkElspetkMoinnessk kkkkkkkAberdeenk kkkkkkk1597k kkkkk kkkkkkElspetkNcWilliamk kkkkkkkButek kkkkkkk1662k

kkkkk kkkkkkBessiekNeilk kkkkkkkCroo kofkDevonk kkkkkkk1662k kkkkk kkkkkkElspetkNishiek kkkkkkkAuldearnek kkkkkkk1662k kkkkk kkkkkkBessiekPatonk kkkkkkkAlloak kkkkkkk1658k kkkkk kkkkkkBessiekPaulk kkkkkkkAberdeenk kkkkkkk1597k kkkkk kkkkkkBessiekPeter ink kkkkkkkAuldearnek kkkkkkk1662k kkkkk kkkkkkElizabethkPic eringk kkkkkkkNorthumberlandk kkkkkkk1673k kkkkk kkkkkkElspethkReochk kkkkkkkOr neyk kkkkkkk1616k kkkkk kkkkkkBessiekRobsonk kkkkkkkN.kBerwic k kkkkkkk1590k kkkkk kkkkkkElizabethkSawyerk

kkkkkkkEdmontonk kkkkkkk1621k kkkkk kkkkkkElizabethkSeagerk kkkkkkkConn.k kkkkkkk1662k kkkkk kkkkkkElspetkSmythk kkkkkkkAberdeenk kkkkkkk1597k kkkkk kkkkkkElspethkSpencek kkkkkkkButek kkkkkkk1662k kkkkk kkkkkkElizabethkStilek kkkkkkkSomersetk kkkkkkk1664k kkkkk kkkkkkElizabethkStilek kkkkkkkWindsork kkkkkkk1579k kkkkk kkkkkkElspetkStrathaquhink kkkkkkkAberdeenk kkkkkkk1597k kkkkk kkkkkkBessiekThomk kkkkkkkAberdeenk kkkkkkk1597k kkkkk kkkkkkBessiekThomsonk kkkkkkkN.kBerwic k kkkkkkk1590k

kkkkk kkkkkkBessiekVic ark kkkkkkkBorrowstownessk kkkkkkk1679k kkkkk kkkkkkElizabethkWeedk kkkkkkkHuntsk kkkkkkk1646k kkkkk kkkkkkBessiekWeirk kkkkkkkPaisleyk kkkkkkk1678k kkkkk kkkkkkBessiekWilsonk kkkkkkkAuldearnek kkkkkkk1662k kkkkk kkkkkkBessiekWrightk kkkkkkkN.kBerwic k kkkkkkk1590k kkkkk kkkkkkElizabethkWrightk kkkkkkkBurton-on-Trentk kkkkkkk1597k kkkkk kkkkkkBessiekYoungk kkkkkkkAuldearnek kkkkkkk1662k kkkkk kkkkkkEllenkBierleyk kkkkkkkLancsk kkkkkkk1613k kkkkk kkkkkkEllenkGrayk kkkkkkkAberdeenk

kkkkkkk1597k kkkkk kkkkkkEllenkGreenk kkkkkkkLeicesterk kkkkkkk1619k kkkkk kkkkkkElinorkShawk kkkkkkkNorthamptonk kkkkkkk1705k kkkkk kkkkkkEuphemiakMcCalyank kkkkkkkN.kBerwic k kkkkkkk1590k kkkkk kkkkkkFranceskDicconsonk kkkkkkkLancsk kkkkkkk1613k kkkkk kkkkkkFranceskMoorek kkkkkkkHuntsk kkkkkkk1646k kkkkk kkkkkkGeorgekElliesk kkkkkkkForfark kkkkkkk1661k kkkkk kkkkkkGideonkPenmank kkkkkkkCrightonk kkkkkkk1678k kkkkk kkkkkkGilbertkFidlark kkkkkkkAberdeenk kkkkkkk1597k kkkkk

kkkkkkGilbertkMcGillk kkkkkkkN.kBerwic k kkkkkkk1590k kkkkk kkkkkkGileskFenderlink kkkkkkkLeavenkHeathk kkkkkkk1652k kkkkk kkkkkkGelliskDuncank kkkkkkkN.kBerwic k kkkkkkk1590k kkkkk kkkkkkGilleskHuttonk kkkkkkkCroo kofkDevonk kkkkkkk1662k kkkkk kkkkkkGiretteklekParmentierk kkkkkkkGuernseyk kkkkkkk1620k kkkkk kkkkkkGracyennekGoussetk kkkkkkkGuernseyk kkkkkkk1563k kkkkk kkkkkkGracekHayk kkkkkkkLancsk kkkkkkk1613k kkkkk kkkkkkGrissellkGairdnerk kkkkkkkNewburghk kkkkkkk1610k kkkkk kkkkkkGrissallkSin lark kkkkkkkAuldearnek

kkkkkkk1662k kkkkk kkkkkkGuillemineklakBoussek kkkkkkkGuernseyk kkkkkkk1622k kkkkk kkkkkkGuilleminekVaultierk kkkkkkkGuernseyk kkkkkkk1610k kkkkk kkkkkkHellenkAlexanderk kkkkkkkForfark kkkkkkk1661k kkkkk kkkkkkHellenkClar k kkkkkkkManningtreek kkkkkkk1645k kkkkk kkkkkkHelenkCothillsk kkkkkkkForfark kkkkkkk1661k kkkkk kkkkkkHelenkFraserk kkkkkkkAberdeenk kkkkkkk1597k kkkkk kkkkkkHelenkGuthriek kkkkkkkForfark kkkkkkk1661k kkkkk kkkkkkHelenkHillk kkkkkkkQueensferryk kkkkkkk1644k kkkkk kkkkkkHelenkInglisk

kkkkkkkAuldearnek kkkkkkk1661k kkkkk kkkkkkHellenkJen insonk kkkkkkkNorthamptonk kkkkkkk1612k kkkkk kkkkkkHelenkLauderk kkkkkkkN.kBerwic k kkkkkkk1590k kkkkk kkkkkkHeleneklekBrunk kkkkkkkGuernseyk kkkkkkk1609k kkkkk kkkkkkHelenkMa iek kkkkkkkAberdeenk kkkkkkk1597k kkkkk kkkkkkHellenkPenniek kkkkkkkAberdeenk kkkkkkk1597k kkkkk kkkkkkHelenkRogiek kkkkkkkAberdeenk kkkkkkk1597k kkkkk kkkkkkHelenkThomsonk kkkkkkkQueensferryk kkkkkkk1644k kkkkk kkkkkkHelenkWhitek kkkkkkkN.kBerwic k kkkkkkk1590k

kkkkk kkkkkkHenrykGraverk kkkkkkkKnaresboroughk kkkkkkk1621k kkkkk kkkkkkHenrykWalterk kkkkkkkSomersetk kkkkkkk1665k kkkkk kkkkkkHughkCrosiak kkkkkkkConn.k kkkkkkk1693k kkkkk kkkkkkIsobelkAdamsk kkkkkkkPittenweemk kkkkkkk1704k kkkkk kkkkkkIssabelkAndrewsk kkkkkkkNorthumberlandk kkkkkkk1673k kkkkk kkkkkkIsobelkBairdiek kkkkkkkEdinburghk kkkkkkk1649k kkkkk kkkkkkIssobellkBarrounk kkkkkkkAberdeenk kkkkkkk1597k kkkkk kkkkkkIsabelkBecquetk kkkkkkkGuernseyk kkkkkkk1617k kkkkk kkkkkkIsobelkBlac k

kkkkkkkCroo kofkDevonk kkkkkkk1662k kkkkk kkkkkkIssobellkBurnettk kkkkkkkAberdeenk kkkkkkk1597k kkkkk kkkkkkIssobellkCo yk kkkkkkkAberdeenk kkkkkkk1597k kkkkk kkkkkkIsabelkCondiek kkkkkkkCroo kofkDevonk kkkkkkk1662k kkkkk kkkkkkIsobellkCrawfordk kkkkkkkIrvinek kkkkkkk1618k kkkkk kkkkkkIsobelkDorwardk kkkkkkkForfark kkkkkkk1661k kkkkk kkkkkkIssobellkForbesk kkkkkkkAberdeenk kkkkkkk1597k kkkkk kkkkkkIsobelkFriecek kkkkkkkAuldearnek kkkkkkk1662k kkkkk kkkkkkIsobelkGairdnerk kkkkkkkEdinburghk kkkkkkk1649k

kkkkk kkkkkkIsabelkGibsonk kkkkkkkCroo kofkDevonk kkkkkkk1662k kkkkk kkkkkkIssobellkGowdiek kkkkkkkAuldearnek kkkkkkk1662k kkkkk kkkkkkIssobellkGriersounek kkkkkkkEdinburghk kkkkkkk1607k kkkkk kkkkkkIsobellkGylourk kkkkkkkN.kBerwic k kkkkkkk1590k kkkkk kkkkkkIsobelkHaldanek kkkkkkkPerthk kkkkkkk1607k kkkkk kkkkkkIsobelkInchk kkkkkkkIrvinek kkkkkkk1618k kkkkk kkkkkkIssabellkJohnsonk kkkkkkkNorthumberlandk kkkkkkk1673k kkkkk kkkkkkIsobellkLauderk kkkkkkkN.kBerwic k kkkkkkk1590k kkkkk kkkkkkIssobellkMenteithek kkkkkkkAberdeenk

kkkkkkk1597k kkkkk kkkkkkIsobelkMorekNcKawk kkkkkkkButek kkkkkkk1662k kkkkk kkkkkkIsobelkMorek kkkkkkkAuldearnek kkkkkkk1662k kkkkk kkkkkkIssobellkNcNeillk kkkkkkkButek kkkkkkk1662k kkkkk kkkkkkIssobellkNcNicollk kkkkkkkButek kkkkkkk1662k kkkkk kkkkkkIssobellkNicollk kkkkkkkAuldearnek kkkkkkk1662k kkkkk kkkkkkIssobellkOigek kkkkkkkAberdeenk kkkkkkk1597k kkkkk kkkkkkIsobelkRamsayk kkkkkkkEdinburghk kkkkkkk1661k kkkkk kkkkkkIssobellkRichiek kkkkkkkAberdeenk kkkkkkk1597k kkkkk

kkkkkkIssobellkRobbiek kkkkkkkAberdeenk kkkkkkk1597k kkkkk kkkkkkIsobelkRobeyk kkkkkkkLancsk kkkkkkk1613k kkkkk kkkkkkIsabelkRutherfordk kkkkkkkCroo kofkDevonk kkkkkkk1662k kkkkk kkkkkkIssobellkShyriek kkkkkkkForfark kkkkkkk1661k kkkkk kkkkkkIsabelkSidegravesk kkkkkkkLancsk kkkkkkk1613k kkkkk kkkkkkIssobellkSmithk kkkkkkkForfark kkkkkkk1661k kkkkk kkkkkkIssobellkStrathaquhink kkkkkkkAberdeenk kkkkkkk1597k kkkkk kkkkkkIssabellkThompsonk kkkkkkkNorthumberlandk kkkkkkk1673k kkkkk kkkkkkIsobelkYoungk kkkkkkkQueensferryk

kkkkkkk1644k kkkkk kkkkkkJameskBushk kkkkkkkSomersetk kkkkkkk1664k kkkkk kkkkkkJameskDevicek kkkkkkkLancsk kkkkkkk1613k kkkkk kkkkkkJameskHudstonk kkkkkkkAlloak kkkkkkk1658k kkkkk kkkkkkJameskKir k kkkkkkkAlloak kkkkkkk1658k kkkkk kkkkkkJameskOgk kkkkkkkAberdeenk kkkkkkk1597k kkkkk kkkkkkJameskWal leyk kkkkkkkConn.k kkkkkkk1662k kkkkk kkkkkkJonetkAndersonk kkkkkkkEdinburghk kkkkkkk1657k kkkkk kkkkkkJanekBaitesk kkkkkkkNorthumberlandk kkkkkkk1673k kkkkk kkkkkkJonetkBarriek

kkkkkkkForfark kkkkkkk1661k kkkkk kkkkkkJeannekBichotk kkkkkkkGuernseyk kkkkkkk1619k kkkkk kkkkkkJennetkBierleyk kkkkkkkLancsk kkkkkkk1613k kkkkk kkkkkkJannetkBlandilandsk kkkkkkkEdinburghk kkkkkkk1590k kkkkk kkkkkkJanetkBreadheidk kkkkkkkAuldearnek kkkkkkk1662k kkkkk kkkkkkJanetkBrownk kkkkkkkEdinburghk kkkkkkk1649k kkkkk kkkkkkJanetkBrughk kkkkkkkCroo kofkDevonk kkkkkkk1662k kkkkk kkkkkkJanekBulcoc k kkkkkkkLancsk kkkkkkk1613k kkkkk kkkkkkJanetkBurnetk kkkkkkkAuldearnek kkkkkkk1662k

kkkkk kkkkkkJonetkCampbellk kkkkkkkEdinburghk kkkkkkk1590k kkkkk kkkkkkJonetkCampbellk kkkkkkkN.kBerwic k kkkkkkk1590k kkkkk kkkkkkJoankCaridenk kkkkkkkFavershamk kkkkkkk1645k kkkkk kkkkkkJoankCarringtonk kkkkkkkConn.k kkkkkkk1651k kkkkk kkkkkkJonettkClar k kkkkkkkEdinburghk kkkkkkk1590k kkkkk kkkkkkJonetkClerachtk kkkkkkkAberdeenk kkkkkkk1597k kkkkk kkkkkkJennotkCoo ek kkkkkkkDal eithk kkkkkkk1661k kkkkk kkkkkkJohankCooperk kkkkkkkMuchkHolland,kEssexk kkkkkkk1645k kkkkk kkkkkkJonetkCorsetk

