TRNG I HC S PHM THNH PH H CH MINH

KHOA VT L

SEMINAR IN HC

Gii bi ton tng tc gia vt dn

cn bng v in trng bng phng
trnh Poisson v bng phng php
nh in
NHM THC HIN:
Lp S phm L 2
Thnh vin:
L i Nam (NT)
Nguyn Sn Honh
Trn Th Diu Linh

Thnh ph H Ch Minh, 2012

37102062
37102030
37102052

Mc lc ni dung
1

L do chn ti: ................................................................................................................3

S lc v vt dn cn bng tnh in v hin tng hng ng tnh in: ...........................3

2.1

2.1.1

Vt dn : ................................................................................................................3

2.1.2

iu kin cn bng tnh in ca vt dn: ..............................................................3

2.1.3

Cc tnh cht ca vt dn cn bng tnh in: .........................................................4

2.2

Hin tng hng ng tnh in (in hng):..............................................................5

2.3

Bi ton tng tc gia vt dn cn bng v trng ngoi: ............................................5

Phng trnh Poisson ca vt dn cn bng t trong trng ngoi: .....................................6

3.1

Thnh lp phng trnh Poisson: ...................................................................................6

3.2

a v phng trnh Laplace: .......................................................................................6

3.3

iu kin bin kh v phi ca phng trnh Poisson: ..............................................6

3.4

Mt s v d c bn:......................................................................................................7

3.4.1

Qu cu kim loi ni t trong in trng u: .....................................................7

3.4.2

Mt phng kim loi v hn ni t trong in trng u: ......................................9

Phng trnh Poisson ca vt dn cn bng tng tc vi in tch im: ............................9

4.1

iu kin bin kh v phng trnh Laplace: ...........................................................9

4.2

Gii phng trnh Laplace i vi mt s bi ton c th: ........................................... 10

4.2.1

Mt phng kim loi rng v hn ni t tng tc vi mt in tch im: .......... 10

4.2.2

Qu cn kim loi ni t tng tc vi mt in tch im: .................................. 11

4.3
5

Vt dn cn bng tnh in: ...........................................................................................3

Phng php gii i vi bi ton tng qut:............................................................... 13

Phng php nh in: ...................................................................................................... 13

5.1

C s l thuyt ............................................................................................................ 13

5.2

Mt s v d tiu biu: ................................................................................................ 13

5.2.1

Mt phng kim loi rng v hn ni t tng tc vi in tch im: .................. 13

5.2.2

Qu cu kim loi ni t tng tc vi in tch im: ......................................... 14

5.2.3

Qu cu kim loi c lp tng tc vi in tch im: .......................................... 15

Mt s lu khi dng phng php nh in: ................................................................... 16

6.1

Cch ly nh in: ....................................................................................................... 16

6.2

Th nng tng tc gia in tch v nh: ................................................................... 16

Mt s bi tp p dng: ..................................................................................................... 17

L do chn ti:

Hng ng tnh in l mt hin tng ph bin trong thin nhin. Mc d, vic gii thch nh
tnh i vi cc hin tng c lin quan th tng i d dng nhng vic gii quyt nh lng
cc bi ton c lin quan l mt cng vic v cng kh khn. Tiu biu nht chnh l bi ton vt
dn cn bng tnh in c t trong in trng ngoi. C nhiu phng php dng gii
quyt bi ton trn: phng php gii phng trnh Poisson, phng php hm Green, phng
php nh in,
cp ph thng, chng ta thng gp cc bi ton vt dn cn bng tng tc vi in tch
im v gii quyt chng bng phng php nh in. Tuy nhin, vic p dng my mc phng
php nh in rt d dn n nhng sai lm.
c th hiu r hn v phng php nh in, v phm vi ng dng v trnh nhng sai lm
mc phi, chng ti so snh cch gii bi ton tng tc gia vt dn cn bng v in tch im
theo phng php nh in v phng php gii phng trnh Poisson.
Ngoi ra, chng ti cn a ra nhng lu c lin quan n phng php nh in nhm gii
quyt mt s bi ton c th.

