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H{ >T+sT 4

ssY mH s#q\T #dH >T+sT jTq, =*

>+<+. B beDqT {, |sYysT 1965 |d+
|#T]+#sT.
1970 ssY s#q >T+sT H <w e+~.
V<su< Hd
{ |t @wjT H d& d t d+d sY| s
e+&~. HqT =H n+<T |dt d> |#XqT. <
s<]> eq .m.mdt. n~] $..ue d+d q, #
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&&qT sXsT. |d + # |]X<H s#q > H q+~.
sTy 1975 V<su< V<sY d&jT+
||+# \T>T =* deyX\T ]>sTT. n+<T ssY
|HsYZ, H ~s \T>T $<o n_eqT\T bZHsT.
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6

H{ >T+sT 5

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sese, |.$.qsd+Vse e+{ |sT #bsT.
d+<s+> >T+sT |d+ |keq e+~. n~
# eT+ >+<+ nsTTH +^w eq+<Tq \T>T
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H{ >T+sT 6

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sE u>T+&e, <s+ H\T>T MT< q&+<,
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$wyjTTe\T n+ |e<+ |#dTq~. D+ L&
sT s#q >=| q> d* y\&++~.
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y] BT> H& eHsT.
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H{ >T+sT 7

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sTT#qT.
H |jT+ n+&> *q H es &sY qMq
n&T>&T>TH dVjT|&, bV++~.
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dVjT+ n+~+#sT.
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d+c+~.
nyT] fdt sw+ &dt q>s+ qT+& nq+
eT\es| nTV+ >T+sT ysT nyT]
m&TH ys+<] B >T]+ *jT|sTkq se\T
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+ nqTy< s#q |
H{ >T+sT 8

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q]d{ qjT

H{ >T+sT 9

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sw rsT m +~. k |+ <s +<b\\L |TsD

]q rsT sTT& |]o*+#&+ #&=#T.

_{wt |+ <sT \ ~| + #sTTdTq esZ\
|d++<\T |THsT. nsTT sTT+{ |]o\q
m+<T #|{* e+~. n+<T >T+sT H m+<T
d]+#* e+<+f =+ y\, eT]=+ \e
\+|>q ]+<qe#T. s#q |]o\q>qT #
eT+~ sTD|&eHqT. dVjT|&q ys+<] <qy<\T
#|y*. <+ s>& $esD sTTkqT.
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CH <s+> sjTeT =\T bV+q U
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>eTksTT, $wj\qT #]sT\T |{+#THsT.
s+&T ksTT\ eT< @+ ]+<, |]o*+#e# u$+#qT.
k +< b+\ eT< e~dq b+ d~j>
|s#
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|=+~. us #] H{ b\\ <c sXsT. +~
ksTT qT+& |]o\q #&, < <s+> deT> ke,
H{ >T+sT 10

] n<jTq+ s>=# +#qT. n+{ <sD| qqT

<w |eT & jTe]{ #+~q b|ds Y ssY m.H
bV+#sT.
H |]X<q |$T+#& s |\sY b+&wHysT
eTT+<T e#sT. B &T +_& jTe]{ #+~q
& |]e djTsY bV+, d#q\T qqT |s|+#sTT.
s |\sY b+&wH #& usY b{ u> <THsT.
*b]j |]X<q yTT<{, \+&H +&j |dT
w #XqT. 19e X+ =* sE eT<dT sw+
eeV s\T D + > # & > * >qT. d e #s
e\dq+ $wjT+, eqTe, q+ |]s*
sTT#sTT.
H qq+ >T+sT, qZ+& >e\ H\\
s & e+ sT>&qT. qT H deT~V+ *+~.
c eqTe |]o*d >T+sT HjT\ eT< re
|T sD
\TqT qT>=HqT. n$ |qT\T L& jT |&sTT.
<]q |jTd |]X<q |<> \_++~.
>T+sT >+<s> \ >T]+ y\sY m*jT{ 840 |J\T
y~ sTT#&T. n~ H =* jTT<+. +#T$T+#T n+
|< ]bsTqT CH >*+>+ deT]+#&T. n+<T dTBs
nqT+<\T |] #&T. >T+sT ke ] d >T \
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13e sY m|HkH |\ |eTTKT\, n+ |eTTKT\
y] ]|q s|Ts\T eHsTT. $ eT<dT,
H{ >T+sT 11

\, \+&H #+~q$. y\s,Y eT]jT m\jT{ (1836`58)\

|+ y] s\T n+<T HsTT. {&& #+~q
e<dt q #+~q |\T |]o*+|#&T. y{
XX+> +&j |dt sTT#sT. {&& #+~q
8e e]{ = |\T & |t ]#YeT+& bNq |\T
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>T+sT #+~q ]sT\T |]X~+#&+ sT s#q
\+. ]sT yT|\+ #jT& eT<dT ]sT |dT
d+~ m+. qfXH, qsH &&b H k<eTjT~
<T.
+&jTH n&d{y ddT ysH\T H &&sT.
V<su<T ]y ]sT\T |]o*+#& H{ &ssY
$..ue, .m+. H dV]+#&T. + mH. syTXH,
m+.sY.bjYT, d..eT] &&sT. |uT |<q s<]
|sTc+ bjYT \ |dT ]sT\T |]o*+#&
dV ]+#sT. 1919 >T+sT s Y m+.m.V+, jTq
]<] |.dTjT, + VQpsY w]d<sY, V& sY,
V d s T y] | q T\ eT> eT H , H m+
dV jT|&sT .
>& y& m+ de#s+, n#T eqB B, sT
n<jTH y&qT. n+esL mes d+|<qT
y&& { s s <D
us< X + k #] &&
eX+ +~.
H{ >T+sT 12

 |]X<H s#qqT |sY jTe]{ & HY

m.uV#{ |]o*+#sT. \+&H jTe]{ sT d<+
s#q e<+q~. jTq # X<> sT d<+
>eT+#sT. #> d\VsTT, esZ+ #bsT. nseT]\T
+& #H de+ bV+#sT. z]jT+, |
d&dt d duT\T H #qqT bV+#sT. H <w
$d+> |]o*+#& @&~ n<jTH >
jTe]{ dV]++~. n<jTH |q'|]o*+
|#T]+#& &&sT. b|dsT d|H mH. V, dsY
dH, $T\H d+>sY # d#q*#sT. $kdt |{\
XKysT &$& e&esY &|,t H, oeT C \ <q y<\T,
b|dsY s+& &.d M{ |sy+#sT. s n<j\T
#~$, d#q*q y] m. \+s Xd (eT<dT jTe]{)
b|dsY $XXs |k< (& jTe]{), mdt.|.dH (\
jTe]{), m.{.|wt eH (+< djTH ), H|
e<ese (yTdsT ~yH) b|dsY ]#sY bsY, sY.m.H,
& |]q djTsY, H us s n+<] <qy<eTT\T.

ssY |HsZY

H{ >T+sT 13

Permission Letter from Robert Eric Frykenberg

Dear Sri Innaiah Narisetti Puntulugaru:
Namaskaramandi! This letter is to formally grant you
permission to translate and publish the entire book
written by me, entitled: Guntur District, 1788-1848: A
ri
History of Local Influence on Central Authori
rity in
South India (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1965) . This
permission is granted under authority obtained
through an Agreement between me and Oxford
University Press (OUP), dated 25 October 2010 & 28
November 2010, which releases to me the authority or
right to make such an arrangement with you. Since you
have received a copy of this Agreement between me and
OUP, you have in your possession all terms relating
thereto.
As you have indicated, and as I understand, you will be
undertaking full responsibility for the translation and
publication of the entire text of my book in the Telugu
language, with the aim of making this book available f or
Telugu readers. I also understand that you are taking
financial responsibility for the book and that it will be
marketed for purchase, the purposes for doing so are
two fold: (1) to facilitate distribution as widely as
possible; and (2) to defray costs of translation and
production.
You have also indicated a desire to make the same text
available as an e-book. This is certainly acceptable to
me. Yet, my concern is that, in order to become more
widely available, especially for those who might have
cyber equipment, that a printed paper copy be available

H{ >T+sT 14

to various humble folk in the villages of Andhra Pradesh.

In short, as author I wish to bequeath a Telugu version
of my book to all Telugu peoples. It is my honour to do
so, in hopes that this work may inspire others to write
similar works of local history for all districts of Andhra
Pradesh. Indeed, I even dare to hope that someone will
someday write a sequel to my book, covering events in
Guntur country between 1848 and 1947, if not up to the
present.
Hoping that this letter meets your needs, and
contingencies, and wishing all the best for successful
completion of this project, I remain
Sincerely yours,
Robert Eric Frykenberg

H{ >T+sT 15

n<jT+ ` 1

$wjT |]#jT+
||+# |+ |]o*d >T+sT $ds+ s

s+& H |<~. y +f q~ nqe#T. 5795 #<s|

yT $ds+ cq~ <D rsq e+T+~. |&T =+&\
yTT<\T +>U+ es e+| ]qT+& b++,
#es \|sT|> e+& & u$T deTT<rsq
yTT<& eT+> mT |] |&T =+&\T n&e\ esL
#&=#T. dT b++ qT+& q\s>& esL =+ >sTe
u$T >eT+#e#T. |\| b+\ qT+& VsT> =+&\T
#=#T eq|dT+~. M{ eT< |&bsTTq \T, q
&\T =+ #ksTT. yT<q b++ |< =+&M&T.
eT]=+ <s+ $qT=+&, u\+=+& |eT, s
b+\ >eT+#e#T. |&T sT>T sT eT&T
\T sTy |\e+> essTT.
>T+sT d+|q b++. |w\ |+\ . d+es+
b&eH |# #\ H\ qT$+<T> e+T+~. |+\e\
H{ >T+sT 16

e\q, #s, e], ~s |+\T u> e~ #+<sTT. b>

b\T nyT], _H $<o es <y ]+#sTT.
dsT syD \e\ <s ]>~. |* b+\ qT+&
s& >+&+ s&T *XsTT. |<q s<sT uy&
<>sZ q esZ\qT *bsTT. b]X$T L& Hu
+<\ <X+ $T*q b+\ *XsTT. >T+sT
yT& J dV nH X\\THsTT. |< Vd
HsTT. H>sTq k>sY bC e\q >T+sT b]X$T
+<+ nsTT+~.
(>T+sT >D+ n{dt ` 1360 |d (1950`1951)
(V<su< +<|<X) k{d uk |t +<|<X
(V<su< 1958 ` ]|sH #&+&.)
+| ysT |]b*+q sE\ >T+sT <T.
m+&q ueTT\T, <sTD d q+ e+&ysT. # sE\
\+ H{ \e\T m+&bjsTT. #sTe\T sTT+bjsTT.
sT e\T, es<\
T, e] e] e#$. |>T , \s eTTeTs+>
u~++~. $ #\eqT, eT< >*yq\T, |q\T,
$T&\ <+&T q+ deTeTjsT. sE\T yTsT>T>
HjTqTq|&T d+ Hu # d\+> e+&~.
(1961 3,009,997 e+f 1847 415,599 eyT eHsTT).
q |< >e\T \T|=+f, ysTT eP q+
ed+#sT. | =ssT\T, ud, Hjq >e\ kq+
eekjT >e\T e#sTT. y{ #T #H yD+, \
H{ >T+sT 17

|+|+, rsjd\T, |uT de\T+& +<\T

e#sTT. yT<q b+ |]d n>T+f, yT b+
>qT\T, b |#d #<TsT eT<TsT> <TsTHsT.
1833 >T+sT |< sTe e+~. <+bf
n+Ts>\T, <|&\
T #TTeTT>, s +&T <Xu\T |]d
=qk+~. m+<sT eTsD+ #s eTs+<sT b]bjs <T .
1832`1835 eT< Hu d>+, Z+~. eT&=+T\ |X d+|<
n+yT+~. |]d s #q y] esq sTT~.
eT<dT |d& # b++ sT e >Ts + ~. |<y]
e<s+> sbysT <THsT. sp e+<~ eT+~
#bjsT. * VeTjsT. eTT\qT b>T #jT &
e+<~ <& jT bdtqT |{H , sTT+ $T*b>, \T,
><\T, &>\T |HsTT.
(\ y\sY +|tu ` yT +&jTH s, m&Hs
1964 | 424, >sH yT+ ` eqTjT |t c &d
(eT<dT `1883) |.113)
sTe &T |qT>\T\T, re m+&\T, y{ y+ \s,
|>T <|]+#sTT. s>e+T& |+#<T. (dt `
>dT 1836).
$ msT> |]d eT<dT |uT \es|s+~.
|< yTT+ s$TwH sTT, dVjT se\T \|{sT.
<q+ ~>TeT #dTHsT. y< dVjT+ |+b+~+#sT.
qT+& q+ s*b+& | |jT+ #XsT. q+
H{ >T+sT 18

 +f u $T k>T s>< u$+#sT. |+ \\T, #sT e\T,

s&T, e+q\T ]|sT |C se\T u> deTLssT.
dVjT+ eT+psT #jT&+ ~+> &&sT.
(e+~ y~ |d* 1242 |s 2. nsT 1833 ` pH
1835 bd&+> ` d+|~+|\T, E 24 1835)
sT e qT+& sT e&+ eT+<=&> k+~. n|& eT]=
deTd\T m<TsjsTT. d+|<jT+ qT+& <T T\
>T+sT esTTq~. Be\q = u<\T m<TsjsTT.
|j >\T sTT+ eT\T s<T . b eed L*b,
d+_+ |++~. = eed eTs 20 @> dw+>
s<T. esT\T ]>sTT. eT\ #\q+ ]+~. k+|T
eed >+<s>+ nsTT+~. d++<\T <HsTT.
_{wt b\q eTT+<T 10y\ b+rjT dq+, 10 y\
d+~ MT+<s e+&~. k<yTq+ es deds\T
k+> deTLs<T. |]dT\T nds+> e+&&+,
n~sT\T, d+~ $#\ $&> KsTu&+, =qT>
#jT&+ k+> de* $j+#&+ ]+~. MT+<sT
eT $k\ <q+ y&sT.
dH, s\ qT+& usD\T, osY qT+& X\Ty\T,
ns_j >Ts\T, qT+& +f\T, yTdsT qT+&
@qT>T\T, o qT+& +>sT >=\TdT\T, >TsY qT+& y {,
jTs|t qT+& >&js\T, n<| |]s\T, jTT<\T
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H{ >T+sT 19

njT$. u $T MT<T> #sy d edTe \| u\T u> e+&$.

MT+<s, qyT\ |<\, u<sV kVk\
sTD\qT n+~+q sbysT, eTTd+\T, eTT, d\T,
jTqT $|+> e&\T s{sT.
(mdt.$..se ` kw n+& mq$T +&wH H >T+sT
` nqT+<+ >*+>+ y~ 1839 &d+sT 13).
1837 H{ sT |]d e]+~. dbsTT\T =~eT+~
|X++>, e\ _s\ e+&ysT. y] J\T, |qH
u <+> eq+<Tq H\ e# 7 sbjT\ b<T| #dysT.
d\T>, bdt> sTTeT& nHe T+~ eTTd+ \T, sE\T,
\ >\T, e T, s & ys + eekj T + m e>
<TsTHsT. =+<sT yD+ e+&ysT. MT+< eed
|q+ nsTT+~. ]|syTq n+#H\T <HsTT. yD
esZ\T q yTT\ b{|&sT. sV<s b&eH dT+\
#\T k \+<w+|{ bjsTT. M{ d++<+ eq ed
>V\T, syD b]X$T esZ\T L& V]+#sTT.
ek\ u> s e+&~. $<o es |+|
bZ >, eT|+ m>TeT ek\T +& bjsTT.
(|]j nU+ y| |+| ek\T @&~ 50 \\ qT+&
\qs es |&bsTT+~) >T+sT es{ jTs|t
yD esZ\T sTT+ se\d e+~. ysT s # se&+
k es{ +T|&+~. ~>TeT +f, k+>qT
m>TeTT V#T> k>sTT. jT ek\ s |]+~.
H{ >T+sT 20

k+> s+|, yb+, eT+>] e+{ q>s\

jsjT ek\ es{ +& bsTT+~.
+>s+ y+& esT e |&sTT. (>*+>+ y~) k
kes qT+& VQ+&\ |< &T yd, rd #s+ bsTT+~.
jTs|t e& ybsdT\ |yX+ s>eTT+<, <ojT Hu
=\T> m+f+{ qs <s de\T b+< #s+
yTT<+~. n|{ >T+sT eTs u++> $<qeT <T.
(>*+>+ y~).
>T+sT d+~ \+ |y++~. qT d+|<, Jeq
|eD+ n+#H yjT&+ w+. = ydy\T =+ #&&+
e\q, d#q bjT+> $j>ksTT #|e#T. |+&
<&T\T 1817 esL (1788 s+uy T ) k>&+ e\q X+jTT
|]d T \T <HsTT. n~ $TqVsTTd, _{wyt sT seTT+<T
X+jTT+>H k+<qe#T. sT e, es<\
T eq|&T <s \T
e]bjsTT. MT+<s e< eq q<>T\ d+
n+<TuT , _jT+, n+<] \_+#sTT. q>s\,
|< >e\ _jT+ \_++~. +|+&T, e\T, m+&T
=], #s, eT\b, b>, q\eT+<T n+<TuT
e#sTT. |< sT\T d+ eT+ dT, dsT\T
<#T>*>sT.
(dt +&j +| e\q |<\ _jT+ \_+#&+
]+< #|+{sT. q e\q _jT+ \_++~. e]
|+qT z, $#Y (1811`31) u> bV+#sT) 19e X+
e# H{ Hu deT~ nqTu$+#sT. nsTT k+|T
H{ >T+sT 21

eed $$< <X* #&*. d+_+q |]b\q deC+

JeH&T* +>BXsTT.
s#q n~ |<H+X+.
| $|T\T sD+> Hu |s><T. M{ e\q
u<\ >Tsq ysT sT|<. >T+sT L\ sTe
m<Ts+~. y] |]d yTsT>T|s#* e+~. nsTTH |<\
d es<T. k+ MT< *# d n \>e<T.
>eT+ d+|qT\ |esq n e+~.
(>*+>+ y~ | 51)
dqsT sT\ |uT+ n+~+q dVjT+ y]
#s+&H V]++~. (e sTD\ >T]+ \\
$wjT+ #]+q# $|\+> e+~).
>e\ de* ud\ ksTT n{|{sT. $H\T,
|]s\T $T+ eq+{ >eT ces < #dysT.
q +< | #dy] |+&>\T neds\T <T+,
eqd+> ysT +b+& #dysT.
q sT\T eT #sTT Cs+& >eT |+<sT C>
|&y sT. MT+<s u eTT* neT& M< H sT. qBrs
e+& q eT\T d] ueTT\T =~> eH, $|yTq
K<T+&$. $$< H+ ueTT* k>T#j*q |]d
*+#sT. u$T eekjT+ e\q n~ e~* be& M
d *+#sT. sTD\T <sTD e&\ e+&$. |> b\H
C|+ #| q\$>q+> n&T |&~ . sT \V\T, yC\T,
H{ >T+sT 22

\ #{\T, k+| ||sT, bs\T n \d Cb

|+#sTT.
(>*+>+ y~ |s 106)
L| H\T>T $<\ #*+ | e+&~. =+<] |+&+q
<q+{ 5 eTT\T, eT] =+<] sp e|&T <q+, 8
sbjT\T < 4 sbjT\T s+&T |+#\T, | |+#,
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d\ 1 qT+& 1.5 eT+#\T sTTd, |sTw\ 1 qT+& 1.2
yTT<\T 2 esL sTT#ysT. eTT 8e e+T eT+# n+{sT.
eT{ >&\T fysT, | jsT #dysT. f\T =fysT.
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sTT#ysT.
(>*+>+ y~ ` 94`95, |s\T 25`44, 9 |) \
y> e |DT\T ` \T HjT&+, T|, |
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esT<T.
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H{ >T+sT 23

 +> +&jTH sjTHjT+ >T+sT u>

|q + k++~. MsT k HjT\ bT |Te&yT >,
<D
~ u> \<=HsT. <= |+ < es+Z nsTT+~.
usrjT <>T\ b*, jTs|tysT #eT+~
e+&ysT. >eTHjT\qT $TqVsTTd, eT<dT sw+
19e X+ yTT<{ u>+ 1:4 #=|q usrjTT\T, _qT
e+&ysT. d* $TqVsTTd, usrjTT& 100 eT+~
_qT e+&ysT. usrjTT\ 170 qT+& 190 es
<>T\T+f u> e e+&ysT. >MTD b+\ sT
& sTT+ V#T> e+&~. MT+<s q eed #\T.
|d&H me> jTs|jTqT e+&ysT.
1830 >T+sT eTT>TZsT jTs|jTq>qT,
1368 usrjTT\THsT. >T+sT k<sD+> H\T>T qT+&
|t
sT>TsT _{wt n~sT\T+&ysT. ( \{ Vdt
eTH sTTq $es\T <s+. bsyT+ ||sY (\+&H
1853).
V ]{ ` ]bsT H ~ $H |t d$ ds+{ n+&
mk_wtyT+{. 1e u>+ ` \ 1858, | 321)
>T+sT de+ |]b\q n+ \ ~| +
e+&~. | ksTT <Xd uVDT\T+&ysT. sTy
esTd> uVDT\T, eTTd+\T, s | \ysT+&ysT.
n+s \T n&T >Tq eHsT. >se|<y T q usrjTT\T
y] + >&T T e+&ysT. q ksTT =~eT+~
H{ >T+sT 24