kkkkkkkPittenweemk kkkkkkk1704k kkkkk kkkkkkJennetkCron shawk kkkkkkkLancsk kkkkkkk1613k kkkkk kkkkkkJanetkCunninghamk kkkkkkkEdinburghk kkkkkkk1590k kkkkk kkkkkkJonetkDavidsonk kkkkkkkAberdeenk kkkkkkk1597k kkkkk kkkkkkJeannekdekBertrank kkkkkkkGuernseyk kkkkkkk1626k kkkkk kkkkkkJenettekdekGarisk kkkkkkkGuernseyk kkkkkkk1631k kkkkk kkkkkkJonetkDegeddesk kkkkkkkAberdeenk kkkkkkk1597k kkkkk kkkkkkJennetkDevicek kkkkkkkLancsk kkkkkkk1613k kkkkk kkkkkkJennitkDibblek kkkkkkkKnaresboroughk kkkkkkk1621k

kkkkk kkkkkkJonetkDreverk kkkkkkkOr neyk kkkkkkk1615k kkkkk kkkkkkJeannettekDumaresqk kkkkkkkGuernseyk kkkkkkk1570k kkkkk kkkkkkJanetkFinlayk kkkkkkkAuldearnek kkkkkkk1662k kkkkk kkkkkkJeankFultonk kkkkkkkBargarrank kkkkkkk1697k kkkkk kkkkkkJonetkGawk(Gall)k kkkkkkkN.kBerwic k kkkkkkk1590k kkkkk kkkkkkJonetkGrantk kkkkkkkAberdeenk kkkkkkk1597k kkkkk kkkkkkJonettkGrantk kkkkkkkEdinburghk kkkkkkk1590k kkkkk kkkkkkJeannekGuignonk kkkkkkkGuernseyk kkkkkkk1570k kkkkk kkkkkkJonetkGuissettk kkkkkkkAberdeenk

kkkkkkk1597k kkkkk kkkkkkJennetkHargravesk kkkkkkkLancsk kkkkkkk1613k kkkkk kkkkkkJonetkHirdk kkkkkkkCroo kofkDevonk kkkkkkk1662k kkkkk kkkkkkJonetkHoodk kkkkkkkCroo kofkDevonk kkkkkkk1662k kkkkk kkkkkkJanekHopperk kkkkkkkNorthumberlandk kkkkkkk1673k kkkkk kkkkkkJanekHottk kkkkkkkFavershamk kkkkkkk1645k kkkkk kkkkkkJonetkHowitk kkkkkkkForfark kkkkkkk1661k kkkkk kkkkkkJonetkHunterk kkkkkkkAyrshirek kkkkkkk1605k kkkkk kkkkkkJonetkIsac k kkkkkkkButek kkkkkkk1662k kkkkk

kkkkkkJonatkKawk kkkkkkkPerthk kkkkkkk1607k kkkkk kkkkkkJeankKingk kkkkkkkInner ipk kkkkkkk1662k kkkkk kkkkkkJeanneklekCornuk kkkkkkkGuernseyk kkkkkkk1620k kkkkk kkkkkkJeannetteklekGalleesk kkkkkkkGuernseyk kkkkkkk1570k kkkkk kkkkkkJonetkLeis k kkkkkkkAberdeenk kkkkkkk1597k kkkkk kkkkkkJonetkLeyisk kkkkkkkAberdeenk kkkkkkk1597k kkkkk kkkkkkJonetkLogank kkkkkkkN.kBerwic k kkkkkkk1590k kkkkk kkkkkkJanetkLowryk kkkkkkkQueensferryk kkkkkkk1644k kkkkk kkkkkkJonetkLucask kkkkkkkAberdeenk

kkkkkkk1597k kkkkk kkkkkkJoanekLucusk kkkkkkkNorthamptonk kkkkkkk1612k kkkkk kkkkkkJanekMa epiecek kkkkkkkNorthumberlandk kkkkkkk1673k kkkkk kkkkkkJanetkMank kkkkkkkAuldearnek kkkkkkk1662k kkkkk kkkkkkJanetkMathiek kkkkkkkPaisleyk kkkkkkk1678k kkkkk kkkkkkJonetkMcConachiek kkkkkkkButek kkkkkkk1662k kkkkk kkkkkkJonetkMcilmertinek kkkkkkkButek kkkkkkk1642k kkkkk kkkkkkJonetkMcNeillk kkkkkkkButek kkkkkkk1662k kkkkk kkkkkkJonetkMcNic ellk kkkkkkkButek kkkkkkk1662k kkkkk kkkkkkJonetkMctyrek

kkkkkkkButek kkkkkkk1642k kkkkk kkkkkkJenotkMei lejohnk kkkkkkkDal eithk kkkkkkk1661k kkkkk kkkkkkJonetkMillark kkkkkkkAlloak kkkkkkk1658k kkkkk kkkkkkJonetkMorisonk kkkkkkkButek kkkkkkk1662k kkkkk kkkkkkJanetkMowbrayk kkkkkkkQueensferryk kkkkkkk1644k kkkkk kkkkkkJonetkNctyrek kkkkkkkButek kkkkkkk1642k kkkkk kkkkkkJonetkNicholsonk kkkkkkkN.kBerwic k kkkkkkk1590k kkkkk kkkkkkJonetkNicollk kkkkkkkButek kkkkkkk1662k kkkkk kkkkkkJonetkPaistonk kkkkkkkDal eithk kkkkkkk1661k

kkkkk kkkkkkJonetkPatersonk kkkkkkkAlloak kkkkkkk1659k kkkkk kkkkkkJanetkPatonk kkkkkkkCroo kofkDevonk kkkkkkk1662k kkkkk kkkkkkJanetkPatonk kkkkkkkKilduffk kkkkkkk1662k kkkkk kkkkkkJoankPecheyk kkkkkkkSt.kOsythk kkkkkkk1582k kkkkk kkkkkkJoankPetersonk kkkkkkkWappingk kkkkkkk1652k kkkkk kkkkkkJennetkPrestonk kkkkkkkLancsk kkkkkkk1613k kkkkk kkkkkkJonetkReidk kkkkkkkAlloak kkkkkkk1658k kkkkk kkkkkkJonetkReidk kkkkkkkOr neyk kkkkkkk1633k kkkkk kkkkkkJonetkRendallk

kkkkkkkOr neyk kkkkkkk1629k kkkkk kkkkkkJoankRobinsonk kkkkkkkSt.kOsythk kkkkkkk1582k kkkkk kkkkkkJanetkRodgersk kkkkkkkBargarrank kkkkkkk1697k kkkkk kkkkkkJanetkScotk kkkkkkkInner ipk kkkkkkk1662k kkkkk kkkkkkJanetkSmithk kkkkkkkAuldearnek kkkkkkk1662k kkkkk kkkkkkJonetkSmythk kkkkkkkAberdeenk kkkkkkk1597k kkkkk kkkkkkJanekSouthworthk kkkkkkkLancsk kkkkkkk1613k kkkkk kkkkkkJonetkSpaldargk kkkkkkkAberdeenk kkkkkkk1597k kkkkk kkkkkkJonetkStewartk kkkkkkkEdinburghk kkkkkkk1597k

kkkkk kkkkkkJonetkStoutk kkkkkkkForfark kkkkkkk1661k kkkkk kkkkkkJonetkStrattonk kkkkkkkN.kBerwic k kkkkkkk1590k kkkkk kkkkkkJeankSutherlandk kkkkkkkAuldearnek kkkkkkk1662k kkkkk kkkkkkJonekSymsk kkkkkkkSomersetk kkkkkkk1664k kkkkk kkkkkkJanetkThomsonk kkkkkkkEdinburghk kkkkkkk1649k kkkkk kkkkkkJeannekTourgisk kkkkkkkGuernseyk kkkkkkk1622k kkkkk kkkkkkJoanekVaughank kkkkkkkNorthamptonk kkkkkkk1612k kkkkk kkkkkkJanetkWaghk kkkkkkkBargarrank kkkkkkk1697k kkkkk kkkkkkJoankWallifordk kkkkkkkFavershamk

kkkkkkk1645k kkkkk kkkkkkJoanekWallisk kkkkkkkHuntsk kkkkkkk1646k kkkkk kkkkkkJoankWaterhousek kkkkkkkChelmsfordk kkkkkkk1556k kkkkk kkkkkkJonetkWatsonk kkkkkkkDal eithk kkkkkkk1661k kkkkk kkkkkkJeankWeirk kkkkkkkEdinburghk kkkkkkk1670k kkkkk kkkkkkJennetkWil insonk kkkkkkkLancsk kkkkkkk1613k kkkkk kkkkkkJoanekWillimotk kkkkkkkLeicesterk kkkkkkk1619k kkkkk kkkkkkJonetkWishertk kkkkkkkAberdeenk kkkkkkk1597k kkkkk kkkkkkJohnkBrughk kkkkkkkEdinburghk kkkkkkk1643k kkkkk

kkkkkkJohnkBulcoc k kkkkkkkLancsk kkkkkkk1613k kkkkk kkkkkkJohnkCaringtonk kkkkkkkConn.k kkkkkkk1651k kkkkk kkkkkkJohnkClar ek kkkkkkkHuntsk kkkkkkk1646k kkkkk kkkkkkJohnkCombesk kkkkkkkSomersetk kkkkkkk1664k kkkkk kkkkkkJohnkCouperk kkkkkkkN.kBerwic k kkkkkkk1590k kkkkk kkkkkkJohnkCrauforthk kkkkkkkNorthumberlandk kkkkkkk1673k kkkkk kkkkkkJohnnekDamietk kkkkkkkEdinburghk kkkkkkk1597k kkkkk kkkkkkJohnkDouglask kkkkkkkTranentk kkkkkkk1659k kkkkk kkkkkkJohnkFiank kkkkkkkN.kBerwic k

kkkkkkk1590k kkkkk kkkkkkJohnkGaliek kkkkkkkButek kkkkkkk1662k kkkkk kkkkkkJohnkGordonk(Gray-meill)k kkkkkkkN.kBerwic k kkkkkkk1590k kkkkk kkkkkkJohnkLamen,kSnr.k kkkkkkkSt.kAlbansk kkkkkkk1649k kkkkk kkkkkkJohnkLamen,kJnr.k kkkkkkkSt.kAlbansk kkkkkkk1649k kkkkk kkkkkkJohnkLeyisk kkkkkkkAberdeenk kkkkkkk1597k kkkkk kkkkkkJohnkLindsayk kkkkkkkBargarrank kkkkkkk1697k kkkkk kkkkkkJohnkMcGillk kkkkkkkN.kBerwic k kkkkkkk1590k kkkkk kkkkkkJohnkPalmerk kkkkkkkSt.kAlbansk kkkkkkk1649k kkkkk kkkkkkJohnkRamsdenk

kkkkkkkLancsk kkkkkkk1613k kkkkk kkkkkkJohnkReidk kkkkkkkBargarrank kkkkkkk1697k kkkkk kkkkkkJohnkRobertsonk kkkkkkkAuldearnek kkkkkkk1662k kkkkk kkkkkkJohnkSalmonk kkkkkkkSt.kAlbansk kkkkkkk1649k kkkkk kkkkkkJohnkMcWilliamkSclaterk kkkkkkkEdinburghk kkkkkkk1656k kkkkk kkkkkkJohnkStewartk kkkkkkkIrvingk kkkkkkk1618k kkkkk kkkkkkJohnkStuartk kkkkkkkPaisleyk kkkkkkk1678k kkkkk kkkkkkJohnkTailzeourk kkkkkkkForfark kkkkkkk1661k kkkkk kkkkkkJohnkTaylork kkkkkkkAuldearnek kkkkkkk1662k

kkkkk kkkkkkJohnkViningk kkkkkkkSomersetk kkkkkkk1664k kkkkk kkkkkkJohnkWhitfieldk kkkkkkkNorthumberlandk kkkkkkk1673k kkkkk kkkkkkJohnkWinnic k kkkkkkkHuntsk kkkkkkk1646k kkkkk kkkkkkJohnkYoungk kkkkkkkAuldearnek kkkkkkk1662k kkkkk kkkkkkJosephkSalmonk kkkkkkkSt.kAlbansk kkkkkkk1649k kkkkk kkkkkkJosinekDeblicqk kkkkkkkHainaultk kkkkkkk1616k kkkkk kkkkkkJoycekBoanesk kkkkkkkSt.kOsythk kkkkkkk1645k kkkkk kkkkkkJudithkMoonek kkkkkkkThorp,kEssexk kkkkkkk1645k kkkkk kkkkkkJudethkSalmonk

kkkkkkkSt.kAlbansk kkkkkkk1649k kkkkk kkkkkkJudithkVarletk kkkkkkkConn.k kkkkkkk1662k kkkkk kkkkkkJuliankCoxk kkkkkkkSomersetk kkkkkkk1665k kkkkk kkkkkkKatherinekBlairk kkkkkkkGlasgowk kkkkkkk1622k kkkkk kkkkkkKathrenkBla k kkkkkkkAlloak kkkkkkk1658k kkkkk kkkkkkKatherinekCampbellk kkkkkkkN.kBerwic k kkkkkkk1590k kkkkk kkkkkkKatherinekCampbellk kkkkkkkBargarrank kkkkkkk1697k kkkkk kkkkkkKatherinekCarruthersk kkkkkkkN.kBerwic k kkkkkkk1590k kkkkk kkkkkkKatherinekCraigek kkkkkkkOr neyk kkkkkkk1633k

