KHOA IN T VIN THNG - I HC BCH KHOA H NI *****************

TIU LUN

KHI QUT V ADSL

H Ni, 4/1/2005

Khi qut v ADSL

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Mc lc
I. C s v DSL ........................................................................ 1 1. S pht trin ca cng ngh vin thng v s ra i ca ADSL .. 1 2. Nhng u im ca ADSL ..................................................... 2 II. ADSL ................................................................................... 4 1. nh ngha v m hnh tham chiu......................................... 4 2.Truyn dn ADSL ................................................................. 4 3. Nhiu trong ADSL................................................................ 7 4. Bng thng ADSL .............................................................. 11 5. iu ch .......................................................................... 13 6. FEC - Forward Error Control ................................................ 16 7.Tiu chun ANSI T1.143...................................................... 18 8. Hng pht trin v ng dng ca ADSL ............................. 20 III. ADSL v cc cng ngh truyn dn khc .......................... 23 1. ATM over ADSL ................................................................. 23 2. TCP over ADSL ................................................................. 25

Khi qut v ADSL

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I. C s v DSL
Cng ngh ng dy thu bao s DSL thc hin truyn thng tin s qua ng dy in thoi. ng dy in thoi vi nhng gii hn c hu gi y truyn c tn hiu vi tc hng triu bit trn mt giy. S d iu ny thc hin c l nh p dng cc k thut truyn s liu phc tp, l s b p cc suy gim truyn dn trn ng dy in thoi. K thut truyn dn s s dng cc thut ton phc tp m ngy nay c th tr thnh hin thc l nh cc b vi x l tc cao da trn cc mch tch hp. K thut DSL to ra mt bc ngot mi cho vic s dng ng dy in thoi . ng dy in thoi trc y ch s dng truyn mt knh in thoi bng tn 3,4kHz, gi y c th truyn gn 100 knh thoi s nn hoc mt knh video c cht lng tng ng truyn hnh qung b. K thut truyn dn s tc cao qua i dy in thoi yu cu phi c cc b x l s tin tin khc phc s suy gim tn hiu, nhiu xuyn m t cc i dy khc trong cng mt cp, s phn x tn hiu, nhiu tn s v nhiu xung.

1. S pht trin ca cng ngh vin thng v s ra i ca ADSL

Trong vi thp nin va qua, khoa hc k thut c nhiu thay i, c bit l s pht trin ngoi d on ca cng ngh vin thng. Trc kia, chng ta mt 2 n 5 ngy ch i mt bc th n c ch v khi my fax xut hin, khong thi gian c rt ngn li trong vng 24 h. V by gi, vi th in t, qung thi gian c rt ngn li xung ch cn vi pht hoc ngn hn ty theo yu cu. V mi khi s dng Internet tm thng tin, vic phi ch i qu mt pht m c 1 trang web l kh c th chp nhn c. Tt

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c iu u ch ra rng, chng ra s khng tho mn ch n khi vin thng t c tc lm vic trong thi gian thc. T khi in thoi ra i, chng ta c th ni chuyn vi nhau nh khi ni chuyn trc tip. V by gi, chnh v l m chng ta mong mun mi dch v vin thng c truyn trn cp ng cng phi t c tc nh vy. Cng ngh hin i c gng gii quyt vn v mt vi gii php da trn cp ng tng tc truyn c p dng, tuy nhin iu cn thit y l s u t vo h tng c s ca mng truyn thng. Cng ngh ADSL (ng truyn thu bao s bt i xng), xut hin vo cui nhng nm 90 ca th k trc, ha hn mt kh nng cung cp tc nh yu cu da trn h thng in thoi cng cng s dng cp ng m khng cn thay i bt c thnh phn no trong h tng c s. Sau nhng cuc th nghim trn khp th gii, cng ngh ADSL chng t kh nng truyn ti hiu qu v nhanh chng cc dch v multimedia bng rng trn cp ng. Vi cc u im vt tri, ADSL nhanh chng tr thnh mt cng ngh tin tin hng u trn th gii v ang dn c p dng vo thc tin. Vi ADSL, hn 750 triu thu bao in thoi trn ton th gii s c c hi s dng cc dch v vi tc truy cp cao v mi ch l khc do u ca mt k nguyn mi trong cng ngh truyn thng.