+^w #~$, _{wt y] d++<\T |THsT. eTss

uVDT\T _{wt y]e +~ y] <s+> e+&ysT.
+| b\q jTs|t y] e\q _{wt n~sT\T y]
T+u\T T>*>sTT. +f y] <Tss + >H
e+&~. +#T$T+#T n<= b++> u$+#ysT.
de<T\T |]o*d |\\T, d\ |sT |+#$. <Tss d
n<= sD+. >T+sT y& _{wtysT sTTw|&ysT
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>T+sT |]d |]o*+#& 1845 MTwqsYqT
|+bsT. y~ |s+ ` C+ b*+q \+ +f, _{wt
b\q |]d u> ~>C]+~.
(>eT : jTs|jTH d\T10 qT+& 14 y\T+&ysT.
usrjTT\T 15 qT+& 25 y\THsT. 1838 us d$*jTqT
40 y\THsT. 1858 35 y\THsT. d$ <>T\T 200
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H{ >T+sT 25

eTs | m >j #&*. |uT b\q sTT

|#TH <sD, eedqT n{ |&TH esT\T #jT&+,
#&e\d e+~.
sC~s m #sTT+#sT? |\, b\q
dsTuT #d _{wt y] |uT+ m k+~ #&*. dt
+&j +| b\\T deTse++> |\ deTd\qT
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$<H\qT neT\T #jT &+ s Y b @$T{ >eT+#*.
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|ksTT.
yTT<{~ : |u e+ : |+# rsT n~s $j+#&+ .
d{> |q+ #jT+&, \e++> s|+& |**
s&+ . k+|T esZ\ (\) |s+ > |\ q e&,
H esq , d+|<, =\eH\ n+< rsT\T sT |u e+
eHsTT. HjT q qTbqT\ L&q |u e+ y*.
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>&q #&*.
>eT HjT\ |ue+, d+|qT\ ~|+, =
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|<T\ >eTHs+. HjT+ eT |uy m
|j+qT? |{wqT, \+#\T, eT e&, +\T,
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H{ >T+sT 26

s+&e~ : $<q+ : ~ s#q+ sTTeT&<T . m+ C>> ,

b+~> #<eTH <s< T . $<q+ |< eT\T
s>*. b*+# r]~. jeq+ = \\ <s+>
kbT+~. $<q sX \ q <s\T+&=#T. n<+
sj
\T rdTe&+, neT\T #d rsTqT{ k>TT+~. nd\T
m+{ $<q+ be&+ L& $<qyT! |uT+ @
ksTT ysH ds y] |<T\e\q n+ d+_+ bT+~.
s $q $<q+ s $q se&+ <T . ds q s $q rsTqT
n{|{ |+b+~ksT. >T+sT s{ s$q
b\quT, de\+~+#&+, b\H rsT L& #{+~.
s $q $<q+ k<sD b\q L& #]+<qe. s $q
$<q+ |qT\ +B+ njsTT. n~s+ >T|{
|THsT. |ywqT, m+|, =\+#&+, eTD n
sT $<q+H eHsTT.
19e Xus+u+ _{wtysT s+&T |]b\H $<H\T
ne\+_+#sT. < MT+< |< |s+ |uT |sy Tq
# V* d+|<jT d+|q esZ\ u {
sT . >T+sT
sT |< $T*q b+\ $d] +# +& |XsT.
s |< <eTdt eTH #qqT b{+#sT. +<
n~s\ |uTyT n{|Tq~. k HjT\
nDy qT+& yD esZ\ qT+& H b& |jT+
#XsT. # #s\ nq+s+ \+&H sT sjT+
rdTHsT. nsTTH 1818 H{ &ss sTT+ d+<V\T
H{ >T+sT 27

rs<T. ({.V#Y.;>V : <eTdt eTH n+& &e\|tyT+{

|t n&d{y b\d H eT<dT d{ 1792`1818) +_&
jTe]{, |.V#Y.&.Bddt 1960, | 10`21)
s#q k> H{ sTT+ d+<V\ k>sTT. s+&T
$<H\T y$<+ e\q s#T, $<H\ neT\T d+_++~.
eT<dT y\d |]o\q> sT sHydt rsT e+&>, nT
eTH |< d+ neT\T |P]> s<T. s+&
e+&$. |sds $sT<+> s<T #dTH$. >T+sT _{wt
b\q d+_+#& sTT<= |<q sD+.
(|._.k{ d$ n&dwH H eT<dt 1858. MsT
MT+< |< deT]+#sT. C.sH |s+ eTH s |<
eT+~. sY T H ~ +&wH +& ]sY yT+{ |t
eT<dT |d& (1853) \ ]eP ` y\+ 17 |
282`339).
n<jTq \+ _{wtysT |P] |q+ d]+#sT.
s+&T <Xu\bT X+ H\=q~. _{wtysT m<TsT
|+<sT> | n>T|+H q y] ~| m<T]+#
b<T. s b\H rsT _{wt n~sT\qT \es|s+~.
y| k+|T Jeq+ de+ >|\>+ d |+#>
eTs| |P] |q+ eV+#bjsT. >T+sT e+{
# u> sTT+<T\T m<Tse\d e+~. +< |q+,
|T _jTb >T+sT e+{# |]dT\T eTs
rsT> k>$.
H{ >T+sT 28

us<X+ >T+sT
H{ >T+sT 29

1788`1859 H{ >T+sT
H{ >T+sT 30

n<jT+ ` 2

k \+ TbT\T
(1788)

_{wt s+ <X+ n&T&q sTy >T+sT

|+< esZ\T eTqT m u$+#j \TdTq~.

+<T>qT, | \T s s |\
\T #&*+<. H{
qT+& \_+q nH <s\qT #&&+ ~s | <T.
>eT HjT+ m \+> e+&<, y] due+ @$T{
\TdTe& dTBs n< jTq+ neds+ <T . d+|<jT
\+ @$T{ sT |d |]o\q +~.
>T+sT k #]\ $$< d+d\ ke esZ\
de#s+ deT~> e+~. n$ y\Te&q >e\T =+&M&T,
#u\T, b >T+sT. qT y{ $\Te sTTqTeT&++~.
n|&|&T \_+q eT|s de#s+, Cq|<\T eTq
sTT+ TbT\T *bsTT. >e\ \_+q $Xc\
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|s=HsTT. CyT >+{ b*{
ds |t ~ Hss H dssY
H{ >T+sT 31

e+{y{ d]bjsTT. (m*jT{ ` H ~ ]H |t $C

n+f+{ Vd 1788`1817 eT< m*jT{ s#q\T
\_+#sTT. \T>T qT+& eTs, n+<T qT+& +^w
m|&T nqTy<+ njj \TdTq~).
>e\ | &T ]sT\
e\q s yq HjTeed

>+<s>+ H\=q~. n~ =\+#& =\T |jT+q
<s D
|\e sE eT+{ U <*. n bH\+
sTw + > <T . (m*jT{ H ~ ]H |t $C n+f+{
Vd ) sE |< q+> sTT+<T\T |{q ysT +>s|
|ys (+k*). n|{ >eT b\q oqT+& uVDT\qT
#sT.
=|< s~q b*q CC eTD >eT+
#esT d+ || e+&~. n+<T >e 12
eT+~ >e~sT* jT$T+#sT. dT+\ qT+& M]
#*+|\T e+&$. M] |<|, sD+, |&T sE
yT<sT. y] sT y, |sVT&T, eT], #*, e&+,
+k*, eT+>*, ydysT, |<sT, \s|qT\T
#dysT. e\ e~> T+u\T sT \s |qT\T #fy sT.
deTjT+ ed >eTdT\
\V\T T+ \+ y>
|< eTqTw\ du rsTdT+&~.
>eT \T |$+, sV d+> u$+q sD
\ n<=
T+ eed> m+ |uy qs+~. m|&H ]
$T+ L& >eTsD\T +&ysT. sD+ T+u\T
H{ >T+sT 32

sTTsT>T bsT>Tq >eTsD\ #T]\T |THysT.

d++<+ sD+> sD\ |T T~+> e+&~.
sD\ T+ \sTTe\q, k |T |+#THsT. |
n~sT\ <w m<Ts=HysT |> y] #&> ={, |u $+
#jT>*>sT. +<T \sTT | n~sT\ |H
Z+#>*>sT. bNq\+ qT+& +<|q+ T~+>
e+&\+f, sD\ keTs+, dVs+|H e+&~.
sD
\T sV d+> L&\T+f, |]cs\T u> <H$.
{ s+&T >e\ nsTT sT sD+ |q+ nD#ysT.
nsTT \ neds+ e+&~ ><! $T*q >e\ sD
\T
eTq+> eT |uy #|ysT.
>&eq nse\T, CqT\T kH sD\ kq+
uVDT\T e#sT. uVDT\ j>T\T u> nesTTw
#XsT. =+&M{ deT >| eT+ sD\ # 1144
(..) u]+#sq+> z&bj&T. n+<T sTy\
j>T\H&T. n e+~ HqT&. #+<ss+ sD
\
eed e+T+< *+> b++ |s=+~.
(m*jT{ ` e&eT& eTsE nqTe~+q <+&$\ `
s| \ |sT >eT+ ` k #]. +{
d+|<j\T # e#sTT.)
sjT b\q\T esT e+&> VAjTd\\T, q
|\T, *+>jT\T, bT\T, &>\T, q+<y]\T,
(jTe*\T), *+>*E\T, >E\ *E\T, jTdT\
T e
#ssT.
H{ >T+sT 33

( Vd H ~ ]H |t $C n+f+{ Vk]
yTysY |t #u\T Vd | 91`104) eq
eTTs\ d+K e. #<TsTeT<TsT> q >e\ M]
|ue+ |]$T+> +&~. nse*, CqT* =\+#&
j>T\ 400 @ |{+~. (k] yjT L&)
eT+> eT y] |H $d]+#sT.
(>\H yT+ ` m eqTe |t c &d ` eT<dT
1883) | 15`38)
+< |H T= >e\T *#sTT. >eTksTT
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>e\ d+, \=s bs{\T ]>sTT. +<ksTT
|q+ \&>H k+~. = sE e q ~|
#sTT+q|&T |TsD\T, d\ deTs\T, d+|<\T
se&+ be&+ ]+~. (nH k #]\T sT $wj\T
#{sTT. m*jT{ Vd], .>b#] m] Vd |t
+< +{ 1941, eT<dT jTe]{ |dt, .d.>+>* ~
dsH #dt 1937, uHsdt, . m. \+s Xd ` m Vd
|t kY +&j 1955 eT<dT, ~ #dt ` 1955 eT<dT,
{.$.eTV*+>+ ` kY +&jTH b*{, eT<dT 1955).
= >e\T *| d$T nHsT. d$TT\qT *| deT
nHsT. =+&M{ deT u\+=+&, $qT=+&, H>sTq =+&
eq$. + H\sT, +<TLsT, n<+, =+&|* @\sT
H{ >T+sT 34

deT\THsTT. | deT d+| < d\

sD
+ nesTTw
e+&~.
(m*jT{ ` =+&M&T +{ |t >T+sT Vd
| 1`3`5)
V+<Te\ b\q eTTjT eTTqT| eTTd+ VB\T
>T+sT| <& #XsT. es+>\T sEqT & rdTsT.
=+&M{ s& sE\ b\q e+<. qT nded+>
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|TsD\T ]>sTT.
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@ qT+& edTq #s =qk>sTT. n< >eT+, n< k>T,
ny \T, |]XeT\T.)
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H{ >T+sT 35

e\q >e\T f es<T. >eTksTT j kq+

~*+#<T. (m*jT{ ` nH ~ ]H |t $C n+f+{
` Vd | 101)
eTTd+qT, <XdT b\q j+#sT.
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>T]C\, bqsT eHsTT. eTTsTC q>sY dssY n
|sT|{sT. 12 eT+~ s$q n~sT\qT, jT$T+,
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(m*jT{ ` <+&$ ` =+&M{ >eT+ ` nqTy<\T `
k\ #] ` $q y+jT | 331, d~] >sys+
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b\H d++<y T q \ <>\ b{ |&T H bjsT.
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ksTT, k uVDT\T, eTTK+> j>T\T <>
H| D |<] +#sT. eT, y\eT, \>, |, sE \ysT
d<>\ eHsT. | ksTT sTTy|qT\ eTTd+\T,
<Xd, yb] esZ\T \|&sTT. , \+ \+ b{
$y<d<+> k+~. eTTd+ b\q C+ #dTe&+,
#b |+& es&+ |]b{ nsTT+~.
m+| |{+#Te&+ |<q \DyT+~.
sE <>Zs> d\V\T sTT# d uVDT\T sTHsT.
H{ >T+sT 36

 $<+> eT #T{\, <>Zs y] <>\T sTT|+#T

e#TqqTHsT. >e\qT d]> bwd>, s$q
deT+> s<T. +f \ kq+ eq y] kq+ bT+~.
\b{\T eT >{> eq|&T, dsT u T ]>$. swy |+ >
V+<Te\ \ dsTuT ]>| <T. n~sT\ |s
~*+# +&H HeT~> bsTT> |<e \T d]+#sT.
n~s+ \Vq |& H , \+ \ e\
<w + me>
e+fH $q eed <] rd~. s+X b\q| n+{
eed dsTuT |<]+#~.
>T+sT n+{ b\q kq rsT |]o*+#*. eTTd+
b\\H, <Xd Uksese b\q| |T e+&~.
=+&M{ |H eTTd+ \T sD+ <T. $\Tyq >eTd,
@qT>T\T, Tb\T #\e *bT+~. s d+#T\
>essYqT sese s#TH&T.
(m*jT{ Vk] yTyTT |t #u\T H ~ &d |t
+|*, Vd | 100. y+se B 1817
nqTe~+#&T. =\T \T>T e+&> sTy eTs],
|eT +^w sT e nsTT+~. y+se uVDT&T)
eTTd+ b\\qT s# T esdH, sjTse e+ ds + >
e+&&yT jTq <sq.
>T+sT | >+& qyT\ >{ |T \_+#<T.
>+& qT+& >T+sT qT $&Bj\ n*UH \]
\|{q sjse dVs+ n& n~ s><T. nsTT
H{ >T+sT 37

n d k eT< T eq+<Tq, +< nesTTw

n&T>*>&T. sjTse >+& ] eq sTy
nX+ |*+~. $jTq>s <\T |y+#sTT.
s$q #*+|\T *|yXsT. >+& eTVeT<
b<Tc $\Tyq eC\ \TT+&> | >e y
s V <s q T bd T n~ s T \T n& T +THs
\TdTH&T. n$TH eTTqT |+|> nqT re ksTT
n\& nDyX&T. j>T\T n~s n+{ |TH
eHsT. (m*jT{ ` k #] | 91`102)
sqT sqT +< <\T \<=HsTT. CyT >+{ B
>T]+ yU+#&T ` | + #*+ # y] ~| + deTT<rs
b+ sC\ u> Z+yXsT. +< |q+ |P]>
*+~. (b*{ ds |t ~ HssH dssY 5e y~
m&f& ` &T .|$T+>sY 1918 H) neTTsCq>sY n$TqT
y] dV b\\T <Xd T \
#+~qe \TdTq ~. yTT>\T\T,
eTs\T yTT+ MT< >+&| |P] |q+ eV+#&+
>T+sT | nesTTw nk<yT+~. e] >+&
|uT e \+ $+B b\q |P] nsTT+~. c #+~q
j eT+T\T nq, e<q |+T #dq b\HjTT
esT\ e\q Vy >e\T ne |uT d$TT\T k\T
b*+#>*>sT.
(m*jT{, yT+ y~\T, Vy]dt m&d| n+&
Vk] m+{ |t ><e] &d ` \+&H sY n+&
H{ >T+sT 38

 |#TsD 1878 | 167`76, k V+< |dsqT

d]+#&+ c q sD\T+&=#T. >+& |s H
|s+ wj b\\T sEqT <y+X&T> u$+# rsT
|+b+~+#sT)
k uVD b\q eT|< k, dT #+<dT\
\esbT dw++~. k s+ H ~*+,
b\T b&THT #d+~ (m*jT{ Vd)
V<su<T X+ >T+sT| n<T| |]$T+>H k+~.
22 sc\ >T+sT e\+ sw+ eyT.
q sC \uTe&+ Ws+>CT eT>T&j&T.
jTq yksTT >jTTBH V+<T n~sT\| <s|&
b*+#&T. 1724 <H dTu sT sc\T nd|tC\
b\q e#sTT. eTsT M] q d++<+ +#q
bjTyT+~.
k b\q eTTd+ b\\T d\ esT\T #XsT.
n$ @eT+ me <T. |> <D
~ eTTd+ \ d+K e.
| ksTT <>\ |]$TyT, ysT n<T| #jT<\q
b+\ | |T HsT. 1687 qT+& 1752 esL qT
b*+q eTTd+\T 42 eT+~ <XdT\T, k T+u\ ysT
y] dV jT|&sT . s \T, H\sT , @\sT, y\sT , d\+,
eT<T s \ b* >T+sT n~sT\ |sT b*+q
\+, d>T\T >eTd | |q | b\Hs+>+ n+>
|ue+ <T. eTTsTCq>sY dssT n$TsT b*+q +
H{ >T+sT 39

1.42 @ eyT (1687`1748) V+<Te\T n++f

me\+ |<e\ eHsT. s$q ed b\q| |T
V+< n~sT\ e+&~.
n$TsT =~\yT e+&&+ e\q ysT >+<s>+H
k>sT. y] |P] n~s\T +&$. nsY \+ qT+& q
<+< $<q+, C+ \+ f+~.
(>{ _H, Vdt |t eTH 1812 ||t ]bsT) B |s+
d bdT n~s\T ] d$ n~s\T *|XsT.
\+ ] <sTT. n$T<sY ds~]. HjTb\q, bdT
|q+ nqe. e> \Vq n n&THsTT. @
n~] q n~s\T n$TY<sY u{sT.
(CyT >+{. |s eY Tss ,Y | 25 >T+sT eTTd+ \T |q+
#dT+&>, V+<Te\T u\ b+~, \|&sT. eTTd+\T
me> d\T, <>T\T sT).
V<su< dTu<sT, s{ qyT, s \T, eT|+
seT+&, +CePsT sC, yTdsT, $XK|D+ ys+
n$T <s. y] |q+ e+Xbs+|s+ #d, +~ y] L&
n+{ neX+ sTT#sT. s dssT n$TsY s
bE<sT f & <T. > V<su< |q+ n$TsY
| me.
<D
~ qyT\T bE<sT, V<su<T |q + +< ysT .
MsT me] ys |+ <sT. & V<su< & HeTeyT
M]<w.
H{ >T+sT 40

eTTsTCq>sY dssY b\q n+ >+<s>+> k+~.

eTTd+ n$T<sT V+<Te\ <s |]b\q kd, eTsy| q
$H<\T, jTT<\T, sj\ V<su< eT>T
\jsT. eTTdH b\\ $k\qT k>e& V+<
<>T\T #jT#sT.
(|ssY, yT+J s#q\T)
neT<sT k] |]$T+ >
<sT V+\qT jT$T+#b<T. n$T<sY, bC<sY,
<sY, C^ssY e+{ _sT<T\T >T+sT *
n~sT\ *+> *+#ysT.
eTTd+ b\q V+< |sq d+d\
T jT<$~> k>sTT.
<>T\q, |sq esT | d+d\ @MT
<T. >eT ksTT d+d ksTT esL $d]+#sTT.
(m*jT{ ]bsY)
|]b\q eq esT\T |s |+#sTT.
n~sT\ _sT<T\T >eTd eTss uVD |u e+
\TdT+~. n eTTKyTq V+< n~] <XeTTU.
n& ddq n~]. |uT @+{>, n& b\H~],
s$q sY. k\L jTy] L& d+<qs L&.
_q d+dT\ eT< n&= +<+. n> eT\T, uw\T,
#s\ y$ < b+~ #dy&T. eTTd+ dH\, >e\
eT< b<+ eV+#y&T. uVD <Xb+&
H{ >T+sT 41

>D+~], ]ksY, n n~s #s\T ]sT #dy&T.

n $es\T n& ##y&T. n&T eTE+<sY >qT &{
#d n~sT\| n<T| eV+#y&T. sTy bdT
n~] (eTqysY) e+{&T. eT |q + k+#& <Xe TTU,
eTTqysY\T |j+#sT. ysT d \+ qT+&
e#ysT.
(1812 ||t ]bsT, >{ _H CyT >+{ ` b*{ ds
|t HssH dssY ` bsyT+ |_wH)
d, dsd<sY\ | kq+e+&~. |dT ||sT
#&&+ ]bsT\T, dwq n& nesTTw e+&~.
s\j\T, |]s\ sVD #dy&T. |dT d+~
m+| #dy&T. <|<sY, c|t | |q+ e+&~. | n~sT\
\Vq\T n e+&>, n |P] nesTTw e+&~.
n& eTTKeT+. # \ b sV+#y&T.
<Xb +&e n \+ n+ n& <. <Xb +&, dsd < sY
n~s\T s+& ] # e+f sTT n |q+
ePV+#*+<.
(m*jT{ ]bsY)
>T+sT MT+<sT e+Xbs+|s+> e#sT. u$T|
nesTTw #jT& MT+< nH |< (|]jTH) $#D
sV+> V<su< n~sT y&sT.
(m*jT{ ]bsT 17 @| 1846 ` |s 99`100) V+<
b\\ y] <ojT d+sD u<\ <c sT y&T
H{ >T+sT 42

e+~. V+< MT+<sT eT&T $<\T. d+kq sC\T,

bs+|s n~sT\T, * n~sT\T. MT+<s+ <s
eT~ bNq |s+|s nHysT. y] =\+# |H
b\\T n{|THsT. >T+sT MT+< |<+
dw+>H y&sT.
(m*jT{ ]bsY 1846 @| 17)
> T +s T s \+> eq MT+< T++
y\eTysT eDse. $jTq>s ke+ yTT+
=+&M{ deT| ysT sjT b\H~s* eV+#sT.
eTTd+ b\\T <Xd eTqsY sese T+u |{sT.
s +&T T+u\ eT< |H |+, eTTsTC q>sY dssT
ysT 1600 44 Vy* >e\qT, 14 d$TT\qT n|+#sT.
e seseqT <Xb+&>, eqsT |+ seqT
<Xb+&, eTE+<sY> #XsT. + dsd<sY, MT+<sY,
=+&M{ >essY, VQpsY qjsD+ u<\T
n|+#sT.
(m*jT{ ]bsT ` Vd)
yTT>sT\ me] <]dTHs, dw|&> <Xd
T++ s{q |&+~. 1770 q~ e\ qT+& eT
T+u |{sT. <X y] eT< |q+ |+|D
$wjTyT, s{ qyT, seT+& qyT C+ #dT
dsTuT #sTT+#sT. k #]sT& |s+, +|*,
\ #u\T d$T 22 >e\T yds & |< HuT &
H{ >T+sT 43

n|+#sT. n|{qT+& yds& T+ |ue+ |],

eDs e <X bZ sTT+~. 1725 225 >e\ |q + yds &
T+u n|+, eTqysY <XeTTU |H*#sT. 5
d$TT\| yds& nesTTw sE <M]+#&T.
(k #] ` m*jT{ ]bsY |* +>sY s#q | 64, yT+
s#q | 344, y]dt s#q | 210`30.)
eTTd+ b\q d&*q|&T, >T+sT n~sT\T \
|&sT. $jTq>s b\q |qeTT+f, qjsT\T,
b*j>sT\T eeV]+qf, k n~sT\T _sT<T\T
neX\T #+#T HsT. V<su< s$q #s&+
u> Z+~. y|q V<su< dssY dsYdTu,
MT+<s dsYdTu\ d+|TsD\T y{sTT.
yTT+ MT< m>y\T, yk\T |]bjsTT. >T+sT
bE<sT\T \Vq|&q+<Tq |q+ eV+#bjsT.
V<su< y sV<] ]+#sT. +~ n~sT\T
sbk<\qT (V y * ) $ T+# T Hs T . nDy
me>, Hu |\#&, e< KsT\T |]>sTT.
(yT+ | 39`40 k #])
1732 seT+& qyu nqsTBH <sYqT eTTsTC
q>sY |+|, eq n~sT\ |q+ kBq|sT#TH&T.
(yT+ Vd])
@&bT sTdT+UH |T k~+#&T.
H{ >T+sT 44

(y] |q+ |<]d $THsY ]+#&T).

