66

(. 2.13). 2 : .2, .
, ,
. ,
.

"--h::::::t'--"'

---.:::::d

---"'-'2

. 2.13. .

|:, ["(x,-cl)],
ua 2:, [r(r,+c/)]
, ,
:*2. , :

:2 ,t

(2.52)

, (2.49).

1 . ,
. l
,

m . /

(2.4|)

67

| ,

,

2,9.1.

. , (2,4),
2 3,
2, 3,

, :

+2

(2.53)

.
(2.43),

(2.54)

, (Primus).
),
,
, )
D .
,
q
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,
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.

aL (C)
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."__

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..,.

r r

Ilr
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r r

rrr

rr

--+

lr

rl
Ir

r
r
r

rI
Ir

,:

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.,

rr
rr
tI
rr
Ir

+-

r r
r

!
r
r

rr
rr

tr
rl

. 2.14. .

2.9.2, !

(2.4),
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,J

0,
, :
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dt,

= LV2l

(2.55)

fr-Vrui, ,:+jr+l (2.55) . ;

:

(2.56)

(2.54)
. ' , ,
w ,

, , ,S (Seoundus). -0 ) -
.

- , 0
, -

69

(. 2.|5).
.
, , ,
, .

' -

^SH
, SV
(. l1.15).

r
!

r rI

r

r

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!

r
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l
l

. 2.15. .

2.9.3.
,
Huygens, Fermat ., . ,
, . , ,
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,

(.2.6). .
, ,

;, r,rr3

*, },"r*

. 2.16. .

, , D 1 . Snell :

(2.5)

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.
,
(2.16).
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_ _ ' _ ' _.
' '
+,
Q

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(2.5 8)

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( (&/'), .

_...:*::

71

, 0 SV .

, SV,
^S
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ffi

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, , . , ,


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. , Rayleigh Love.
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,
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:

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)
.
Rayleigh.
, 2:0, ,
:.
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.,.

72

: (. 2.L).
, Oxr,
, ,
.
Rayleigh,
, -

. , ,
(. 2.L).
3:0.92. .

0.62
:42 3= 0

0.61

3= h =

0.192

xr=2h

. 2.17. Rayleigh (Sheiff and Geldart, 182).

73

, l- c

Rayleigh :

#] -,(,-5)

#,;+,2(#

=,

(2.59)

c:0 c:,

.
] 0 . (2.59)
l Rayleigh .

,
: ( :L4 _

),

Poisson , , -

. , Poisson, (2.59)

' ,
0<c <. :

(2.60)

0.99

Rayleigh Poisson.
, Rayleigh
, l.
, rc, , 2, , l,
, , Rayleigh

(, , J).
.
3 . , Rayleigh

74

2.L0.2. Love
,
,
. ) Sfl Love.

/7

(-

. 2.18. Love.

_ Love, r.
, .
SH,
.
/, , 1 Lam , -

, Lam . , c, Love,
, :

(2.6)

75

<.
Love,
Love
,
.
(2.61) D

,c Love
, , ,

=2. , Love , , . l- ,
ksH,

s:

, 0S 2,
--*, , . , ) ,
. -0 L wofl, - , :2 , <}.

O,
Love.
, 0 , 0 , .
(2.61) , ( ) , ( )
, c, , Love , , . , , , 30, , l, , ) . Love
Rayleigh . , , , ,
) , ), .

\76

2.10.3.
,
3 , , (

"f rc). L
(2.6), ;- , c, Love -
rc. , Love
. Rayleigh ,
, Rayleigh .
l , ,
, .
.
, , , , 0 ,
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'
.
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.
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(2.L9)
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(2.62)

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101

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20 ' .
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, , _
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gm

(3.22)

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103

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(3.23)

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104

, .
.
Wiechert. Wiechert . _

(.3.3), .

. ,
. Wiechert . . V/iechert . Wiecher
000 kgr
200. , , 20 1500.
, .
sec
3-12 sec.

Milne-Show,
Milne Show
1915. (.
3.3). ,
.
454 8r, 10 sec
150 350.
Wood-Anderson, 925 ... (. 3.3), . Wood-Anderson.
' , ,
0.80 sec 2800.

105

G 904 -

.
. ,
.