S lc v vt dn cn bng tnh in v hin tng hng ng tnh in:

2.1 Vt dn cn bng tnh in:

2.1.1 Vt dn :
Vt dn l vt c cha cc ht mang in tch t do; cc ht mang in ny c th chuyn ng
trong ton b vt dn. C nhiu loi vt dn (rn, lng v kh) nhng chng ta ch yu cp
n vt dn kim loi.
Trong cc vt dn kim loi, cc in tch t do chnh l cc electron t do, hay cc electron dn
chuyn ng t do t nguyn t ny n nguyn t khc trong mng
tinh th kim loi.
2.1.2 iu kin cn bng tnh in ca vt dn:
Khi vt dn t trng thi cn bng tnh in, cc in tch t do s
ng yn (khng xut hin chuyn ng c hng) trong vt dn.
Chnh t iu kin ny, ta c: xt mt in tch q nm cn bng bn

 
trong vt dn. Khi , lc in tc dng ln in tch ny l F = 0 . Do


, in trng bn trong vt dn cn bng tnh in l Ein = 0 .

Nh vy, ta c iu kin th nht v s cn bng tnh in ca vt dn

cn bng.

a) iu kin th nht: Vector cng in trng Ein ti mi im trong vt dn phi


bng khng: Ein = 0
Ngoi ra, khng xut hin dng chuyn di c hng ca cc in tch trn b mt ca vt
dn, in trng ngoi ngay ti b mt vt dn phi vung gc vi b mt vt dn. T , ta c
thm iu kin th hai v s cn bng t nh in ca vt dn cn bng.


b) iu kin th hai: Thnh phn tip tuyn ca vector cng in trng E ti mi
 
im trn mt ngoi vt dn phi bng khng: Et = 0 .

Khi iu kin ny c tha mn, cc ht mang in t do bn trong v trn b mt vt dn

khng c chuyn ng c hng, khi chng ch c chuyn ng nhit hn lon. V khi ,
cng dng in bn trong v b mt vt dn cn bng cng bng 0.
2.1.3 Cc tnh cht ca vt dn cn bng t nh in:
a) Vt dn cn bng tnh in l mt vt ng th:
T nh ngha, ta c: in th ti mt im M no l M th in trng ti im M l















EM = grad M . Do , in trng bn trong vt dn cn bng t nh in l E = grad = 0
= const , hay ni cch in th ti m i im bn trong vt dn l nh nhau. i vi ti cc









im nm trn b mt vt dn, ta cng c: E = grad = E n = const , tc l in th ti
m i im trn b mt vt dn cng nh nhau. Nh vy, t hai iu kin cn bng t nh in ca
vt dn, ta rt ra c kt lun: vt dn cn bng t nh in l mt vt ng th.
b) in tch ca vt dn cn bng tnh in ch nm trn b mt vt dn, bn trong vt dn
khng c in tch:
chng minh c iu ny, ta xt nh l Ostrogradsky Gauss cho
mt mt Gauss bt k bn trong vt dn cn bng tnh in. Khi ,
ta c:


D
dS
q
E
=

 in in 0  in dS = qin = 0 qin = 0
iu ny ng vi m i mt Gauss bt k bn trong vt, do , bn trong
vt dn cn bng t nh in khng c in tch.
iu ny ng ngha vi vic in tch ca vt dn cn bng t nh in
ch nm trn b mt vt dn.
c) S phn b in tch trn b mt vt dn cn bng tnh in ph
thuc vo hnh dng ca n:
y l tnh cht m l thuyt v thc nghim u chng minh c. i vi cc vt c hnh
dng bt k, in tch s phn b khng ng u. iu ny cng d hiu, bi v do in trng
lun nm vung gc vi b mt ca vt dn, nn ti cc ch nhn ng sc in trng tp
trung nhiu hn ti cc ch lm, do m in tch tp trung ti cc ch nhn nhiu hn ti cc
ch lm. Chnh s phn b in tch khng u gia cc ch l i v lm khc nhau nn s phn
b in tch trn b mt vt dn cn bng tnh in ph thuc vo hnh dng ca n.
d) in trng trn b mt vt dn cn bng tnh in:
Gi s ta xt mt mt Gauss nh hnh bn, mt Gauss ny l mt mt tr c tit din dS, bao l y
mt din tch dS rt b nm trn b mt vt dn.
in trng bn ngoi vt dn ti im l E, mt in mt ti im l . p dng nh

l Ostrogradsky Gauss cho mt tr trn, ta c: Dout dS + Din dS = dq Eout =



dng vector, ta c: Eout = n .
0

. Hay vit d i
0

Ta thy in trng ny c ln gp i in trng ca mt mt phng

v hn tch in vi mt tng ng gy ra. iu ny c th gii thch
nh sau:

Eout l in trng tng hp do phn din tch dS gy ra ti im M v do
phn cn li ca vt (S dS) gy ra ln vt ti im M.