\+H k \T>T T+u n~s+ #sT.
yds& MT+<sY n~s n<T| |&, $qT=+&,
u\+ =+& |s> D
\ <Xe TTU, eTqy] |H \T u {
sT.
eT sE qsdse ]+, < #T q>s
qsdse | n |*#sT.
(|]+>sY, yT+ Vd])
18e X_ eT< sjT nds+ +&jqT
e]++~. us, sb X \
eT< ]q |T sD
\ _{wt
|q+ |#sTT nsTT+~. >T+sT >+<s> ns#
|]d T \ +~. VQdH nUH deTse +yT q bE<sT>
> T +s T e< * y & T . s d s s e T| <
|jT +#&T. 1759`1769 eT< V<su< ` eT<dT |+ <s
eT< ]q s|&
sJ $|\
|jT + #X&T. CyT >+{
|s=q ]sT{ >T+sT 5 |s>D\T+&*. y{
25 eT\T>, 868 >e\ e+&e #bsT. 5>TsT
<XeTTU\T M{ |+#T= eeV]+#sT. =+&M&T 39
Vy* >e\T L& e+&$. 1788 _{wt n~sT\T
#fH{ MT+<sT L& #>H b*+#ys q&+~.
H\T>T MT+< T+u\ eT< >+<s> + my, |+|D
keTsd <s
< T . = >e\T <s T eTT>TsZ T MT+<s
eT< |+#Te&+ dw|&+~. d+|<jT k |ue+ sT
>+<s> dyX+ uV+> *de+~.
W

H{ >T+sT 45

n<jT+ ` 3

1800\ |Ps+ q _{wt |q+

1837 H{ _{wt X +&j| |P]> e]++~.

s+&T <Xu\ bT us <X+ X+jTT+> k+~.

>T+sT n|{ sTdt +&j +| +< 50 @e+~.
1788 |Ps+ >T+sTq, <X+ q nH +|\bT
b{ |&q y] _{wt +| {.
Ws+>CT 1707 #bsTTq sTy, yTT> |q+
D++~. |sT\T |sds+ \|&sT. sc\T N*,
d+eTjsTT. s~ |q+ qT+& <D~ jT
|&+~. eTs s+ |PH qT+& |P es $d]+#>,
keC k|+#>\eT Be> eHsT. 1724 qT+& C+
e eTT d++> V<su<T b*d, <H #
u>+q, s dssTq, k \q s
(se+&) b++| |T _+#&T. yTdsT s+
V<s +< \|&+~. eT<Ts +CePsT sTs|* e+{
b+\T $T+#sT.
H{ >T+sT 46

1739 & H~sYcqT nDyXsT. n+{ sjT

nds + s+uy T + ~. <D
~ e< C+ K] <X m<TsT
#XsT. mesT \e+T y] eT+ neX+ +~.
n|&T >T+sTqT eTTsTC q>sY nHysT. < =+&M{
deT nHsT. cq~ |q y| se+& eTs |
s dssqT \T|, sV<s, \kq+ >T+sT
*+~. <H ` s eT< sTT~ \kq+ e+~.
ke+ eT+ |Teq |<X + >T+sT. 40 @bT
>T+sT d+ |jT|&T bjsT.
1687 qT+& 1748 es >T+sT| yTT> ` C+ |q +
k+~. ~ >+& |q + yTT<\T C+ eeTT eTsD+
esL sE\ d+ +< |q + >T+sT| n+> <T .
\+ 42 eT+~ eTTd + n~ s T \T > T +s T qT
|]b*+#sT. k V+< HjT\ dVs+ s$q
ed\T #d, b\q ]bsT. y| jT qT+& <&T\T,
eTs| q sT>TuT k>sTT. Be\q \ es\
T,
k+|T >+<s> \T @s&sTT. <sT sTdT+ UH b\q
1732`1739 eT< ] $q ~>CsT&T b\q, bs Jeq+
nded |+#sTT.
1748 e< C+ eTsD+ $q T~ <X #]+~.
#] m& b* q+> us H>]\ $q
##sT. b d+dT\T $d]+#sT. |\ eT
d+|<jT+ eT => +~. <X+ e]+q n+< s+
>T+sTqT eTTq~.
H{ >T+sT 47

us yD es\ jTs|t yD<sT\T u>+

|+#T+, sj~s |jT+#sT. sjT
$q e\q n +#>*>sT. ||+# y|+> +>+&,
bH\T kjTT< bs{\ ~>sTT. n< +&j k+~.
jTs|t m|&H sT +|\ eT< X+ H\=H,
+&j e+ |TsD ><T. 1748 qT+& 1756 eT<
nyT] ~| bs+, jTs|t @& deTs+ kq|&T,
+&j jTs|t C+ eTTeTsyT+~.
jTs|t & = X\T &&sTT. s\+>,
jTs|t es \ us ybsdT \
eq u>keT+ e\q
<ojT b\q M\T +~. sj~s e\+
HjT+, b\H deTsq #\<T. n+<T kjTT< <\T
y*. jTs|t k+ us dbsTT\T, y+& n+<T
<V<+ #XsTT.
usrjTT* yT, D H] d X> |+ysT
r]~<sT. eT+> J*e&+, y] u< @s&+~.
d <TdT\
e\q $<y T q b<q, @s D
ueq e+~.
HjT+, keT, D e\q d\ $<jT e+~.
n+{ bs <\ e\d+< jTT<+ > \T| eyT .
1746 nqsTBH <* =~b{ |+ysT z&+#>*>sT.
jTs|t # jTyT+<H ueq |*+~.
jTs|t d eed, sj\ q <T* us
|H dt\T deTLssT. jTTesE\T eT sjT |j H\
H{ >T+sT 48

$T+ b{|& jTs|t dVjT|&sT. nsTT eT

#|+< sT #T +THeT ysT >V+#<T. eT
H jTs|t dq+ wyd eT+> eTH =\ks
ysT \TdT<T.
s+&e s jTT<+ ysd |TsD. n+<T +^w
y]| |+ y]< | #sTT nsTT+~. V<su< y ksTT kH
|+ e e#&T. |+ ysT eT<T dH V<su<
dY C+> \&>\&, &| >V+#&T. 1732 qT+&
1759 es Td <\T HC+ deT]+, V<u< eT<T
sTT#sT. n d dVjT+ #dq < ,
>T+sTqT |+y] C^sY> deT]+#sT. yqTy+H
s dss qT+& $&bsTT, s >essY |<$ e~XsT.
n~s Ks>+ &|, Td\T e+&>, |]d T \T y]
|L\+ njsTT. \T, +\T \ ] bjTT
e|&sTT. |+ysT T\ uqT, ujTyesD+
sTTsT HsT. dsdt ]+> edsY & nH |\T*
n<T| |&T <! < |{+#TH| eTs={
&dT+~. k eT<T, $<jT k~+#& \Vq
jTT<+ |s<T. |+ ysT e @&bT <X
+< q | s , j eq+ eV d , s + X b\q
>$+#sT.
(m*jT{ ` |jTY |t V<su< yTy]jT |t
H ~ &d |t +|* ` Vd ` y+se
dsD ` nqTy<+ 1819 |.97)
H{ >T+sT 49

+^w <\T deTT<+ MT<T> e#d] |+y]

#T<Ts+~. n< deTjT+ |+ |uT+ <sTD+>
| &T>T\T yd+ ~. &|qT yq s| +#sT. <X+ eT< T
|d+ V]+#sT. V<su< qT+& Td $s$T+#TeTHsT.
|* +> 1759 eT|+ e<T\Te\d e+~. |+y]
kq+ bsTT+~. sTy =H b+&#] #C]bsTT+~.
9 @ weT+ V]+bsTT+~.
|+ysT $|\yTq# +^wysT d|\eTjsT.
d<X+ qT+& d\+ C+ #dTe&+, Xe+yTq
HjT+ eTT+<T sD+. uu> k~+#&+ m>H~
&| qT+& HsTe\d e+&>, +^w <X\T $jT+
b+<&+ y] q deTjT+ \_++~.
(ssY sY Vd |t ~ $T* {HH |t ~ _{wt
Hwq H V+<kH ` \+&H 1803 |.378) 1751 H{
s{qT b&&+ y Ms #s _{wt |w |++~.
|+y] |ejT+ @s&+~. eTT+<T #|>\
HjT + y
eq~. &| qT+& HssT L&. deTT<+|
~|+ e\q, _{wtysT s~ ssT. yD|s+>
uk{ sTTq u+> ysT. sjT+>q <
b<q e+~. bd nq+s+ <D~ H>Z&+ _{wt y]
f\+ |<T. # u* eTs= b+ KsT
#jT>*>sT. 1761 H{ b|T jTT<+ eTss re+>
<q~. y] ke \\T |{|+#\jsTT. us
<X+ |<q sjT X> _{wt \<=q~.
H{ >T+sT 50

 <X+ n~s+ #&+ mT, n~ b&Te&+

eTs= mT. u< n~s T~+ #dT&
_{wty] =H |{+~. deTjT+ >T+sTqT
|{+#Te\d e+~. <X+ n~s bs+ >T+sT
\ be nsTT+~.
V<su< |+ eT< T +& dYC+> n~s+
b>=TH&T. n k<sT&T C+ n n deTse++>
40 @bT d+ b++> e+#>* >&T. n k<sT &T
k\Y +> <, =+&M&T y[, |<\T, \T |
q eX+ d+ m<TsT ##&T. s dssT b*+#&
VQdH nUHqT |+bsT. >T+sT qT+& k\Y C+>qT
~*+#bjsT. 1759 |+ qT+& kBq|s#Tq
b+ _{wtysT e<T\T<T. |> dssqT d>+
syq =+{eTHsT. VQdH n |H&T. cq~
s b+\ +| <\T e#sTT. C+n re
nd+| #+<&T. eTss <&T\ es+> +| eT< T
]H, c eq|&T n~ s><T. dY +> #dq
|< eT #jT<\#<T. uy& eTTd+ dH
s*+#sT. dss y& njT KsT*keT+f,
|d+VsD d<+ n _{wtysT C+ *jTCXsT.
C+ >V+#&T. e] D VQdH n |+#> C+
n+^]+#&T. _{wtysT eqT> jTT<+ |+~.
1765 y ] +&j e#&T. <X+ +|
H{ >T+sT 51

eTD, d+|< |+#eT n& |sesTT+#sT. @&T

>dT 12q s dss | |s H C #d e n|+#sT.
sH e+ sT |sH y\&+, =+&|*
eTT&+#sT. eTss d]V<T\ qT+& C+ n ]>=,
jTT< d<|&&T. nw+ MT< d+~ #dTHsT. s
dssT e& |, 8 \\
sbjT\T kH e&+,
s +&T \\T keTHsT. @&~H V<s
Y #T \T
*| C+ k +|| <&#X sT. z&bjsT. 1768
=d+~ #dTHsT. _{wty] ~|+ |]+~. n+
$T+ esT<T . J$ |s ++ >T+sTqT C^sY> k\Y
+> n{|Te#HsT. n |H mes <q<T.
sTy <X+ bT d+|Tq\T n|jTyTqy.
k\Y +> |+y]| nqTL\+> e+&&+, C+
sC <>Zs> e+&&+ e\q X+ @s&<T? <|&\T,
\T<s qT+& ed, |+y] bsTT] eeVs\T,
s> &q MT+<sT >eTd, |+\T m |+&+#s Xs+
ydT+~.
(>sH yT+ ` m eqTjT |t c &d, eT<dT
1883. | 77) +| e<*qysT kVk|T\+ k\Y
+> >Zf eeV]+#sT. deTT<+ qT+& jTT<\T,
dsT\T =+&M&T #sXsT. V<su< eT<dTqT+&
V#]* UsT #jT <T . ~ \
T |]>sTT. yTd sT
u> \+ |+#Tq V<sY < es e >&T.
H{ >T+sT 52

k\Y +> u mTq keTT n+~+q |*+ n~.

+|ysT yT|*, yb+ s e\ <* |+bsT. \T|
<>Zs= ^sTTq |\T* m m<Tsy *jT
k\Y+> eDbj&T.
us sjT $<q+ H&T V<T |P <T. qT
eT|<, deTT\+ ef <T. k<sD jTee[ <T.
n+srjT #+ <T. |P]> +be& |P] |q+
#sTT+#& eT<esZ+ n+ <T.
1779 =*<X k\Y +> qT+& >T+sTqT eT<dT
>essY <eTdt s+u n< rdTH&T. B <T\T>
u+ s]+#&T. sD *keT #bsT. ~ sjT+>
|Xs+. sTy >T+sTqT s qyT E
sTT#sT. B H+> |XsyT+~. B yqT sVd+>
keTT d]+#&+ <T.
<+ # C+ >VyX&j&T. B &T s
dss s yq qT+& >& #*d T q ~ L& *|XsT. 1768
#dq &+&qT \+|T+#sT. <+ #dT+f, k\Y
+> _{wt y] eT< T q kH mdsT |qTqT C+
u$+#&T. n+{ V<sY n, eTss dVjT+ s&T.
&+&qT <TsTHsT. _{wt ysT >T+sTqT
$T+#&+ | \es|&q V<sY n, s| $sT#T
|&&T . 400 eT+~ |+ <\T &&>, n+es uk\Y
+> &&q |+y] eT<T rdTH&T. _{wt <\T
H{ >T+sT 53

yq >ZsTT. +N|s+ e< |T& VeTjsT.

s <&T\T eTTeTs+> k, eT<dT < k+~.
n+es _{wty] +&j n+ |e<+ m<TsT
<T. jTT<+ e\q nyT], \\ d n<q+> e+~.
bH, V\+& dV jTs|jT H X \
_H es+>
| #XsTT. +| <\T s+& jTs|t qT+&
n&THsTT. u+u \>|\>+ eTss y] >V+
*++~. eT<dT n$ eTT~] yTdsT es
|]bsTT+~.
n+{ deTjT+ eq ysH Vd+> deTjTd]
eeV]+#&T. us <X+ X* N\BX&T. eTs y]
d|]#&T. C+ n q y| |H&T. k\Y
+> eT > T +s T u { & T . eT<d T
|{sTT+| ]+~. * >essY> eT<dT q
e Vd+ > dd+& #X&T. dsY sYL f HjTq dH
<D~ s*+#&T. neds |]d m<Tse& u+>
<T* ejT+ #X&T. _{wty] d+u+ |+#&T.
1782 |]dT\T essTT. V<sY n, k\Y +>
eTsD+#sT. eT<dTqT >essY> deTsT&q sY eT
e#&T. C+ dV <, >T+sT| +| VqT
eT]H d]+#<\
#&T. Vd+ > b&T. s dssq T
C+ sTT#j\, y{ b<q f< u$+#&T.
n< dsq sjT+ s b\q $wjT+ eT<dT, u+>\T
H{ >T+sT 54

eT< eT& |N |&+ qyT ##+ #b&T. <+

Vd+>, eT]H re+> |TsD |&sT.
1788 >T+sT| |P] ~|+ _{wy] <+~.
1782 k\Y +> eTsD+#&+ |q+ dsTT|t+>,
n nqT#sT\ \_++~. n|{ sY sHy*dt e,
>T+sT | ds~s\T # |s+ _{wyt ] < +#&T.
(yT+J |P] $es\T sX&T. ds s> sdq +>
C+ ]wH |ssTT+> ~ HsY sH dssY ` s |t
&H Vd] n+& \sY (y\+ 4, q+sT 2) p 1956)
qT <+ #jT& C+ $#s|&<T. n|{
bsTT, uk{ +& *+~.
sTy 12 @bT _{wty] = b+\ nBq+|
d+<V \THsTT. C+ qT+& +| >T+sT < &+ e\+
+#qbjT+. #\+> k HjT\ |q+ +<
q, V<su< nesTTw e+<, eT<dT |q+
+< e+< nH~ nedseTsTT+~.
k d>T\T d]> \TdTbe&+, de#s
nedsyTq ks\T be&+, _{wt nesTTw
$|\
yT+ ~. _{wt y] m<Ts q c\T ` >eT HjT\ qT+&,
MT+<s |+>, <Tud\ e\q, n$|sTq _{wt
n~sT\ e\q ` d+u$+#sTT.
n&T>T ksTT >eT HjT\THsT. d+|<jT
|<T\ >eeds\T rs& |jT+#sT. M{d+
H{ >T+sT 55

>eT KsT\ <q+ |=+~. <T\T eT y\,

<y\jT sVD, d+~, <e<d q+ #dy],
d+^sT\, $H<\, d+\, <\, n<T \,
VQeTT\T, <ys<q, s\jT |]s\T, <>T\,
\ y&ysT. >eT KsT\T, >eT yd \
sD\T #dysT. <+ >e<j T eyT.
bNq eekjT rsT s $q, k b\q n+ >eT+|H
|&~.
(m*jT{ ]bsT ` ssY VA> sY 1789 d|+sT 29)
|]d T \T kqTL\+> q|&T >eT dV jT|qT\ >eT
KsT\ qT+& y&ysT. deT+> k>|&T, =+ ~ n{ |{,
>eT HjT y&ysT.
eT|+ qT+& |+|q sTesT |dsT ` VQ>, X&sY
` >T+sT >e\ <jT+ # V#T> +<,
>qT>TD+>, +| se&+ < qT>=HsT. 1790
eT<dT qT+& eq $#sD d+|T + L& nH \TdTq~.
(@+<= X&sY, eT|+ N|t sY 1791 @|
30 ` m*jT{ y~) sD
\T s +&T $<q \T n{ |{sT .
MT+<sqT, |uT <+< \ yd+#ysT.
>eT KsT\ $<H eT<+ #jT &+, <Ts#s n<T|
#jT&+ nk<eT >V+, |< s<T #XsT. sqTq
\+ \ f <s s>\HsT. n|{
qT+& >eT KsT\ |] #*+#e<, n+{<<H e+f
H{ >T+sT 56

||T{+#eTHsT. ($#sD d+|T+ ` ud, =#sH, CH

k{ ` 1790 >dT 21 sY m*jT{ y~).
bTbsTTq eedq T #+ <s =\+#&+ ~s|
<T. n+{ jTeT+ neT\T |s#

< T . 1794 >T+sT
jT$TT&q =* sY \T eT #jT&+ q+
bqT >V+#&T.
(s+. K 1794 >dt 5)
18 >e\T \T qeTH> |]o*d, 19850 |>&\
<q+ n<XyTqT >eT HjT\ <qT >V+#sT.
n+{ #s\T |sT>T bjT s$q usT
>V++~. $wj C]s+ sTT nHsT.
nDy >TsqysT s\+> eT H|D
$j+, m #*+|\T m>yj \TdTHsT.
+{$ sY <s |T&&+ d]> ]>| <T.
>eTHjT\ d{> eeV]+# <T\T,
eT&+ s+&Te+T\T sTT#T>, MT+<s >e\
n|d, deTd rsTT+<H&T. db sdT qT nqTd]+#sT.
(s+ ` y~ 1795 &d+sT 19)
>eT HjT\ eeV]+#&yT \ L&q<
MT+<s eeVs+ L& _{wt y] n> <|]++~.
1789 +u\|s #+~q eJ Cd{ b<sY eH+{
sT $wjTyT |s=H&T. MT+<s sT >e\T sTTq
H{ >T+sT 57

b|s&, sTy\ |>&\T |+<+ #dTH&T. >e\

qT+& 300 +f ed\T <T. n&y 9 y\ |>&\T
sTTy* e+~. = >e\ HusH&T.
(yT+J s#q)
$T*q MT+<s +f yds& y+{~HjTT&T
Xss+> n~|+ eV+#&T. nT _{wt y]H
m~]+#&T. >& C+qT d+ n> m<Ts=H&T.
eT|+ n& |q+ ~+#\ q~ sq
b+ n& +<TeqT |{sT. n&T neeH\
>T]e\d e+~. re+> >V+q yds& MT+<sT
<+& qT eTT&+ q +<T eqT T #X&T. $qT=+&,
u\+=+&qT yds& n|d, =+ <] eT[+#e#T
qqTHsT. n~ eT]+ |e<+ nqT= eqT=HsT.
n$ LsTbsTTq eT|+ eTTd|
=qkq+\+, yds& jT<#> sT>T +& H&T.
(CyT>+{ ` b*{ ds |t HssH dssY 1812`5e
y~ &T .|]+>sY \ `1918)
nsTT >+& b\\T 13 \\T, C+ 14 \\T
y\ yds& n&>sT. eT|+ L& n+
n&>e #T. yTT+ yds & MT+<sT |+< e, kH
eT&+ s+&Te+T\T sTTy\HsT. >& 7
@> C+ #*+#+& m>ydqT , 30 \\T
H{ >T+sT 58

sTTy\ MT+<sq T n&>sT. eT Hu e#T

#&eTHsT. (m*jT{ y~).
1790 qT+& 1800 es |]d T \T n <sTD+> eHsTT.
1791`2 sTe re, L\T |<ysT Hu 6ee+T
#bjsT. 1791 eq |q |+*, |Xe*, q~ |
>e* T& |{+ ~. ys\s & y T sT \
bs <q <q+ d+ m+<T =s>+& #d+~.
eTsTdf&T <sTD <T]+ @s&+~.
(m*jT{ y~ |s 10`)
yds& MT+<sT |q+ k+~. $T*q MT+<sT
T+ \ V \ d e T e Tj s T . 1792 @&
sT\ s+&+ eT&Te+T\T #*kqH&T. 3.15 \\
|>&\T 3 @bT sTTkqH&T. nsTT |q+ n+
q sTTy\H&T. yds & MT+<sT eyT qT n<T|
#jT>\&H <X+, +< X&sY, eT|+ eTTd|
n+^]+#sT. nsTT |+<\T |Xs+>H
$T*bjsTT. sY sHydt d+dsD\ eT|+
n<XyT+~. yds& MT+<sT L& _{wt e&
#$#X&T. q~ | q +<Te\qT $&T<\ #d y]
n~s\T eT ue\d e+~. n +|*
_{wt < |{sT . MT+<sT =~ dq+ =\+#sT. e\+
s$q ed bdTqT n{|T#sT. MT+<sT |
L& >T+sT | |{sT.
H{ >T+sT 59