3.5.1.

, , , ,
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(3.9)
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66 db) (3)
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102

1101

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/
c,
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.

107

w () , , ,

, . , , }r, ,
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.
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( )
w (
Amperes) ( sec) .
G ( NtlAmpere) , , ,
( m) :
t-_

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4"m

m kgr.

3.5.2.
.
L 1"

Galitzin,
.
(3.5 ).
Galitzin
(. 3.3). Galitzin
0 sec 4400. 1920 Gutenberg
3 sec.

, Kirnos-Kharin, Hiller, Willmore,

Press-Eving , r, 15 sec 90 sec.

108

Benioff. Benioff
00 kgr
.
,

.
(.3.5
). sec
, (80-100 sec) .
(-000000).
. _
Benioff
. ' _
.
( 960- 9 5)
(.. f,
(.. Press-Ewing).

6 sec . ,
960 V/V/SSl (World Wide Standardized Seismic ].{etwork). 30 ( (//,S, t
( Press-Ewing) ( Benioff). (narrow band). ' '
(high gain),
( 60 db),

(*0.2 mm) (-20 cm).

109

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3.6.1.
1965
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(digitizer) , ,
0.005-10 sec ( 0.1-200 ) . 24 32 bits ( )
107 09 -

140 85 db. ,
40 db
> 5 10 km, >9 30, ,
.

, a(t), / .
. , a(r)

,0

, a(t), , s(), Fourier , c. ,, , g(;), :

g@i):#j

(3.2)

() ,
.

3.6.2.

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(force-balanced) .
,
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.

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)
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11

4.2.

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19

. km ( 1

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km).

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q_",___8___"__9_[__q]J}_.,

, ,
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(4.1), (0 km, 33 km,
100 km, 158 km, 233 km) 0.0 25.

r .
.
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123

l -

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3000

6000
h (km)

.4.5.
(Stacey, 16).

124

. (4.5) 1 ,

, , J
.
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,
.

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4.6.

, ,

125

60 km ( Lehmann)
.

frP_##

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,
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.

.

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rr
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(4. 1)

, , . ,
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4.5.1.
35 km,
20 70 km. 7 km.
, , .
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126

d), . '
( l_l (( ).

(l" ( < ,). ;,

Conard. ;" , (_
) ) L.
1" ) () )
:, ;" ;"
000 km , ;" CI] kciv lO . ', ((

O) , Pg () ;-c,
() 6 knr/sec. (
(O ;-,, o,Sg l 3.4
kl/sec, .

, ( *)
O, " S ( ,S*).
O) 6.5 km/sec 3.7
km/sec, . Mohorovicic
,
- 8.1 km/sec , . D 4.4 km/sec Sz.

. 4.7. 500 km (. O 0
'l
, Pb, Pg Sn, S, Sg (Robel, 5).

127

(4.) .
,
,

l2 , .
9)

. Pg
. Pg

,
. (. 4.8) Pg ,

.
, , ,
l, , 6.0 km/sec
,
.

. 4.8. ()

().

128

r*

" F-*i

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, )
. , Mohorovicic ,

,
.
Sg ^S Sn.
( ) :

.
'. =

(4.2)

, .
(4.8) Pg, Pb ,
(4.8) .

, ,
(4.8),

, .
130 km , g , Pru
(>150-200 km) .

l .
)

,
10 km 20 km , . Pg
,
(-5.6 km/sec)
. ] ) ^Sg
. )
w , '
Pg ,g , -

:
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129

.
' Pg g ,c.
, (<60 km)
. , ,
(. 4.4). , 130
km, Pg, Pd,
130 km
Pb. ; .
. ^Sg Sd.
, , .
1 sec 1.5
km/sec. ,
,S (. 4.9).
, , 1500 m
. '
;O, . ,

(tsunami) ' .

.4.9.

, ,
(Kulhanek, 10).

130

Mohorovicic,
, ,
.
Mohorovicic , ^ S.S, . (4.10) Benioff
.
* .
, ,
Mohorovicic , . P,nS ,S,P,
.

. 4.10.

Mohorovicic,
,
( ) ( ).
'

.

(wide gle reflection).