 
Hai thnh phn in trng ln lt l E1 v E2. Ta c: Eout = E1 + E2 .
Xt mt im N nm bn trong vt dn, v rt gn im M, khi : i n
trng ti N bng 0, do phn din tch dS gy ra v phn cn li (S dS)

 
gy ra: Ein = E1 + E2 = 0 .


E1 = E1


Ta d dng thy: 
 Eout = 2 E1 .
E2 = E2
in trng E1 ny xem nh do mt mt phng rng v hn gy ra vi mt


in mt . Khi ta tnh c: E1 =
n . Ta cng rt ra c:
2 0

 
Eout = 2 E1 = n .

2.2 Hin tng hng ng tnh in (in hng):

Gi s ta t vt dn A tch in Q li gn mt vt B no . Khi , trn vt dn B xut hi n
in tch q. Gia hai vt A v B xut hin hin tng hng ng tnh in. in tch q c
gi l in tch hng ng.
Nu m i ng sc t vt dn A u sang vt dn B th |q| = |Q|, ta ni gia hai vt A v B x y
ra hin tng in hng ton phn.
Nu khng phi tt c cc ng sc t vt dn A u sang vt dn B th |q| < |Q|, ta ni gia hai
vt A v B xy ra hin tng in hng mt phn.

2.3 Bi ton tng tc gia vt dn cn bng v trng ngoi:

Gi s ta c mt vt dn cn bng S t trong in trng ngoi ( c th l in trng u, in
trng do in tch im gy ra hoc do vt dn khc gy nn). Khi , chng ta cn phi tnh
ton v xc nh mt s i lng vt l c lin quan n tng tc gia vt dn v in trng
ngoi ny.
Ty theo nhu cu ca tng tnh hung c th, chng ta thng cn phi xc nh: in trng
tng hp bn ngoi, in th bn ngoi, mt in tch phn b trn b mt vt dn, lc do
trng ngoi tc dng ln vt dn, v.v.v.
Nhng dng bi ton ny thuc dng bi ton tng tc gia vt dn cn bng v in trng
ngoi. gii bi ton ny, chng ta c th i theo hai hng: gii phng trnh Poisson hoc s
dng phng php nh in. Chng ta s kho st c th tng phng php trn.

Phng trnh Poisson ca vt dn cn bng t trong trng ngoi:

3.1 Thnh lp phng trnh Poisson:



i vi mt in trng t nh bt k, ta lun c: E = grad (1) , vi l in th tng ng
ti mt im no . Nu ta xt trong chn khng th nh l Ostrogradsky Gauss c th vit l i
thnh: i vi mt mt Gauss no th:

0  EdS = qi =  dV vi l mt in tch trong min khng gian V gii hn bi mt

Gauss trn.
p dng nh l Divergence cho v tri ca phng trnh, ta c:

0  divEdV =  dV divE = ( 2 )
0
T (1) v (2) ta c c phng trnh Poisson: =

( 3) vi l ton t Laplace.
0

Trong bi ton vt dn cn bng t nh in tng tc vi in trng ngoi, s khc bit gia bi

ton ny v cc bi ton tnh in khc nm cc iu kin bin.