(yT+J s#q)
d+ || sTTH, eT MT+<sT <s+>
*#&T. +| d\T uw+ #Xs+ q n&T
] s<T. < <T\T neTse ]+#&T. u<
~\ s {, d+ u\ y+& +>sT =&T>T yX&T.
| s s @ss#&T. <qeH\T, <y\j\T
|qsT<]+#&T. eTs= 20 @bT q |uy #|{&T.
(yT+J s#q).
<Tud\ d+ ed, ysT <+< $~ sVD #XsT.
qeTyTq de\T>, _{wt +| yD yU\T>
*#sT. deTse ++> \V\T |]w]+#ysT. |sd s $sT<
X* sJ |s#ysT. |w+uq =\+#ysT. &+&\T
#sTT+#ysT. +&j e+{ VQ de+, sT j\T,
~yqT, uT\T neds\ d]|& eeV]+#sT. b\\
b*T\ eT< ys~> _{wt sC+ MsT $w n~s
b eV+#sT.
_{wyt sT >T+sT e#H{ eTss uVDT\T k
b\q \ n~sT\T> eHsT.
(m+. sk$T ` dyT H |PjTqdt <{ yT& ~ _{wt
m&d{y dd+ H +&j ` \+&H 1919.)
eTs uw, eTs uVDT\T s b\q eTTK
b eV+#sT. >+& b\q ysT eTTK b eV+#sT.
>+& \+ ysT >T+sT e#sT.
H{ >T+sT 60

ysT MT+<sqT, eTTd+\qT d$+#sT. yD+

eTT u> sTT$T&bjsT. |uT |qT\ <XdT\T
| ] b\H nqTu e + n+~+#s T . ys T +^ w s >
HsT HsT. (yH \+{ y+ >b\se, ~ | t |t yH \+{
ku se, H{y |t +>\T, {HsY, +sY |sY T {
d<sY sT, eT<dT |+ 1815 T 1829 eT<dT, d.bdsY n+&
1873` 1e n<jT+ +^w H]q ds+> sXsT)
= b\ \ = @C + T > sT uV DT\T
eeV]+#sT.
>T+sT _{wyt ] +< =* <Xd T & T y+ sese.
&T ssY VQ> <Tud. eTs= +^w nqTy<&T,
<sTD e b|jT. nd\T |sT n\eT+{ qsdjT M]
uT s n~sT *d eT |+<s nCH ds>
y&THsT. ## + ]sT\
T eTd|P d es&TjT #d,
sTTw+ eqT nX&T. _{wtysT, MT+<sT nH+
+&&+ >eT+, <XdT\ bs+|s |q+ ds|]#&T.
d+dsD\ |* +>, sTT& n$ n+ jT|&> , y+
sese uT eT|+ n~s\T |P]>
bjsTT. (m*jT{ y~).
eT|+ =* sY sd, qeT<V+ e\q T=
|j q+ <T . sV d <T \T deTLsTH n~sT\T $|
+ #ksT . n+{ ysT >V X qs#& + , <
+T+~. | #dq+<T |&&+ eTTK+ <T. n<w
H{ >T+sT 61

sK u> |T&&yT s n+{sT. (z s#q 1798

pH 9).
k |+ < b\q sT y n] y+{#\+ e
#s&T. eeT\T H s+<Te |H& sXsT.
(sk$T, H|PjTqdt <{ yT& ~ _{wt n&d{y
dd+ . H +&j ` \+&H, \TC n+& 1929) =ksT
+{|sT n] nHysT ` yT+ s#q).
>T+sT n& b\| <Tud. n& sY C]
m.s+ s >Y e<| + e+& n&H M T es bj&T.
<s \d sbT qT <THXsT. es qe] 1800
ndeTsT\T> y] =\+#sT. nsTTH syqT eTs 10
@bT n] y+{#\+ k+#TH&T. (m*jT{
y~).
es b+~ >T+sT _{wt |q+ \Vq
|&+~. eT|+ b$jT nesTTw =\T
e+#sT. eT<sdT >essY +< e+&*q sT ,
|e<s+> d+ <sD ne\+_++~. eT<dT
n~sT\T y] n+'\V+ eT|+ qT @MT
#jTbjsT. $#sD d+| jT$Td yk\T,
s$qb sD\T #bsT. $#sD eTTjT |PsyT
d+|T |< q n~] X&j
T sY, n sT y &_H #bjsT.
$T*q ysT sJHe sTT#sT. < =\+#&sT . 1794
eT|+ s<T #XsT. n& qT+& eT<dT s$q
H{ >T+sT 62

usT sYqT yT< #XsT. |>& |< yD

se s<T |s#sT. n$ T&|<\#sT.
(yT+ s#q ` sC+>|syTq d dsY sY sY
sdq ` ~ >esyT+{ |t +&j ` Vk] ds ` |sY
1922 | 68`70 m._.Y, m dwq Vd |t +&j,
\+&H 1936`#&*).
me] dVs+ nedsy k H\ d+dsD\T
k<T. eqsT\T, u <jT |P] $es\ >qT
sY C] s+ e\+ uc b+&+ eq+ eq
> T +s T d ] b < T . H+u eTT\ j T eH\T
]+# < \ #s T . n| & T + > u \ s ] +#
e#qTHsT.
(s+ dsT\sY ` n+<] s yT1795) # X$T+ 8
d+|{\ +^w ]ds qY T s+ d<+ #X&T. n~ d+| s + >
<T. 1800 s+qT =\+, $*jT+ >ssYqT =qk+#
eTHsT. @MT k~+# b jsT. >T+sT XX
d{ +{ #dq s Y j+&T k{ e\q =+ ]sT < +~.
>T+sT _{wt b\q >T]+ \_+q b ]sT,
=+&M{ d$T <Xb+& H{ 1789 j+& X&sY
deT]+q~ eyT. B e\q H+ <s |sT |,
eTTsTCq>sY dssT H+\T, ueTT\T, >e\T, d$TT\T
*XsTT. XX d{yT+{ eTT+<T sbT d$T
<Xb +&\T eKsT\T eHsTT. e< nsTTq KsT\ $es\T
H{ >T+sT 63

ndw+ > <=]sTT. k>T u eTT\T, |qT\T yjT u eTT\T,

|+\T, |X e\ H> , Hu $es\T HsTT. >& #dq
ed\T ed $es\THsTT. (m*jT{ y~) nsTT
~<TuTq+<Tq, nqTeHd<\jsTT.
] de#s+ s&+ >T+sT b\q _{wty]
+~>H +&~. eTTK+> |qT $TqVsTT+|\T, H+\T,
d+|qT\ u eTT\ $wjT + +&~. s+ +^w ]ds Y
| <s|& M<T. n+ $T+ H+\ $es\T m&
e. de#s sVd+> n{|&+ k\ n_w.
|eD =\eH\T >e\ @ T\T $j+#sH~
dw|&<T.
W

H{ >T+sT 64

n<jT+ ` 4

s$q |<
(MT+< u eTT\T 1802`1837)

>T+sT | _{wty] |qeT+ s$q b\q|

<s|&+~. s$q <jT+ eekjT ed <s,

dsjT $<q+ e\ e+~.
(V#Y.V#Y. $\H >d |t E&wjT n+& s$q
syT ` \ 1855)
<X+ <jT+ |]XeT\T, yD+ | >+& ,
eekjT+ MT< <s|& T T+&>, s $q n+ n& qT+&
edT+ ~. n& qT+& n~s+ \_dT + ~. _{wyt sT s|P s+
u$T| @yTs s$q e+~, sjT * n~ @
$<+> deT]++~. d b\H #{ m bw++~.
s]\ KsT\qT m u]++~. d, |+&T\qT
\es|]# $wjT+>H e+~. sT+u\ Vy
ueTT\T+&$. $T*q ueTT\T e sTT#ysT. M{|
*+>, XX+> &T ed ]>$. sjT+>
H{ >T+sT 65

C^sT #ysT. $T*q$ J\ <T\T e> sTT#ysT.

+<T eT d+d\, bsX\\, $H<\ |uT
e<>T\ ufysT. 10e e+T >e\T uVD
n>Vs\T> e+&$.
M{ { $+BsD
|dT + ~. V<su< >+&
b\\T #TqT>, n~s <, k \+, q
$u>\T> $&>=&+ dw+> eq~.
eTs= ueq |*eq~. n<eT+f sE (s+) ds~]
n, ueTT\| jeq+ y]<q, k>T<sT\T sE
|qT #*+ #\, =+ s bk< #s\ +<T
V\ s|D L& #sTT+< u$+#sT.
(m|t.&. nk* ` m* s$qVd] |t u+> n+& ~
||t ]bsY 1812 ` |sY 1917 | 42`53, 54`62 : s+Y >TV
: m s |t b|] |sY u+> ` b]dt 1963 |. XsDY ` ~
b$jT >esyT+{ |t yTT> 1525`1658 ` n\Vu<
1941 |.249) n+{e d]< k d >T \T |]o*d
ns e T T +~. +& j u $T + f , u $T @~
|+&TT+<H~ n eTTK+> d]ksT. +< |uT+
\Vq|& , n~ s $q \TdT+ ~. sE <jT+ Z ,
yTs k X\ <jT+ \_dT+~ ysT \|&sT.
@yTH sjT X \
T m|& |#d H bjsTT. HT
yjT eTT+< u>\T |+#Te&+ ds d]. q]& <>sZ |&=B
<q+ |+|D d+> eTTeTs+> +#sT. ed
H{ >T+sT 66

#dysT |s<T\, \+#\, us\ eTT+<T=#ysT.

|+ q]& |P]>H, |< yTT\T ed s>e\d
e+<H \T #|sT. e\+ ujT+ e\q s$q ed
+uD\T =+ n<T| e+&$.
(CyT >+{ s#q)
s e# s$q L& ed # {\+>H
e+&~. eekjTs T\| |qT\T sTw+> +&$.
V<su< d]V<T\ dT+\T e& #dysT. | se
deTT< dT+\T+&$. syD dsT \| ~>TeT |qT\T, {
dT+\T+&$. e+q\T, |\T, s&T e< n&T|{ ed
#dysT. , c|\T, <TD\T, e_#s >V\T, ks
c|\T, eT+<T\ <TD\| |qT\T+&$. eT y\|,
<y\j\|, Te\|, |+&>\| |qT\T+&$. sT
\+#\ u>+ +&~. |\| =+ ede+&$. _{wt
ysT s|Ps+ nB d.
e& #dq s $q, #+~q yTT\T # & #|~.
$q <X eekjTs ed <sTD+> e+&$. n<
e sT\| $$< s\ e |&$. n+{$
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k>~. @yTsH~ sTy d+>.
>T+sT XX, MT+< d{yT+{, b\H
d++<y T q <. s<jT+ d+ #dq |jT eT~. s+>
H{ >T+sT 67

n~s < #jT&yT n<= $<yTq |s |uT .

u $T |P & |< \T e&eTqe. $<q+
s+s s$q e# |syD w<\T, eedsD,
e\
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sTy eT<dT sY y\d neT\T #X&T. sY y +<
k @C+T u$T s$q b\q #{sT.
u k$T, d| s T &T, k+ V nH$ +^w ysT q
ueq. MT+< eedqT s|e| rsT sTT+<T e+~.
s<jT+, s+ss & q u\T nH$ _{wyt sT d<o
d+kH\ #=|+, |]XeT* bV+#sT.
(j+& k{ ` s#q)
V b& k d+ X @B <T. n~
<+ #dq |q+, $<oueq. n sTTq V\T nH
rdTe#T L&.
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|T= s] keTTqT XX+> _{wt sT
#*+#\HsT. >T+sT MT+<sqT e+Xbs+|s
n~sT\T> |]>D+, y] dq< nH _sT<T\T #sT.
(eT<] nH nk<sD _sT<T\T. d+kq+ nH~ XX
_sT<T. n~ es& M<T.
_.V#Y. u&H ` by ` ~ +& ddyT |t _{wt
+&j, |sY 1892 | 654`8) ysT u$T| s$q
u<T\T. s s$q\ y] d++<+ <T. bdt,
H{ >T+sT 68

HjTeed $T+ <T. @&~ q]& |+{>,

|T&, XeT> |]>Dq d]+#<T. | MT+<sT
e]& d>+ ed\T #j*. eT&+ s+&T e+T\T
|uTy*. $T*+~ n{|Te#T. |uT y{
$\Te>{ s]+#sT. n~ sT>T~. d+|<j {
>eTdT\ eeV]+#*. M] sD+> u$T qT+&
=\+#L&<T. (j+&Tk{, >dT 27, 1800)
Vy ueTT* eTT\T> $u+, MT+<s sTT,
<T\T> s$q rdTHysT.
(>sH yT+ ` m eqTe |t c &d, 1883,
|.347`8)
1801 &d+sT 29q usT sTeqT {, +&T k{
dq<\ $<q+ d uy #&T. B <T\T MT+<sT
@{ sT $<+> s$q #*+#*.
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333 sT. 5,40,737
2. eTsE
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3. eTqsY se \\]| 79 sT. 1,26,700
4. eTqsY se dq |*
80 sT. 1,26,700
5. eDse
s |
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H{ >T+sT 69

| |< neT\T s>\H X, |uT se\dq 40

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=eT] |HHdt se\dq 50 \\T s<T #XsT. yTT<{ 8
d+es\T |P] #*+| neds+ <HsT.
(>*+>+ y~ H ` |s 10. 13 &d+sT 1839,
m*jT{ ]bsT.)
CyT >+{ q b*{ ds |t ~ HssH dssY,
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1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

MT+<sT
yds&
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>e\T
300
230
180
150
860

eT<dT |>&\T
1,32,000
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>T+sT +| b\q kq =* 12 @, 11 \\
>qT 9 \\ sbjT\T ed\T #jT>*>sT.
sjT n#+ n\yT |&q MT+<sT, _{wt
$<H* V]+#bjsT. = $<q+ kH s
sTTee\dq <+f, me keTT kH nqTu$+#sT.
(>*+>+ y~.
H{ >T+sT 70

m.&.+|t u, m qT m&wH |t ~ & |t s>TwH

|s Y ~ +s >esyT+{ |t eT<dt f]dt 1840 eT<dT)
|*+> MT+<sT n+ eTT+<T $k nqTu
$+#sT. 15 @bT ] $T+ eTs=sT eeV]+#sT.
n u>\T nqTu$+#sT. y] kH KsT\ 13 <ojT
<* bw+#e#T.
(m*jT{ ]bsT)
yds& >=|y&T. yds& y+{~ HjTT&T d+|<
Xss+. q +< >\ 551 >e\ #*+| \eT+>
sTT#y&T. n+<T 333 >T+sT $. n +< y~
de\T, 300 >Ts\T, 80 @qT>T\T, 50 +f\T q
m& +&T e+&$. neTse, #u\T, +|*, >T+sT
n& ueH\T, s >V\T n& d+|< V\T.
<y\j\T ]+#&T. eT+>] >|s+ {+#&T.
nH <y\j\ & |P d+u\T 30 n&T>T\ mT
>|s\T {+ #&T. sp e+<~ y~ |sVT\ uq+
|{+ #&T. |+& k<T e\ +>s+, c, us D
\T <q+
#X&T. s+e qd+ bsq\T #jT& keTT\qT
j+#&T. |+&T>\T, jTC\T, j>\T, $yV\
Xss+> ejT+ #X&T. q mT +>s+, y+&
uVDT\ nH |sj\T <q+ #X&T. y\
|$~H\ >eT HjT\, y] us\ ek\T,
u s D \T V A ] +#& T . qT # * + #*q s $q
H{ >T+sT 71

eTT+<T>H #*+#&T. q rsj\ $T+ >T+sT

f 1.95 \\ sbjT\T <, nedsyTq|&T
|d+V]+#& <+#&T. o +&> eJ |c
uJse deT~> VQeTT\T sTT#&T. syTXs+ qT+&
]eq sT y, \ |>&\T qs> C+ sTT#&T.
n+<T esT> q _sT<T eqsT dTH d]+#&T.
(>*+>+ y~).
$T*q >T+sT MT+<sT jTq <] =+#+ e
ksTT bjsT. jTq BT> eTsE eeV]+#&T.
eTsE >T+&se 100 @qT>T\T e+#&T. | =+&
sTH ysd |~ nj&T. eTqsT se,
eDs e\ T+u\T e+Xbs+|s ET |T HsT.
61 (>*+>+ y~).
sC\ |Hed =~ ksTT ]+~. HH $w+
sTT #+|&+, jTT<\T, q $<V\T, \T u>
|]$T+ njsTT. _{wt b\q T+u\T, y] de\T
|< \T n*, d+|< d+ |qT>T&sT. yds & eTsD+
|sw #]q sT |]d , |+&\ <|&\
eT my+ ~.
1816 yds & eTsD+ # H{, sTesT <| T\T, 551
>e\T, nH ue H\T, 55 \\
$\Te>\ #sdT\
T eHsTT.
e <Xd ~yq # $TsTT. sT y ]q |T sD
\T
\ ~yTksTT. #sdT\T s+& V]+#sTT. ysd
|TsD 30 @ k+~. (>*+>+ y~) bs y$<+
H{ >T+sT 72

|seT|< kbq |+ e ]+~. V+< #{\T,

sT\ rsT\T 113 |J\ #]> $T*+~.
(m&+& m|t. eTsY (m&f&) ]bsY |t ddt, VsY n+&
&sY$TH u ~ E&wj
T $T{ |t ~ |$ H n|
|+ ~ dT|+ n+& d<sY ~y sY H ~ sTdt +&dt IV `
1846 ` 1850 \+&H ` d |H n+& HsH 1930.)
|M T~ sj
T + sTT#d] $wj b<q
bsTT+~. d+|< n+ V]++~. MT+<\qT y\+ yXsT.
b{<s
# eT+~ #bjsT. sTesT <Xd T+u\T
n+ d+|qT\T> sT.
(m&+& m|t, eTsY, yT+J s#q)
314 >e\T >\ >H< uTqT d$dt nq+se
s#>={, seTH< uT #+~q 237 >e\T seTH&T.
b] [ <kse k seTH< uTqT yqdT=#&T.
<sT ~yqT \V+ =qk+#sT. |+&T\qT |*|+#sT.
k\ \+#*#sT. eT+\T =qT>\T #XsT. $H<+
deTLssT. jTTe ysdT\ <q+ sTT#sT. u+sT <y
yd < >H< uT n|\T #&T. >|s\ qT+& y+&,
+>s\T e*#sT. (m*jT{ y~, >essY eTH |sq
eq|&T, sT | \T n\d, sJ d<| & sT . y] ~yqT
|&e<T. (m.C.sY q{, d\H |+ $T{ n+& n< sY
n|wjT s{+> |dsY <eTdt eTH, eT<dT 1886).
1826 >H< uT #bj&T. jTq $<e us
H{ >T+sT 73

*sTes b{ |&sT . yT q esT& ysdT &T y\q~.

sTy 15 @bT, <|T&T #y \|, s+>eT*
dqdt T++ s#>={+~. n#eT, b] [<dT,
seTH< uT\ es+> |TsD|&sT. 1832 sTe
nq+s+, sT rsT |s+ seTH< uTqT H#]>
md{ |{sT . n n~ q&|+ # d <T . MT+<
eT |uT|s+ nsTT+~.
(yT+, >*+>+ y~\T)
s MT+<s d L& yds& nqTd]+# k+~.
nesTTw kH $d+ #T #dTq~. ysd ]q
b{ eTsD\T ]>sTT. n|\T |]>sTT. s $q |&b >
sY y] eTs\qT <Te\d e+~. (>*+>+ ]bsT)
MT+< b\q ~yq n|+#sT. 1832 yTT<q
sTe y] | #*++~. 1837 H{ MT+<\T n<q
eTjsTT. 43 \\T dssT sTTe<sT.
XX d{yT+{ |s+ sT \ kq+ sTT#sT.
n~sT\ <&T\ sT\T >T]L&<HsT. b\+ $&+,
|+ q]& n+ q T+ d+e nH ueq sT
@s &\Hs T . X $ T+# s T es Z + $T y T q e
=qk>\HsT.
nsTT sTqT >T]+#&+ dw eq~. |< nCq sT
yTT< |< k>T<sT esL sTT+<T sTT$T&eHsT.
sjT\L s T L eT< >+<s> + e+~, >eT+ L* qT+&
H{ >T+sT 74

yT] sT es n+<] > fXsT. |ue+>\

=~eT+~ sT nH~ |]$T+. >eTsjT\T nqT. e
|qT\T, L |qT\T n&T #jT&T. sj\T rdTe&+,
|+<\T <TsTe&+ n |. >eT+ n&T |<.
n+f sD
+, >eT|<, eTTd|t = d+<s\ sTTe *|
n ns+ #dTy*.
(>*+>+ y~)
XX d{yT+{ eTT+<T |uT+ m<Ts=q |]dH,
MT+<sT L& b\q m<Ts=H&T. +~ ksTT @yTs
nesTTw #j*. m+es n~sT\T sTTsT\
sTTyH~ deTd.
+B $<q+ ~yH | #dTHy&T. e,
<Xb+&\T #dysT. n+<s MT+<sT yT<.
$+BsD \T<sT b{|& rdTHysT. M] CsY
<s+{sT. y] n+{ deTd m<TsjsTT.
>e\ d{yT+{ $wjTyT ne\+_+q |<T\T
\> |\>+> eHsTT. | >eT+ <~> e+&~. CsY<sY,
MT+<sY de\{ |<T\T e+&$. = >e\ e
y |< |yX|{sT. |eDjTT |<T\+
e. &T #*+#*q | <T. | @{ sT |+<+
<TsTH ysT. k<sD+> sD+, CsY<sY u<
eV+#ysT. >eT+ ]q je >Dq rdT,
u>+ rdTe&+, =+ s+{ ssTT+#&+ > ]>~. <sKdt
H{ >T+sT 75

sT sjT+ #dy&T. < | sTL sTT+ n s]+#

ysT. sT\T , MT+<sT @+T |sds+ nqTedH
e+&ysT. ed<sT, n+#H<sT, \T<sT |+|
qTyd e+#ysT. |\T |+#Tq|&T, |y] y{
e#~. B >eTy $<q+ nHysT.
MT+<s \ _sTdTq+ e\q y] sT\L dVs+
d]> k><T. _{wty] |+<+ $wjTyT |N\T+&$.
MT+<sT >e\qT u> <#THysT. MT+<s
n+<+& Mq+ <jT&+ >eT HjT\|. +<T
es\ |j+#ysT.
MT+<sT = |]dT\T kqTL\+ njsTT.
\, eTTs\ e\q = >e\T nH +> e+&$.
uVDT\T $| |u e+ nqTu$ +#sT. y]q \XK\
N*\T s>, ]H=sT <w+#THysT. sE\T <
\T>T s|T\ sT y |\T, eT, \>\THsT. sT y
=+<sT XS<T\THsT. eTT, u+~\T, eTTd+ es\T
nT |\, T +~ \ L& <c >TsHsT.
de ~>Te ksTT &qT |> \T+&$.
\ nqeds+> ] sT d+u+<\T |THysT
<T. + ~>Te yTTq, |sds+ <w+#TH e\,
e~>\T+&ysT. Vs+, $yV+, <TdT\
T, d+uwD, k+|T
|<T\, T++, >+, |\+ k>$.
(udty, C._.HsH ` m sY T H ~ +&wH |t
H{ >T+sT 76

~ |d& |t eT<dt ` bs n+& , eT<dT 1854 |.206)

>eTHjT+ s+&T eT&T \Tq|&T, n$
\ V \ <]rd q | & T , >eT q T MT+<sY
<rdy&T. y] \V\ <s+> MT+<sT q |+
>&T|Hy&T. MT+<sT e\q eTTs \|&> eTs
|+ <H~.
eTsE >T+&se MT+<sT >e\ +\T,
VQeH\T neT\T |s#&+ ##+ #b&T. |<
s T \T, sD
\T, CsY <s b]w\T n+<THysT. y]
y\ <ssT, ec\ |*#ysT. y], y]
us\qT ek\, usD\ VA]+#ysT.
(n] |t mdt.$..se nH ~ kw n+& mq$T +&wH
|t >T+sT ` >*+>+ y~)
>eTces <s y] $H\T =qT> ~s
neds\ sTD\T sTT|+#ysT. |&d]> eq sT*
+#&+ <T.
y >=Zf k<sD+> e+&~. (]bsT |t ~
$TwqsY |sY ~ Hyd>wH |t m*C& ddt |t {s sY `
eT<dT >esyT+T 1855 |._.k{ ` d$ m&dwH
|t eT<dt 1858 |.1`34).
|P\T, eT+\T |j+ <TwX* ||+|Cd,
sT>\ <] rdysT.
(m*jT{ H{ T ` ssY dy ` dsY y\sY m*jT{
H{ >T+sT 77

|t y|* 1896 m&H s=)