#t

131
/,

4.5,2.

tu

Mohorovicic
2890 km, Gutenberg. 660
km '
.
m) , (Mg2SiOa, Fe2SiOa).

(-33 km) 660 km, , . 60 220 km l

() .
O, 20 . 220 km 400
km ; . 410 km 660 km
410 km 660 km,
l- .
, , 660 krn 2890 km .

Mohorovicic
.

m .
, Mohorovicic, , rrrr , Mohorovicic
.
, .S. (4.11)
.
103 , ,
(. 4. 13).

132

ScS

PS

SP
SKKS
SS
-

sS

SKKP

PPS

SSS
SKPPKP

. 4.11. (Bullen, 154).

, , ,

. ,
, '
(. 4.|3). (')
611.
, ,
. . , ,

, .

,

,
:l;

):

133

,S^ ,S,S,S (. 4.|2). , , P,S, PP.S ,S,SP.

. ,SP, ^SPP, PSP,.SP,S ,S ,
.
(4.2) ,
.

.4.12. 75 (Galand, 171).

,
60 km, , . , s,S,p,S, sP.
. , , sPP, .
.
, c
. ,
- PcP,,ScS, PcS (. 4.1 ).

HF-rl;
" '
,).

137

+,

tr

60

90

180

12

Distance (degrees)
.4.14.

O
,l
O (Kennett and Engdahl, 1 ).

Rayleigh Love. , , .
l , ,

138

.
,
.
) Love

Love, _
(. 2.1S). , 0

. Love 8 140 sec,
.
(4.5 km/sec)
. LQ
.
(4. 15, )
Love.
.
) s, , 0
.
Love.
3.5 km/sec
1000 km.
Lg.H
Love c Rayleigh.
,
Love . , ,
Love , , .
) Raylei$h

Rayleigh . Rayleigh.
. ,

rund Fl*placaari produaad Kadlah leland *laeka

SbO. .S w: ZS frh .l{

' | | |
*r
h

50

Radlal

__

"*;.'

__.?3._ ffi*-

7
,

139

rr

-|

t ' t ' |l'r* t l '

dh

ss

sss

-0

r'**#

ss

'F

,,

_5
,r,r|!

lflO

lsg

{dg afr

gfl

.4.15. Rayleigh () Love () .

(. 2.L).
;-
9/10 l '
. , , .
(4. 15 )

Rayleigh, . -

,40

O] ;", 0, , , . , O) 1 , ) () , lR ;" 4.0 kn/sec .

1 ] Rayleigh,
,
. R,, :|,2,..., 1. R '
, R2 c
, Rl
R1, (. 4.|6).
1, 1"
:

,r:

80-,,

80

)+

(1 3)

70 sec 0 min.
5
.

,..

..,:.:-..:..,,.,,

. *

.4.16. O Rayleigh (). 0 1,

2,

3, (). 0

1 R2 (Piestley, 2000, O).

* 4

141

(< 1000 km) (< 3 sec) Rayleigh, 3.0

km/sec, . Rg.
.

_qg,*'' 9

rl

.*

, , 20 . 954
Beniof , 57 min ,

Kamchatka.
'
Benioff , , .
, ,
.
Benioff
. , , ,
964, ,
,
. , , .
: ( ) ( ). , , ,
, .

. .

!'

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177

,S'.]$'

, .

.

, ,

. ,

,
,
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)) . ( , , ),
, ,
. , , :
9, , , ,
, (, , ) .

( )

. Richter 935 , . ( 1 sec), Wood-Anderson.

,
, r, 20 sec , lb,
(- 1 sec) ,

178

. ,

1,

, , .

,
. .
( ),
(.. S") (, ,
.), ,

. , (5.10).
.

, ,
, ,
. , , ,
, , . ,
.
. , , , (5.10),

.
Richter (1935) ( )
AL:l m (1m:10-6 m) ("-0.8 sec, :2800, :O.) 100 km . , , ( m)

179

-1

-2
_3

,00

200

400

500

600

700

(km)

#*#:::#::.,gj1\*,R,:g

. 5.10. 0 O .

, 100 km Mr:Iog4o_
logAi. , log4i:0 Mr-logAo.

:
, ,

, m,
w ] 00 km .