2. Nhng u im ca ADSL
Chng ta hy xem qua mt vi u im vt tri khin cho ADSL c s dng rng ri trn th gii Tc : Bt c ai tng i download hoc truy nhp Internet vi tc 28.8 kbps bng modem quay s s d dng hnh dung c iu g s xy ra mt khi tc tng ln ti 300 ln. Vi tc

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8 Mbps ng xung v 1 Mbps ng ln, ADSL l l tng p ng cc yu cu truy cp Internet v nhng ng dng cn ng truyn tc cao. Tnh linh hot: Trong qu trnh pht trin ca ADSL ny sinh nhng hng pht trin khc nhau nhng mt im chung ca chng l u s dng nhng phng php m ho phc tp nhm tn dng ti a kh nng truyn ca cp ng bi l vic truyn thoi ch chim c 1% kh nng . V trong nhng hng pht trin ph hp vi cc iu kin khch quan, ADSL vn lun c ch n bi tc v kh nng cho php truyn cc ng dng multimedia tng tc mi i hi nhiu v di thng. S pht trin quan h i tc: Vi s pht trin mnh m ca ADSL, hot ng trao i gia cc nh cung cp thit b tng ln ng k. Hin nay trn th gii c khong trn 60 nh cung cp thit b bn dn v cc thit b khc c lin quan n xDSL. a s cc nh sn xut thit b vin thng u lin kt vi cc cng ty nh hn ang pht trin h thng DSL cc khu vc khc nhau trn th gii. Nhng quan h i tc nh trn cho php nhng nh cung cp tng tc pht trin sn phm, ng thi c th hp nht nhng h thng xDSL pht trin bi nhng cng ty nh hn da trn nhng mng chuyn mch ATM tc cao.

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II. ADSL
1. nh ngha v m hnh tham chiu
ng dy thu bao s khng i xng ADSL l k thut truyn dn mch vng ni ht ng thi truyn ti trn cng mt i dy cc dch v sau: Tc bit thu (v pha ngi s dng) ln gn 9Mb Tc bit pht (v pha mng) t tc 1 Mb Dch v in thoi ph thng

V Mng bng rng ATU-C

U-C

Mch vng ni ht bng i dy xon

U-R ATU-R

T u cui ngi s dng

Cho n 9Mbps

B tch LPF POTS-C Tng i in thoi

Cho n 1Mbps Thoi tng t

B tch LPF POTS-R in thoi Pha khch

Tc truyn v pha khch hng ln hn nhiu ln truyn t khch hng i, do c thut ng bt i xng. Thoi c truyn tn s trong bng c s kt hp vi truyn d liu thng bng qua b lc thng thp (b tch). Ngoi b tch, ADSL bao gm mt n v truyn dn ADSL pha thit b trung tm (ATU C), mt mch vng, v mt n v truyn dn ADSL xa (ATU R).

2.Truyn dn ADSL
Khi nim ADSL c hai phn c bn: (1) xuyn m u gn gim do c tc bit pht v gii tn thp hn nhiu tc bit thu v (2) truyn ti ng thi POTS v d liu bng cch truyn d liu trong

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di bng tn trn bng tn thoi. Truyn dn 2 hng tc nhiu Mbps khng dng trn phn ln cc ng dy in thoi do hiu ng kt hp ca suy gim mch vng v xuyn m. Nh ch ra hnh di y, nng lng tn hiu nhn c gim i tng ng vi tn s v nhiu xuyn m nhn c tng theo tn s. Do truyn dn hai hng khng th thc hin c nhng tn s m nhiu xuyn m ln t tn hiu nhn

Mc tn hiu

Mc tn hiu nhn c

Mc nhiu xuyn m nhn c

Tn s

Gii hn cho truyn dn 2 hng

Hnh v: Truyn dn hai hng b gii hn tn s thp ADSL thc hin truyn dn hai hng ti nhng ni c th: di tn s ct hai hng. Tn s cao khng thch hp cho truyn dn hai hng c s dng cho truyn dn mt hng. iu ny cho php tc thu vt xa tc c th truyn dn hai hng. Nhiu h thng ADSL s dng k thut truyn dn ghp knh theo tn s, k thut ny t truyn dn pht di tn s tch khi di tn s thu trnh t xuyn m. Di tn bo v l cn thit gip cho cc b lc ngn tp m POST can nhiu vo truyn dn s.