=\\ = k<q, b sTT, eT&k>T ssD,
Xu~H\ #+<, +<+, #e\T {+#&+ sTT+{yH
|j +, sfy sT. qT | mes d+|qT\T L&<
MT+<sT #dy&T.
nsTT sT bs{\, MT+<s T d y T +>
m<TsT]q >e\T b<T. ~|+ < =
\ jT dyT eq >e\ $T*qysT &
e+&ysT. s* y[bjTysT. >eT $j sVd+
jTT<+ < \+#+ sTT#ysT. >eT KsT\ sTT~
sVd+> #|ysT. |qT\T ydq b\ H+\T HeT~>
$T+#Te&+ <s sTT$ neT\T ]|ysT. F<sT*
qT>|ysT. |sy\ \+#*#ysT. nd\T ]sT\T
<#ysT. m+ k>T ]+< jT|fysT <T. s
|+qT s*+#ysT. d+|<qT bsT ydysT. e\+
*$e*q s T eyT s q d+|<q T MT+<sT #|y&T.
(&jT dY ` 1806 pH 21 m*jT{ ]bsT. MT+<s
>e\ >eT KsT #|&+ |]b{).
jTeT u+<q\qqTd]+, >eT <Y jeT\T
d]> s]+#<T. >eT |dt ssD <T. s$q
|+<\T neT\T |s#

T e MT+<sT s Y $<H\
$T+ sT\T eeV]+#ysT. sT se\dq y{
n |T HysT. \
T b$jT sT $~+#~. >eT sV d
H{ >T+sT 78

#s\ e\q, +^w y] # \ e\q bs, Hs #s\T

|{q k|> k>$ e. yC\ e\q |< sT\T
u<|&sT. >eTHjT\T u>H eHsT. # dT>T\T
sD\, |< sT\ ={q |+&.
(>*+>+ y~, m*jT{ y~ | md{ ne
jeq rsT eq~)
W

H{ >T+sT 79

n<jT+ ` 5

s$q |<T\T
ne jeq+ 1800`1837

1802 $T+< d{+{, eT<dT +<He[ &

e\q s$qb\q |uT+ dsd] u< eV+# rsT,

n~s\T +Z #XsT. HjT n<T|qT ys |H sTT#sT.
|q+ eT\d+u\T sT, s b$jT sT.
(m.&.+|t u, m qT m&wH |t s >TwH |s Y eT<dT,
1840 eT<dT _._.$TX ~ d+ m&dwH |t ~ sTdt
+&j +| ` e+#dsY 1959 | 158) u$T| <j
MT+<s n|+#&+ e\q s <j\qT |s y+ #&+
s |<q |> $T*+~.
sT>TTq|&, sT qyT = \qT _{wt
y] <+ #jTe\d e+~. sjT\deT >T+sT
#sT e> e+& |&T L& #ssT. 1801 >dT
b+
n<T| eV+# u< +& k{<HsT. n& |]dT\T
<TsT> q+<Tq nejeq s qY T <s s>
H{ >T+sT 80

eeV]+#eTHsT. |&TqT $T+<s |+#<T. (>sH

yT+. m eqT |t c &d`1883).
sTy |qT\T #*+#q+<T $T+<s b+\T
ssY kBqeTjsTT. sqTsqT jeT sY
nesTTw e+~. HjT, bdt n~s\T 1816q
| Hj~s\ s$q $wj\T #&eT 1822,
1831 q sYqT |sesTT+#&+, sT>T |q+
sTTqsTT+~. (C.m.d. udt y ` m eqT |t H\sT
&d 1873 eT<dT | 565)
sY VQpsY> e+&> d$, Hs $wj\T
& y.
ne jeq d+eTD sY nH deTd\T
m<Tsj sTT. 1800`1837 eT< sT deTd\T eT&T rsT\T>
e#sTT. d+~ n<T| $wjT+ |XsyT+~. >eT
HjT\ eeV]+#&+ deTd\T sTT. ns=#
+& s $q $<q+ $wjT yT >&T deTd\T m<Tsj sTT.
XX d{y T +{ neT\T eq sT y, >T+sT
s n~s\T s +&T sD\T> \Vq|&sTT. $T+<sT
eed nqTueEq n~sT\T y\HsT. n+{
ysT \_+#&+ e> e+~. qT n~sT* m+|
#jT &+ s |jT +, s $q $<H n+> #<T .
_{wt =+\+bT ds + > e+f k nqTue + \_+#~.
mes f\+ +& # eT+~ es&+ |
H{ >T+sT 81

m+{ |ue+ +& bsTT+~. (yT+J y~)

>T+sT nqTueEq _{wt n~sT\T be&+
usrjT n~sT\T \|&sT. +<+ =~eT+~ <Xd
\ e\T y] sTTw|s+ eeVs+ q&bsT.
>T+sT * s >Y bdt ssYd H s|P syT,
| XK >=&e yTT<+~. 1810 H{ e n~. q>+C+
nHe T+~ n~sT* e] yXsT. n] y+{# yq
]|, n\eTH{ qsdjTqT H#] #XsT. nu+s\
eT< q #s qT <eTdt Cs{ deT]+#TH&T. nqV+>
eeV]+#& usT u$++~. | XK d+u+~+
| |s<T\T se&+, \V|jTT\ |s<T* usT
n+> |]>D+#<T.
ssYdH eNse&+, &T Cd+q+<T VQpsY
c|t qT >T+ qeTyseqT =\+#&T. sT y VQCsY
dsd<sY +& \HsjTDseqT dd+& #X&T. ~q#s
sd e sTT]+#&T. k<s\ |\T #sT e <qT
qT>=HsT. #eT+~ VQpsY # e* sTT]+#&T.
nsTT ys+<s V& >TeTk\ # \TueT\T >qT,
n+<]| D
#s rdTqH&T. (ssY dH | e] 4`21`1811)
M{ ssYdH &&q <Xd, eTTs #+~q
y&T. #] \kq+ + #X&T. n& dMdt Xese.
n& T+u eT|+ # dT\THsTT. n&
y] d eq~. n +<T e\ sT yds & $T+<sT
H{ >T+sT 82

~yH. eTs= +<Te eT|+ qyT ~yqT.

(m*jT{ y~)
+&k{ |s+ eDse ~yH n$ |qT\
n] y+{#\+ eT nj&T.
(k{ sY 13 nsT 1800)
\\]| $T+<sT eqsTse y+cse
|&T # eTTs <eTdt Cs{ $T+ 2 y\ |>&\T,
# d_+~ |+#& ysTT |>&\T, s Y |<jT +
nsTTq|&T ysTT |>&\T usD+ $T+ sTT#&T.
(ssYdH 23 d|+sT 1811)
w]d<sY, $T+<sY sdq KqT eT< |TH&T.
< |s+ \HsjTDse qL <Xd eTqsYse
T+u >\ dV d++<+ jT|{&T . < |s+
q b = CT\ >jTeTH&T. q s\qT
#=+#TeT #<s+<] dMdt Xese VQL+
sTT#&HsT. y{ HsjTDse #s yjT eTH&T. qT
s\T | C> eV+#eTH&T. H s\T sT\T
sksT. s+ #sydy] H|sT #TqT. s+ #~$q
sTy, +#j\H&T.
(ssYdH 20 d|+sT 1811)
>& <Tude dsd<sY # \kq+ e+~.
(.V#Y. {H ` _V+&~ +>`\`<sY, d+
n+& 1889)
H{ >T+sT 83

\HsjTD \<==, n{ C+ #dTH&T.

n qTdq\d+ $T+<sT d+ n {
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(ssYdH 21 |e] 1811)
# n~] sT sdq \T| &+ T+u+
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(ssYdH 21 |e] 1811)
# |eTTK\| #<yTq#s ssYdH s+>+ d<+
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(ssYdH 25 |e] 1811)
s$qusT nC>> n&T>T\T yd+~. ssYdH
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(ssYdH e] 7, 1811)
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H{ >T+sT 84

sT \&~ |+#<T.
(ssYd H 15 @| 1, 6, 24, 30 E 16 >dt 1811) VQpsY
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>+<s>+ m<Ts+~. <|sYUH, d]kXK\ ;u+
m<Ts+~. n<+ y\ #XsHsT.
(ssYdH, 15 pH 1811)
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H{ >T+sT 85

|T>*>sT. ssYdHqT @ #d, ||T{+#sT. VQpsY

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(bd&+ > |t 30 yT n+& 27 pH 1811 ` m*jT ]bsT)
sTesT n~sT n_X+d+ b\q <eTdt zqT
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1811 pH s Y u< \T d]+q <eTdt z, n+<s
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(z 21 qe] 1814)
H{ >T+sT 86

ssYdHqT yd+, #] ;u+ q dqMdt

Xese, ~sT\qT =\+#sT.
(ssYdH 20 >dt 1811)
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H{ >T+sT 87

e+~. usk s c|,t f] n~sT\ TusTT+~.

\T sdy k+|<\T *jT+& $j+
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|t jH s{ s| ` \+&H 1867)
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H{ >T+sT 88

dT+\T, |XK n~sT\ | bV*y*.

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(m*jT{ ]bsY)
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H{ >T+sT 89

<X_e~ n~ # nes<+ n nH&T.

(18 E, 1804 ` m*jT{ ]bsT)
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k n~sT\T n&THsT. |&T deTTT<sqT,
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e+~. B eT\+ >eT KsT>, n+<T s+&TksT
=\+#&q n#\eTH{ qsdjT \beV+#&T.
|&T | >eT+ \T <|&+ , $T u$T#d
#|&+ ##&T.
(z y~ pH 20, 1812)
>e\ +&\, T\, u $T #sT e <q
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H{ >T+sT 90

VQeTT\T> # ksTT esL n+<sTT.

z d\e| eq|&T, <] |<$ e+&>, \\]
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(eqsT $T+<sT| z y~, 30 d|+sT 1818)
yds& y+{~HjTT&T eTsDq+s+, *+>
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eTD |C\<T. e+<~ q sTTH+\T eq+<Tq M{
&T |< n>Vs\Tq+<Tq, |uT#s nk<yT+~.
(1912 73 u eTD dT\T >T+sT eHsTT.)
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H{ >T+sT 92

|P]> $|\yT+~. 1803 &jT |sY |q |s+,

>+ ]dsY #j\H~ |P]> $|\yT+~. 1807
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s T e\T)
1813 <eTdt z e eT |k$d> $wjT + jT
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1821 |&T sT e |]d |]o*+#& z |s {+#
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H{ >T+sT 93

y] |sT H+<s C_#], |sT sD\T

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n+^]+#&T.
(z usT |t ]yq ` 10 e], 1821)
s+& sTy CH $wt e >e\ |{+#TH&T.
sD+ T++ nT u$T, sTTT |<$ sVdTqT
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<<| 20 eT+~ esL e+&> n+<s edH @<H \TT+~.
n|{ T+;\ sTTcsTTc\| <s|&TT+~.
($wt 2 &d+sT, 1822)
sTw y T q H+ ]ds Y d+ |]o\q s|e T =~eT+~
$wt jT$T+#&T. >& $es\ b* #&<\#&T. 1807
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b|d+ +f n<q+> 90 H+<sT, 169 #\ueTT\T
= ]dsY eHsTT. = H+<s+<s >T+sT
q>s #+~qys. = |d+ #qT+& rdT[q <|<sT
= |J\T #ssT. @ |r |j>]<T.
(m*jT{ 14 @|, 1846)
$wt $#sD @H{ |P]<T. n ]dsYqT dsq<
< #&bjsT. y{ b+~> neTsq <T.
yTT+MT< 696 >e\T |]o*+#sT. n+<T yds&,
H{ >T+sT 94

eTsE >e\T eHsTT. $T+< <Xb +&\ ]ds ,Y s Y

e< ]dsY b*#d, H\T>e+T H+\T d]>e.
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(>sH yT+ : m eqT |t c&d ` eT<dT 1883
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` z K 3 e], 1814)
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nqTHsT. s<sT, sT |<\ eeV]+#&+ eT+
<qTHsT. 1812 XX>eT d{yT+{ C #XsT. |
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H{ >T+sT 95

(1814 &d+sT 2)
s] |< eTT+<T k>TT+&>, eT<dT,
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s] $<q u>>T\T #]+&+ <T. m]k ` ~ +^wt
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sT\T eT >e~sT\ <s sY yT< nHsT.
sT\ |+<+ q #s\T rdT=qT s$q usT
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(z usT d\V 23 e], 1821)
H{ >T+sT 97

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(y 9 pH 1823)
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H{ >T+sT 98

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#d ePsTq >T+sT sY zqT =\+#sT.
MT+<sT qT+& sTD+ L& d]+#&T. (sYq{ |.521`7)
1800`1837 eT< >T+sT _{wtysT s+&T
$<H\T nqTd]+#sT. $T+< $<q+ e+Xbs+|s
eJ HjTT\T, eTs uVDT\T, XS<T\
| \ysT, eT u eTT\ eT&e+T #*+ #*.
>T+sT #<yTq n~s+ #sTT+#&,
H{ >T+sT 99

sTTs <X\H sTT #Xsy #|C\+.

s] $<q+ eTs={ $T+< $<H sTT~ $sT<+.
eekjTs+>eT+{q |uT n<T|qT sT $<q+
bV++~. k>T<s V\T <w
|T= #Xs, |uT
neds\T #Xs s]+#&+ w+. s+&T $<H\
yTq & e+ eq~. $T+< $<q+, s]|<
k |]dT\ k>sTT. k |uy\ sD+>,
$T+< s |<T\T |P]> neT\T s><T.
>eTd+d\T, HjT+, #seeVs\T # es
s$q |<| |ue+ #|{sTT. >e k+|T
eed\T. s$q $<H <s+ ny.
(u&H ` by, ~ s$q dd+ |t eT<dT)
_{wtysT $T+<s <TsTH, >eT\ eeV
]+#*e+~. CsY<sY $T+<sT <TsTH, >eT+
dsTby*e+~.
= >eT+ uVD T+ ~|+ |q+
#jTe#T. eTs=#, uVDT\T, sE\T *jTe#T.
+# uVDT\T, eTysT #T \T \e#T. kb
e+T+~. eTs>eT+, b+> e\e~>\ ~|+
k>e#T. Xe+yTq |<>eT+ q>e\qT n<T|
e+#e#T. |<, q>e\T jTX* m<se&+
de T+e#T. sD
+, |<s T sT>T +& |q + #d ,
=+<sT eTTs<s dsTuT #dTe#T. k eeVs\T
H{ >T+sT 100

dsT u T #jT eT sD
jT qT+& L& |*|+#e#T.
@y T H >eT+ \ k q + e+T+~. @ s +& T
>eTT\ s+ > e+&e. >e\ y$ < yT s]dT+~.
1837 eTT+<T |&T>, >T+sT> s$q
$<q+ $q+ <T . s ] $<q+ |s
, bs\ eqT>
#sD, yde+ <T.
s$q$<q+ +{ rdTqysT >eTHjT
>, eekjT L\T<T. $T+<, e jeq
@s *+> ]>$. |{\T, eT& |{\T, s+T,
CsTT+{ s +T n >eTksTT k+> k>$. 1817 sT y
$T+< $<q+ |sT> yde+> neT\T s><T.
#sD $T+<|< >eTy ne
$<H< | #sTT nsTT+~.
$<q >+<s>+ >T]+ CH >*+>+ 1838 yU
+#&T. s$q |< yde+ *jT& #\+
|&TT+~. uwyTq jeH n{|& #eT+~
eT>T\jsT. $es\ # eqd w neds+ . #s\
<s+> q&TdTq T\ sTTe {\yTq$.
(H >*+>+ y~)
eTqT <rjT+& $wj * <|&+ >e\
eeT\T nsTT+~. |uT nesTTw +f $T+< |<
>e\T n<q+> eHsTT.
W

H{ >T+sT 101

n<jT+ ` 6

eed ` +<kq+
(1837)

d+|<jT<+> ds~] <y+Xd+uT&T. n&

n+&q e+& ys+ n& >s$+, d ]+, b]w*

bw+#ysT. _{wty] b\q ksTT VQpsY e+&~.
| ds~]> #sTT+#&T. $<o sYH VQpsY n
L& nHysT. >T+sT jTs|jTH\, nq~s
jTs|jTq sTT+{ <sD \_++~. VQpsY kq+
$w+> |]D$T++~.
sYsH ydt |yX|{q esT VQpsYkq+
esT e+~. b\q n~s\T XX+> $&BXsT.
s $q, HjT ed{ $u>\T #XsT. ed{ n~s\T
s$q >, HjTXK> *bsT. eT<dT eTH
$<H\ sD+> & n~s\T k sY
sTT#sT.
|uT eeVs\ VQpsY u<T&T. |C
H{ >T+sT 102

d+e n& #&*. s$qb\q e<>T\T s$q

#*+#ys+<] n&T |{+#THy&T.
u $T XX\T e+# # $T u $T| kH
edqT sY ssTT+#y&T. |+qT {, es{ dH
nqTd]+, ysTT<\ |< T \ dT \
T ed\T #dysT. >
@&~ sT\qT sfy sT. u $T ds , n+#H\ u<
eV+#ysT. deTT<+| u$T| dT+\T rdTHysT.
kssTT, eT+<T\T, e |qT\T |, b> $j\|,
dqT\|, k+| ||sY sTT<T\| ed #dysT. |uT
dT\
T, ue H\T, <s <j\T, nqs jeH\ dT\
qT
sV+# ysT.
s ed{, bdt n~]
(1858 es bdt H|sY qs yT <<T)
X+u <\
T b&&+ , #{ neT\T#jT &+, HsT dT\
qT
+#&+ n& u<. s+& esL ]q $~+#e#T.
ysTT sbjT\ ]eH, =s&<\T sTTee#T. HsT dT\
qT
$#]+ +# Hj~s\T L& eHsTT.
|]b\q sY, eekjT+, yD+, $<, s>+,
bXK, &+>\T, #{\T, s&T, _&\T, q\T,
\Te\T, +]+> |qT\T #k&T . n& nesTTw
n{|H e+&~. TbH sTe ]e+<+, <|&\T,
sTT<T\ sY sVD e#sTT.
s $qusT, |uT +, +<XK\ y<+ e+ s Y
H{ >T+sT 103

y*. fssY L& n& >qT m+f+{ qs

s T e\T neds+ . k<sD <e eeVs\ s Y #H,
eT+psT jXK\ nqTeT nedseTjT~. \s
KsT\ e\+ 20 sb\jT\T eyT eT<dT |uT
nqTeT +& KsT #jTe#T.
s Y q b\q usrjT n~sT\qT m+| #jT e#T,
=\+#e#T. VQpsY dsd<sYqT e+ H$TH{
#jT e#T. V dsY ksTT ~>TeqTq y] =\+#e#T.
VdsYqT =\+#\+f s$qusT nqTeT e+&*.
(]{ ` ]bsT |sY ]$H |t d$ X\dt n+&
mk_wtyT+{ \ 1858, | 161`5)
|e<eT+ +BsD $|+>e&+H e+~. yTT+
132,000 #<s T |yT yX \+, ysTTyT b&e, 1.5 $T*jTH
sT\T 3 |> u$TdT #*dT+&>, 20 eT+~ sT
e+&>, s$q usT X$T+#e#T. s b+\ q
\+f eT&TH\T>T s Tq s | & #
V#T> e+T+~.
eT<dT qT+& n> C+ #dT+f |jT\T
d+ _+#e#T. s kY sTT #s& , 20 @ |> , eT<dT
nd\+> eq kH\ b& #\+ |&T T+~. qT
dTq n~sT\T =+ XeT|&*. s $qusT <T \| >{
| |{, n~sT\ jeT+, =\+|, bdt, s $q
n~sT\ $wjT + C>| & *. s s T e\| | $|
H{ >T+sT 104

|Te#T. usT s |T s \T q&|M \T+~. XdH\T,

bdt, ], s> b]X<+, eekjT+ n | sd $|
#jTe#T. u| s$qusT >{ |q+ eV+,
X<| {
*. m&eq \| m | |&sT, $wj \
m >VksT, dsq sj e, sTe*ksH~
n+T| $wjT +. y~ $| \
m >eTks eT]. #
<Tsu+. s$qusT sT $wjT+ m|& n+<T
yq&e+&~.
B |]cseT sqT $#D u< eV+#
eTq&yT. sj\T rdTe&+ usT, #
eT+<>=&> k>$. sj\T rdTe&+q n+.
usT d+_+q|&T, |uT+ \es|&q|&T, sYqT
q$T =+ k|\ #Ls~. s$q usT ne>Vq >\
duT \T+f, dksTT nesTTw q&#~ . \yT q ]+ ,
|, $T*q$ sY e~dysT.
1837 H{ >T+sT| ds q n<T| =HbT d+ uq
@s&+~. >T+sTb\q +&k+~.
ne>Vq >\ >{ VQpsY nedsyTq|&T, eTs| sTe,
\s, |> |&d T q |&T, |]d #C]+~. CH $wt 1831 E

y[bsTTq|{ qT+& 1837 CH >*+>+ e# esL *
sT 10 eT+~ essT. eTs 15 eT+~ n~sT\T H#]>
eHsT. 11 ek\ $T+ messT . s Y d>
Tq H\T>< T
ek eHsT. 6 @ 17 ~\T #XsT. + Xs
H{ >T+sT 105

yTeT+f \T>T b+ sT sT e\+ =.