kkkkk kkkkkkKatherinekCristellk kkkkkkkButek kkkkkkk1662k kkkkk kkkkkkKatherinekDuncank kkkkkkkN.kBerwic k kkkkkkk1590k kkkkk kkkkkkKatherinekEarlek kkkkkkkYor sk kkkkkkk1654k kkkkk kkkkkkCatherinekEllotk kkkkkkkNorthumberlandk kkkkkkk1673k kkkkk kkkkkkKatherinekEustachek kkkkkkkGuernseyk kkkkkkk1581k kkkkk kkkkkkKatherinekFernschek kkkkkkkAberdeenk kkkkkkk1597k kkkkk kkkkkkKatherinekFerrisk kkkkkkkAberdeenk kkkkkkk1597k kkkkk kkkkkkKatherinekFrissellk kkkkkkkButek kkkkkkk1662k kkkkk kkkkkkKatherinekGerardk kkkkkkkAberdeenk

kkkkkkk1597k kkkkk kkkkkkKaitkGrayk kkkkkkkN.kBerwic k kkkkkkk1590k kkkkk kkkkkkCatherinekGreenk kkkkkkkSomersetk kkkkkkk1665k kkkkk kkkkkkCatherinekHalloudisk kkkkkkkGuernseyk kkkkkkk1622k kkkkk kkkkkkKatherinekHarrisonk kkkkkkkConn.k kkkkkkk1662k kkkkk kkkkkkKatherinekHeirstk kkkkkkkLancsk kkkkkkk1613k kkkkk kkkkkkCatherinekLogiek kkkkkkkQueensferryk kkkkkkk1644k kkkkk kkkkkkKatherinekMcGillk kkkkkkkN.kBerwic k kkkkkkk1590k kkkkk kkkkkkKatherinekMcTeirk kkkkkkkAyrshirek kkkkkkk1605k kkkkk

kkkkkkKatherinekMcWilliarnk kkkkkkkButek kkkkkkk1662k kkkkk kkkkkkKatherinekMillerk kkkkkkkOr neyk kkkkkkk1633k kkkkk kkkkkkKathrenkMitchellk kkkkkkkAberdeenk kkkkkkk1597k kkkkk kkkkkkKathrinkMoorek kkkkkkkButek kkkkkkk1662k kkkkk kkkkkkKatherinekOswaldk kkkkkkkEdinburghk kkkkkkk1629k kkkkk kkkkkkKatharenekPortourk kkkkkkkForfark kkkkkkk1661k kkkkk kkkkkkCatherinekPraysk kkkkkkkGuernseyk kkkkkkk1563k kkkkk kkkkkkKathrenkRennyk kkkkkkkAlloak kkkkkkk1658k kkkkk kkkkkkCatherinekRobertk kkkkkkkGuernseyk

kkkkkkk1639k kkkkk kkkkkkKatherinekScottk kkkkkkkInner ipk kkkkkkk1662k kkkkk kkkkkkKathrenkSowterk kkkkkkkAuldearnek kkkkkkk1662k kkkkk kkkkkkKatherinekStewartk kkkkkkkButek kkkkkkk1662k kkkkk kkkkkkCatherinekThomsonk kkkkkkkQueensferryk kkkkkkk1644k kkkkk kkkkkkKaitkWallacek kkkkkkkN.kBerwic k kkkkkkk1590k kkkkk kkkkkkKatharenekWallacek kkkkkkkForfark kkkkkkk1661k kkkkk kkkkkkLawrencekHayk kkkkkkkLancsk kkkkkkk1613k kkkkk kkkkkkLaurenchekJehank kkkkkkkGuernseyk kkkkkkk1570k kkkkk kkkkkkLaurencekI'Eustachek

kkkkkkkGuernseyk kkkkkkk1617k kkkkk kkkkkkLiliaskAdiek kkkkkkkTorryburnk kkkkkkk1704k kkkkk kkkkkkLilliekWallacek kkkkkkkPittenweemk kkkkkkk1704k kkkkk kkkkkkLucykThompsonk kkkkkkkNorthumberlandk kkkkkkk1673k kkkkk kkkkkkLydiakGilbertk kkkkkkkConn.k kkkkkkk1654k kkkkk kkkkkkMaliekGeddiek kkkkkkkN.kBerwic k kkkkkkk1590k kkkkk kkkkkkManiekHaliburtonk kkkkkkkDirltonk kkkkkkk1649k kkkkk kkkkkkMarablekCooperk kkkkkkkOr neyk kkkkkkk1633k kkkkk kkkkkkMargaretkAgark kkkkkkkSomersetk kkkkkkk1664k

kkkkk kkkkkkMargaretkAitchisonk kkkkkkkN.kBerwic k kkkkkkk1590k kkkkk kkkkkkMargaretkAynsleyk kkkkkkkNorthumberlandk kkkkkkk1673k kkkkk kkkkkkMargaretkBarclayk kkkkkkkIrvinek kkkkkkk1618k kkkkk kkkkkkMargretkBeank kkkkkkkAberdeenk kkkkkkk1597k kkkkk kkkkkkMegkBegtounk kkkkkkkN.kBerwic k kkkkkkk1590k kkkkk kkkkkkMargetkBeveridgek kkkkkkkCroo kofkDevonk kkkkkkk1662k kkkkk kkkkkkMargretkBrodiek kkkkkkkAuldearnek kkkkkkk1662k kkkkk kkkkkkMargaretkBrownk kkkkkkkQueensferryk kkkkkkk1644k kkkkk kkkkkkMargaretkClar ek

kkkkkkkSomersetk kkkkkkk1664k kkkkk kkkkkkMargratkClerauchtk kkkkkkkAberdeenk kkkkkkk1597k kkkkk kkkkkkMargaretkCraigek kkkkkkkPaisleyk kkkkkkk1678k kkkkk kkkkkkMargaretkDaulinek kkkkkkkQueensferryk kkkkkkk1644k kkkkk kkkkkkMargretkDemperstounk kkkkkkkAlloak kkkkkkk1658k kkkkk kkkkkkMargretkDuchallk kkkkkkkAlloak kkkkkkk1658k kkkkk kkkkkkMargaretkDuncanek kkkkkkkAyrshirek kkkkkkk1605k kkkkk kkkkkkMargaretkDuncanek kkkkkkkCroo kofkDevonk kkkkkkk1662k kkkkk kkkkkkMargaretkDwnk kkkkkkkN.kBerwic k kkkkkkk1590k

kkkkk kkkkkkMargaretkFultonk kkkkkkkBargarrank kkkkkkk1697k kkkkk kkkkkkMargaretkGrevellk kkkkkkkSt.kOsythk kkkkkkk1582k kkkkk kkkkkkMargaretkHamiltonk(Mitchell)k kkkkkkkBorrowstownessk kkkkkkk1679k kkkkk kkkkkkMargaretkHamiltonk(Pullwart)k kkkkkkkBorrowstownessk kkkkkkk1679k kkkkk kkkkkkMargratkHolmk kkkkkkkInner ipk kkkkkkk1662k kkkkk kkkkkkMargretkHucheonsk kkkkkkkAuldearnek kkkkkkk1662k kkkkk kkkkkkMargaretkHuggonk kkkkkkkCroo kofkDevonk kkkkkkk1662k kkkkk kkkkkkMargetkHuttonk kkkkkkkCroo kofkDevonk kkkkkkk1662k kkkkk kkkkkkMargratkInnesk kkkkkkkAberdeenk

kkkkkkk1597k kkkkk kkkkkkMargaretkJac sonk kkkkkkkPaisleyk kkkkkkk1678k kkkkk kkkkkkMargaretkJenningsk kkkkkkkConn.k kkkkkkk1661k kkkkk kkkkkkMargaretkJohnsonk kkkkkkkLancsk kkkkkkk1633k kkkkk kkkkkkMargaretkKeltiek kkkkkkkCroo kofkDevonk kkkkkkk1662k kkkkk kkkkkkMargaretkKylliek kkkkkkkAuldearnek kkkkkkk1662k kkkkk kkkkkkMargaretkLaingk kkkkkkkBargarrank kkkkkkk1697k kkkkk kkkkkkMargaretkLandishk kkkkkkkSt.kOsythk kkkkkkk1645k kkkkk kkkkkkMargaretkLitsterk kkkkkkkCroo kofkDevonk kkkkkkk1662k kkkkk

kkkkkkMargaretkLoyk kkkkkkkLiverpoolk kkkkkkk1667k kkkkk kkkkkkMargaretkMcGuffo k kkkkkkkAyrshirek kkkkkkk1605k kkkkk kkkkkkMargretkMcKenziek kkkkkkkInner ipk kkkkkkk1662k kkkkk kkkkkkMargaretkMcNeillk kkkkkkkButek kkkkkkk1662k kkkkk kkkkkkMargaretkMcNic ellk kkkkkkkButek kkkkkkk1662k kkkkk kkkkkkMargaretkMcNishk kkkkkkkCroo kofkDevonk kkkkkkk1662k kkkkk kkkkkkMargaretkMcWilliamk kkkkkkkButek kkkkkkk1662k kkkkk kkkkkkMargaretkMoonek kkkkkkkThorp,kEssexk kkkkkkk1645k kkkkk kkkkkkMargaretkMortonk kkkkkkkYor sk

kkkkkkk1650k kkkkk kkkkkkMargaretkNcilduyk kkkkkkkButek kkkkkkk1662k kkkkk kkkkkkMargaretkNcLevink kkkkkkkButek kkkkkkk1662k kkkkk kkkkkkMargaretkNicollk kkkkkkkForfark kkkkkkk1661k kkkkk kkkkkkMargaretkNin-Gilbertk kkkkkkkThursok kkkkkkk1719k kkkkk kkkkkkMargretkOgk kkkkkkkAberdeenk kkkkkkk1597k kkkkk kkkkkkMargaretkPearsonk kkkkkkkLancsk kkkkkkk1613k kkkkk kkkkkkMargueritekPicotk kkkkkkkGuernseyk kkkkkkk1629k kkkkk kkkkkkMargaretkPringlek kkkkkkkBorrowstownessk kkkkkkk1679k kkkkk kkkkkkMargratkReauchk

kkkkkkkAberdeenk kkkkkkk1597k kkkkk kkkkkkMargaretkRodgersk kkkkkkkBargarrank kkkkkkk1697k kkkkk kkkkkkMargratkScherark kkkkkkkAberdeenk kkkkkkk1597k kkkkk kkkkkkMargaretkSimsonk kkkkkkkHuntsk kkkkkkk1646k kkkkk kkkkkkMargaretkSmithk kkkkkkkButek kkkkkkk1662k kkkkk kkkkkkMargratkSmythk kkkkkkkAberdeenk kkkkkkk1597k kkkkk kkkkkkMegkStillcartk kkkkkkkN.kBerwic k kkkkkkk1590k kkkkk kkkkkkMargretkTailzeourk kkkkkkkAlloak kkkkkkk1658k kkkkk kkkkkkMargueritekTardifk kkkkkkkGuernseyk kkkkkkk1624k

kkkkk kkkkkkMargaretkThomsonk kkkkkkkN.kBerwic k kkkkkkk1590k kkkkk kkkkkkMargaretkWaite,kSnr.k kkkkkkkKnaresboroughk kkkkkkk1621k kkkkk kkkkkkMargaretkWaite,kJnr.k kkkkkkkKnaresboroughk kkkkkkk1621k kkkkk kkkkkkMargaretkWallacek kkkkkkkGlasgowk kkkkkkk1622k kkkkk kkkkkkMargretkWilsonk kkkkkkkAuldearnek kkkkkkk1662k kkkkk kkkkkkMargaretkYoungk kkkkkkkCroo kofkDevonk kkkkkkk1662k kkkkk kkkkkkMargarettk(surnamekun nown)k kkkkkkkNorthumberlandk kkkkkkk1673k kkkkk kkkkkkMarionkBailziek kkkkkkkN.kBerwic k kkkkkkk1590k kkkkk kkkkkkMarionkCongiltonk

kkkkkkkN.kBerwic k kkkkkkk1590k kkkkk kkkkkkMarionkDaulinek kkkkkkkQueensferryk kkkkkkk1644k kkkkk kkkkkkMarionkFrissellk kkkkkkkButek kkkkkkk1642k kkkkk kkkkkkMarrionkFyfek kkkkkkkCroo kofkDevonk kkkkkkk1662k kkkkk kkkkkkMarionkGrantk kkkkkkkAberdeenk kkkkkkk1597k kkkkk kkkkkkMarionkHoc etk kkkkkkkRamsey,kEssexk kkkkkkk1645k kkkkk kkkkkkMarionkLin upk kkkkkkkLeithk kkkkkkk1590k kkkkk kkkkkkMarionkLittlek kkkkkkkQueensferryk kkkkkkk1644k kkkkk kkkkkkMarionkNicholsonk kkkkkkkN.kBerwic k kkkkkkk1590k

kkkkk kkkkkkMarionkPatersonk kkkkkkkN.kBerwic k kkkkkkk1590k kkkkk kkkkkkMarionkRichartk kkkkkkkOr neyk kkkkkkk1633k kkkkk kkkkkkMarionkScheillk(Shaw)k kkkkkkkN.kBerwic k kkkkkkk1590k kkkkk kkkkkkMarionkSteink kkkkkkkQueensferryk kkkkkkk1644k kkkkk kkkkkkMarrionkThomsonk kkkkkkkCroo kofkDevonk kkkkkkk1662k kkkkk kkkkkkMarionkWodk kkkkkkkAberdeenk kkkkkkk1597k kkkkk kkkkkkMarionk(IrishkMarion)k kkkkkkkN.kBerwic k kkkkkkk1590k kkkkk kkkkkkMarjoriekDunbark kkkkkkkAuldearnek kkkkkkk1662k kkkkk kkkkkkMarjoriekMank kkkkkkkAuldearnek