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Khi qut v ADSL

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Mc truyn Bng POTS

Bng pht tc thp Bng pht tc cao

Bng bo v

Tn s

Mt s h thng ADSL s dng k thut truyn dn trit ting vng ECHO, ni di tn pht c t trong di tn thu. Bng cch chng di tn, tng bng tn truyn c th gim. Tuy nhin ECHO kh trnh c t xuyn m v khi thc hin cn c x l s phc tp hn.
Mc truyn Bng POTS Bng pht tc thp Bng pht tc cao

Bng bo v

Tn s

Do khng c t xuyn m u cui CO nn vic ghp knh phn chia theo tn s FDM khin ADSL lm vic tt hn nhiu so vi phng php trit ting vng ECHO. Tuy nhin di thng thu ca ADSL cho php lm vic theo hng thu i vi cc mch vng l ln hn. Hot ng ca DSL i xng ban u b hn ch bi t xuyn m u gn (self-NEXT) ADSL khc phc c self-NEXT u cui khc hng n gin bng cch gim ngun c NEXT. Bng cch gim tc

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bit pht, knh pht c th t v tr xuyn m vo truyn dn thu l t nht. i vi ADSL, s thu nhn ca knh pht c xp t d dng hn bng cch t n tn s thp hn ni m suy hao mch vng l thp v nhiu xuyn m cng thp hn. H thng ADSL ng dng k thut truyn dn tin tin nng cao hot ng. iu ch v sp t tn s ca tn hiu pht c t lm thch ng t c mc hot ng ti u t cc c tnh lin quan ti ng dy thu bao s dng. M Trellis c s dng gim hiu ng nhiu bng tn rng trng thi n nh. Cc b cn bng c kh nng thch nghi chng li nhiu bng hp, v d nh nhiu tn s pht thanh (RFI). M iu khin li hng i v ci xen (interleaving) ngn chn nhiu xung. Ci xen chng li li xut hin t ngt bng cch thay i cc khi d liu, v th m s xut hin t ngt li ko di dn n c mt s t li trong mt khi d liu (c th sa c) thay v mt lng li ln xy ra trong mt khi (khng th sa c). Vi su ci xem 20ms s chng li nhiu t bin c khong thi gian l 500s, nhng mc ci xen ny gy ra tr truyn b sung m c th lm chm li bng thng ca cc gi tin phc p trc khi d liu tip theo c truyn.

3. Nhiu trong ADSL

Nhng ng dy in thoi DSL l cp xon c b li thnh nhng cp ln. Dy cp xon v c bn c s dng ti gin s giao thoa ca nhng tn hiu t cp ny sang cp khc gy ra bi s bc x hoc s ghp bng in dung. Tuy nhin, s ghp i gia cc tn hiu gim nhiu ch c th t ti mt gii hn nht nh. Nu vt qu gii hn ny, nhiu tng cng trn tng dy s khin cho cht lng thng tin trn b suy hao ng k. V nh vy, nu truyn tn hiu mt cch cn i trn nhiu i dy trong mt cp, tc v chiu di ca tuyn s b gii hn trong mt khong hp.

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S d nh vy l do nhiu trn ng dy thu bao s, m ph bin nht l 2 loi nhiu xuyn m thng thy trong DSL: NEXT xuyn m u gn v FEXT xuyn m u xa. Xuyn m u gn NEXT l loi xuyn m xy ra t cc tn hiu i theo hng ngc li trn i dy xon hoc l t b pht i ti b thu u cui gn Xuyn m u xa FEXT c t tn hiu i theo cng mt hng trn 2 i dy xon hoc t b pht ti b thu u xa.