(>sH yT+ : m eqT |t c &d eT<dT 1883.
| 358 m*jT{ ]bsT)
d+ e T u< , us+ e \$T+q $wjT +.
s Y dV jT|& $T+ jTs|t n~sT\qT n+~+#sT.
+<T k<sD dVjT+ { H|D $wj\T ##~
eTs={.
>T+sT n|{ du
s Y &T . s $q |e+
\<= e+&*q+> e+~. nsTTH B
$T+< |< |]>D+#sT. |<>Tek sTT<$TyTq
$<T \Te. k<sD+> { s +&T \\ s $q,
bdtb\q n|+#ysT. $T*q y] n> jeT
*#ysT. @&~bT eq sTy $<T\T
n|+#ysT. n|{ eT<dTqT+& n+^s+ sy*.
eT<dT |\
T |P]#d T q pjTsY |d s T | $<T \T
bsTTH sY $#D { jT$TT\jTysT.
(eTss+ bsTTq sTy> dus |, f
XK* n|+#<T`
bd&+>, d|+sT 19, 1836)
d$ ddt dj]{ { |y wqT e+&$. U\qT
{ M{ s]+#ysT. + qs e b<T.
pjTsY ndd+{qT ddT rdTy\+f { s+&T
H{ >T+sT 106

<ojTuw\T sy*+<. $|\yT sY+< |#jT&

M\T> eP bdT\
T sTT#ysT. n|{ nqsyT , e<>+
e<T\Te\d e#~. ddt ns k~d, V& ndd+{>,
du
s >Y sTT#ysT. H\T> sT y s >Y ns e#~.
@& ddT sT y |b s Y njTysT. 20 @|
s Y e&+ nsT<T |u, dj]{ { s qY T |b
sY #dysT.
>T+sT |b sY # nsT<T> eH &|,
+CePsT m|& |b sY e+&y&T. (|b
sY kH 36y\ sbjT\T e#$. sY 30y\T.
du
s Y 14y\ sbjT\T. V& ndd+{ 6 @ nqTue +
e+f, 8y\T 6y\ 700 sbjT\T e#$. +<T 3
@ s$q |d]> |#d e+&*.
pjTs 350 qT+& 260 es H\ e+&~. y]
ucby { sTT~ +&~. +{ n\yH, ed
u\T+&$. CH >*+>+ kH 52y\ sbjT\T+&~.
>T+sT |b sT e+&ysT <T)
#e]b\q <X+ eq sTy |~sT\T
|]>sT. MsT sY +<| #dH y] XK\ u<T\T
1837 >T+sT dsH, +sY e+&ysT.
(d.&.eH : d+&+> H|sYyTwH ]>]+> |wjT
n&dwH |t eT<dT |d& H sT#Y &bsYyT+{ `
eT<dT 1877 : bdT 1846 esL n~sjT T+> 1854
H{ >T+sT 107

qs bdT *|XsT. bdTedsY qs +< sY

nesTTw e+&~ : <eTdteTH sj
T + |s+ $<usT
sY u<T&T. 1855 $<XK @s]# esL m+{ |>r
k~+#<T. 1834H sTT+{ usT |b<q e+~.
]dwH HdsY qs u<eV+# ]ks $<q+
1864> neT\T s<T).
k d< #+~q dsH yT& n~]> sY
&&y&T. n+<] de\T n+~+# , y< ddT\T |uT
<>T\ |]$T+ #XsT. 1846 CH $wt s T e| d
dT|> |C|j> essT. |]$T ks\
dsH $$< XK\ |j>\T ##&T.
(C] meH m& + 1829 qT+& >T+sT ndd+{ d$
dsH> e+&>, 1837 n kq+ m&sYdY e#&T.
VQpsY |d t dt <X+ &dsY e+&y&T. H\ 35 sbjT\
J+. sY usT $esD 20 pH, 1837)
>T+sT =\T +sT, dsjTsT d n~sT.
1817 |]d |H+{ m|t. eT+{ bsT dw+>
sTT#&T. s$qusT +<eq |_esYXKqT 1837
$u+ sh+ H\T>T $u>\T #XsT. | $u>
d$ +sY, eTT>TZsT esL ndd+{ d$ +sT
e+&ysT. d$ +sY >T+sT ndd+{ @{
e+&ysT. +]+> |qT\ n+#H\T. |< \T, _ sTw
d<+ #dysT. k eTseTTXK <s |<\T sV+#
H{ >T+sT 108

ysT. sY sTe\ { q&T#THysT.

1833 eq < sTe deTjT+ w eT&=+T\
sT+&~. & k>T 1792 eq d#q\T neT\T #jT
Hs+_+#sT.
q{ bsT<\ |<\T d]+ neT\T #jTeT |H
qT |sesTT+#sT. |sT \Te 34 $T*jTH L_
jsT\
{ n+~dT+ &>, 1837 B bs+_+#sT. q~|
q ]+, \Te\T y \, y T T + &
b+k>T rdTsy\ |H |<|<+ yXsT.
BjT ejT+ #d |uT +, &s s T n~]|&sT . |< +
neT\T #jT& 13 @ >* e+~.
(yT+J, | 252`9)
d<sY |E< n<\Y ($Tq VsT |t n|\T) d<sY
~y n<\Y (d$ VsT |t n|\T) +<, sh+
HjTb\q H\T>T b+rjT $u>\T #XsT. >T+sT
s$u>+ e+~. eT|+ +<+> b$jT
ds { sT +< sTT~ |#d~ . b$q sT +< sT
e+&~.
1837 & n~s\T |]$T+. 5 y\ sbjT\|q
$\Te >\ dT\ b$q sT <s+ e+&$. 10
@ |> ]q s>s+, 30 =s& <\TL& y]
|H #+<sTT. qT, n& VQpsY k{> ##ysT.
~ sY +< jTs|jTH du ]H{ d e+{~. 1843
H{ >T+sT 109

d+dsD sY +f eksTT nH~ essT. >&

b$q sT>\ n~s\ d$, dwH& sTT#sT.
B+ d$ $wj \ n V\T, Hsd T \
qT 14 @ esL
C\T |+|&+, 39 =s&<\T n&T $~+#e#T. 1860
+&jTH |q& e# esL sTT~ es<T.
(udt y, |.558`9 : m|t.C.]#sY : eT<dT &d >fsY
: d+` eT<dT 1918
m|t.sY.V$T+> : eT<dT &d >fsY ` ><e] `
eT<dT 1915 : eTH | : 183`95)
& +~ksTT, j+> ndd+{ &, CsTT+{
$Tq & eHsT. (1837 |~$ m&sY q
sV+#sT) Be\q HjT$<q+ <+< e+&~. Hs
HjT $wjT + 3 XDT\ ed{ sT\
T+&$. yTT<{ XD
d+|<jT jTs|jT H\T e+&ysT. s +&eXD
V dsY
e+& > , 6H \ \ , 200 s bj T \ ]eH, =s &
<\T+&$. eT&XD \ dsd<sT, < &|P{
VdsTHsT. H\sE\ , 50 sbjT\ ]eH
yjT e#T. +~ksTT >eT eTTd|\
t Hs ~s\T+&$.
1816 s>TwH 16 |s+, 12 >+\bT >eT #
HsdT\qT n{|e#T. e \ HsdT\qT sT>+\
es s+ ~+#e#T. d$ $wj \ & ~>TeksTT
eT&TksTT\THsTT. >T+sT q>s+ || d<s Y n$TH
+< du]H{ sT e+&~.
H{ >T+sT 110

& dVjT+> sTTqT |#k&T. sT d$

|]$T n eq~. sTy | \ +<+
eTTd|t sT\
THsTT. ysTTsbjT\ esL dT\T ss TT+#
e#T. dT 20 sbjT\ esL + #e#T. >eTksTT
1816 s>TwH 4 +< >eTeTTd|t 10 sbjT\ $\Te>\
d ><\T |]w]+#e#T. B| n|\T e+&<T. eT<
e] + 100 sbjT\ esL d]+#e#T. \V |]cs
>eT, |+#sTTr\qT sY |*|+#e#T. (ys 3
|sj\T sT e+&~).
>T+sT #] b\q JeH&. +<
s\jT+ ` nH ueqdeTT<jT+, < eTs={
q& y+<T M\T> e+&~. n~s+ sTT&
#sTT+#&+ |]b{. # de#s n+<T+,
n{|&T, |qT+& e# sj\T neT\T#d, +<qT+&
e# $|\T, |s<T\T |]w]d bjT~.
j XK ], bdt, b\H eeVs\T #
ufysT.
sj\, b\H#+ |& \b # #&,
sT eeVs\T q&|& dsd<sY eP+ sTT#y&T. >&
<XeTTU e+{ y& dsd<sT. nqT <Tud L&. 1836
s$qusT n& n~sb sV++~ :
s Y nesTTw <ojTs $q n~] V&ds d < sT.
|XKqT n&T |syk&T. \ F<sTL&. s$q
H{ >T+sT 111

b\q $wj\qT sY n d+|~k&T. kH

d{yT+{ $wjT+ L& #k&T. +~ n~sT\ sY
sTe\T sTT <s y&sTT. n& d+ ||
<T , sY |] n q&|k&T. =* jeT+
n& J+ 210 sbjT\T, ds|& nsTT 280
sbjT *ksT. ~ yTD ddTqT { |+#TsT. 125
esV \T d{ , nds y T q 200 |>&\T (esV\T)
sTTksT. ~ 20 @ sTy esL |+#TsT.
(bd&+> 19 d|+sT, 1836)
dsd<sT |<$ sTT+#T$T+#T XXyTq~. n $<T\T
VQ+, $|+ L&. qT n& |<$ $\Te me. (]{
|J 333)
dsd< ndq b\&T. # |q+ e+T+~. k
#], |]d T \T WbXq+ |{q e> , s Y sTT& #sT e
e+{&T. s $q u< \ s T sTT& n|ksT . 1851
pH |uT+ sTTq sTe\{ Ks> u<\T
dsd<sY eHsTT. jTs|t n~s uT n e
\T dsd<sY *j*. |XKL dsd<s u<T&T
<Ts#s\qT n&T *jT|s#*.
(1940 qT+& sTT& kq+ sY |.m. e#&T)
eT<dT s TbT\T \TdTe&+, eTss
uVDT\ | nqT\ n+Tf~<T. eT<dT
H{ >T+sT 112

|d& 1855 qe] 22 H{ b\q ~|+

$|+> |]bsTT+~.
+< |{ $es\T #&+&.
\+

d s d < sY

qj u dsY y T T +
d s d < sY

eTssuVDT\T

17

20

117

154

s uVDT\T

13

68

83

s V+<Te\T

45

50

<ojT de\T

eTTd+ \T

13

13

jTTswjT qT

yTT+

21

18

246

305

>T+sT <Xd qT\T s\+> |q + #dT H sT.

qTH VQpsY dsd < sY eTss uVDT&T >e&+ nXs<T .
1836 pH n>+&sY dt y~d, >q>+ dseTse
s>+ DdTq<, jTq de* >T]+, J+ |+,
dVjT& sTTeeTH&T. 1816 J\|+|<\
w]dk<sY 1823 |+#sT. 1825 pH 8 H{ ds+
|< q w]d< sT. 1830, 1835 n H\y |>& (esV \)
|sT>T<\ se\d+~. n& H\y> 111 sbjT\T
1832 qT+& $T+<\ qT+& edTq~. n|{ yTT+ 321
sbjT\T H\ e+<qe, n 280 sbjT\T
H{ >T+sT 113

H\y>, 2940 sb\jT sTT dVsTT, $T+<\

qT+& e# 111 sbjT\ 71 sbjT\T dVjT& sTTd
u>TT+< dt d+#&T.
(pH 1836. J\d & d++<+<T)
dt, ds+ <w H| Xw]se eH&T. _{wt
ysT >T+sT n&T>T|{q|&T +q Xw]se,
n] y+{#\+, \ Xe+T&T> e+&> bwD
e#&T. 22 @ Xw]se ddt e#sT.
1820 b+ ed{ XK jTe nj&T. n
es dsese esT& |[ #dTq~. nqT
<XdHjT&T.
(HqT eJ $T+<sY e{&q |&T eqsTse, H|
T+u\ dV d++<+ e+< >V+#qT. yTdsT
eJ ~yH H| e<e se <s T+ +<kq+ #u\T
n *d+~ ` |H sYZ)
jTs|t djTsY n~s n& dV+ e+~.
CH$wt n& V#]d, dq |* $T+<sT <y s<H y\
Vq+ ye<, |s d++<\ ybs u+<y\T
eT+~ <H&T.
(CH $wt, CyT u, b{ >+{, m.mdt.e~dH , e+
$H\T Xw]se K\T sXsT. &d+sT 1845) +^w
kV CyT u sTT#&T. b{ >+{, m. mdt. e~dH
H{ >T+sT 114

n y~+#sT. e+ *H n H& rdT[,

seT+& VQpsY dsd < sY e& dV jT|&&T . ~ 1835
H{ d+>. @&~ dt sd q |<$ n
sTTy\ |jTdTHeTH&T.
n<q| J ds+ nsT&T. n& dVjT+ y*
>qT, sTT~ e<T\T& d<eTj&T. qT y+H
se\d+<H&T. nedsy T seT+& s Y sjT<\#&T.
>+{ sY.
(dt u| qT+& Xw]se K, 1836 pH 7)
n|{ eTss uVDT\ eT< eTTs ><\THsTT.
n eTT+<T seT+& eq e &ddt #XsT. >+{
deT+ n n|Ub\T #jT&+ =+es d|\
eTjsT.
(dt >+{ ` Xw]se <s, seT+& qT+& 1836
pH 27)
seT+& keTs+ e+f sTT+{$ n&T|&
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H{ >T+sT 115

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H{ >T+sT 117

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H{ >T+sT 120

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H{ >T+sT 123

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H{ >T+sT 125

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H{ >T+sT 126

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H{ >T+sT 127

se&+ +<q |]bsTT, n~s

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H{ >T+sT 128

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H{ >T+sT 129

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H{ >T+sT 130

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H{ >T+sT 131

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H{ >T+sT 132

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sT y, \TdTq <eT+f, sY |t &s s T jTq C|+|
nd+| e+ #Xs. qT $wjT+ k<sDyTq<, B
b<q < *+~. sY *jT& n~ |+bs+.
n~ ]sT\ *dbsTT+~.
W

H{ >T+sT 148

n<jT+ ` 9

n~sqT =\+#&+ |qT>T\T

(1837`1839)

+<+ eTTeTs+> \V\ d+> n e+&>,

+s+>+ n+ yMT e >*+>+ qT>=H&T.

k deTd\ y&y& jTqL& eTT&T. e
T++ s~+q rsT, e+>eTT\ dTuse |T<\ #
n&T \es |&&T. = bs+ yqT k de
due+ y\&+~. e <s|], s#sY H n$TH>
jT$TT&j&T. q deTjT+ n&T \ +<+
eT+>] e#&T. =H+ yds& >H<uT
eTsDq+s+ (1827) yds& ~yH dMdt q+se
qT+& seTH<uT # $\Tyq ek\T <Teu{, &T
rdTH&T. 1837 q+se #b>, q ek\T ]
sTTeeT $T+<sY n&>&T. ebe&+ \e++>
s >&H #=su&&T. ek\ <=+>H>qT n,
n de\qT nsdT #XsT. n~ dMdt d n cse
nH&T.
H{ >T+sT 149

neTse >eT eTTqTdT ]bsTqT { $T+<sY|

n_j>+ qy<T nsTT+~. $T+<sY $Tq sT
Vsq |&T, n| |s <T |\
T # HqT+& n<XyT+ ~.
$#s D ]| neTse eTqTd T | + # < T .
(V Q XV > T ] nsTTe+&=# T ) d s q k +
dT=fXsT.
<s|] sVd+> \k y~qT $T+<sY e\T
#syX&, $T+<sY $|+ *+# $wjT+ n+<T
e+<, >*+>+ *d+~. nMTH es+> $T*q
$wj\T L& >T+sT #ssTT. eT+>] eq|&T
*dq $wj\, <s|] sY &ddt #X&T.
|uT ]sT |dT qT+& n~s y~ Cd, eTT
ejT+ #dq +<T $Tq sT
e <s |]| dT|{sT .
n+{ ]bsT nd\T< y e+f >T\b{ dsjT
nH jTTebdt eT<Y>sY Cd e+&\ y~+#&T.
y~ $wjT+ |k$d dsjT q T+u
neTse *jT|s#
&HsT. uj
T | \ y<q\, +
@< sT s]+# b sTT+~. yTT+ MT< ]bsT n<XyTq
#| q sD\qT |]>Dq rdTb jsT. <s |]
$&T<\ #XsT.
1837 &d+sT 19q eJ nMTH, s$qusT <sUdT
|{&T. 11 ek\ nq+s+, dT nd\T ]sT |+|eT
sYqT n&>sT.
H{ >T+sT 150

1838 qe+sT >*+>+ |\T |+b&T. <s|] &T

rdT=, eT+>] <yjT\ d+~ eTTdT=, s<+
+<& s<e+ #bsTTq y] |{+#T+& C>
eV+#sH&T. \+#\ eeVs+ eT] >TekqT
y&T= eeV]+#&, <y\jT jTe #+<|
n_j>+ |{sT. ]sT b]bTq eT] |THsT.
| &T k + sTTe+& n k<sT & V<su< |+bsT.
k+u\ #usT> eeV]+#& eJ nMTHqT
>*+>+ n_X+ d+#&T. f MT<T> +|dq+ y&T T+&>
k es \ eT+ uk { us\T e#y, _jT+ es{
<s +f e> s+&T & &T (16 &T\T R 1 nD)
neTpb&T. n|&T eT] HjT\T bdt eT<>sY
>T\b{ dsjT e< sjTus+ e#sT. n$TH eT<V+
$X+ rdTH # y] rdT&T. 29 sbjT\T
+#>, s+&T dT y{ essT. eJ n$TH $|
u\T ]+#&T. dT+\qT sVX+> s{+| #X&T.
mC|qT\T, dsY#]\T, bdt\T, k+|t||sY sT, ek\T,
b>, sTT+ nH yD edTe\ |qT\| ]+#&T.
| &T n<T|eq yD|qT\T n<T| bsTT. eT>Z\|
|qT Z+, #H y] qT+& <s|] \+#\T s{&T.
>* + > + s T > T T q + > + > T T | f d H ,
sT$<q+ n k>e<T. dMdt y+ cseqT.
VQpsY dsd<sT m+|| usT $| #jT&+ ysT
|u$T\jT neX+ e+~. nMTH =qT\ >ZjT
H{ >T+sT 151

eT+>] <s|] sTy e#&T. n& qM&T

$T+<sT, cse\ d++<\Tq e yde+. >*+>+
m+{ |b + #|< T . s> >j
Z T qT ~ #X&T.
>ZjT eT< #bj&T. cse, n nqT#sT\qT
+~d, |< ys sDeT |{wqT |{sT.
s$qusT HjT e\+ |<T\qT nqTd]++~.
$wjT+ T b<T. yTT+MT< <s|] <sUdTqT
y~++~. n ] jT$T+#&+ |<q~.
q>+C+ >T+sT | es{ +<+ deTT<
{ b \e#dysT.
||]XeT, | j |uT >T~|yT.
(eT<dT & |t s>TwH eT<dT 1840. u+> qT+&
1805 p 4q eq s T e\ |s+ >T~ s+ d]+#sT.)
1837 || 3 \\ sbjT\T <jT+ e+&~.
&b\ neT\ e\q sbsTT 7 nD\T |uT e#~.
| , <s sjT+ |uTyT T~+ #d+~.
q>+C+ 400 eT+~ | jsT #dysT. eekjT
|+b\e, | ueTT\T L& sT & e+&$.
n& uVDT\ qT+& n+s y] esL e+&ysT. |
j sT #dy], &, m&eT | \T \ $u< \ e+&$.
>Ts+ k], |\ |j D+. >=&T>T |Te&+, |+~] yjT&+,
&| ysTT+#&+, ePs+| &d, ={\T ]>$.
(m*jT{ y~)
H{ >T+sT 152

|j d+|qT\T &Vd+ ysT. |<\T yeT

|j
T T\T. |<\T eT | n|\ y]| <s |&T T+&ysT.
1837 pH 22q e \ jT #] rdTeTT+< & m&eT
|\ eT< \V\THsTT. n eTT+<Tq >q>+s&se
&|+ y] yqdT=, yeT| \ysT | \
qT+& dsT rdT & $|+> &T >T+Cy&T. +f
n&T |fy &T. eTTsqT e<d , eTs=eTTs <>sZ $|+>
&T rdTHsT. q &T ed\T #dT =q eTT+< s &s eqT
~ #XsT.
e\jT q neX* e<T\T<\#<T. q 100
sbjT\T, \qsdT |csY s. 50\T &b<]<]
#s= s.25\T, H d+~ s.58\T yeT|+ y]# |+|D
#sTT+#sT. qeT+ n XTe\jsT. >eT<e
e+ #jT+& y] n&THsT. | eTTd|t
jeT <sUdTqT =|{sT.
dMdt y+cse $wjT re k+<< *jT<T.
1837 qe+sT 30q yeT| \+ 5>TsT s#sT H
y\sT >*+>+ <>Zs ysT. q>+C+ | nMTH|
>&TusTTq d+>s& s|D\T #d eT e< &T
>T+C&HsT. |s<T d]+q >*+>+ $#]+#eT
d]d |wsY m&T|P& seTjTqT y[ $#]+#eTH&T. |csY
deT+ 26eT+~ | sT\T, eT]\T k+ sTT#sT.
\+#+ &T n|> sTTqysT >*+>+ <>sZ k + |*sT.
={y \
eq \ |d \qT sTD*q y] <>sZ k +>
H{ >T+sT 153

d]+#sT. | |wsY \qsdTqT &ddt #XsT.