3.2 a v phng trnh Laplace:

a phng trnh Poisson (3) v dng phng trnh Laplace, ta xt phng trnh (3) i vi
cc im bn ngoi vt dn cn bng v cc in tch trong khng gian. Khi = 0 . Phng
trnh (3) tr thnh phng trnh Laplace:

= 0 ( 4 )

3.3 iu kin bin kh v phi ca phng trnh Poisson:

gii phng trnh Laplace (4) trong bi ton vt dn cn bng t nh in tng tc vi trng
ngoi, ta phi a cc iu kin bin vo vic kh v phi ca phng trnh Poisson (3) l
thch hp.
y nhm a ra mt s iu kin bin c bit thng s dng trong bi ton ny:

iu kin bin th hin s xut hin ca vt dn cn bng: in th trn mt S l hng s

S = const , phng trnh Laplace xt trong khng gian v b i m i im bn trong mt S.
iu kin bin th hin s xut hin ca in trng u: in th ti nhng im nm rt xa

vt dn cn bng ch do in trng gy ra: r S = E.r .
iu kin bin th hin s xut hin ca in tch im: in th ti cc v tr ca in tch
im M v cng ln: M = . Tuy nhin, kh dng v cng trong iu kin bin ny,
chng ta s s dng mt th thut nho nh c cp n trong phn sau.

3.4 Mt s v d c bn:
3.4.1 Qu cu kim loi n i t trong in trng u:

Ta xt bi ton trong h ta tr ( r, , z ) t ti gc. Do qu cu kim loi ny ni t nn in

th trn b mt kim loi ny l

z 2 + r 2 = R2

= 0.

E. z
cch tm rt xa th in th xem nh ch do in trng u gy ra:
z 2 + r 2

Do bi ton lc ny c tnh i xng tr (vi trc l trc Oz) nn ton t Laplace c vit
1 2
thnh: =
. ( do i xng tr nn khng ph thuc vo gc , do ton t
r +
r r r z 2
1 2
Laplace lc ny khng c thnh phn 2
).
r 2
1 2
2 1 2
=0 2 +
+
= 0.
Phng trnh (4) tr thnh:
r
+
r r r z 2
r
r r z 2
E.z , do , ( r , z ) = E.z + 0 ( r , z ) vi 0
Ta bit rng
0.
( z 2 + r 2 )
( z 2 + r 2 )
Ngoi ra, ta li c:

z 2 + r 2 = R2

= 0

z 2 + r 2 = R2

= E. z + 0

z 2 + r 2 = R2

= 0 0 ( r , z ) = z 1 ( r , z ) .

0
1
( z 2 + r 2 )
Cui cng ta c dng: ( r , z ) = E.z + z. 1 ( r , z ) vi iu kin bin:
.

=
E
1 z 2 + r 2 = R2

Nh vy ta c th d on mt dng nghim ca 1 ( r , z ) nh sau:

n

R2
1 ( r, z ) = E 2 2 .
r +z

Thay nghim ( r , z ) = E.z + z. 1 ( r , z ) nh ta d on vo trong phng trnh Laplace, ta

tm c n. C th l:

 2 1 z 1
2 1

z 2 +
+z 2 +2 1 =0
r
r r
z
z
n

2n ( 2n 3) z R 2

=0
r2 + z2 r2 + z2
n=3 2
3

2
R 2

Thay vo ta c nghim ca in th nh sau: ( r , z ) = E. z 2

1 . Do in trng
r + z 2

ngoi v vt dn ny duy nht nn in th bn ngoi phi duy nht, nh vy nghim trn chnh
l nghim ca bi ton chng ta ang kho st.
Tht ra, nu bi ton ny, ta s dng h ta cu kt hp vi php khai trin a cc v hai iu
kin bin nh trn th php tnh s n gin hn rt nhiu.
in trng ngoi tng hp bi qu cu v in trng u l:

Ez =
z








E = grad


Er =
r

 r 2 2z 2 R2
ez = 1

R2 r 2 + z 2

5/ 2

 3rz R 2
er = 2 2

R r + z2

5/ 2


E.ez


E.er

 3z 2 
Ez = R 2 E.ez
3z
Ti b mt ca qu cu th:
E = E

R
E = 3 zr E.e
r
r
2

R
T y ta cng xc nh c mt in mt trn qu cu
3z
l = 0 E = 0 E .
R
Vic xc nh mt in mt gip ta xc nh c lc do
in trng ngoi tc dng ln qu cu n i t:




dF = dqE F = qE vi q = dS = 0
Do , lc do in trng tc dng ln qu cu bng 0.
iu ny c th gii thch l do lc in tc dng ln na
m v na dng cn bng vi nhau.