Thu u gn Cp 1

H1 (f, x)

H1 (f, d x)

Thu u xa

FEXT NEXT
X 21 (f )

Cp 2 Pht xuyn m
H2 (f, x) x

Minh ho xuyn m

Xuyn m c th l ngun nhiu nh hng ln trn i dy xon v thng gy gim tnh nng hot ng ca DSL khi n khng c loi b. Trong m hnh cp di y minh ho s cm ng gia hai dy trong mt i dy xon v gia hai i dy khc nhau.
E13

i 1 Dy1 M14
E23

M13 M23
E14 M24 E24

i 2 Dy3

i 1 Dy2

i 2 Dy4

M hnh phn b lin h gia cc i dy xon

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C in cm tng h M gia cc on ca dy v c in dung E gia bn thn cc dy. Trong cp i dy xon c iu khin, ngi ta mong rng in cm v in dung tng h c th iu chnh c bi xon do cc on xung quanh ca i dy xon c cc o du v do vy loi b c tn hiu cm ng. Tuy nhin xon khong phi l hon ho v gi tr ca in cm, in dung khng c duy tr sut chiu di ca i dy xon. Hn na, s thay i in cm v in dung tng h theo tn s thm ch cn cao hn s bin i cc tham s c trng cho tn hiu kim loi (t thu bao n tng i) dc theo i dy xon R(/km), L(H/km), C(F/km), G(S/km) . Tuy nhin, ngi ta cho rng tn hiu kim loi t mt i dy nh hng sang i dy ang xt l khng i theo chiu di (khi ta gi thit l cc tham s RLCG l khng i trn mt n v chiu di). Sau , hm cm ng (ph thuc vo tn s) X21(f) gia s thay i in p trn dy 2 v dy 1 c th tm c qua l thuyt mng hai ca tng qut khi bit tt c cc tham s M v E. Tng t nh vy, ta cng c th tm c hm xuyn m theo n v chiu di t i dy 1 sang i dy 2 (v cng nh vy cho mi i trong cp ln cc i dy khc). C NEXT v FEXT u c hm nhiu theo thi gian b thu tun theo quy lut phn b Gaussian. Ngoi NEXT v FEXT, ADSL cn chu nh hng ca cc loi nhiu khc, v d nh nhiu v tuyn, nhiu xung, can nhiu gia cc loi DSL vi nhau hoc t can nhiu. Nhiu v tuyn: l phn cn li ca tn hiu v tuyn trn ng dy in thoi, c bit l ca AM qung b v ca cc nh khai thc khng chuyn (HAM) Tn hiu tn s v tuyn nh hng ln i dy in thoi, c bit l dy trn. Cc ng dy in thoi lm t ng to thnh anten thu sng in t dn ti dng in tch cm ng so vi t. in p chung

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cho i dy xon l mt trong hai dy so vi t, thng thng hai in p ny l ging nhau v hai dy trong i dy xon ging nhau. ng dy in thoi cn bng cao cho thy s suy gim ln trong tn hiu RF bin thin trn i dy so vi tn hiu chung. Tuy nhin, s cn bng s gim i khi tn s tng ln, v tn s ca DSL ni chung, t 560kHz ti 30MHz, h thng DSL c th chng ln bng tn sng v tuyn v s thu nhn c mc no ca nhiu v tuyn dc theo cc tn hiu DSL bin thin trn cng mt i dy in thoi. Dng nhiu DSL ny gi l RF vo. Mt dng nhiu v tuyn khc chnh l s xm nhp ca AM qung b. Giao thoa v tuyn AM xut php t trm pht v tuyn lin thc c rng bng thng 10 kHz t 560kHz ti 1.6MHz, do nh hng n tn hiu thu ADSL. Nhiu trm v tuyn AM c th cng mt lc hot ng trong thnh ph v nh hng ln ng dy in thoi. Cc trm pht v tuyn AM c th pht qung b mc cng sut ln ti 50000W v c th pht ti cng sut ln nht vo bui ti. Tn hiu AM c nhiu khong t -80dBm/Hz n -120dBm/Hz. Mc AM xm nhp c th ngang hoc trn mc xuyn m v mc nhiu nn ca ADSL, v th khng th b qua khi thit k. Tuy nhin tn hiu v tuyn AM khng ln lm bo ho u cui analog ca cc b thu ADSL Nhiu xung: l nhiu xuyn m khng n nh t cc trng in t tm thi gn ng dy in thoi. Nhng v d v b pht xung rt a dng, v d nh s ng ngt motor, in p iu khin thang my, s rung chung ca my in thoi trong cng mt b cp. Mi hiu ng ny l tm thi v gy ra nhiu xm nhp vo cc ng dy in thoi qua cng mt c ch c bn nh nhiu RF, nhng thng tn s thp hn nhiu.