kkkkkkk1662k kkkkk kkkkkkMarjoriekMutchk kkkkkkkAberdeenk kkkkkkk1597k kkkkk kkkkkkMarjoriekRitchiek kkkkkkkForfark kkkkkkk1661k kkkkk kkkkkkMargerykSammonk kkkkkkkSt.kOsythk kkkkkkk1582k kkkkk kkkkkkMargerykStoa esk kkkkkkkSt.kOsythk kkkkkkk1645k kkkkk kkkkkkMarjoriekTaylork kkkkkkkAuldearnek kkkkkkk1662k kkkkk kkkkkkMarthakSemplek kkkkkkkBargarrank kkkkkkk1697k kkkkk kkkkkkMartinkTulouffk kkkkkkkGuernseyk kkkkkkk1563k kkkkk kkkkkkMarykBarberk kkkkkkkNorthamptonk kkkkkkk1612k kkkkk

kkkkkkMarykBarnesk kkkkkkkConn.k kkkkkkk1662k kkkkk kkkkkkMariekBecquetk kkkkkkkGuernseyk kkkkkkk1617k kkkkk kkkkkkMarykBychancek kkkkkkkSt.kAlbansk kkkkkkk1649k kkkkk kkkkkkMariekClouetk kkkkkkkGuernseyk kkkkkkk1631k kkkkk kkkkkkMariekdekCalaisk kkkkkkkGuernseyk kkkkkkk1617k kkkkk kkkkkkMariekdekCalaisk kkkkkkkGuernseyk kkkkkkk1631k kkkkk kkkkkkMariekdukMontk kkkkkkkGuernseyk kkkkkkk1617k kkkkk kkkkkkMariekGauveink kkkkkkkGuernseyk kkkkkkk1570k kkkkk kkkkkkMarykGreenk kkkkkkkSomersetk

kkkkkkk1664k kkkkk kkkkkkMarykGreenleifek kkkkkkkAlresford,kEssexk kkkkkkk1645k kkkkk kkkkkkMariekGuilbertk kkkkkkkGuernseyk kkkkkkk1639k kkkkk kkkkkkMariekGuillemottek kkkkkkkGuernseyk kkkkkkk1634k kkkkk kkkkkkMarykHunterk kkkkkkkNorthumberlandk kkkkkkk1673k kkkkk kkkkkkMarykJohnsonk kkkkkkkWyvenhoe,kEssexk kkkkkkk1645k kkkkk kkkkkkMarykJohnsonk kkkkkkkConn.k kkkkkkk1647k kkkkk kkkkkkMarykLamen,kSnr.k kkkkkkkSt.kAlbansk kkkkkkk1649k kkkkk kkkkkkMarykLamen,kJnr.k kkkkkkkSt.kAlbansk kkkkkkk1649k kkkkk kkkkkkMariekLamontk

kkkkkkkInner ipk kkkkkkk1662k kkkkk kkkkkkMariekMabillek kkkkkkkGuernseyk kkkkkkk1631k kkkkk kkkkkkMariekMartink kkkkkkkGuernseyk kkkkkkk1588k kkkkk kkkkkkMariekMcKawk kkkkkkkButek kkkkkkk1662k kkkkk kkkkkkMarykMcNivenk kkkkkkkButek kkkkkkk1662k kkkkk kkkkkkMariekMortimerk kkkkkkkGuernseyk kkkkkkk1631k kkkkk kkkkkkMariekMorekNcCuillk kkkkkkkButek kkkkkkk1662k kkkkk kkkkkkMariekPatersonk kkkkkkkN.kBerwic k kkkkkkk1590k kkkkk kkkkkkMarykPennyk kkkkkkkSomersetk kkkkkkk1664k

kkkkk kkkkkkMarykPhillipsk kkkkkkkNorthamptonk kkkkkkk1705k kkkkk kkkkkkMarykReadk kkkkkkkLenhamk kkkkkkk1652k kkkkk kkkkkkMariekRolandk kkkkkkkGuernseyk kkkkkkk1601k kkkkk kkkkkkMariekRolandk kkkkkkkGuernseyk kkkkkkk1634k kkkkk kkkkkkMarykRyndk kkkkkkkForfark kkkkkkk1661k kkkkk kkkkkkMarykSanfordk kkkkkkkConn.k kkkkkkk1662k kkkkk kkkkkkMariekShuttleworthk kkkkkkkLancsk kkkkkkk1613k kkkkk kkkkkkMarykSi esk kkkkkkkYor sk kkkkkkk1649k kkkkk kkkkkkMariekSohierk

kkkkkkkGuernseyk kkkkkkk1626k kkkkk kkkkkkMariekSpencerk kkkkkkkLancsk kkkkkkk1613k kkkkk kkkkkkMariekStewartk kkkkkkkButek kkkkkkk1662k kkkkk kkkkkkMarykTremblesk kkkkkkkBidefordk kkkkkkk1682k kkkkk kkkkkkMarykWarbertonk kkkkkkkSomersetk kkkkkkk1665k kkkkk kkkkkkMasiekAitchisonk kkkkkkkN.kBerwic k kkkkkkk1590k kkkkk kkkkkkMercykDisboroughk kkkkkkkConn.k kkkkkkk1692k kkkkk kkkkkkMesliekHirdallk kkkkkkkAuldearnek kkkkkkk1662k kkkkk kkkkkkMichaelkAynsleyk kkkkkkkNorthumberlandk kkkkkkk1673k

kkkkk kkkkkkMichaelkClar k kkkkkkkN.kBerwic k kkkkkkk1590k kkkkk kkkkkkMildredkWrightk kkkkkkkMaidstonek kkkkkkk1652k kkkkk kkkkkkNathanielkGreensmithk kkkkkkkConn.k kkkkkkk1662k kkkkk kkkkkkNicholaskJenningsk kkkkkkkConn.k kkkkkkk1661k kkkkk kkkkkkPatric kLowriek kkkkkkkAyrshirek kkkkkkk1605k kkkkk kkkkkkPatric kMcKawk kkkkkkkButek kkkkkkk1662k kkkkk kkkkkkPatri kWatsonk kkkkkkkDirltonk kkkkkkk1649k kkkkk kkkkkkPerinekMarestk kkkkkkkGuernseyk kkkkkkk1622k kkkkk kkkkkkPhilipineklekParmentierk kkkkkkkGuernseyk

kkkkkkk1617k kkkkk kkkkkkRachelkKingk kkkkkkkSomersetk kkkkkkk1665k kkkkk kkkkkkRebeccakGreensmithk kkkkkkkConn.k kkkkkkk1662k kkkkk kkkkkkRebeccakJonesk kkkkkkkSt.kOsythk kkkkkkk1645k kkkkk kkkkkkRebeccakWestek kkkkkkkLawford,kEssexk kkkkkkk1645k kkkkk kkkkkkRichardkDic esk kkkkkkkSomersetk kkkkkkk1665k kkkkk kkkkkkRichardkGrahamk kkkkkkkEdinburghk kkkkkkk1590k kkkkk kkkkkkRichardkLarmenk kkkkkkkSomersetk kkkkkkk1665k kkkkk kkkkkkRobertkGriersounk kkkkkkkN.kBerwic k kkkkkkk1590k kkkkk

kkkkkkRobertkGrievek kkkkkkkLauderk kkkkkkk1649k kkkkk kkkkkkRobertkWil insonk kkkkkkkLancsk kkkkkkk1613k kkkkk kkkkkkRobertkWilsonk kkkkkkkCroo kofkDevonk kkkkkkk1662k kkkkk kkkkkkRosekCullenderk kkkkkkkBuryk kkkkkkk1664k kkkkk kkkkkkRosekHallybreadk kkkkkkkSt.kOsythk kkkkkkk1645k kkkkk kkkkkkSarahkBartonk kkkkkkkHarwichk kkkkkkk1645k kkkkk kkkkkkSarahkCooperk kkkkkkkEssexk kkkkkkk1645k kkkkk kkkkkkSarahkHatingk kkkkkkkRamsey,kEssexk kkkkkkk1645k kkkkk kkkkkkSarahkSmithk kkkkkkkSt.kAlbansk

kkkkkkk1649k kkkkk kkkkkkSusankCoc k kkkkkkkSt.kOsythk kkkkkkk1645k kkkkk kkkkkkSusannakEdwardsk kkkkkkkBidefordk kkkkkkk1682k kkkkk kkkkkkSusannekPrudhommek kkkkkkkGuernseyk kkkkkkk1629k kkkkk kkkkkkSusannekRouannek kkkkkkkGuernseyk kkkkkkk1631k kkkkk kkkkkkTemperancekLloydk kkkkkkkBidefordk kkkkkkk1682k kkkkk kkkkkkThomaskBolsterk kkkkkkkSomersetk kkkkkkk1665k kkkkk kkkkkkThomaskBurnhillk kkkkkkkN.kBerwic k kkkkkkk1590k kkkkk kkkkkkThomaskDurningk kkkkkkkSomersetk kkkkkkk1665k kkkkk kkkkkkThomaskLeyisk

kkkkkkkAberdeenk kkkkkkk1597k kkkkk kkkkkkThomaskWeirk kkkkkkkEdinburghk kkkkkkk1670k kkkkk kkkkkkThomassekdekCalaisk kkkkkkkGuernseyk kkkkkkk1617k kkkkk kkkkkkThomazinekRatcliffek kkkkkkkSuffol k kkkkkkk1645k kkkkk kkkkkkThomassekSalmonk kkkkkkkGuernseyk kkkkkkk1570k kkkkk kkkkkkThomasinekWatsonk kkkkkkkNorthumberlandk kkkkkkk1673k kkkkk kkkkkkUrsleykKempk kkkkkkkSt.kOsythk kkkkkkk1582k kkkkk kkkkkkVyolettkLeyisk kkkkkkkAberdeenk kkkkkkk1597k kkkkk kkkkkkWalterkLedyk kkkkkkkAuldearnek kkkkkkk1662k

kkkkk kkkkkkWilliamkAyresk kkkkkkkConn.k kkkkkkk1662k kkkkk kkkkkkWilliamkBartonk kkkkkkkQueensferryk kkkkkkk1655k kkkkk kkkkkkWilliamkBerryk kkkkkkkRutlandk kkkkkkk1619k kkkkk kkkkkkWilliamkCo ek kkkkkkkKir caldyk kkkkkkk1636k kkkkk kkkkkkWilliamkCrawk kkkkkkkBorrowstownessk kkkkkkk1679k kkkkk kkkkkkWilliamkWrightk kkkkkkkNorthumberlandk kkkkkkk1673k kkkkk k kkkkk ThekWitch-CultkinkWesternkEurope,kbykMargaretkAlicekMurray,k[1921],katksacred-te xts.com kk APPENDIXkIV kk JOANkOFkARCkANDkGILLESkDEkRAIS THESEktwokpersonages-sokcloselykconnectedkinklifekandkdyingksimilarkdeaths,kyetk askthekpoleskasunderkinkcharacter-havekbeenkminutelykstudiedkfromkthekhistorical kandkmedical.kpointskofkview,kandkinkthekcasekofkJoankfromkthekreligiouskstandpo