&b<sT, | >d\T, q$d+<, <|Y\qT <>\T Z+#sT.
e \ jTqT dd+& #XsT. s u|
s Y m<T
|+ y\HsT.
VQpsY # >Tek, e\ jT ]| &|H sX&T.
sY m<T dd+& nsTTq n$TH e n~s eTT+<T
|eD+ #X&T.
k\ <q+ $, ]sT |]o*+#&, dt |qT
nqTeT+#sT. &|H e\d+<B =\+#<T. es
e \jTqT sY &ddt #X&T.
eJ nMTH y+H s$qusT $| #X&T. sY
|b+ eeV]+#&HsT. q =\+| V& dsd<sY
y+cse sDeTH&T. d]d |wsY q es+
nH&T. y\ k + *+#sH&T. q es+> k +
#|q ysT <|&\T, >=s\ <=+>q+, <=+>H\T
#XsH&T. VQpsY >Tek q &|H k+ d]>
#jT <H &T. s Y +s q \_+#< H &T. mH
@ |uT de #dq qqT =\+#s, s &> sT #dq |
qqT *#Xs, | |yse] &d dt #jT < nH&T.
nd\T ]sT deT]+#eT \sYqT <+#> (1838
nsT 11) eJ n$TH y<q* |Ps|+ #jT&
|jT+#&T.
n|{ n~s V&dsd<sYqT usT eTT+<T n|U
H{ >T+sT 154

b\T#jT& n|\T e<+qT sY u$+#&T. n~

n|\T dw|&+<H&T. sTe deTjT+ T <sTe
=+<sT <=+>H b\&sT. s&T MT< |+q >=s*
mTbjsT. | e<+& #&&+, |uT n~sT
| =q+& s~+#&+ s Y $~. n$ #s \ s &s e
#sTTe+&=#T. Be\q u+ b+~qy&T e\jT.
1818 n >T+sT qT+& &ddt #XsT. seT+&
qT+& L& =\+#sT. sTe\ d+ >T+sT
ye+&eT <sU dT< sT #bsT. n#jT b> sqY T
y+&+#&T.
1839 yT 6q s Y s T eqT usT eTsk] D] ++~.
|XK ndeTs =M T<T. q>+C+ >+<s> y~
\THsTT. \+#\ e\q u|&+~ s&se. (ed #d+~
n&T<T, \jT) | s$q 20 X+ |]q d+>
usT |q u{ #] sTEe< usT nq~.
u$wT neX+ ed \jTqT jT$T+#eT+,
n+{ < n& nqs+ #jTs< usT u$++~.
(n> e<+ y+{#\+, <b <sY $wjT +q #bsT 1839
yT 16)
V& +^w s
sY e uc#sT* |<$ +Z #sT. Bbe[
H&T nss bjT u+T\T |{ q eeT nqTL\+>
k+ d+ \+ y] u~]+#&T. <s|], \jT\T
n eeT\T. d q | * $T+<s T qT+& n e T+>
H{ >T+sT 155

V Q eH\T d ] +#& T . s k * u ~ ]+# & + ,

\+#*e&+ L& q eeT dTd+ #X&T.
uc#sT\T sJHe#d, usT $| #X&T. dMdt
q+ #dq |qT\ y] <| b&#&T. nH k\T, o\
|keq\T deT]+#&T. ddT e+b e#&
M{e\q *d+~.
uc#sT* |<$ Z+#&+> =\+#*+< usT
n_bjT|&+~. sY y_d eT<dT eq usT+f ,
s+>+MT< eq e *d, ssTT+#>\&HsT. + sTT
nH&T :
1822 s>TwH 9 +< neT\T#dq # dT*
|={sT . Be\q s Y |q + \Vq|&+ ~. <X <
*+~. $wj rsT> sTesT >eT+#be&+
# nd+|s+. n|qT sT <c >eT+#*. n|{
{Tq m<T eqk+ JesVyTq |{\+f yTsT>T
be&+ >eTHs+.
e+<~ yT<s+ qT+& e\ ko\ duy,
k\T n+~+q rsTqT, dT <X\qT, ns+#dTe&+
<Tsu + . VQX uc#sT* &d dt #jT +& <oq eV+
e+&=#T. usT >qT e* T> >eTd, q+ d,
s\jT due+ \TdT+~. n|&T k\|+ @$T{
&yT+ dT>T\T *d$. s q T+& usT s~ dwy T q
d+|syTq <s\T. n|&T sjT+ d]> e+T+~.
W

H{ >T+sT 156

n<jT+ ` 10

dy\jT+ |TsD\T
(1839`1842)

>*+ >+ >T+sT eq+\+ d+|T sD \T =qk>sTT.

b\q jT++> n<T| e+q H| b

s+ >+ >eTksTT L& eT |u y k+#<\
#sT.
eT<dT y] d \Vq|& +& C> |&< \
#sT. dMdt
| sY eT<Te+~. <c sTTs eTTs\T
Cs&+& C>|&sT. sT|\T dy\jT XK\
n<T| w#X sT. nedsy T +<+ jT, y\T|\
eT<T ##sT.
s$qusT ysT >*+>+ |H <HsT. +~ y]
=\+# V rdXsT. nsTTH d]d<sY XK V&
ndd+{> eTVeT< >VAuqT #&T. cseqT
V&eTT> d]+#&T. @&~ bT M]sTes b
n~s HjT $sT>T&T> |]+#sT.
cse |ywH n&T>TH bj&T. 1840 |e]
H{ >T+sT 157

q\|* dTuseqT nMTHw| t |+b&T. cseqT qju

dsd<sY >$+#&T.
Xw]se sTTq d#q\T neT\T #jTq|&T,
cse | |sesTT+#sT. 1840 es V& dsd<sY
|qT\ cse #X&T. sTesT |sds+ ] sTe\T
sT <, >=&e dw+#sT. cse, Xw]se eT<
XT+ |]+~. cse s T e\T b{dT + &> Xw ]se
@MT #jTC\ bj&T. n+{ ndeTs, uV+>
es >*+>+ dVq+ jTT #d+~.
1841 Xw]se es+> >*+>+ dT |+b+
~+#>, ds\T |]>sTT. |#sTT d+ ujTT\ |jT+
#sT. qju dsd<sY, V&eTT J\T|+, y]
|u $T\T #X&T. ne eT<dT n~sT\T |={sT . 1841
es uj
T | \L TuT b>, dy\jT+ e+
$y<\ ePbsTT+~.
1841 d+eseT+ Xw]se| dT|+b+~#&+
>*+>+ eT>T&j &T. yX\T |], uj
T | \ |#s TT
>e& |jT+#sT. b\q |sds+ n&THsT.
qju dsd<sY, V&eTT, y] eT<T<s nqTL\+>
sY esT\T #X&T. jTeT +<q\T # es+>
eHjT+ eT<dT n~sT\T n&T|&sT. *+<eT+f,
# \+bT dyjT+ uj
T T\L d<e X+ b >,
re es\T H\=HsTT.
H{ >T+sT 158

|&T nMTH\T (<#|* , eTTs) VQpsY dsd < sY

\d, | &T sD\T#|, u dT ysTT< ysTT+#sHsT.
VQpsY dsd < sYqT _+#&+ s ,Y qju |H>+ |Hs
nH~ \&+w+ . VQX sTT<+ |< + |s+ ]e+&=#T.
Xw ]se nMTq && s qY T sTT+~ |&<eTqTe#T.
s $q ed ysTT<ydq sT y, s Y >*+>+ |&T
y[, | &T \T qT>=H&T. \, >e~s k\T
qy<T #X&T.
n|{ esL |&T \ ds q yqq Xw ]se e
es&T. qqT |<$ qT+& =\+#& dMdt |+ mT> &
n #b&T. VQpsY # | &T \T j s q T n
\TdT. qju dsY ujT+ n& de#s+ n+~+#
<T. sY deT+ $<T\T jT<$~> k><T. |&T
\T qeTe< sY VQL+ |+b& ? nsTTH s$q
ed ysTT< sY sTe *#&T. q m<Tf
& ssT ysTT. #T |HsqT=, >eT HjT\qT
\T #|eTH&T. n$ d]> eq+<Tq, y] V#] #d
eT |<e\ k>#&T. @&~> q nqTL\
n~sT* df]jT{ =\+#sT. |&T jTq e+T
e+~. e+~ ]bs T # & e +& s V d +>
e+#&+, VQpsY dsd<sY $<T\T #jT& M+&
nsTT+~.
# <q+~q eeVs\ sVd+ < sY
H{ >T+sT 159

>V +#&T. VQpsY dsd < sY $qT>, qT eT n+< s+

qT sY \TdTH&T.
# sVkH >T+sT q>s+ *XjT Xw]
se nH&T. |> q *jT+& n{ |{sH &T. y\
< |{s+Tq $wj\T VQpsY dsd<sY \TdTq
sY nsyT+~.
eTTXUy] @+ sT>TT+< \TdT> n+$T+
dVjT|&sT. n sTe\T e sX&T. eTs=e
& n m+#&T. +e n ]dsY #X&T. sT\T
|{wqT ]dsY #XsT. V&eTTXKqT qF #X&T. &,
]dsY qy<T+&, nMTqT ssTbe. n+{
sTe\T |+|<, ]sT < >*+>+ sX&T. &\T
|dT >Tek <d e+{sTT. | |J| q+sT,
kjT+ s Y q d++ e+T+~. n+{ # | &T
]sT n+f eTTXK jeT >&T|sD sb*. n~
k< eTjT~ <T. q d++ +& eq ]sT | &T<
ns+ . +{ $wj \| \+ e< #jT s<T. <q +~qb\q
sVd+> k+#&eTH~ >*+>+ <w ns+ s|D.
| |sTbe& Xw ]se sDeTHsT. nsT 1838
|ue] 1840 eT< yTT+ 4212 dT\T |P]+&
e+&bjsTT. qju dsd<sY, V&eTT ($qT>=+{
seT<dT) #|q |s+ VQpsY dsd<sY #Td qT
#jTbTHq qju #|{\ nH&. $wjT+
H{ >T+sT 160

>*+>+ #s XsT. cse |sTbsTTq y{ k< yTq +

es |]w]+#>, Xw]se 104 dT\ 5 eyT
#jT>*>&T.
(|dT >&#|\| Ls= s\jT d+~, |\T
#T|T=, & s \ |#dysT. |
ms]qT #TfysT. q~sT\ e+ q&dt\T
e+&$)
VQpsY dsd<sY 1841 110 dT\T sTTH y{
<T. yTT+ MT< Xw]se 200 dT\T |]cs
eHsTT. $wjT+ sY eT<T> V&d eT<Y>sY
m&b+ seTDse, V& eTT, qju\T eHsT.
VQpsY, qju dsd<sT \d |#jT<T. eTTK
eeV s\ c s e<s, n d V j T \ <s
y&TT+&$. Xw]se <sb<T. qT neT|qT\T q
<w s<H &T. qT |]w]+# <]<H &T. = n~sq T
m+| #jT&+, = $<T\T sTTe&+, | |se
sTT+#&+ n n~s\T u> ~+#XsT. qju
n>se+ sTTH, |uT n~sT ne $q<T.
# dVjTssD $wjT+ >*+>+ <q<T.
qju dsd<sY k VQpsY dsd<sY XTe. VQpsY
dsd<sY k <s\T s<q&+ qeTX+ <T.
qju ujT|& + #|sq&+ d]<T. deTsTq
>Tek\ dVjT+ n eq< >*+>+ <X+.
H{ >T+sT 161

q bs{ nd\T >=&e eT\+ n >*+>+

u$+#&T. H| eT< T <sT # eHsT. d]d HH
wyXsT. |uT sb\T d+_+#< ujT|\
\T, +\T|HsTT.
|P\T#d eT+\T e*+#sT. ujq <X\T
dw+#sT. u| |sD\T #XsT. cse n
dVT\ V#jT & < +q |qTsTT$. H| |
n+{y nqsTT+#sT. ujq yesD+ e\q +~
n~sT #*+b>, HksTT <q~.
Xw]se sVd+> eT<dT s$qusTL, q
$TT\L $wj\T #syjT&+ >*+>+ sbj&T.
H\sT, seT+&, eT|+ q >\ d++<\T
y&T= VQpsY dsd < sY q eT< T > , | sT\
qT \Vq
|s#T $wj* y&&T. H\sT bdt |dT <s
Xw]se neT de#s+ #syX&T. eT+>*c| >T
|<sT, | y] >Td>T d\T, #bd\T sTT+{e
# |#XsTT. Bq+{ >*+>+ u> #*+ bj&T.
|]b\q |q |uy ]sT\T n<T| e+&*.
b\\T sTwyTq $es\ de#s e+ y+H
#&e#T. |sTe, keTs+, HjT+ nH$ |uT+
]sT\|H <s|&T T+~. |uT\+, @ yTs s>
dsq, $wjT+qT n+<T>\+ nH~ eTTK+. < $wjT+
|]b\q @ $u>H nqsTTdT+~. #|+< sTe
H{ >T+sT 162

H| D+> #d, b\Hs+>+ \|&H , |uT + < +T+~.

>& ]sT |d T <sD|
s $qusT sdq *|+~.
1836 qe+sT >+<s> +, $T*bsTTq w <w #sT.
&s s sT L & neeqsy T q <sD sd+ , ]sT\
d
s#T \T|eTq~.
(1837 @| 19)
]sT\
T nde d+ > e+&&y T <T. y\ esTdTq T
>*+>+ qT>=H&T. =*eH\ ]sT\T d]be&+<T.
=y { eT< #ssT. ]sT |d T k+|||s | q qT
jsT#d sY d+ |+|dTHsT. nd\T y{
d]#&&+ M\T<T.
]sT >~ ysT #| +< |eDyT L sTq~. ]sT |dT
n+<] d+~ n+<TuT e+~. ]sT n{|fy]
dT\u+> eeV]+# >\>&+ keTs e<T.
(J+ <T\T >eTysd n~sT\ sTT# u$T
eq+ n+{sT.)
sTesT <|sY<sTHsT. (eTH|< |sdsb{|&
\qT n<T| e+#& <+<<| s Y $<q+ |{sT . ~
T> |]o*+#*)
+ sE y+sjT\T +^w ]sT |sY> djTsY
n~]. n&T H| eT< T <sT. 35 @ nqTue X*. 1818
<eTdt z jT$T+qe. s+&e n~] <ojT ]sT|sY
H{ >T+sT 163

HHX sH. n >T]+ n+> *jT<T. <|< s +< |#d

s\jT d+~ 2 $u>\T> eHsT. ]sT >sT weTT+ .
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H{ >T+sT 165

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H{ >T+sT 166

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H{ >T+sT 170

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H{ >T+sT 172

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H{ >T+sT 173

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H{ >T+sT 174

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H{ >T+sT 175

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H{ >T+sT 176

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H{ >T+sT 177

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H{ >T+sT 178

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dV jT|&e #T. |]d >&T > eq|&T n#d, MT+<s |
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sTTH $<q+ >DjTyTq esT s<T. >*+>+
b\q kq+esL MT+<\ n<T| D
+ +~. 1838 qT+&
1842 es XX s& s{q rsT >eTHs+.
H{ >T+sT 179

dTesT s{q |wtwt ` |d 1248`1252

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|d 1248 1249 1250 1251 1252
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s Y >{ eT< T <T . MT+<sT e $qb sY yqT
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sTD\ sD+>, u$wT nXjTyTbsTT+~. ys+
sY dV]+#<T\T, eT neX\T #dTHsT.
H{ >T+sT 180

MT+<sT d+|qT\T> \|&& @ yTs neX\T

y&THs \TdTH <s\T s Y , usT , |uT
<T . MT+<sT m L&>
T Hs 1845 > y* s<T .
usT duT&T y\sY m*jT{ <s >e\ |]o*d mH
*XsTT. MT+<s eeVs\T <VsD> \TdT&
= |k$+#e#T.
@< e+ >eTdT\
qT+& | d+<s + qsH\T
ed\T #XsT. +<T = eekjT d+u+<yTq$>,
$T*qe e, T++, eT|s+> ed.
MT+<sT neds\qT {, |+\+ ] d
qqTd]+, |\ <sD <w |T >e\ j
d+<s\ ed s{sT. | d+<s+ sT.10 qT+&
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($TwH H ]bsT ` >T+sT 882 >e\
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eekjT\| s+s ed+&$. sT.2,
q]& sT.2, n<q+ sT.4 qsH, ysd sT.8\T | MT+<
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H{ >T+sT 181

=\\ |{ sT.1 #=|q ed\T #XsT. bsT\

$TqVsTT+|\T y\+f n<q+> #*+ #eTHysT. nqTL\
e\T b]w+ rdTHysT. be, eT\T
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qsH\T yTs +&$).
n MT+< @sD+ +&H d+|q >e\
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MT+<sT nd\T \T < <=+> |s >e\qT
e#ysT. ##+ sT eqT b KT\T yd,
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(y\sY m*jT{ y~ ` 1946 @| >e\T <V
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qe, eTq><|PsY, |\b&T, y\sT, b#\T, &|sT,
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|< =+&sT, |*, \|PsY, &=+&, LeTb&T,
H{ >T+sT 182

e<q\, C], eTT\sT, q+~>eT, >=\b&T, sb&T,

qT|sT |s b+, es>, bs, |qTeT&, Lsb&T,
T<+, C+|+, |<>+C+.)
MT+<s <w, n\y qT+& $Xq ks| s + e\q
MT+<\qT deT]+#sT. n& d<+ #sD
y$ < +
@s&+~. MT+<sT eTT <y+X nqTu$+# sC\eTqT
+{sT. qT e> yu>\ $|+> ejT+ #d,
es eTTK+ #\ d ~>CssT. s+s u< sV,
jeq nded+, d+ <w &T | y|\T
se&+ &+~. >& &+s+> >&|q rsT k>\+f
n|\T #j*, < \e+| ed |PqTy*.
n|*q y ><\ e |&dT+f, |uT+ dVq+
sTT >V d, MT+<sT H\$& keTT #XsT. |
bsTTq y] ks+ y] esZ<syT+~.
>e\ qT+& n deTj eT e\d+~
MT+<sT sbjsT. q+ >VyX\T +&,
|uT+ Hs #jT+&, MT< keTT #jTe\d e+~.
MT+<s >eT HjT HjT\qT |]>Dq rdTy*.
\e+T* z<s b, nu+s\T reseTsTT. qT
MT+<s #T\T *| sD\T, eTTqdT\T, >eT+
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eTs| qw|&ysT. MT+<sT #| sd<T\ eT&e+T
eyT yde+ n y\sY m*jT{ sX&T.
H{ >T+sT 183

sw+ ] d| re |]o\q ]+~. 1837 >dT

30q <X+ |Hed | sTw+> $#sD sb\ &ss
sT ]+~. 1838 E 30q usT s +& duT &T #sd t HqT
$#sD #jTeTHsT. s+<s dV]+#\HsT.
@&~bT de#s dsD
]|q >*+>+ >T+sT
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e\q C|+ ]+<H&T. \T #|+q+> es{
<s\T mq& |&b<T. <Xd+|<, |\ d+w+ e+
|+b+<<T.
MT+<sq T n<T| |f es+Z < >*+>+ >
#b&T. nesTTw |H y] #sH&T. s
|< $< +d |P]yT , n~ |uT <w+. m& | e+<
\TdT d]~< @sT e+T+~. jT++>+ \VqyT ,
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$j+#&+ , eT<dT eT< T d+ _d s#
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MT+< deTs b\q <Tk<+. y H \D\T,
d\T d+|q $sT<+. MT+<sT eT \T<sqT
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eqT KsT #jT&+ \TdT.
H{ >T+sT 184

>*+>+ y~| b<$ T |]o\q #jT |PsyT, s>

, H <X+ e~* y* e+~. sTy
duT&T CH d*eH $#sD #{&T. n& eTH \TdT.
eTH d+|<j deT]+#&T.
(sY m|HdH $T{ 1840 m|HdH H)
>*+>+ y~ # $y#H eT 1840 &d+sT 24q
d*eH q n_bjT+> *jT|s#&T. n<q d
s#T ~\T, VsyTq HjT $<H\T, |&T
jeq+, |+ qc\T, n+#H\T eT+>
be&+ sD. MT+< <Twb\q nd\T eT\sD+
nH&T.
k s T e, s T \ d+|< eT eT<seT
|uT+ u$d, <T\ d+#T\ eT dyTq MT+<sT
\bXsT. eT<dT jTee[ >{> neT\T |]d, # \+
+<f md{ nyTdys. |&T ne b\q, >T+sT
b\q b* #d, s d\ Wq+ nse TT+~. | &T
b\q e\q sT\T <Td >, MT+<sT
|&sT . MT+<sq T s<T #j \ >*+>+ H #| q <+
n&T n+^]+#&T. s |< |qsT<]+#\H&T.
|uT+ MT+<sqT =qT>\T #jT& s$q usT
kqTL\+> d+~++~. n< MT+<s = &+&\T
nqsTT+#*. b |<T\ #dq |yT n|\ u<
eV+#s<T. s $q #*+ |\T k qsT\{ |+, >&
H{ >T+sT 185

ksTT e#T #&*. MT+<s XX+> |uT +, yqdT

se&+ y<j>+ <T.
1841 @| 16q d*eH n_bj\qT >essY H
y~++~. MT+<sT #jT k>T n_e~| <w
|{\, <e\q ]_e~ k<eTHsT. >T+sT
MT+<sq T s<T >$+#& &s s sT sTTw| &
< T . eT<dT
|uT eTs es+Z #< T . n|\ sD+> MT+<sq T
neTs< H ~ \| & e # T . bNq T+u\ >s e +
b&TH, |uT+ qw|&+& q+ |q+ +&
#&\HsT.
>T+sT |]d T \T eTT+< eTdj*q d e#sTT.
1840 qe+sT md{ jTe eqsT y+qse
#bj&T. n ysdT\T sT. $<e\+ ndeTsT\T.
n+{ mdTqT <Te u{sT. yds&, dq|* >e\T
n> #j \+f, | ds > n #jT e< H
&ss usT sTe\T sy\HsT.
neds+ sH e+~. 1842 qe] 8q MT+< 333
>e\T kBq+ #dT& >*+>+ neX+ \_++~.
n|{es yds& seTH<uT |esq = H\\T>
>eTd bj&T. #d n<q| seT+ eTTjT
eTTqT|, >*+>+ e<* y&T.
1842 pH 21q >T+sT MT+<\ $wjTyT &ss
sT ss TT++~. MT+<s n<T| nesTTw sTTy\
H{ >T+sT 186

s$q usT #dq d#q &ssT |<T. MT+<s|

]q #s n+^]+#< T . k+> sdq edT+ <qTHsT.
MT+<sq T T+#& sT dTeTTK+> eH, s Y >qT
MT+<\qT sV+#\+f jeq V\ |P]>
|uT #+<*. d+dsD deT\+> ], y] |]b\q
|qsedsD s>< MT+<\qT |qsT<]+#eTHsT.
|uT nqTeT < MT+<\T mes |uT @s
C+ #dTs<HsT.
|y{
n|*q y] @+ #j \H~ eT<dT |H
e~XsT.
eT<dT |uT re+> eT+<*d, e> $<H\qT
K+&d &ss sT sTe*+~. s#T sq T
>T+sT e]q+<T e\q # |ue+ #|{qT
>*+>+ #|q $wj >eT+#sT. >*+>+ n_bjT+
eT<dT n \ e]dT + < d*e H nH&T. B| sT
sTT yU++~.
sYqT =\+#&+, N{ e{ es&+ y<
j>+ <H+. sY k |]dT\ | q ne>Vq
eq|&T, neds\T >V+q|&T, e]d n dy
$\Te < +T+~. * U u #jT&
nqeds+> nH jeT\T #jT&+ <w+, U d+,
4 jeT\T #XsT.
(1842 E 9 bd&+>)
#sD q< _q+> neT sTe\ | sT
sdq *|+~.
H{ >T+sT 187

>T+sT s Y n<q| u + sTT, ||P]

njTesL #&\ +{\T usT sd+~.
> |H ed s+uy T + ~. |uT + y\T|\ n<T|
md{ f $T*+~. b dT\
qT d]+#&+ , s $q
ed |&+, kqTL\+> ueTT\T e~jT&+, b\H
nesTTw qT+& |e&+ ]+~.
1842 qe+sT 21q sT sTe\T, usT bd&+>,
>T+sT |+|, = $<H neT\T #jTeTHsT.
MT+<\ qT+& kBq+ #dT e\dq y{ k #bsT.
MT+<sT sTTee\dq bwD us D
+ s]+#eTHsT. |
MT+<sT |yT n|\T jT |eTHsT. MT+<s
$k\ m+{ {sTT+|\T e<H sT. kBq+ |P] >H,
|P]> ds #d, n+#H\T yjT eTHsT. u+usTT, >
#dq ds \T sTT#sT. eTH s#q\T n+~+#sT.
deTd\| usT n_bj\T *jT|]#sT. ne b\q
+<qsy T q <>T\ C |& usT ss TT++~.
dsq ds ]>esL, >eT HjT\T e ed\T
#j *. | >eT s T >, jTeT >e sTT~ e]+#*.
1832 qT+& ne n<T| eq eTsE >e\T q
md{q T 1843 qe] 15q kBq+ #X&T. =~ sE\T sT y
\\]| MT+<sT $<e\T qe] 25 <s<+ #XsT.
yds & seTH<u T, eTqsY y+ >bse, eD >q
se\T yTT+&> eHsT. y] <sD eT<dT *jTCXsT.
H{ >T+sT 188

d+|~+|\T $|\yT, y] mdT y\+ ykeT eT<dT

s]+~.
@| 3q dq |* MT+<sT +>&T. @| 17q s |q T
n~sT\T kBq+ #dTHsT. yds&HjTT&T,
ese mdT neT |eTHsT. |q #,
seTH< uT, >Zqse +>sT. neT s+&T sE\
eTT+<T >Zqse +>&T. n|{ 40 @ + sTTq
&yT+T rdT& =+ deTjT+ |{+~.
W

H{ >T+sT 189

n<jT+ ` 12

dssT n~sT\ eT
(1842`1845)