3.4.2 Mt phng kim loi v hn ni t trong in trng u:

Ta xt bi ton trong h ta tr ( r , , z ) t ti gc O no . Do mt phng kim loi ny n i

t nn in th trn b mt kim loi ny l

z =0

= 0.

Bi ton ny khc vi bi ton trn ch, tnh i xng ca bi ton. Nu bi ton 3.4.1 l mt
bi ton i xng tr th bi ton ny, ta thy rng m i im nm trong mt mt phng song
song vi mt phng v hn kia u c tnh i xng nh nhau. Hay ni cch khc, mt ng th
ti mt im bt k l mt mt song song vi mt z = 0. in tch phn b u trn tm kim loi

v in trng bn ngoi vt dn l E = E +
c: E =

. Ti b mt vt dn, t phn 2.1.2d, ta

2 0

= 0 E v E = 2 E .
0

in th ti mt im M bt k lc ny l ( r , , z ) = 2 E.z

Phng trnh Poisson ca vt dn cn bng tng tc vi in tch im:

4.1 iu kin bin kh v phng trnh Laplace:

Nh cp phn 3.3, khi c mt in tch im q t ti v tr M th ta c iu kin bin
M = . Tuy nhin, vi iu kin bin ny, chng ta cha c s c th th hin hon
chnh c in tch im q t trong khng gian. Do , chng ti a ra mt cch th hi n
iu kin bin ny nh sau:
Xt mt ln cn bao quanh im M, khi , in th ti ln cn trn xem nh l ch do in
tch im q gy ra, v ta biu din di dng ton hc l:
q
.
M

0
4 0
Vi cch biu din ny, ta c th biu din c in tch im hin din trong khng gian.

(Trong in ng lc hc, ngi ta biu din in tch im bng hm Delta Dirac xut hin v
phi phng trnh Poisson, do , y c th xem l mt cch kho lo nhm kh v phi).

4.2 Gii phng trnh Laplace i vi mt s bi ton c th:

4.2.1 Mt phng kim loi rng v hn n i t tng tc vi mt in tch im:

Ta xt mt phng rng v hn phn 3.4.2 tng tc vi mt in tch im t ti i m

( r , , z ) = ( 0, 0, a ) . Khi , ta c cc iu kin bin nh sau:
Do mt phng ny n i t nn

z =0

= 0.

in tch im t ti M 0 nn

M 0

q
4 0

Ta d dng nhn thy rng, bi ton ny c tnh i xng tr, vi trc l trc Oz, do , in th
khng ph thuc vo gc .
2
2 1 2

+
=
0

+
+
= 0.

2
r 2 r r z 2
z
gii nghim ny, ta xem xt iu kin bin. T iu kin bin th hai, ta thy rng bao
gm do in tch q v mt phng rng v hn trn gy ra.
Ai
Ngoi ra, ta bit c phng trnh Laplace c nghim ring dng
, rt ging v i
2
r 2 + ( z ai )
in th do mt in tch im gy ra. Do , ta th xt phng trnh trn vi nghim sau:
Ai
A1
A2
.
=
=
+
2
2
2
i
r 2 + ( z ai )
r 2 + ( z a1 )
r 2 + ( z a2 )

Phng trnh Laplace tr thnh: =

1
r
r r r

T iu kin bin th hai, ta gi s khi in th ch cn c s hng th nht, khi :

A1 =
4 0

a = a
1
T iu kin bin th nht, ta c:

A2 = 4
+
=0
0 , trnh vi phm iu kin bin th hai th ta ch
4 0 r 2 + a 2
r 2 + a22
a 2 = a 2
2
chn c:
q

A2

A2 =
4 0

a = a
2

q
1
1

2
2
4 0 r 2 + ( z a ) 2
r + ( z + a)

S hng th nht l in th do in tch im q gy ra, cn s hng th hai th ta c th xem do

in tch im q gy ra t ti im z = -a. V lu ny s c cp r hn phn phng
php nh in.
T y, ta xc nh c lc do mt phng tng tc vi in tch im nh sau:
Vy in th lc ny ca ta c dng: ( r , z ) =

F=

q2
16 0 a 2

4.2.2 Qu cn kim loi n i t tng tc vi mt in tch im:

Ta xt qu cu kim loi n i t phn 3.4.1 tng tc vi mt in tch im t ti i m

( r , , z ) = ( 0, 0, a ) . Khi , ta c cc iu kin bin nh sau:
Do mt phng ny n i t nn

r 2 + z 2 = R2

= 0.

in tch im t ti M 0 nn

M 0

q
4 0

Ta d dng nhn thy rng, bi ton ny c tnh i xng tr, vi trc l trc Oz, do , in th
khng ph thuc vo gc .
2
2 1 2

+
=
0

+
+
= 0.