: log4 -

Log4'

(5. 9)

Wood-Anderson '
.

180

m -IogA'
. , (5.1)
-Iog4' 0 600 kn. 0 00 km (5. 1)
Jennings and Kanamori (1983),
Richter,
100 km Richter (1958).
(5.1) . , ,
.

(Bullen and Bolt, 19S5) :
: Ioga + 2.56 g

.6

(5.20)

m
km. 10 km
600 km. ' Lg.

5.1.

*
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65

-7ag4,
1.40

.58
|.2
1.86

.98
2.08

2.8
2.26
2.34
2.40
2.4
2.53

2.60
2.65

-Iog
70 2.70
80 2.80
85 2.86
90 2.9|
95 2.96
00
3.00
110 3.0
20 3.0
30
3.20
140 3.20
150 3.30
60
3.30
70
3.40
80 3.40
1

1og

'

90
200
2|0
220
230
240
250
260
20
280
290
300
30
320
1

-log,4,

3.50
3.50
3.60
3.65
3.70

3.0
3.80

3.80
3.90
3.90

4.00
4.00
4.10
4.10

330
340
350
360
370
380
390
400
410
420
430
440
450
460

-|og
4.20
4.20
4.30
4.30
4.30
4.40
4.40
4.50
4.50
4.50
4.60
4.60
4.60
4.60

40
480
490
500
510
520
530
540
550
560
570
580
590
600

-|94,
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.80
4.80
4.80
4.80
4.80
4.90
4.90
4.90
4.90
4.90

181

) !

'?'

(h<60 km) D, r.
8-22 sec, Gutenberg and Richter
(|942, 1956), ,
:

r: loga-loga'*c1

*d1

(5.2 1)

( m)
8-22 sec, ' c r, d, .
-g' (5.2).

5.2. -loga'

( )
.
#,,

*,x'

ffi

20

4.00

60

4.80

L20

5.30

25

4. 10

70

4.90

140

5.30

30

4.30

80

5.00

160

5.3 5

40

4.50

90

5.05

70

5,30

45

4.60

100

5.10

180

5.00

50

4.60

110

5.20

,.,:,,..,#;.

(5.21) ,
. 1 loga'
.
Gutenberg (945)
:

,: log +

1.66 g + 1.82

(5.22)

182

20 sec . 164
IASPEI (International Association of Seismology and Physics of the Earh's Inerior)
, l (>3 sec):

= Log;+

.66 Log + 3.3

(5.23)

(Vanek et l., 962).

( m),
( ).
(h<60 km) 20"
60.
(5.2|), (5.22), (5.23)
(h>60 km).
, .
.

, Gutenberg (1945b,c)
Gutenberg and Richter (956) D$, 7.
:
)

b=bg++Q(,h)+c2+d2

(5.24)

,/ ( m) ( sec)
( ) ( , QU, h)
cz, dz, . Gutenberg (1945c) 5 sec _ 10 sec.
Ig .

(ISC, NEIC) Gutenberg and
Richter (956) 5 sec ( ),
sec 21 OO (.
5.11). 6.
,

a
I

13

. \'

mo

-_,fr,*,*^r*-**.**r[^ra.J+,l^^+.;\'lj,l7jr'',",/$,

15

25

.5.11. 0

O\

(Ammon, ]).

,

( ).
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(r, r, mu) ()
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ka rno
sec, , 20 sec
(. 5.11). , , .
w ,
( 966).
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(5.25)

, L w

.


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184

l.

. (5.). (5,2) ( 1 )
( f* ) d,
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t-lf)

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1.01010

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1.0106

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. 5.12. .

, ", ,

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43
0.85

(5.26)

R . ,
,
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).

( ).
,
IVIr, lb, r,

.
, Hanks and Kanamori (99) , *, :

*=

LogMo-16.1
1.5

(5.2)

( dyn,cm).
r 6<r<8 \L 6.

*)5.5.
*:9.5 ( , 960).
)

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186

. , ,

(..2 mm). ,
Bisztricsany (958) .
, , :

,:

d * 2lg

+ 3(g2 +

(5.28)

sec,
km d, G2, 3, 4, . , dl:0 ,
Mr.
,/

{
5.9.1.

,,
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D, * 7.
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187

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