1842

sY >*+>+qT ( G O L D I N G H A M) s
s{ ~#XsT. deTjT+ # nqqTL\yTq~.
eT<d T , \+& H > T +s T b\H$< q+| d M T
sT>TTq~. kX\T |e<s+> |]D$T+#sTT.
VQpsY dy\jT+ | H| Xw ]se, n nqT#s +<+
|T +#T HsT. es eTTsysT re+> ds
|+#THsT. $T+< $<q+ |qyT+~. n+
nded+> e+~. eTTs\V\T $T+<\ |y+,
| b eeVs\ <] rd+~. eTsE, \\]|
$u>\T, |&T \ ne >e\ X\T #|+<
sT e y|+, +< n<T|qT n&THsTT.
eTss+&T ek\ ~>CsT&T ned |]bsTT+~.
+&j s+& eyT nqTue+ >\ pjTsY n~]
ssY Vy dsd<sY < TH d &T.
H{ >T+sT 190

H\
s> e TT+< ]u e~dH kq+ e#&T.
>& n&T >T+sT |#X&T. Xw]se dVT&T
L&. VQpsY eTTsqT nqT n&T&T L&.
1842 @| =sY V&dH k e#&T. n
VH$ V& ndd+{> e#&T. &e]&, & $sY
esT& k. +| &ssY CH V&dH <>Zs +<Te.
1825 <>+ e#&T. sTq*, qs =~\+
|#d, s\T <X+ eH&T. 1841 eT s\T
e#&T. sTy |< >T+sT >&b&T. eT<
@&~ (1844`45) d d\e| y[e#&T. VH$ n
V& ndd+{. >*+>+ +< 1841`42 <T nj&T.
>*+>+e, k, H$ L& eT$Xd\T, eT|#s
sb\qT deT]+#sT. |]b\q e+ <T
Xdj
T T* nqsTT+#<\
#sT. (MsT eTT>TsZ \T>T u>
e{&ysT).
k e#H{, Xw]se >T|{ e+#TH&T.
VQpsY dsd < sY> n&T dMdt eTTs| $jT+ k~+#&T.
>*+>+qT s~+#>*>&T. s$qusT n eT<T
|*+~. $T+<\T |q+>e&+ n neX\T eT
|]>sTT.
e<*y eTT+<T 400 >e\ b\qqqT dMdt
b\q n|+, >*+>+ y&T. n >T|{ qT+& n
>e\Tbe&+ dsd<sY sTTw+<T. qT sT #s|
s$qusT $| #X&T.
H{ >T+sT 191

dMdt y+cse | |b+ #|, q |<$

<T]j>|sqT s$qusT |++~. qju
VdsY eT+>q] \qsdT, cse\ d+\T #dq
\\T jeT\ $T+ sTT y&, sY
|D *|+~. eT nqT#sT\ b\q +|, >+<s>+
dw+#s usT nq~.
(VH$ y|P |{&T. e T++ d++<
\THsTT.)
* sY e~dHqT qy| |& Xw]se
q ## qT |<] +#&T. C_qT e], +Z eT<dT
e~dH |+b&T. >*+>+ m+| #dq y] yds &, \\]
|, eTsE \\, d$TT\ =\+#&T. ysT =
ys, nqTue+ ys nHsT. VQpsY qT+&, yds&
H#] kq+ qT+& eT+>q] \qsdT qT =\+#sT. n
k<sT\T \HsjTD, #+#T seTjT\qT \\]|,
H* nMTHkH\ qT+& |+#sT. s#sY nMTH>
cseqT &ddt #XsT. dMdteTTs nMTqT> eq
q+]wjT, +&sT sCXs+ =\+#sT. U nsTTq
kH\ H| eTTsqT m+| #XsT. u| H nMTH>
eq q\|* dTuseqT qju dsd < sT> VQpsY #
|{sT. yds& $T+< H#] #XsT. seTH<uT
~yH> eq weTqT #u\T <H n$TH #XsT.
Xw]se n\T&T |sTceTse VQpsY df]jT{
H{ >T+sT 192

V&>TeTk nj&T. $<+> | dsd<sY |T

d&*+#sT.
* sY #s| nH |s<T\T s$qusT
#ssTT. e* yTT+> =\+#&+ u> sdq e+~.
|{wq |s+|s, |P] $#sD y\ s$qusT
]+~. eqH m+| y~+#sT. $$< |{wq| kqT
y~+#eTHsT. $wj* L\+w+> #q k,
Xw]se es+> eq |s<T\T k<s\T,
cse, seTH<uT| s|D\T L& |]o*+#sT.
1842 >dT 18 esL k |<eT y~ jT|<T.
n+{ eTTs<sD |*, jeT b\qqT H_q+
#dT q ~. >*+>+ +<s|D #dq Xw ]se |{w q m+{
<seT<T. eJ sY yds& $T+< jeH
|{q |sqT b+> essT. \qsdT e>+> nH
<>\T m+| #dq +<Tq, n+<T >*+>+ |yT jT+<T .
y~ <s+> >*+>+ <w+< usT *+~.
e<+T\ <s+>, m+{ k\T +& eJsY|
s|D\T #dq Xw ]seqT re+> =*k] usT | |{+ ~.
uj
T | \ eT< ys T < + =qk>d |e<s |* \T
ekjTqTHsT. cseqT <+, >T+sT
n>, \qsdTqT> @ $<+>q jT$T+#s<HsT.
s$q jeq+ bqT =qkd, $T+>
|jTd, #sD deTd* ne>Vq #dT= b\q
H{ >T+sT 193

k+#*. 1850 b+\ eT<dT |uT + >&e q <sTD

<ojT |uT\T s$q |<T\qT =qkdTqT <w
e+~.
(C.&T.sTT : ~ m&dwH |t ~ dt +&j +|
(1855 \+&H) |. 231)
eT<dTb\q usrjTb\q. \+&H qT+& d<+r]d,
sj\T #d, +&j s\+> edTq d+|<jT
s$q ed ese. @ $<q+ ne\+_+H ds, =\T
_{wt b\es+Z , sT y <Xd T \
b\eT+&*, >eTHjT
T+u\T q&# rsT by*+<.
eTH |s=q s] $<q+ sT $wj\T >eT+#
e#T. s] d{yT+{ \yT+~ | d#, k>T d#
nH~ e+&*. &sssT n< |s=q~.
=$<q+ \e++, +<q\T e~j*. s
nedsd n~. k+> n~ nqsTT+#&+<T.
k>T<sT |\kjT+ u> s ueTT* e~ksT. y{|
n+#H\T u> |{sT. s$q d+ n+{ s+<\T
#XsT. sT q TuT nsTTq ueTT\T #{, $
$<k&T. >T+sT< sTe sTy nTe+{ |<
nqTL\ e+< d\+ sY CyT & sX&T. <|
rsT& |]d n~. 1835 qT y\qTq
u $T k> T d ] +# neX + < T . n e~ d ,
eTs= k>T#dT H+<T M\T> yTT+ u $T e~j*.
H{ >T+sT 194

e\+ u> ueTT\T e~keT+f <s<HsT. +{

|<T\T |uT ]eqsT* < rXjT, sT sX&T.
s ]|< e\
eT\T |+, jTs|t n~sT\
d++<+ +& u<\T |+#&yT. usrjT |<T\
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H{ >T+sT 195

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H{ >T+sT 197

]sT |sY e+&\, |dT+ n+{~ < |s=H&T.

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H{ >T+sT 198

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H{ >T+sT 201

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H{ >T+sT 206

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H{ >T+sT 208

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H{ >T+sT 210

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H{ >T+sT 217

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H{ >T+sT 220

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H{ >T+sT 221

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H{ >T+sT 223

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H{ >T+sT 224

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H{ >T+sT 225

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eT ## #bsT. y] n+~q de#s+ { n
#jT>*>sT. b\\qT nCq+ n{ |{sT. n+<Te\q
eT<dT, \+&H s] |< >T]+ ys rsT> ns+
#dTHsT.
(C.&. u&\H : ]esY |t ~ s] dd+ |t +&
s $q @C { mdt H ~ |d& |t eT<dT 1853 eT<dT)
de#s+ \_+#d], n~ sTw+> n+<TuT
se&+, deTd\qT |q u{, |]cs\T #jT>*>sT.
y\sY m*jT{qT dsq deTjT+ |+| >T+sT
+|b\H d+uqqT #~+#>*>sT. nqT qT>=q
$wj\ dsq #s\T rdTHsT. b\q | eq
H{ >T+sT 272

nCH nqT jT\T #X&T.

yTq eqsT\ >T]+ n+esL *jT<T.
sTw d s n|{ <T . H+ u eTT\ >T]+ @MT *jT<T.
]sT\T d<+ #d eT+> n{ |&+ n+sL s><T.
sTy 20 @ rdTq sj\|s+|s
b\H rsT, e\ eeVs+ |P]> e]bsTT+~. >eT
eTTqTdT\T n~s+q |w
q >{| & sT . >eTsD
\
d |\#&+~. >T+sT ]sT s\jT+ |P]> esd
T~+ #XsT. eTs] \T s<T #XsT. H+ ueTT\
$wjTyT ]q $#sD u<syTq~. 1868 XdjTds,
+ n+#H Z+| s |yX|{sT. kH d{yT+{
kH, s#T n+#H\T #XsT.
cq~| q sD+ |P] nsTT+~. \Te\ e\q
&b++ |#|s d+|qyT+~.
+^wd k|+#sT. ddT =*k] bX
$<ud+ #dq y] rdTHsT.
1850`1870 eT< b\q $|y+> e]+~.
b\q| <XdT\|T e<*+# #s\T #{sT. 1826
qT+& |#d n~] u eTT\T e+#Ts< +<q
e+~. 1859 qT+& T++ <sT
<>+ e+&s< + |{sT . #+~q sTesT
b\q q |<e\ e+&s<HsT. eTssuVDT&T
H{ >T+sT 273

VQpsYds d < sT> e+f, qju V dsY <Xd uVDT&

sTTes<T. ddT \+ $T+ +&
|y+#& M\T>, |\T |{, |ywq L&
e]+|CX sT. n+esL +&jT H d$ ddT usrjTT&T
sL&<H +<q @&~| =*+#> <XdT\T
|b>*>sT.
({... | : ~ s$qT +|+&jT+ |t eT<dT |d&
1873 eT<dT |. 120`3)
+<q \T e]q+<Tq de+ $|y |u e+
#$##sT. VQpsY <Xd >T~|+ bsTT+~. q
ddT\ j>T\T |y +#>* >sT. >e\ j>T\
kq+ uVDsT\ <>, ysT| ksTT be&
+\T =\>sTT. +^w $< e\q <Xd T \
e j>T\T
qkH\ y>*>sT. sTy me Hu
>\ y~|sV uVDT\T e#sT. 1930 H{ \
b|~| b<+ sdsY $<q+> |{sT. 1922
uVDT\T 67.32 X+ e+&>, sT = +<q
e\q 1958H{ 6>TsT (|~) eHsT. esT\T ]H,
k |uy +<|H eT< fqH b<T.
( mk_w yt T +{ C_\T >T+sT 1922, 1930, 1939,
1959 |dt).

H{ >T+sT 274

1909 qT+& >T+sT

H{ >T+sT

276

H{ >T+sT 275

>T+sT eek|q

277

nqT+<+ ` 1

>T+sT eek|q
1. VQpsY #]
m. dy\jT+ ` dsdUH
1) VQpsY dsd<sY ` <ojT U
2) qju dsd<sY
3) ndd+{ dsd<dt
4) |< >Tek (V&)
5) sT qT+& m$T~ eT<sY>sT
6) sT qT+& m$T~ eTT+N\T
2. eTT XK (<Xy s|Ts\T)
1) eTT < |< yu qMdt
2) ]<sT ndd+{ yu qMdt
3) eT&T H\T>T eT<Y<sT
4) ]<sT dVjT eT<Y<sT
5) d#+< de\T ` keTT ssTT+#<T
3. +^w XK (\ ` s |Ts\T)
1) |< +^w n+f+{
2) |< +^w ssY
3) +^w sTe<sT
4) &|P{ n+f+{
5) &|P{ ssY
6) <T qT+& @&T>TsT ssT
7) d#+<\T. keTT ssD <T
4. f XK
1) wt |sY
2) ndd+{ wt |sY
H{ >T+sT 276

H\y
sbjT\
210 ` 700
120 ` 175
100 ` 120
70 ` 100
20 ` 40
12 ` 15
70 ` 85
21 ` 30
10 ` 14
5`7
100
70
70
60
60
17 ` 30
80 ` 100
28 ` 00

3) V& c|t
4) ndd+{ c|t
5) <sT eTT>TZsT >Tek\T
5. <|sY UH (]sT |dT)
1) +^w ]sY |sY (<|tsY<sY)
2) <ojT ]sT <|sY<sY
3) >Tek\T <sT
4) <|sY +<\T sTesT
5) d#+< dVjT\T sTesT
6. |]s\T, sVD (d<sYesY XK)
1) eTT>TZsT yT<sT
2) <T>TsT |PqT
3) &H kjTT< dVjT\T
4) eTT>TZsT \s |qT\ &T<sT
5) # eTT>TZsT VDT\T
6) sTesT + yTsY
7) q\T>TsT, Bb\T | #dysT
8) d\T, |sTw\T, |\\T q\T>Ts<T>TsT eP&T

40 ` 00
14 ` 00
10 ` 20
35 ` 00
30 `00
15 ` 20
7 ` 10
@MT<T
10 ` 20
15 ` 00
6 ` 15
7 ` 17
9
7
3
3

_. ]sT XK

1) +& s$q XK
1) |wsY
2) +^w ssY
3) sTesT yu qMdt
4) m$T~ eT<sY>sT
5) sTe\T dVjT eTT\T
6) d#+< de\T
2) kXK
1) |wsY
2) +^w s]
H{ >T+sT 277

35
30
25 ` 30
15 ` 30
7
35
30

3) yu qMdt sTesT
4) sTesT eT<Y<sT
3) djTsY (<ojT dT+\) XK
1) |wsY
2) sTesT eT<Y <sT
3) sTesT yu qdt
4) >V, e|s |qTXK (y{s)
1) sTesT eT<Y<sT
2) yu qMdt
5) nu XK
1) sTesT eT<Y<sT
2) yu qMdt
6) deTT< dT+ XK
1) eT<Y>sY
7) k+|t ||sY XK
1) eT<Y>sY
8) \seT\s XK
1) eT<Y>sY

d. yTd{ XK

1) dy\jT+
1) yTHsY
2) +^w ssY
3) yu qMdt ` sT>TsT eTT\T
4) sT ydysT
5) + yTsY
6) +sT |
2) d+~ XK
1) dssY
2) sTesT VesT
3) <sT HjT\T
H{ >T+sT 278

25 ` 30
20 ` 30
35
15 ` 20
10 ` 15
15 ` 20
10
15 ` 20
7 ` 10
12 ` 14
12 ` 14
12
70
35
14 ` 15
12
5
4
20
10
7

4) yqT 30 es
3) >sT XK
1) <b<sY
2) <jTY\T 15 es
3) yqT 30 es
4) C\TXK
1) C\sY
2) HHjT
3) yqT 23 qT+& 34 es
5) |eD ds+ ` > $u>+
1) uVD Xd
2) eTT =sH
3) +>+

&. k<sD XK

5
10
6`7
5
14
7
5
10
10
7

XK eT&T $u>\T eT+> q&#sTT. $T*q$ # e\ {

e+&~.
1) eTseTT\T XK ` d|]+f+&+{
2) ksTT XK ` bdt edsY
3) s> XK ` {\T, dVjT\T
2. UT eed
+<T 14 XK\T \d, s$q, bdt, k<sD b\q e+&$. s +&T
bdT dwqT. s+&T k dwqT.
1) Vd XK
1) s$q nMTH (bdt sT.100 ` 200)
60 ` 100
2) HjTu nMTH ` eT&T s\j\T
39 ` 50
3) dsd<sY
14 ` 35
4) |wsY
20 ` 30
5) V& eT<sY >sY
12 ` 17
6) yu qMdt ` <sT eTT>TZsT
7 ` 10
7) eT<sY >sY ` <sT eTT>TZsT
10 ` 12
H{ >T+sT 279

8) edY>sY
9) eP&T>
2) H<] XK
1) bdt nMTH
2) eT<sY >sY
3) yT<sY
4) VesY
5) HjT
6) yqT 30 qT+& 50 es
7) >sT <b<Y
8) | yqT 30 qT+& 50 es
3) k XK
1) k <H<sY
2) |wsY
3) >Tek
4) eT<Y>sY
5) q$d+<dt sTsT
6) s+&T n+ $T+ c|t\T
7) =\> ` s+&T $T+
8) yqT 30 qT+& 50 es
9) &|t<sY ` 2 eT&T
10) ed*
11) K] eTsdt 14 nD\T
12) eT&T |> k sY
13) eP&ysT <sT

_. deTTT #e&\T, djsY #\T

1) >T+sT 105 jTT #\T e+&$

1) deTssY
2) >Tek
3) zesY
H{ >T+sT 280

3
2
40 ` 100
10 ` 12
15 ` 20
10
7
5
7
4
40 ` 60
20 ` 30
15 ` 20
12 ` 14
10` 12
10 ` 14
5 `7
5
7 ` 15
3
2`5
2`5
2
10 ` 14
7
5

4) eTT
5) yqT 3 s+&T
2) qjsY #\ k|q (deTT<eTT|, H\|)
1) >Tek
2) yqT, 4 qT+& 6 es
3. HjT eed
m) sT
1) d$ XK
1) dsd<sY
2) HdsY
3) ]sT |sY
4) V& >Tek
5) 5 qT+& 50 es >Tek\T
6) +^w V& ssY
7) <sT eTT>TZsT ssT
8) c|t
9) eTT
10) V& yTd+sY
11) yTd+sT
12) +sT |ysT
13) eP&ysT <sT
2) HsXK
1) ]sT |sY
2) yu qMdt
3) >Tek\T
4) sTe<sT
_) du]H{ sT\T
1846
1) || d<sY nMTH (d. y+ s|Ty#sT)
2) U, eTT| nMTH (eTVeT< jLu n*)
H{ >T+sT 281

5
4
8
4

100
45
35
24
10 ` 11
70
21 ` 35
10
7
10
5`7
3
2
30
28
18
50
500
200

d) eTTd|t sT\T
1) ||
1) |dtdt eTTd|t
2) d+&dt eTTd|t
3) <sYdt eTTd|t

140
115
100

H{ >T+sT 282

nqT+<+ ` 2

s, &\ C_

>sH yT+ m eqT |t w &d 1883

m. sT (| 350)

H<H yu
C] j+&T syT
$*jT+ >sH
|sY w
ssY . u (H#])
j+&Tk{
$*jT+ yTsTTH y]wt (sJHe)
esY \sY V&H (H#])
&jT |sY
esY V&H (H#])
>sH dY (eTsD+)
esY V&H (H#])
<eTdt Cs{
bdt &T ssY dH
<eTdt Cs{
bdt ssY dH
<eTdt n>+&sY z
C] &T X+&sY (H#])
<eTdt z
dsTT+{ CH <s (H#])
<eTdt z
Cd|t (H#])
CH +H $wt
Cd|t (H#])

24 e]
25 qe]
9 E
21 >dT
10 d|+sY
9 >dT
17 pH
16 nsT
28 pH
18 E
19 pH
22 >dT
11 &d+sT
11 @|
18 &d+sY
24 nsT
16 yT
16 E
16 E
10 qe+sT
20 d|+sT
24 nsT
23 pH

H{ >T+sT 283

1791
1794
1800
1800
1800
1800
1802
1803
1803
1805
1805
1807
1809
1809
1810
1810
1811
1814
1814
1816
1816
1821
1821
1825

CH $wt
$*jT+ m|HkH n+&sY e& (H#])
CH $wt
CH zsY (H#])
CH$wt
n>+&sY m|t.dt
$*jT+ yTdH
#sdt |*|t uH
CH u sY
]u mdt. e~dH (H#])
$*jT+ $
e\+ H
m. mdt. e~dH (H#])
$*jT+ m. Hy
b{>+{
]u e~dH (H#])
n>+&sY dt
CyT V#Y. u (H#])
C] m V]dt (H#])
m&sY u>dt
C] V]dt (H#])
CH >*+>+
ssY VY y (H#])
V& dH k
V H$ (H#])
y\sY m*jT{ VsY
&jT y{
V H$ (H#])
V&dH k
n>+&sY . {& (H#])

27 >dT
13 qe]
22 qe]
27 @|
1 nsT
21 p
3 qe]
21 &d+sY
9 @|
25 &d+sT
13 e]
12 pH
19 yT
26 d|+sT
1 qe+sT
11 qe]
30 @|
10 nsT
14 nsT
11 qe+sY
1 E
29 E
15 |e]
24 &d+sT
19 >dt
16 d|+sT
17 |e]
11 nsT
9 |e]
21 qe+sT

H{ >T+sT 284

1825
1827
1827
1827
1828
1831
1832
1832
1833
1833
1834
1834
1835
1835
1835
1836
1836
1836
1836
1836
1837
1837
1842
1842
1844
1844
1845
1845
1846
1849

V H$ (H#])
V&dH k
n>+&sY . {& (H#sY)
V H$ (H#sY)
V&dH k
V H$ (H#])
V&dH k
ssY |]dt (H#])
V&dH k
ssY |]dt
Ve&
CyT _.>sH (H#])
V H$
ssY sY. H
#sdt .edsY (H#])
V e&
#sdt edsY (H#])
CyT &T _.&
#sdt ydsY (H#sY)

23 qe+sT
9 |e]
21 qe+sT
23 qe+sT
17 qe]
13 >dT
13 &d+sT
15 e]
11 qe+sT
1 qe]
23 d|+sY
13 >dT
13 &d+sT
1 >dT
2 qe+sT
2 &d+sT
7 yT
15 pH
24 nsT

H{ >T+sT 285

1849
1846
1849
1849
1850
1856
1850
1851
1852
1853
1854
1855
1855
1857
1858
1858
1859
1859
1859

&\T
<eTdt {H m+&
CH u+>
C] {esY
ssY >>]
#sdt e&
(& sT)
bdt sH
(&
s T )
j+<= j+ (ndd+{)
<eTdt |+&sY>dt (ndd+{)
C]sY (ndd+{)
$*jT+ $ (ndd+{)
j+<= j+ (ndd+{)
#sdt z (ndd+{)
V |*|t (ndd+{)
]u e~dH (ndd+{)
m&sY >dt (ndd+{)
m&sY q (ndd+{)
$*jT+ C* (ndd+{)
C] +|t
m&+& k]
V e&
CH VsY*
b{ ]H
CyT V$T\H u
CH s&
b{ ]H
s u{ |
<eTdt H k
H{ >T+sT 286

1802
1806
1815
1816
1818
1820
1828
1831
1832
1833
1834
1834
1835
1836
1836
1836
1837
1837
1840
1840
1840
1842
1843
1849
1850
1851
1854
1856
1857

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MANUSCRIPT SOURCES
OFFICIAL RECORDS
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H{ >T+sT 287

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The Broughton Collection. IOL. Home Miscellaneous Series. Vols.
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April. Arbuthnot, A. J. Papers Relating to Public Instruction in Madras
H{ >T+sT 288

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Arbuthnot, A. J. Selections from the Minutes and Other Offcial
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East India House. Selections of Papers from the Records of the East
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H{ >T+sT 289

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Notes and Extracts from Government Records in Fort Saint George (Madras,
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Trubner & Co., 1885).
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Presidency during the last forty years of British Administration
(Madras, 1893).
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H{ >T+sT 290

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