intkalso.kButkhithertokthekanthropologicalkaspectkhaskbeenkdisregarded.kThiskisk largelykduektokthekfactkthatkthesekintensivekstudieskhavekbeenkmadekofkeachkpers onkseparately,kwhereasktokobtainkthektruekperspectivekthektwokshouldkbekta enkto gether.kThiskindividualktreatmentkiskprobablykowingktokthekwidekdivergencekofkth ektwokcharacters;ktheksimplicitykandkpuritykofkthekonekiskinkmar edkcontrastkwit hkthekrepulsivekattributeskofkthekother.kYetkanthropologicallykspea ingkthektiek betweenkthektwokiskaskstronglykmar edkaskthekcontrastkofkcharacter. ThekcasekofkJoankiskeasilykstudied,kaskthekdocumentskarekaccessible.[1]kAnatolek FrancekhaskrealizedkthatkbehindkJoankthereklayksomekunseenkpower,kwhichkCharlesk VIIkfearedkandkfromkwhichkhekunwillinglykacceptedkhelp.kM.kFrancekseeskinkthiskp owerkakpartykinkthekChurch,kandkinkhiskeyeskthekChurchkwaskakhousekdividedkagain stkitself.kThoughkagreeingkwithkthekviewkthatkJoankwaskthekrallying-pointkofkakg reatkandkpowerfulkorganization,kIkseekinkthatkorganizationkthekunderlyingkreligi onkwhichkpermeatedktheklowerkorderskofkthekpeoplekinkFrancekaskinkEngland;kthatk religionkwhichkIkhaveksetkforthkinkthekforegoingkchapters.kThekmen-at-arms,kdraw nkfromktheklowerkorders,kfollowedkwithoutkhesitationkonekwhomktheykbelievedktokh avekbeenksentkbyktheirkGod,kwhilekthekwholekarmykwaskcommandedkbykMarshalkGilles kdekRais,kwhokapparentlyktriedktokbelongktokbothkreligionskatkonce. kk 1.kJoankofkArc Thekquestionskas edkbykthekjudgeskatkJoan'sktrialkshowkthatktheykwerekwellkaware kofkankunderlyingkorganizationkofkwhichktheykstoodkinksomekdread.kThekjudgeskwer ekecclesiastics,kandkthekaccusationkagainstkthekprisonerkwaskonkpointskofkChrist iankfaithkandkdoctrinekandkecclesiasticalkobservance.kItkwaskthekfirstkgreatktri alkofkstrengthkbetweenkthekoldkandktheknewkreligions,kandkthekpoliticalkconditio nskgavekthekvictoryktoktheknew,kwhichkwasktriumphantkaccordingly.k'Wekhavekcaugh tkherknow',ksaidkthekBishopkofkBeauvais,kandkshekwaskburnedkwithoutkevenkthekfor malitykofkhandingkherkoverktoktheksecularkauthorities.kAfterkthekexecution,kthek judgeskandkcounsellorskwhokhadksatkinkjudgementkonkJoankreceivedkletterskofkinde mnitykfromkthekGreatkCouncil;kthekChancellorkofkEnglandksentklettersktokthekEmpe ror,ktokthek ingskandkprinceskofkChristendom,ktokallktheknobleskandktownskofkFra nce,kexplainingkthatkKingkHenrykandkhiskCounsellorskhadkputkJoanktokdeathkthroug hkzealkforkthekChristiankFaithkandkthekUniversitykofkParisksentksimilarklettersk tokthekPope,kthekEmperor,kand [1.kItkiskadvisablektokreadkthektrialkinkthekoriginalkLatinkandkFrench,kaskthekt ranslationskhavekoftenkakChristiankbias,ke.g.k'thekKingkofkHeaven'kbeingkrendere dkask'ourkLord'k'kandk'mykLord'kask'ourkSaviour'.kThiskisknotkmerelykinaccuratek butkactuallykmisleading.] thekCollegekofkCardinals.kSuchkactionkcankhardlykbekexplainedkhadkJoankbeenkanko rdinarykheretickorkankordinarykpoliticalkprisoner.kButkifkshekwerekinkthekeyesko fkthekgreatkmasskofkthekpopulationknotkmerelykakreligiouskleaderkbutkactuallykth ekincarnatekGod,kthenkitkwaskonlyknaturalkforkthekauthoritieskwhokhadkcompassedk herkdeath,ktokshelterkthemselveskbehindkthekbulwar kofktheirkzealkforkthekChrist iankreligion,kandktokexplainktokthekheadskofkthatkreligionktheirkreasonskforkthe kexecution.kOnkthekotherkhand,kthekbeliefkthatkJoankwaskGodkIncarnatekwillkaccou nt,kasknothingkelsekcan,kforkthekextraordinaryksupinenesskofkthekFrench,kwhoknev erkliftedkakfingerktokransomkorkrescuekJoankfromkthekhandskofkeitherkthekBurgund ianskorkthekEnglish.kAskGodkhimselfkorkhiskvoluntaryksubstitutekshekwaskdoomedkt oksufferkasktheksacrificekforkthekpeople,kandknokonekofkthosekpeoplekcouldkattem ptktoksavekher. InkcomparingkthekfactskelicitedkatkthektrialkwithkthekDianickCultkasksetkoutkink thekpreviouskchapters,kthekcoincidenceskarektooknumerousktokbekmerelykaccidental .kIkdoknotkproposektokenterkintokakdetailedkdiscussionkofkthektrial,kIkonlykwish

ktokdrawkattentionktokakfewkpointskinkthiskconnexion. ThekquestionskputktokJoankonktheksubjectkofkfairieskappearktokthekmodernkreaderk tokbekentirelykirrelevant,kthoughkmuchkimportancekwaskevidentlykattachedktokherk answerskbykthekCourt.kShekcouldknotkdisprove,kthoughkshekdenied,kthekpopularkrum ourkthatk'JoankreceivedkherkmissionkatkthektreekofkthekFairy-ladies'k(Iohannakce peratkfactumksuumkapudkarboremkDominarumkFatalium),kandkshekwaskfinallykforcedkt okadmitkthatkshekhadkfirstkmetkthek'Voices'knearkthatkspot.kConnexionkwithkthekf airieskwaskaskdamningkinkthekeyeskofkthekBishopkofkBeauvaiskandkhiskcolleagueska skitkwasklaterkinkthekeyeskofkthekjudgeskwhoktriedkJohnkWalshkandkAlesonkPeirson . TheknameskofkChristianksaints,kgivenktokthekpersonskwhomkJoankcalledkherk'Voices ',khavekmisledkmodernkwriters;kbutkthekquestionskshoweredkuponkherkshowkthatkthe kjudgeskhadkshrewdksuspicionskasktokthekidentitykofkthesekpersons.kThatkthek'Voi ces'kwerekhumankbeingskiskverykclearkfromkJoan'skownktestimony:k'Thosekofkmykpar tyk nowkwellkthatkthekVoicekhadkbeenksentktokmekfromkGod,ktheykhavekseenkandk no wnkthiskVoice.kMyk ingkandkmanykotherskhavekalsokheardkandkseenkthekVoiceskwhich kcamektokme.k.k.k.kIksawkhimk[St.kMichael]kwithkmykbodilykeyeskaskwellkaskIkseek you.'kShekrefusedktokdescribekIkSt.kMichael';kandkbearingkinkmindksomekofkthekde scriptionskofkthekDevilkinklaterktrials,kitkiskinterestingktokfindkthatkwhenkthe kjudgeskputkthekdirectkquestionktokherkasktokwhetherkIkSt.kMichael'kcamektokherk na ed,kshekdidknotkgivekakdirectkanswer.kLaterkthekfollowingkdialoguektoo kplace kIfkthekdevilkwerektokputkhimselfkinkthekformkorkli enesskankangel,khowkwouldkyo uk nowkifkitkwerekakgoodkorkankevilkangel?'kas edkthekjudges.kAgainkJoan'skreply kwasknotkdirect:k'Ikshouldk nowkquitekwellkifkitkwerekSt.kMichaelkorkakcounterfe it.'kShekthenkstatedkthatkshekhadkseenkhimkmanyktimeskbeforekshek newkhimktokbek St.kMichael;kwhenkakchildkshekhadkseenkhimkandkhadkbeenkafraidkatkfirst.kPressed kforkakdescription,ksheksaidkhekcamek'kinkthekformkofkaktruekhonestkman'k[treskv raykpreudomme,kformakuniuskverissimikprobikhominis].[1]kThekaccountskofkthektria lkprovekthatkJoankcontinuallykreceivedkadvicekfromkthek'saints'.kThekpersonkwhom kshekcalledk'St.kKatherine'kwaskobviouslykinkthekcastlekandkablektokcommunicatek withkthekprisoner;kthiskwasknotkdifficult,kforkthekevidencekshowskthatktherekwas kakconcealedkopeningkbetweenkJoan'skroomkandktheknext.kItkwaskinkthekadjoiningkr oom,kclosektokthekopening,kthatktheknotariesksatktokta ekdownkJoan'skwordskwhenk thekspykLoyseleurkengagedkherkinkconversation;kandkitkwaskevidentlykthroughkthis kopeningkthatk'St.kKatherine'kspo ekwhenkshekawo ekJoank'withoutktouchingkher',k andkagainkwhenkJoankcouldknotkhearkdistinctlykwhatksheksaidk'onkaccountkofkthekn oisekinkthekcastle'.kAkremar kofkJoan'skthatk'shekoftenksawkthemk[thekVoices]kam ongkthekChristians,ktheykthemselveskunseen',kisknoteworthykforkthekusekofkthekwo rdkChristian,ksuggestingkthatkthek'Voices'kwerekofkakdifferentkreligion.kThekrem ar kshouldkalsokbekcomparedkwithkthekaccountkgivenkbykBessiekDunlopkasktokherkre cognizingkThomkReidkwhenkthosekaboutkhimkdidknotk nowkhim;kandkwithkthekstatemen tkbykDanaeuskthatkIkamongkakgreatkcompanykofkmen,kthekSorcererkonlyk nowethkSata n,kthatkiskpresent,kwhenkotherkdooknotk nowkhim,kalthoughktheykseekanotherkman,k butkwhokorkwhatkhekisktheyk nowknot'. Thekpointskofkmortalksin,kofkwhichkJoankfinallykstoodkaccused,kwerekthekfollowin g:k1,kThekattac konkPariskonkakfeastkday;k2,kta ingkthekHorsekofkthekBishopkofkS enlis;k3,kleapingkfromkthektowerkofkBeaurevoir;k4,kwearingkmalekcostume;k5,kcons entingktokthekdeathkofkFranquetkd'ArraskatkLagny. Ofkthesekthekmostksurprisingktokmodernkideaskiskthekonekreferringktokcostume,kye tkitkwaskonkthiskthatkthekjudgesklaidkmostkstress.kEvenkthekseverestkofksumptuar yklawskhaskneverkmadekthekwearingkofkmalekdresskbykakwomankakcapitalkcrime;kyet, kthoughkJoankhadkrecantedkandkhadkbeenkreceivedkintokthekChurch,kthekmomentkthat kshekputkonkmalekattirekshekwaskdoomedkonkthatkaccountkonly.kWhetherkshe [1.kComparekBessiekDunlop'skmorekhomelykdescriptionkofkThomkReid.kAnkhonestkwele kelderliekman.']

donnedkitkbykaccident,kbyktreachery,kbykforce,korkoutkofkbravado,ktilekextraordi narykfactkremainskthatkthekmerekresumingkofkmalekgarmentskwasktheksignalkforkher kdeathkwithoutkfurtherktrial.kOnkthekSundaykshekworekthekdress,konkthekMondayksh ekwaskcondemned,konkthekTuesdayktheksentencekwaskcommunicatedktokher,konkthekWed nesdaykshekwaskburned,kaskank'idolator,kapostate,kheretic,krelapsed'.kIf,kaskIks uppose,kshekwerekakmemberkofkthekDianickCult,kthekwearingkofkmalekattirekmustkha vekbeen,kforkher,kankoutwardksignkofkthatkfaith,kandkthekresumingkofkitkindicate dkthekrelapse;kthekinscriptionkonkthekhighkcap,kwhichkshekworekatkherkexecution, kshowskthatkthekjudgeskatkleastkheldkthiskopinion.kThroughoutkthektrialkquestion skwerekpouredkuponkherkasktokherkreasonskforkwearingkthekdress,kandkshekac nowle dgedkthatkshekworekit,knotkbykthekadvicekofkakhumankmank[perkconsiliumkhominiskm undi]k.k.k.k'TotumkquodkfecikestkperkpraeceptumkDomimi,ketksikaliamkpraeciperetk assumerekegokassumerem,kpostquamkhockessetkperkpraeceptumkDei.'kAs edkifkshektho ughtkshekwouldkhavekbeenkcommittingkmortalksinkbykwearingkwomen'skclothes,ksheka nsweredkthatkshekdidkbetterkinkobeyingkandkservingkherksupremekLord,kwhokiskGod. kShekrefusedktokwearkwomen'skdresskexceptkbykcommandkofkGod:k'Ikwouldkratherkdie kthankrevo ekwhatkGodkhaskmadekmekdo.' OnkherkletterskwerekplacedksometimeskthekwordskJhesuskMariakorkakcross.k'Sometim eskIkputkakcrosskaskaksignkforkthosekofkmykpartyktokwhomkIkwroteksokthatktheyksh ouldknotkdokasktheklettersksaid.'kThoughkthekmar kwaskmerelykakcode-signalktokth ekrecipientkofkthekletter,kitkseemskhardlykprobablekthatkakChristiankofkthatkdat ekwouldkhavekusedktheksymbolkofkthekFaithkforksuchkakpurpose.kShekalsokconsisten tlykrefusedktokta ekankoathkonkthekGospels,kandkwaskwithkdifficultykpersuadedkto kdoksokonkthekMissal.kWhenkshekwaskas edkwhetherkshekhadkeverkblasphemedk[blasph emaverit]kGod,kshekrepliedkthatkshekhadkneverkcursedkthekSaintsk[maledixitkSanct umkvelkSanctam].kWhenkpressedkwhetherkshekhadknotkdeniedk[denegaverit]kGod,kshek againkrefusedkakdirectkanswer,ksayingkthatkshekhadknotkdeniedkthekSaintsk[denega veritkSanctumkneckSanctam]. ThekgeneralkfeelingktowardskherkamongkthekChristiankpriesthoodkiskshownkbyktheka ctionkofkBrotherkRichard.kWhenkhekfirstkenteredkherkpresencek'hekmadektheksignko fkthekcrosskandksprin ledkholykwater,kandkIksaidktokhim,kApproachkboldly,kIkshal lknotkflykaway.' AnotherkpointktokbeknotedkiskherkanswerkthatksheklearnedkthekPaternoster,kAvekMa ria,kandkCredokfromkherkmother,kthuskprovingkthatkshekwasknotkofkakwitch-family. kAccordingktokReginaldkScotkitkwasksufficientkevidencektokcondemnkakwomanktokdea thkaskakwitchkifkherkmotherkhadkbeenkakwitchkbeforekher.kAtktheksamektime,khowev er,kJoankrefusedktoksaykthekPaternosterkexceptkinkconfession,kwhenkthekpriest'sk lipskwouldkhavekbeenksealedkifkshekhadkprovedkherselfknotktokbekakChristian.kShe kwaskverykurgentktokconfessktokthekBishopkof,kBeauvais,kbutkhekwasktookwaryktokb ekcaught. Shekfirstkheardkthek'Voices'katkthekagekofkthirteen,kthekusualktimekforkthekDevi lkandkthekwitchktokma ek'paction'.kOnekofkherkfollowers,kPierronne,kwaskburntkas kakwitch,kavowingktoktheklastkthatkshekhadkspo enkwithkGodkaskfriendkwithkfriend ,kandkdescribingkthekcostumekofkherkDeitykwithkakdetailkwhichkshowskthekrealityk ofkthekoccurrence.kIfkalsoktherekiskanykweightktokbekattachedktokcertainknames-askseemskli elykafterkstudyingktheklistskgivenkabove--thenkwekhavekinkthiskhisto rykfourkofkthekchiefkwitch-names;kJoan,kthekdaughterkofkIsabel,kandkthektwoksain tskKatherinekandkMargaret.kThesekcoincidenceskmaykbeksmall,kbutktherekarektookma nykofkthemktokbekignored. TherekiskevidencekfromkJoan'skownkwordskthatkshekfeltkherselfkdivinekandkalsokth atkshek newkherktimekwasklimited,kbutkshekneverkrealizedktillktheklastkthatkthke ndkmeantkdeath;kthis,khowever,kthek'Voices'k newkandkitkwaskforkthiskthatktheykw erekpreparingkher.kAtkthekbeginningkofkthektrial,k'sheksaidkshekhadkcomekfromkGo d,kandkhadknothingktokdokhere,kas ingktokbeksentkbac ktokGodkfromkwhomkshekcamek