2
r 2 r r z 2
z
gii nghim ny, ta xem xt iu kin bin. T iu kin bin th hai, ta thy rng bao
gm do in tch q v qu cu kim loi trn gy ra.
Ai
Ngoi ra, ta bit c phng trnh Laplace c nghim ring dng
, rt ging v i
2
2
r + ( z ai )
in th do mt in tch im gy ra. Do , ta th xt phng trnh trn vi nghim sau:
Ai
A1
A2
.
=
=
+
2
2
2
2
2
2
i
r + ( z ai )
r + ( z a1 )
r + ( z a2 )

Phng trnh Laplace tr thnh: =

1
r
r r r

T iu kin bin th hai, ta gi s khi in th ch cn c s hng th nht, khi :

q

A1 =
4 0

a = a
1
T iu kin bin th nht, ta c:
q
A2
+
=0
2
2
4 0 r 2 + ( z a )
r 2 + ( z a2 )

r2 + ( z a)

r 2 + ( z a2 )

q
=

4 0 A2

R 2 + a 2 2 za q
2
=

R + a22 2 za2 4 0 A2
Do v phi l mt hng s nn v tri cng l mt hng s, khng ph thuc vo z. Do , ta c:
a2 = a
2
= 0 a ( R + a ) a2 ( R + a ) = 0
a = R
R 2 + a22 2a2
2 a
trnh vi phm iu kin bin th hai th ta ch chn c:
R2 + a2

2a

q R

A2 = 4 a

2
a = R
2 a

2
2

q
1
Ra

Vy in th lc ny ca ta c dng: ( r , z ) =

2
2
2
4 0
r 2 + ( z R2 a )
r + ( z a )

S hng th nht l in th do in tch im q gy ra, cn s hng th hai th ta c th xem do

in tch im qR a gy ra t ti im z = R 2 a . V lu ny cng s c cp r hn
phn phng php nh in.
T y, ta xc nh c lc do qu cu kim loi tc dng vi in tch im nh sau:
F=

q 2 Ra
4 0 ( a 2 R 2 )

4.3 Phng php gii i vi bi ton tng qut:

i vi mt bi ton tng tc gia vt dn cn bng t nh in tng tc trong in trng ca
mt in tch im, ta c cc bc nh sau:
- Thnh lp phng trnh Laplace v cc iu kin bin nh cp phn 3.3 v 4.1.
- T cc iu kin bin, chn cc nghim ring thch hp ca phng trnh Laplace v t
hp tuyn tnh ca chng sao cho tha mn c cc iu kin bin. y l mt vic
tng i kh, tuy nhin, chng ta c th on c mt s nghim ring nh: nghi m
ring do in tch im, nghim ring do in trng u, v.v.v
- Tm c biu thc tng minh ca in th. n bc ny, mt na bi ton xem nh
c gii quyt. Vic cn li ch ra tm cc i lng tng ng kho st nh in
trng, mt in mt trn b mt vt dn, lc tng tc gia chng, v.v.v

Phng php nh in:

5.1 C s l thuyt
Phng php nh in da trn mt kt qu nh sau:
Nu ta thay mt mt ng th no trong in trng bng mt vt dn c cng hnh dng
v cng in th vi mt ng th ang xt th in trng ngoi vt dn y s khng b thay
i.
c th hiu r c pht biu trn, chng ta kho st cc trng hp c th.