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Khi qut v ADSL

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in p cm ng kim loi thng l vi mV, nhng cng c th cao ti 100mV. Cc in p nh vy dng nh l nh, nhng s suy gim ln tn s cao trn i dy xon c ngha l thit b thu xung c th l rt ln so vi mc tn hiu DSL nhn c. Cc in p ch ny ph bin gy ra bi xung c th gp 10 ln v bin . Cc xung thng thng ko di t hng chc n hng trm ln micro giy nhng cng c th ko di ti 3ms. T can nhiu : T xuyn m l xuyn m vo mt dch v cng hot ng trong ADSL. y l iu cn ch n khi cc nh cung cp dch v mun cung cp mt dch v no trn phm vi rng. Tuy nhin vi c tnh bt i xng ca mnh, ADSL khng c t xuyn m. iu ny cho php tn hiu thu chy tc ln hn nhiu so vi truyn dn i xng trong iu kin tng ng.

4. Bng thng ADSL

ng nh tn gi, ADSL truyn nhng dng d liu khng i xng, ng xung (ti ngi thu bao) chim nhiu di thng hn so vi ng (t ngi thu bao n nh cung cp dch v). L do gii thch cho s khng cn i mt cch t nhin ca qu trnh truyn l do nhu cu thc t ca ngi s dng. i vi mt ng truyn tc cao, rt nhiu ng dng c dng, v d nh xem video trc tuyn, mua bn, chi game, truy cp Internet, truy cp mng LAN t xa v..v nn cn tc ng xung (ti ngi s dng) phi cao. Ngc li, yu cu v bng thng ng ln li hon ton thp hn nhiu v do , c s bt i xng gia ng ln v ng xung v mt bng thng. Cc lp truyn ti khc nhau ca ADSL l 2M-1, 2M-2, 2M-3, trong 2M-1 c tc cao nht nhng c c ly truyn ngn nht. Kh nng truyn ti ca ADSL trn ng xung c bn l t 2,048 Mbps ti 6.144Mbps. tc 6.144Mbps, c ly truyn c th

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Khi qut v ADSL

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vo khong 3 km. Tc truyn cng gim th c ly truyn cng tng ln. C ly truyn cao nht c th c l 9 km. Tc truyn c th t c ti 52Mbps v 155Mbps nu s dng si quang truyn. Bng cch s dng cng ngh DMT ADSL (Discrete Multitone a tn r rc) ta c th s dng nhiu tc bit khc nhau, tc bit ch cn ph thuc vo mch giao din. V th h thng c kh nng thch ng rt cao. Tc bit ng xung c cho trong bng di y:

Tc truyn ca ng xung ca ADSL nm trong phm vi t 0640 kbps tu thuc vo lp truyn ti. Tng hp cc tc bit ng ln c lit k bng di y:

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c bit, ATM c th truyn qua ADSL vi cc tc bit sau

5. iu ch
Tt c cc knh truyn dn c bn u l analog, v vy c th a ra cc nh hng truyn dn khc nhau. c bit, cc ng dy in