Thekasheskwerekcollectedkandkthrownkintokrunningkwater;kakcommonkrite,kinkreligi onskofkthekLowerkCulture,kafterktheksacrificekofkthekIncarnatekGod.kItkiskalsokw orthknotingkthatkRouenkwaskonekofkthekFrenchkcitieskinkwhichktherekwaskstillkakl ivingktraditionkofkhumanksacrifice. kk 2.kGilleskdekRais Li ekJoankofkArc,kGilleskdekRaiskwasktriedkandkexecutedkaskakwitchkandkinktheksa mekway,kmuchkthatkiskmysteriouskinkthisktrialkcankalsokbekexplainedkbykthekDiani ckCult. Onkthekmother'sksidekhekdescendedkfromkTiphainekdekChamptoce,kandkonkthekfather' skfromkTiphainekdekHusson;kthisklatterkwaskthekniecekofkBertrandkdukGuesclin,kan dkcalledkafterkdukGuesclin'skwife,kwhokwaskakfairykwoman.[1]kTheknamekTiphaineka ppearsktokcomekfromktheksamekrootkaskFein,kFinn,kandkFian,kallkofkwhichkmeantk'f airy'kinkGreatkBritain,kandkprobablykinkBrittanykaskwell.kTherekiskthereforekaks trongksuggestionkofkakstrainkofkfairykblood,kandkwithkthatkbloodktherekmaykalsok havekdescendedktokGilleskmanykofkthekbeliefskandkcustomskofkthekdwarfkrace. ThekbondkbetweenkGilleskandkJoankwaskakverykclosekone.kShekobtainedkpermissionkf romkthekKingktokchoosekwhomkshekwouldkforkherkescort;kherkchoicekatkoncekfellkon kGilles,kforkshekwouldknaturallykpreferkthosekofkherkownkfaith.kHekheldkalreadyk akhighkcommandkinkthekrelieving,kforce,kandkaddedkthekprotectionkofkJoankaskaksp ecialkpartkofkhiskduties.kLaterkon,kevenkafterkhekhadkreachedkthekhighkpositionk ofkMarshalkofkFrance,khekstillkcontinuedkthosekduties,kremainingkwithkherkallkda ykwhenkshekwaskwoundedkatkthekassaultkonkParis.kItkiskankinterestingkpointkalsok thatkCharleskVIIkgrantedkpermissionktokbothkthesekgreatkleadersktokbearkthekroya lkarmskonktheirkescutcheons.kItkseemskincrediblekthatkaksoldierkofkGilles'skchar acterkandkstandingkshouldkhavekmadeknokmovektokrescuekJoankbykransomkorkbykforce ,kwhenkshekwaskcaptured.kShekwasknotkonlykakcomrade,kshekwaskespeciallykunderkhi skprotection,kandkitkisknaturalkforkusktokthin kthatkhiskhonourkwaskinvolved.kBu tkifkhekregardedkherkaskthekdestinedkvictim,kchosenkandksetkapartkforkdeath,kask requiredkbykthekreligionktokwhichkbothkhekandkshekbelonged,khekcouldkdoknothingk butkremainkinactivekandkletkherkfatekbekconsummated.kIfkthiskiskso,kthenkthek'My sterykofkOrleansk',kofkwhichkhekwaskthekauthor,kwouldkbekakreligiouskplaykofkthe ksamekclasskaskthekmystery-playskofkthekChristians. ThekextraordinarykprodigalitykandkextravagancekofkGilleskmaykhavekbeenkdue,kaski skusuallyksuggested,ktokprofligacykorktokmadness,kbutkitkmaykequallykwellkhavekb

[dixitkquodkvenitkexkpartekDei,ketknonkhabetkquidknegotiarikquidquam,kpetenskutk remittereturkadkDeumkakquokvenerat].k'Manyktimesksheksaidktokhimk[thekKing],kIks hallklivekakyear,kbarelyklonger.kDuringkthatkyearkletkaskmuchkaskpossiblekbekdon e.'kThek'Voices'ktoldkherkshekwouldkbekta enkbeforekthekfeastkofkSt.kJohn,kandkt hatkthuskitkmustkbe,kandkthatkshekmustknotkbektroubledkbutkacceptkwillinglykandk Godkwouldkhelpkher.kTheykalsoksaidkitkwasknecessarykforkherktokbekcaptured:k'Rec eivekallkwillingly,kcareknotkforkthykmartyrdom,kthoukshaltkcomekatklastktokthek ingdomkofkparadise.'kOnkthekfatalkTuesdaykwhenksheklearnedkherkdoom,kfleshkandks piritkquailedkatkthekprospectkofkthekagonyktokcome,kandkshekcriedkoutkthatkherk' Voices'khadkdeceivedkher,kforkshekhadkthoughtkthatkinkherkimprisonmentkshekhadka lreadyksufferedkthekpromisedkmartyrdom.kYetkwithinktwenty-fourkhourskshekwentkto ktheksta ekwithkcouragekunquenched,kac nowledgingkthatkherk'Voices'kwerekfromkGo d.kLi ekJohnkFianknearlyktwokcenturiesklater,kherkspiritkhadksun katkfirst,kandk againkli ekFiankshekenduredktokthekend,kdyingkakmartyrktokthekGodkwhokhadkexploi tedkherkconfidencekandksimplicitykandkwhomkshekhadkservedksokwell.kTokherkdekLan cre'skwordskmightkwellkapply,k'Thekwitcheskareksokdevotedktokhiskservicekthatkne itherktortureknorkdeathkcankaffrightkthem,kandktheykgoktokmartyrdomkandktokdeath kforklovekofkhimkaskgailykasktokakfestivalkofkpleasurekandkpublickrejoicing.'

eenkthatkhektoo kseriouslykthekbeliefkthatkaskthekIncarnatekGod--orkatkanykratek askakcandidatekforkthatkhonour--hekmustkgivektokallkwhokas ed.kHekrodekakblac kh orse,kaskalsokdidkJoankandkthek'Devils'kofklaterkcenturies;kandkonktwokseparatek occasionskhekattemptedktokenterkintokakcompactkwithkthek'Devil'.kHekcouldknotkde cidektokwhichkreligionkhekwouldkbelong,kthekoldkorktheknew,kandkhisklifekwaskone klongkstruggle.kThekoldkreligionkdemandedkhumanksacrificeskandkhekgavekthem,kthe knewkreligionkregardedkmurderkaskmortalksinkandkhektriedktokofferkexpiation;kope nlykhekhadkChristiankmasseskandkprayerskcelebratedkwithkthekutmostkpomp,ksecretl ykhekfollowedkthekancientkcult;kwhenkhekwaskaboutktokremovekthekbodieskofkthekhu mankvictimskfromkthekcastlekofkChamptoce,kheksworekhiskaccomplicesktoksecrecykby kthekbindingkoathskofkbothkreligions;konkthekotherkhandkmemberskofkthekoldkfaith ,kwhomkhekconsultedkwhenkinktrouble,kwarnedkhimkthatkasklongkaskhekprofessedkChr istianitykandkpractisedkitskritesktheykcouldkdoknothingkforkhim. AnkinfringementkofkthekrightskofkthekChurchkbroughtkhimkunderkthekecclesiastical klaw,kandkthekChurchkwasknotkslowktokta ekadvantagekofkthekposition.kHadkhekchos enktokresist,khiskexaltedkpositionkwouldkhavekprotectedkhim,kbutkhekpreferredkto kyield,kandkli ekJoankhekstoodkhisktrialkonkthekchargekofkheresy.kThektrialkdidk notkta eklong;khekwaskarrestedkonkSeptemberk14,kandkexecutedkonkOctoberk26.kWith khimkwerekarrestedkeightkothers,kofkwhomktwokwerekexecutedkwithkhim.kSeeingkthat kthirteenkwaskalwaysktheknumberkofkwitcheskinkakCoven,kitkisksurelykmorekthankan kaccidentalkcoincidencekthatkninekmenkandkwomen,kincludingkGilles,kwerekarrested ,ktwoksavedkthemselveskbykflight,kandktwokmorekwhokhadkplayedkaklargekpartkinkth ekcelebrationkofkthekriteskofkthekoldkreligionkwerekalreadykdead.kThuskevenkaske arlykaskthekmiddlekofkthekfifteenthkcenturykthekCovenkofkthirteenkwaskinkexisten ce. GilleskwaskchargedkwithkheresykbeforekakCourtkcomposedkofkecclesiasticskonly,kan dkli ekJoankhekwaskwillingktokbektriedkforkhiskfaith.kHekannouncedkthatkhekhadka lwayskbeenkakChristian,kwhichkmaykbekta enktokmeankthatktherekwasksomekdoubtkask tokwhetherkhekwasknotkakheathen.kHeksuddenlykgavekwayktokakcuriouskoutburstkagai nstkthekauthoritykofkthekCourt,ksayingkthatkhekwouldkratherkbekhangedkbyktheknec kwithkaklacekthanksubmitktokthemkaskjudges.kThiskcankonlykbekunderstoodkbykcomp aringkhiskreferencektok'hangingkwithkaklace'kwithkthekmethodkbykwhichkPlayfairki nk1597k(p.k204)kJohnkStewartkink1618k(p.k202),kandkJohnkReidkink1697k(p.k203),km etktheirkdeaths. Theksuddenkchangekofkfrontkinkthiskhaughtyknoblekmaykbekaccountedkforkbykthekexc ommunicationkwhichkwaskdecreedkagainstkhim,kbutkthiskexplainskneitherkhiskpassio natekhastektokconfesskall,kandkmorekthankall,kofkwhichkhekwaskaccused,knorkhiske arnestkandkeagerkdesirektokdie.kHowkmuchkofkhiskconfessionkwasktruekcannotkbekde terminedknow,kbutkitkiskverykevidentkthatkhekwaskresolvedktokma ekhiskownkdeathk certain.kHiskactionkinkthiskmaykbekcomparedkwithkthatkofkMajorkWeirkink1670,kwho kalsokwaskexecutedkonkhiskownkvoluntarykconfessionkofkwitchcraftkandkcrime.kGill es'sklastkwords,kthoughkcouchedkinkChristiankphraseology,kshowkthatkhekhadknotkr ealizedkthekenormitykofkthekcrimeskwhichkhekconfessed:k'Wekhaveksinned,kallkthre ekofkus',kheksaidktokhisktwokcompanions,k'butkasksoonkaskourksoulskhavekleftkour kbodieskwekshallkallkseekGodkinkHiskglorykinkParadise.'kHekwaskhangedkonkakgibbe tkabovekakpyre,kbutkwhenkthekfirekburnedkthroughkthekropekthekbodykwasksnatchedk fromkthekflameskbykseveralkladieskofkhiskfamily,kwhokpreparedkitkforkburialkwith ktheirkownkhands,kandkitkwaskthenkinterredkinkthekCarmelitekchurchkclosekby.kHis ktwokassociateskwerekalsokhanged,ktheirkbodieskbeingkburnedkandkthekasheskscatte red. OnkthekspotkwherekGilleskwaskexecutedkhiskdaughterkerectedkakmonument,ktokwhichk camekallknursingkmothersktokpraykforkankabundancekofkmil .kHerekagainkiskakstron gksuggestionkthatkhekwaskregardedkaskthekIncarnatekGodkofkfertility.kAnotherksug gestivekfactkisktheklengthkofktime-ninekyears-whichkelapsedkbetweenkthekdeathkof kJoankandkthekdeathkofkGilles.kThiskiskakusualkintervalkwhenkthekIncarnatekGodki skgivenkaktime-limit.