5.2 Mt s v d tiu biu:

5.2.1 Mt phng kim loi rng v hn n i t tng tc vi in tch im:
Ta xt li bi ton 4.2.1 bng cch s dng phng php nh in.

Ta xt mt h hai in tch q v q nm i xng vi nhau qua mt phng z = 0, chng cch mt

phng ny mt khong a. Khi , in th ti mi im trn mt phng trung trc V = 0.
Ta thy rng, mt ng th trn c cng hnh dng v in th vi mt phng kim loi ta ang
cn xt, do , theo pht biu 5.1 th ta c th thay tm kim loi bng mt in tch nh q
i xng vi q qua mt phng kim loi.
Khi lc tng tc gia in tch q v q chnh l lc tng tc gia mt phng kim loi v
in tch q.
F=

q2
16 0 a 2

Kt qu ny tng t vi kt qu thu c phn 4.1

Vi nhn xt phn 4.1, ta thy rng, s hng th hai trong nghim ca phng trnh Laplace
chnh l do in tch nh ny gy ra.
5.2.2 Qu cu kim loi ni t tng tc vi in tch im:
Trc khi tm nh ca in tch q, ta kho st v tng tc gia qu cu v in tch q trc.

Qu cu l mt vt ng th, bn trong qu cu in trng bng 0, do , in th ti mi im

bn trong v bn trn b mt qu cu u bng 0.
Ta xt ti tm qu cu, in th ti tm O do cc in tch im phn b trn b mt qu cu q
v in tch im q gy ra. Ta c kt qu sau:
VO =

q
4 0 a

q = 0 q = qR .
4 0 R

Nh vy, khi ta thay qu cu kim loi bi mt mt ng th do in tch q v mt in tch no

qR
gy ra th in tch phi l in tch q =
.
a

Ta xt in tch q t ti A v in tch q t ti B nh hnh v. Khi , trn mt ng th V = 0

q q
a
d
gia hai in tch im, tha mn:
+ = 0 1 = , t s ny khng i.
d1 d 2
d2 R
Theo nh l Apollonius trong hnh hc, qu tch cc im tha mn iu kin trn l mt mt
cu tm O tha mn:

R2
.
a
Ta thy rng, mt ng th trn c cng hnh dng v in th vi qu cu kim loi ta ang cn
xt, do , theo pht biu 5.1 th ta c th thay qu cu kim loi bng mt in tch nh q
R2
cch tm O mt khong OB =
.
a
OB =

a2 R2
.
a
Lc tng tc gia q v q chnh l lc tng tc gia qu cu v in tch im q:
qq
q 2 Ra
F=
=
4 0 AB 2 4 ( a 2 R 2 )2
0

Khi , AB =

5.2.3 Qu cu kim loi c lp tng tc vi in tch im:

Tng t bi 5.2.2, ta tnh in th ti cc im trn mt qu cu, cng bng in th ti tm O
q
q = q .
v bng: VO =
+
4 0 a 4 0 R 4 0 a
Nh vy, c th xt bi ton mt cch d dng, ta xem qu cu kim loi ny l s chng chp
ca mt qu cu ni t c in tch q tnh nh bi 5.2 v mt qu cu c in tch q phn b
u trn b mt ca n.

Khi , ta s thy rng, nh trong trng hp ny g m hai in tch im: in tch q c t

nh trong bi 5.2 v in tch q c t ti tm O ca qu cu.
Lc tng tc tc dng ln in tch im q ca qu cu c lp l:
qq
qq
q 2 Ra
q2R
F=
+
=
+
4 0 AB 2 4 0OA2 4 ( a 2 R 2 ) 2 4 0 a 3
0

Mt s lu khi dng phng php nh in:

6.1 Cch ly nh in:

Trong hai trng hp n gin: mt phng rng v hn v qu cu th vic xc nh in tch
nh tng i d dng.
Thng qua cc trng hp trn, ta rt ra cc bc c bn xc in tch nh:
- Xc nh chnh xc hnh dng ca mt ng th v in th ca mt ng th .
- Xc nh in tch hng ng xut hin trn mt ng th - bi sau ta dng in tch
ny xc nh in tch nh.
- T vic xc nh in tch nh, ta kho st in th do cc in tch gy ra, v s dng
iu kin v in th nm trn mt ng th cn xt tm ra v tr ca in tch nh.
Trong mt s trng hp, nh ca in tch im bao gm nhiu in tch im khc nhau,
quan trng l iu kin v mt ng th c m bo c th s dng pht biu 5.1.