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Khi qut v ADSL

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thoi a phn l analog, v do vy DSL s dng mt vi dng iu ch. Mc tiu c bn ca iu ch l bin i mt lung bit vo DSL thnh cc tn hiu analog tng ng ph hp vi ng truyn dn. ADSL l mt thnh vin trong tp cc ng truyn s DSL, do n cng s dng cc phng thc iu ch cn bn ging nh cc ng truyn s theo cng ngh khc. Tuy nhin, c hai phng thc iu ch chnh c s dng trong cng ngh ADSL. l DMTDiscrete Multitone Modulation v CAP - Carrierless Amplitude/Phase Modulation. Trc ht, chng ta s xt v DMT trc. Mc d mng in thoi PSTN c di thng tn t 400Hz ti 3400kHz truyn tn hiu thoi, nhng cp ng c mt ph tn s ti 1.1MHz c th tn dng rt tt truyn d liu. Cng ngh DMT Discrete Multitone a tn ri rc - s dng ton b phn cn li ca di ph bng cch s dng cc h s khuch i khc nhau cho mi tn s. Phn ph tn s t 4kHz tr v trc l dnh cho tn hiu ca h thng in thoi c. tng ch o ca phng php iu ch DMT l chia nh di thng sn c thnh mt s lng ln cc knh con. Cc knh con ny c chia thnh cc nhm dnh cho vic truyn d liu trn ng ln hoc trn ng xung. Trong ADSL, nhm dnh cho ng xung c chia vo 256 knh 4kHz, cn nhm dnh cho ng ln c 32 knh. Mi mt knh con u c lp v c nhim v mang mt dng tn hiu ring. Tiu chun ADSL nh ngha mt dng d liu c bn khi bit trc c hai u cui v cho php chng xc nh t s S/N c trng cho mi knh, v s dng thng tin ny chia d liu ra tng phn truyn qua cc knh con.

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V iu quan trng cn phi nh, l ADSL khng h nh hng n phn tn hiu thoi trong bt k trng hp no. V m bo iu , phn tn hiu c tn s thp hn 4kHz s c mt mch in tch ring ra khi tn hiu i n u cui v do , cc cuc lin lc bng in thoi s vn thc hin c khi ng truyn ang c s dng trong cc dch v bng thng rng ng dng cng ngh ADSL.

K thut DMT rt hu dng trong ch bt i xng khi cc knh con c chia thnh cc nhm ring bit dnh cho ng ln(t u cui n cc nh cung cp dch v in thoi c) v xung(t cc nh cung cp dch v ti cc. khch hng.

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Tip theo, chng ta cn phi nhc n cng ngh iu ch bin pha khng sng mang - CAP - Carrierless Amplitude/Phase Modulation Thut ton CAP a n s kt hp gia c bin v pha trong khi to ra cc bit tn hiu truyn qua cc i dy xon. Khng ging nh DMT, CAP s dng ton b di thng t 4kHz ln 1,1MHz nh mt knh truyn. Cng ngh CAP c s dng trong mt vi chun vin thng nh chun V.32 S lng tn hiu m phng php ny c th pht sinh ph thuc vo nhng mu thng tin m chng ta mun gi qua ng truyn. Cng ngh ny cho php thay i tc bit trong thi gian thc khi c s thay i v thut ton s dng. Nhng li th ca CAP so vi DMT l gi thp, tr thp v tc p ng . Tuy nhin, DMT lun c xem l cng ngh ang tin cy hn v phc tp hn

6. FEC - Forward Error Control

FEC Forward Error Control - c s dng m bo cho h thng hot ng ti u. Vic sa li ny da vo m ho vng gi l m ho Reed Solomon thay cho thit lp cc khi byte v sa cc li khi. Thut ton m ho Reed Solomon thc hin theo Galois Field (GF 256) v cho php ti 16 byte li trong mt t m 255 bytes c sa. Kh nng sa li ca thut ton ny c th tng ln trong trng