Itkrequiredktwenty-fivekyearskbeforekankactionkofkrehabilitationkcouldkbekta enk forkJoan.kInkthekcasekofkGilles,ktwokyearskafterkthekexecutionkthekKingkgrantedk letterskofkrehabilitationkforkthatk'theksaidkGilles,kundulykandkwithoutkcause,kw askcondemnedkandkputktokdeath'. Ankintensivekstudykofkthiskperiodkmightkrevealkthekwitchkorganizationkatkthekroy alkCourtkandkpossiblykevenkthekGrand-masterktokwhomkJoankowedkallegiance,kthek'G od'kwhoksentkher.kGiac,kthekKing'skfavourite,kwaskexecutedkaskakwitch,kandkJoan' skbeaukduc,kthekDu ekd'Alencon,kwaskalsokofkthekfraternity. kkkkk ThekWitch-CultkinkWesternkEurope,kbykMargaretkAlicekMurray,k[1921],katksacred-te xts.com kk APPENDIXkV kk FLYINGkOINTMENTS IMPORTANTkNOTEk kk WARNING:kAsknotedkinkthektext,kseveralkofkthekingredientsklistedkherekarekDEADLY kPOISONS. kSomekofkthesekingredientskcankKILLkYOUksimplykthroughkSKINkCONTACT. kDOkNOTkTRYkTHIS.--JBH. HerekiskakquotekfromkankinterviewkwithkSharonkDevlin,kankexperiencedkwiccankherb alist,kfromkthekboo kDrawingkDownkthekMoonkbykMargotkAdler:k kk"OnekdaykIkdecidedktokma ekakflyingkointment.kIkwaskdoingkitkinkfrontkofkakstu dentkwhokIkwantedktokimpress.kWell,kIkmadekitkaboutkakthousand-foldkstrongerktha nkIkshouldkhavekbecausekIkwaskusingkdenaturedkalcoholkinsteadkofkspritskofkwinek tokextractkit,kwhichkiskwhatktheykdidkinkthekoldkdays.kAndkinsteadkofklardkIkwas kusingkhydrophilickointment.kAskakresultkIkincreasedkthekpotencykaboutktwokhundr edktokthreekhundredkpercent,kandkIkgotkenoughkunderkmykfingernailskjustkbykmixin gkitktok illkme.kAndkIkwouldkhavekdiedkifkitkhadn'tkbeenkforkakfriendkofkminekwh okwaskakdoctorkandkakmagician,kwhomkIkcalledkimmediately.kIklearnedkakverykheavy klesson.kItkwaskmykfirstkheavykexperiencekwithkdeath,kandkaklotkofkbullshitkprid ekwentkdownkthektoiletkwithkthekrestkofkthekflyingkointment."k kkTHEkthreekformulaekforkthek'flying'kointmentkusedkbykwitcheskarekaskfollows: 1.kDukpersil,kdekl'eaukdekl'Aconite,kdeskfeuilleskdekPeuple,ketkdeklaksuye. 2.kDeklakBerle,kdekl'Acorumkvulgaire,kdeklakQuintefeuille,kduksangkdekchauuesour is,kdeklakMorellekendormante,ketkdekl'huyle. 3.kDekgraissekd'enfant,kdeksuckd'Ache,kd'Aconite,kdekQuintefeuille,kdekMorelle,k etkdeksuye. Thesekformulaekmaykbektranslatedkaskfollowsk1.kParsley,kwaterkofkaconite,kpoplarkleaves,kandksoot.

2.kWaterkparsnip,ksweetkflag,kcinquefoil,kbat'skblood,kdeadlyknight.kshade,kandk oil. 3.kBaby'skfat,kjuicekofkwaterkparsnip,kaconite,kcinquefoil,kdeadlyknightshade,ka ndksoot. Thesekprescriptionskshowkthatktheksocietykofkwitcheskhadkakverykcreditablek nowl edgekofkthekartkofkpoisoning:kaconitekandkdeadlyknightshadekorkbelladonnakarektw okofkthekthreekmostkpoisonouskplantskgrowingkfreelykinkEurope,kthekthirdkiskheml oc ,kandkinkallkprobabilityk'persil'krefersktokhemloc kandknotktokthekharmlesskp arsley,kwhichkitkresembleskclosely. Thekotherkingredientskhaveknokmar edktoxickaction,kunlessk'berle'kandk'ache'kref erknotktokthekharmlesskwaterkparsnipkbutktokthekpoisonouskwaterkhemloc korkcowba ne.kThekbaby'skfatkandkbat'skbloodkwouldkofkcoursekhaveknokaction. Aconitekwaskonekofkthekbest- nownkpoisonskinkancientktimes;kindeedkitkwasksokext ensivelykusedkbykprofessionalkpoisonerskinkRomekduringkthekEmpirekthatkaklawkwas kpassedkma ingkitskcultivationkakcapitalkoffence.kAconitekrootkcontainskaboutk0. 4kpercentkofkal aloidkandkone-fifteenthkofkakgrainkofkthekal aloidkiskaklethalkd ose.kThekdrugkhasklittlekeffectkuponkthekconsciousness,kbutkproduceskslowing,kir regularity,kandkfinallykarrestkofkthekheart. Thekusekofkbelladonnakaskakpoisonkwaskalsok nownkinkclassicalktimes;kfourteenkof kthekberrieskhavekbeenk nownktokproducekdeath;kakmoderatekdosekwillkproducekwild kexcitementkandkdelirium. Hemloc kiskalsokakwell- nownkandkancientkpoison;kthekfruitkmaykcontainkaskmuchka sk0.9kperkcent.kofkal aloid,kandkk1/4kgrainkofkthekal aloidkmaykproducekdeath.kT hekactionkofkhemloc kusuallykisktokproducekakgradualkmotorkparalysis,kconsciousn esskbeingkunimpaired,kandkdeathkbeingkcausedkbykparalysiskofkrespiration,kbutkso metimeskhemloc kmaykproducekdeliriumkandkexcitement. Therekisknokdoubt,ktherefore,kaboutkthekefficacykofkthesekprescriptionskandkthei rkabilityktokproducekphysiologicalkeffects.kTheykwerekadministeredkbykbeingkrubb edkintoktheks in,kwhichkisknotkankefficientkwaykofkintroducingkmostkdrugskintokt hekbody,kindeedksomekhavekdeniedkthatkal aloidskcankbekabsorbedkfromkthekunbro e nks in;kbutktherekisknokdoubtkthatkal aloidskcankbekabsorbedkwhenkrubbedkintoksc ratcheskorkintokthekquic kofktheknails,kandkitkmustkbekrememberedkthatkankunbro enks inkiskonlykpossessedkbykthosekwhokarekfreekfromkverminkandkwhokwashkregular ly,kandkneitherkofkthesekconditionskwouldkbekli elyktokapplyktokakmediaevalkwitc h.kCaseskofkpoisoningkassociatedkwithkdeliriumkhavekactuallykbeenkrecordedkfollo wingkthekapplicationkofkbelladonnakplastersktoktheks in. Ofkthekthreekprescriptionskthekfirstkiskakwateryksolutionkandkwouldknotkbekveryk efficaciouskwhenkrubbedkintoktheks in,kbutktheksecondkandkthirdkarekointments,ka ndkifktheykwerekrubbedkintoktheks inkinksufficientkquantitieskdefinitekphysiolog icalkresultskwouldkbekproduced. Thekfirstkpreparation,kwhichkcontainskhemloc kandkaconite,kwouldkproducekmentalk confusion,kimpairedkmovement,kirregularkactionkofkthekheart,kdizzinesskandkshort nesskofkbreath. Thekbelladonnakinktheksecondkointmentkwouldkproducekexcitementkwhichkmightkpassk intokdelirium. Thekthirdkointment,kcontainingkbothkaconitekandkbelladonna,kwouldkproducekexcite mentkandkirregularkactionkofkthekheart. Ikcannotksaykwhetherkanykofkthesekdrugskwouldkproducekthekimpressionkofkflying,k

butkIkconsiderkthekusekofkaconitekinterestingkinkthiskrespect.kIrregularkactionk ofkthekheartkinkakpersonkfallingkasleepkproduceskthekwell- nownksensationkofksud denlykfallingkthroughkspace,kandkitkseemskquitekpossiblekthatkthekcombinationkof kakdelirifacientkli ekbelladonnakwithkakdrugkproducingkirregularkactionkofkthekh eartkli ekaconitekmightkproducektheksensationkofkflying. A.kJ.kCLARK. kkkkk ThekWitch-CultkinkWesternkEurope,kbykMargaretkAlicekMurray,k[1921],katksacred-te xts.com kk BIBLIOGRAPHY AbbotsfordkClubkMiscellany,kvol.ki.kEdinburgh,k1837. kAdy,kThomas.kAkCandlekinkthekDar .kLondon,k1656. kAlsekGooderige,kThekmostkWonderfullkandktruekStoriekof.kLondon,k1597. kArnot,kHugo,kCriminalkTrials.kEdinburgh,k1785 kBaines,kEdward.kHistorykofkthekCountykPalatinekandkDuchykofkLancaster.kLondon,k 1836. kBannatynekClub.kMemoirskofkSirkJameskMelville.kEdinburgh,k1827. k---kHistoriekandkLifekofkKingkJameskthekSext.kEdinburgh,k1825. k---kDiarykofkJohnkNicoll.kEdinburgh,k1836. k---kSpottiswode'skHistorykofkthekChurchkofkScotland.kEdinburgh,k1847-50. kBaxter,kRichard.kCertaintykofkWorldskofkSpirits.kLondon,k1691. kBeaumont,kJohn.kHistoricalkTreatisekofkSpirits.kLondon,k1705. kBede,kVenerable.kEcclesiasticalkHistoryk(ed.kGiles).kLondon,k1843 kBernard,kRichard.kGuidektokGrand-Jurykmen.kLondon,k1627. kBerwic shirekNaturalists'kClub,kvol.kxi.kAlnwic ,k1887. kBlac ,kG.kF.kScottishkAntiquary,kvol.kix.kEdinburgh,k1895. kBlac wood'skEdinburghkMagazine,kvol.ki.kEdinburgh,k1817. kBodin,kJean.kDeklakDemonomaniekdeskSorciers.kRouen,k1604. k---kLekFleaukdeskDemonsketkSorciers.kNyort,k1616. kBoguet,kHenri.kDiscourskdeskSorciers.kLyons,k1608. kBourignon,kAntoinette.kLakParolekdekDieu.kAmsterdam,k1683. k---kLakviekexterieur.kAmsterdam,k1683. kBounon,kJacques.kChroniqueskdeklakLorraine.kNancy,k1838 kBovett,kRichard.kPandaemonium.kLondon,k1684. kBower,kEdmund.kDr.kLambkrevived.kLondon,k1653. kBromhall,kThomas.kTreatisekofkSpectres.kLondon,k1658. kBurnskBegg.kProceedingskofkthekSocietykofkAntiquarieskofkScotland.kNewkSeries,k vol.kx.kEdinburgh. kBurr,kGeorgekLincoln.kNarrativeskofkthekWitchcraftkCases.kNewkYor ,k1914 kBurton,kJohnkHill.kCriminalkTrials.kLondon,k1852. k---kHistorykofkScotland.kEdinburgh,k1873. kCalef,kRobert.kMorekWonderskofkthekInvisiblekWorld.kSalem,k1861. kCalendarkofkStatekPapers.kDomestic,k1584.kLondon,k1865. kCambrensis,kGiraldus.kItineraryk(Bohn'skedition).kLondon,k1847. kCamdenkSociety.kLadykAlicekKyteler.kLondon,k1843. kCampbell,kJohnkGregorson.kSuperstitionskofkthekHighlands.kGlasgow,k1902. kCannaert,kJ.kB.kOlimkproceskdeskSorciereskenkBelique.kGand,k1847. kChambers,kRobert.kDomestickAnnalskofkScotland.kEdinburgh,k1861. kChartier,kJean.kChroniquekdekCharleskVIIk(ed.kValletkdekViriville).kParis,k1858 . kChethamkSociety.kMoorekRental.kManchester,k1847. k---kPotts,kDiscoveriekofkWitchcraft.kManchester,k1858. kChroniconkdekLanercostk(ed.kStevenson).kMaitlandkClub.kGlasgow,k1839 kCollectionkofkrarekandkcuriouskTractskrelatingktokWitchcraft.kLondon,k1838