6.2 Th nng tng tc gia in tch v nh:

Ly v d n gin trong bi 5.2.1, nu chng ta cn xc nh th nng tng tc gia mt phng
rng v hn v in tch im q l bao nhiu th chng ta xc nh n nh th no?
Theo cch ngh thng thng, ta thy rng: tng tc gia mt phng rng v hn v in tch q
chnh l tng tc gia in tch nh q v in tch im q, do , th nng tng tc gia
q 2
chng l: W =
. Liu kt qu ny c chnh xc hay khng?
8 0 a
Ta th tnh th nng tng tc gia mt phng v in tch q theo cch sau:
a

q 2 dz
q 2
.
=
2
2

a
16
16
0
0

W = A = Fds =

Nh vy, thc t rng, th nng tng tc gia mt phng v in tch q ch bng mt na so v i

tng tc gia hai in tch q v q.
iu ny c th c gii thch nh sau: do min khng gian cha in trng thc cht ch cn
mt na (do mt phng kim loi chn in trng), cng in trng ti m i im trong hai
trng hp l nh nhau, do , mt nng lng in trng l nh nhau, nn nng lng i n
trng tch tr di dng th nng trong trng hp mt phng kim loi tng tc vi in tch
im gim i mt na.
Nu ta tnh tng t cho bi 5.2.2 th ta s thy:

W =

a
a
qq
q 2 R
q 2 Rzdz
q 2 R
=
cn
.
W
=
A
=
Fds
=
=

2
2 2
4 0 AB 4 0 ( a 2 R 2 )
8 0 ( a 2 R 2 )
4 0 ( z R )

Ta cng thy rng, th nng tng tc gia qu cu v in tch q ch bng mt na so vi gia

in tch q v in tch nh ca n.
Nh vy, tt nht, xc nh th nng trong bi ton tng tc vi vt dn cn bng, ta s dng
nh ngha ca th nng v khng c s dng th nng tng tc gia nh v in tch im.

Mt s bi tp p dng:

Bi 1. Mt mt phng c un thnh dng gc vung nh hnh v. Mt

in tch im c kh i lng m v in tch Q c t v tr cch

m i mt phng mt on d. Th t do in tch. Hy xc nh:
a) Gia tc ca in tch khi va th t do.
b) Vn tc ca in tch im khi n i c mt on d 2
Bi 2. Mt qu cu kim loi n i t, c gi c nh vi bn knh R. T
mt khong cch rt xa, c mt in tch q bay n trn ng thng
cch tm qu cu on 2R. Vn tc ca in tch q lc v0. Hy xc
nh khong cch b nht gia in tch im v tm O ca qu cu
kim loi.
Bi 3. Tnh in dung ca mt si dy dn hnh tr, bn knh R di v hn mang in dng,
t song song vi mt t v cch mt t mt khong h R .
Bi 4. Tnh th nng tng tc gia mt qu cu kim loi c lp bn knh R v in tch im q
t cch tm O mt khong a R .
Bi 5. Xc nh s phn b in tch trn b mt qu cu n i t bn knh R khi tng tc vi
mt in tch im q t cch tm O ca qu cu mt on a.
Bi 6. Xc nh lc tng tc gia mt lng cc in p v mt mt phng kim loi rng v
hn c n i t cch tm lng cc mt khong a trong cc trng hp:
a) Lng cc t song song vi mt phng kim loi.
b) Lng cc t vung gc vi mt phng kim lo i.
c) Lng cc t hp vi php tuyn ca mt phng mt gc

Ti liu tham kho

[1] Lng Duyn Bnh, Vt l i cng tp hai, NXB Gio dc, 2008
[2] V Thanh Khit, Nguyn Th Khi, B i dng Hc sinh gi i Vt l Trung hc ph thng
in hc 1, NXB Gio dc Vit Nam, 2009
[3] Nguyn L Thng, Nng lng trong bi ton nh in, Cu lc b Vt l tui tr, 2008
[4] Nguyn Cng Tm, Phng trnh Vt l ton nng cao, NXB i hc Quc gia TP. H Ch
Minh, 2002.