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hp cc cm li dng xung nh xen k cc li vo cc t m gn k. M ho Reed Solomon c s dng v c li m ho vi li ngu nhin (khong 3 dB nu c s dng ng) v s dng phng php chn cho php sa cc cm li ln gy ra do tc ng xung. M ho RS c cc k hiu l byte ch khng phi l bit, v th nn n phc tp hn m ho nh phn. Chng l cc m ho c kh nng sa li mnh c bit v c th ng dng vi phc tp va phi. M ho RS s dng mt s chn byte, 2t cho php sa li t byte v pht hin 2t byte b li. Khi knh cung cp hin th l cc k hiu, knh u ra c th b li th m ho RS c th sa li cho 2t byte c th b li . M ho Reed Solomon l trng hp c bit ca phng php c gi chung l m ho vng. Trong m ho vng, cc t m thm vo c th c tm thy bng vic trt vng (n-1) ca bt k t m u tin no c a ra. Xt v mt gc no iu ny lm gim tnh phc tp ca khng gian t m mt cch ng tin cy cho php gii m n gin hn. Tt c cc thut ton trong m ho Reed Solomon i vi ADSL l kiu byte nm trong trng GF256 hu hn. GF256 l trng m rng ca thut ton nh phn. Trong ADSL, Reed Solomon FEC l bt buc, R= 2t v cc byte kim tra tho mn 0R16 vi a thc
C(Z) = c 0 ZR 1 + c1ZR 2 + ... + c R 2 Z + c R 1

c thm vo t m gm c K byte vi a thc (K256)

M(Z) = m0 ZK 1 + m1ZK 2 + ... + mK 2 Z + c K 1

trong m0 l byte c truyn u tin v c 0 l byte c truyn u tin ca cc bit chn l c thm vo. Mt byte d liu gm 8 bit [ d7,... , d1 , d0 ] v c kt hp vi phn t GF256 d7 7 + ... + d1 + d0 v

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l nghim ca a thc nh phn x 8 + x 4 + x 3 + x 2 + 1 . a thc byte kim tra tho mn C(Z) = M(Z).ZR G(Z) trong G(Z) = (Z i ) Trong ADSL, phng php xon c s dng khi chn chiu su chn t L=0 n 64. Khi s byte thng tin K l l, su chn L=K+2t l ng nguyn t v do li c th c phn tn. Khi K chn, byte gi c chn vo phn cui ca t m to K l (nhng khng c truyn i m ch c thm vo my thu khi gii m)

7.Tiu chun ANSI T1.143

Khi nim ADSL xut hin vo nhng nm 90 ca th k trc. Ban u ADSL c nghin cu tc 1.5 Mbps thu vo 16 kbps pht cho ng dng MPEG-1. Mt s ngi gi l ADSL1. Sau , cng vi yu cu p ng v tc ca mt s ng dng, cng vi s xut hin ca nhiu k thut truyn dn tin tin, ADSL2 xut hin vi tc 3Mbps thu v 16 kbps pht, cho php truyn 2 dng MPEG-1 ng thi. Vo nm 1993, ADSL ra i vi tc l 6 Mbps thu v 64 kbps pht nhm h tr MPEG2. Tiu chun ANSI T1.143 ra i pht trin vt ra khi ADSL3. Sau khi T1.143 c cng b, cc thut ng ADSL1, ADSL2 v ADSL3 khng cn c s dng. ADSL theo tiu chun ANSI T1.143 s dng k thut DMT. H thng truyn ti hng v c tc ly mu l 2.208 MHz v kch thc cc khi l 512 lin hp i xng c 256 tone t 0 n 1.104 MHz v chiu di tip u chu k v= 32 mu. C sau 68 k hiu, mt hng s l k hiu ng b bng 512+32=544 k hiu c xen vo, do tc thc t ca k hiu l 2.208/(544x69/68)=4kHz. rng ca tone l 2.208/512= 4.3125kHz. Do , d bng tn l 0.3125/4 = 7.8%. Tc truyn s liu l mt s nguyn l 4kbps nhng thng tin c truyn theo byte nn thc t tiu chun cho php tc pht l mt s nguyn ln 32 kbps. Mt ph cng sut pht chiu v l