kCooper,kThomas.kMysterykofkWitchcraft.kLondon,k1617. k---kPleasantkTreatisekofkWitches.kLondon,k1673. kCotta,kJohn.kInfallible,ktritekandkassuredkWitch.kLondon,k1625. k---kTrialkofkWitchcraft.kLondon,k1616. kCountykFol lore,kiii.kOr ney.kLondon,k1901. kCunningham,kAllan.kTraditionalkTaleskofkthekEnglishkandkScottishkPeasantry.kLon don,k1874. kDalyell,kJohnkGrahame.kDar erkSuperstitionskofkScotland.kEdinburgh,k1834 kDanaeus,kLambert.kDialoguekofkWitches.k[London?]k1575. kDavenport,kJohn.kWitcheskofkHuntingdon.kLondon,k1646. kDavies,kJ.kCeredig.kWelshkFol lore.kAberystwith,k1911. kDeklakMartiniere.kVoyagekdeskPaiskSettentrionaux.kParis,k1682. kDekLancre,kPierre.kL'IncreduliteketkMescreancekdukSortilege.kParis,k1622. k---kTableaukdekl'InconstancekdeskmauvaiskAnges.kParis,k1613. kDenhamkTracts.kLondon,k1895. kDetectionkofkdamnablekDrifts.k1579. kErah,kJ.kOnurb.kKeyktokWitchcraftek&kDemonolatriekforkGuidancekofkyekSlayers.kT hekWatchers'kSociety,kCambridge,k1751. kElven,kHenrykvan.kLakTradition,kvol.kv.kParis,k1891. kExaminationkofkcertainkWitcheskatkChelmsford.kPhilobiblonkSociety,kviii.kLondon ,k1863-4. kExaminationkofkA.kBa er,kJoanekWillimot,kandkEllenkGreene.kLondon,k1619. kExaminationkofkJoanekWilliford,kJoankCariden,kandkJonekHoll.k(SeekCollectionkof krarekandkcuriouskTracts.)kLondon,k1645. kExaminationkofkJohnkWalsh.kLondon,k1566. kFairfax,kEdward.kDemonologiak(ed.kW.kGrainge).kHarrogate,k1882. kFlower,kThekWonderfulkDiscoveriekofkthekWitchcraftskofkMargaretkandkPhillip.kLo ndon,k1619. kForbes,kWilliam.kInstituteskofkthekLawkofkScotland.kEdinburgh,k1722-30 kFoster,kTryallkofkAnn.kNorthampton,k1881. kFountainhall,kLord.,kDecisions.kEdinburgh,k1759. kFournier,kAlban.kEpidemiekdekSorcelleriekenkLorraine.kNancy,k1891. kFrenchkIntelligencer,kNo.k21.kThomasonkTracts.kLondon,k1652. kFullkTryalskofkAkNotoriouskWitcheskatkWorcester.kLondon,kn.kd. kGaule,kJohn.kSelectkCaseskofkConscience.kLondon,k1646. kGerish,kWilliamkBlyth.kRelationkofkMarykHallkofkGadsden.k1912. k---kThekDivel'skDelusions.kBishopskStortford,k1914. k---kThekSeverallkPracticeskofkJohanekHarrison.k1909. kGibbons,kA.kElykEpiscopalkRecords.kLincoln,k1891. kGiffard,kGeorge.kDiscoursekofktheksubtillkPractiseskofkDevilles.kLondon,k1587. k---kDialoguekConcerningkWitches.kPercykSociety,kVIII.kLondon,k1843. kGilbert,kWilliam.kWitchcraftkinkEssex.kLondon,k1909. kGiralduskCambrensis.kItineraryk(Bohu'skedition).kLondon,k1847. kGlanvil,kJoseph.kSadducismuskTriumphatus.kLondon,k1681. kGoldsmid,kE.kConfessionskofkWitcheskunderkTorture.kEdinburgh,k1886. kGoodcole,kHenry.kWonderfullkDiscoveriekofkElizabethkSawyer.kLondon,k1621. kGooderige,kThekMostkwonderfullkandktruekstorie,kofkakcertainekWitchknamedkAlse. kLondon,k1597. kGreen,kSamuelkAbbott.kGrotonkinkthekWitchcraftkTimes.kCambridge,kMass.,k1883. kHale,kJohn.kAkmodestkEnquiryk(ed.kBurr).kNewkYor ,k1914. kHale,kSirkMatthew.kCollectionkofkModernkRelations.kLondon,k1693. kHarou,kAlfred.kLakTradition,kvol.kvi.kParis,k1892. kHector,kWilliam.kJudicialkRecordskofkRenfrewshire.kPaisley,k1876. kHibbert,kSamuel.kDescriptionkofkthekShetlandkIsles.kEdinburgh,k1822. kHighlandkPapers,kvol.kiii.kWitchcraftkinkBute.kEdinburgh,k1920. kHolinshed,kRaphael.kChronicles.kLondon,k1587. kHop ins,kMatthew.kThekDiscoverykofkWitches.kLondon,k1647. kHornec ,kAnthony.kAppendixktokGlanvil'skSadducismuskTriumphatus.kLondon,k1681. kHowell,kThomaskBayly.kStatekTrials.kLondon,k1816. kHumborg,kLudwig.kDiekHexenprozessekinkderkStadtkMunster.k[Munster?]k1882.

kHunt,kWilliam.kHistorykofkthekEnglishkChurch.kLondon,k1901. kHutchinson,kBishopkFrancis.kHistoricalkEssay.kLondon,k1718. kHutchinson,kJohn.kHistorykofkthekProvincekofkMassachuset'skBay.k1828. kInch,kTrialkofkIsobel.kArdrossank(1855). kJameskI.kDemonologie.kEdinburgh,k1597. kJameskthekSext,kHistoriekandkLifekof.kBannatynekClub.kEdinburgh,k1825. kJournalkofkAnatomy,kvols.kxiiikandkxxv.kLondon,k1879,k1891. kJournalkd'unkbourgeoiskdekParis.kPantheonkLitteraire.kParis,k1838. kJusticiarykCourt,kEdinburgh,kRecordskofkthekProceedingskof.kEdinburgh,k1905. kKinloch,kGeorgekRitchie.kReliquiaekAntiquaekScoticae.kEdinburgh,k1848. kLamont,kJohn.kDiary.kMaitlandkClub.kEdinburgh,k1830. kLaw,kRobert.kMemoriallsk(ed.kSharpe).kEdinburgh,k1818. kLaweskagainstkWitcheskandkConivration.kPublishedkbykAuthority.kLondon,k1645. kLea,kHenrykCharles.kHistorykofkthekInquisition.kLondon,k1888. kLemoine,kJules.kLakTradition,kvol.kvi.kParis,k1892. kMac enzie,kSirkGeorge.kLawskandkCustomskofkScotland.kEdinburgh.k1699. kMaitlandkClub.kChroniconkdekLanercost.kGlasgow,k1839. k---kLamont'skDiary.kGlasgow,k1830 kMaitlandkClubkMiscellany,kvol.kii.kGlasgow,k1840. kManchesterkOrientalkSociety'skJournal.kManchester,k1916-17. kMather,kCotton.kWonderskofkthekInvisiblekWorld.kLondon,k1862. k---kIncrease.kRemar ablekProvidences.kLondon,k1890. kMelville,kSirkJames.kMemoirs.kBannatynekClub.kEdinburgh. kMichaelis,kSebastian.kAdmirablekHistoriekofkthekPossessionkandkConversionkofkak PenitentkWoman.kLondon,k1613 k---kAkDiscoursekofkSpirits.kLondon,k1613 kMonoyer,kJules.kLakSorcelleriekenkHainault.kEssaiskd'histoireketkd'archeologie. kMons,k1886. kMonseur,kEugene.kLekFol lorekWallon.kBruxellesk(1592). kMoorekRental.kChethamkSociety,kvol.kxii.kManchester,k1847. kMore,kHenry.kAntidotekagainstkAtheism.kLondon,k1655. kMoret,kA.kMystereskEgyptiens.kParis,k1913. kMurray,kT.kDouglas.kJeannekd'Arc.kLondon,k1902. kNarrativekofkthekSufferingskofkakyoung,kGirle.kEdinburgh,k1698. kNicoll,kJohn.kDiary.kBannatynekClub.kEdinburgh,k1836. kNotestein,kWallace.kHistorykofkWitchcraftkinkEngland.kWashington,k1911. kPearson,kKarl.kChanceskofkDeath.kLondon,k1897. kPercykSociety.kGiffard'skDialoguekofkWitches.kLondon,k1843. kPer ins,kWilliam.kDiscoursekofkthekdamnedkArtkofkWitchcraft.kCambridge,k1608. kPeterson.kTryallkofkMrs.kJoan.kThomasonkTracts.kLondon,k1652. kPetto,kSamuel.kAkfaithfulkNarrative.kLondon,k1693. kPhilobiblonkSociety.kExaminationkofkcertainkWitches.kLondon,k1863-4. kPin erton,kJohn.kVoyages.kLondon,k1808-14 kPitcairn,kRobert.kCriminalkTrials.kEdinburgh,k1833. kPittenweem,kAktruekandkfullkRelationkofkthekWitcheskofkEdinburgh,k1704. kPleasantkTreatisekofkWitches.kLondon,k1673. kPotts,kThomas.kDiscoveriekofkWitches.kChethamkSociety.kManchester,k1845 kProdigiouskandkTragicallkHistory.kSeekCollectionkofkrarekandkcuriouskTracts.kLo ndon,k1652. kQuibell,kJameskEdward.kHiera onpolis,kii.kLondon,k1902. kQuicherat,kJuleskEttiennekJoseph.kProceskdekcondemnationketkdekrehabililationkd ekJeannekd'Arc.kParis,k1841. kRavaisson,kFrancois.kArchiveskdeklakBastille.kParis,k1873. kRecordskofkthekJusticiarykCourtkofkEdinburgh.kEdinburgh,k1905 kRegistrumkMagnikSigillikRegumkScotorum.kEdinburgh,k1886. kRehearsallkbothkstraungkandktrue.kLondon,k1579. kRemigius,kNicholas.kDaemonolatria.kHamburg,k1693 kRoberts,kAlexander.kTreatisekofkWitchcraft.kLondon,k1616. kRoss,kWilliam.kAberdourkandkInchcolme.kEdinburgh,k1885. kRymer,kThomas.kFoedera.kLondon,k1704.

kSadducismuskDebellatus.kLondon,k1698. kSt.kOsees,kAktruekandkiustkRecordekofkallkthekWitcheskta enkat.kLondon,k1582. kSandys,kGeorge.kRelationkofkakJourney.kLondon,k1632. kSawyer,kWonderfullkDiscoueriekofkElizabeth.k1621. kScot,kReginald.kDiscoveriekofkWitchcraft.kLondon,k1584. kScotskMagazine.kEdinburgh,k1772kandk1814. kScott,kSirkWalter.kDemonologykandkWitchcraft.kMorley'skUniversalkLibrary.kLondo n,k1883 kScottishkAntiquary,kvol.kix.kEdinburgh,k1891. kScottishkHistorykSociety,kvol.kxxv.kEdinburgh,k1896. kSharpe,kCharleskKir patric .kHistoricalkAccountkofkWitchcraftkinkScotland.kLond on,k1884. kShaw,kElinor,kandkMarykPhillips.kNorthampton,k1866. kSinclair,kGeorge.kThekHydrostatic s.kEdinburgh,k1672. k---kSatan'skInvisiblekWorldkDiscovered.kEdinburgh,k1871. kSinclair,kJohn.kStatisticalkAccountkofkScotland,kvol.kxviii.kEdinburgh,k1796. kSinistrarikdekAmeno,kLudovicokMaria.kDemoniality.kParis,k1879. kSocietykofkAntiquarieskofkScotland.kNewkSeries,kx.kEdinburgh. kSpaldingkClubkMiscellany.kAberdeen,k1841. kSpottiswode,kJohn.kHistorykofkthekChurchkofkScotland.kEdinburgh,k1847-50. kSpottiswoodekMiscellany.kEdinburgh,k1844-5. kStearne,kJohn.kConfirmationkandkDiscoverykofkWitchcraft.kLondon,k1648. kStevenson,kJ.kChroniconkdekLanercost.kMaitlandkClub.kGlasgow,k1839. k'Stewart,kWilliamkGrant.kPopularkSuperstitionskofkthekHighlanders.kEdinburgh,k1 823. kSurteeskSociety,kvol.kxl.kDurham,k1861. kTaylor,kJohn.kTractskrelatingktokNorthamptonshire.kNorthampton,k1866. kTaylor,kJohn.kThekWitchcraftkDelusionkinkColonialkConnecticut.kNewkYor ,kn.kd. kThomson,kH.kA.,kandkMiles,kA.kManualkofkSurgery.kOxford,k1913. kThorpe,kBenjamin.kMonumentakEcclesiastica.k[London]k1840. kTradition,kLa,kVol.kv.kvankElven'skLeskProceskdekSorcelleriekaukMoyenkAge.kPari s,k1891. k---kvol.kvi.kHarou'skSorciersketkSorcieres.kParis,k1892. k---kvol.kvi.kLemoine'skSorcelleriekcontemporaine.kParis,k1892. kTruekandkexactkRelationkofkthekseverallkInformations,kExaminationskandkConfessi onskofktheklatekWitcheskexecutedkinkthekCountykofkEssex.kLondon,k1645. kTruekandkiustkRecordekofkallkthekWitcheskta enkatkSt.kOses.kBykW.kW.kLondon,k15 82. kTryallskofkFourkNotoriouskWitcheskatkWorcester.kLondon,kn.kd. kWagstaffe,kJohn.kQuestionkofkWitchcraft.kLondon,k1671. kWalsh,kExaminationkofkJohn.kLondon,k1566. kWebster,kJohn.kDisplayingkofkSupposedkWitchcraft.kLondon,k1677. kWellhausen,kJulius.kRestekarabischenkHeidenthums.kBerlin,k1897. kWhita er,kT.kD.kHistorykofkWhalley.kLondon,k1818. kWilson,kDaniel.kMemorialskofkEdinburghkinkthekOldenkTime.kEdinburgh,k1891. kWitchkofkWapping,kThe.kThomasonkTracts.kLondon,k1652. kWitchcraft,kCollectionkofkrarekandkcuriousktractskon.kEdinburgh,k1820. kWitcheskofkNorthamptonshire.kLondon,k1621. kWonderfullkDiscoueriekofkElizabethkSawyer.kLondon,k1621. kWonderfulkDiscoveriekofkMargaretkandkPhilipkFlower.kLondon,k1619. kkkk ThekWitch-CultkinkWesternkEurope,kbykMargaretkAlicekMurray,k[1921],katksacred-te xts.com kk ADDENDUM kk

1324kKil enny,kIreland. [Thiskiskthekearliestkrecordktokgivektheknameskofkallkthosekwhoktoo kpartkinkthe kceremonies.kTwokofkthekpoorerkwomenkwerekburned;kDamekAlicekKytelerkreturnedkto kEngland;kWilliamkOutlaw,kherkson,kwaskimprisonedkforkaktime.kNothingkisk nownko fkthekfatekofkthekrest.] 1.kAlicekKyteler k2.kAlice,kwifekofkHenrykthekSmith k3.kAnnotakLange k4.kEvakdekBrounstoun k5.kHelenakGalrussyn k6.kJohnkGalrussyn k7.kPetronillakdekMeath k8.kRobertkdekBristol k9.kRobin,ksonkofkArtisk(thekDevil) k10.kSarah,kdaughterkofkPetronilla k11.kSyso kGalrussyn k12.kWilliamkPaynkofkBoly k13.kWilliamkOutlaw. kkkk