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40dbm/Hz vi sai s trung bnh cho php ca tone l 2.5dB. Cng sut pht cc i vo khong 20 dBm. Chiu i ca h thng cng s dng k thut DMT vi tc ly mu bng 276kHz, kch thc khi l 64 lin hp i xng tc l 32 tone t 0 n 138 kHz v di ca tin t chu kv=4 mu. Sau 68 k hiu, hng s ng b k hiu c a vo c di 68 k hiu to nn tc k hiu thc t l 276/(68x69/68) = 4kHz. rng ca tone vn l 276/64 = 4.3125kHz. d bng tn l 0.3125/4 = 7.8%. Mt ph cng sut hng ln trung bnh l -38dBm/Hz vi dung sai cho php 2.5dB to nn cng sut pht cc i 14dBm. Cc h thng ADSL th h 2 cho php s dng 32 ti 64 tone hng ln trong cc tone thm vo c s dng khi trn ng truyn c cc h thng ISDN. Tt c 64 tone c s dng gim tnh khng i xng ca tc chiu i v v. Trong c hai hng truyn, T1.143 bt buc s dng hai ng i qua ng truyn gi l ng fast v interleaving. Cc bit ca ng interleaving c th c xen vo mt hoc vi k hiu do chu tr ln hn. Cc bit ca ng fast ch c xen vo bin ca k hiu. Ch s ca tone trong T1.143 c sp xp ph hp sao cho tone c s bit nh nht c m ho trc cng vi cc bit t b m nhanh. Sau , cc tone c s bit ln hn c m ho t cc bit cn li trong b m nhanh v cc bit trong b m xen cho n khi m ho xong. Xen cc bit sp xp cho php ng truyn chu tc ng ca nhiu xung v nhiu clip tt hn so vi sp xp bit thng thng. Tone c s bit ln nht thng b nh hng ca nhiu xung v clipping v v vy phi c bo v burst li thm trong cc ng xen ca phn sa li ngoi

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S truyn dn T1.143 c th hin trn hnh di y.

bit AS0 AS1 AS2 AS3 AS0 LS1 LS2 iu khin ghp knh v ng b crcf scramf FECf Sp xp tone crcj scramj FECj Xen li M ho chm im v nh t l li

IDFT

B m P/S u ra

Khung s liu ghp knh

Khung s liu u ra

Khung s liu u vo m ho li

Xk
k=0-255

DAC v x l analog

B pht DMT theo chun T1.143

8. Hng pht trin v ng dng ca ADSL

ADSL l cng ngh truy nhp m ch truyn dn khng n b cn m rng ti khch hng gia nh v cc vn phng nh. Trong thi gian ti, ADSL s c c tc 10 Mbps thu v 1,5 Mbps pht. Tuy nhin hng ny b mt dn do trng vi VSDL. Do , ngi ta ch trng ch trng vo ci thin phm vi mch vng cc tc gn 1Mbps, gi thnh thp, tiu th nng lng thp v gim xuyn m. Cc h thng ADSL ang c pht trin truyn a mch thoi s ngoi vic truyn d liu tc cao. Mt hng pht trin ADSL l kt hp vi ISDN tc c bn. iu ny lm gim ng k tc ca ADSL nhng n cho php ng thi dch v ISDN v ADSL cung hot ng trn mt mch vng. Cu hnh ADSL+ISDN khng ha hn cung cp mt mch vng c 5.5 km m thng thng cung cp bi ISDN. ADSL+ISDN c quan tm trong vic cung cp hai mch thoi v d liu tc cao trung bnh.

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Mng truy cp ADSL c th c h tr cho chuyn ti lu lng d liu cho cc ng dng gia ngi s dng v nh cung cp dch v. Cc ng dng c th c th l: Truy cp Internet (gii tr ti nh): ADSL h tr vic duyt web nhanh hn cho ngi s dng, vic m bo dch v khng c p ng v gi thu bao thp Truy cp Internet tc cao: dch v ny c cung cp cho cc doanh nghip v nhng ngi tiu th chnh. Dch v c bo m ph hp vi cc ph. ng dy thoi v in thoi IP: in thoi da trn IP hay ATM c pht trin bi truy nhp ADSL. Chc nng thch hp trong mng truy nhp cho php cc hnh thc ca dch v thoi c thc hin ging nh cc dch v thoi hin ti Video conference: Cc ng truyn ADSL vi bng thng cao hn cho php nng cao cht lng dch v Nn s tn hiu Video: ngi s dng c xem phim s theo thi gian thc c phn pht t mt my ch ca nh cung cp dch v Cung cp radio v audio: ngi s dng c th nghe m thanh s c cung cp theo thi gian thc t my ch ca nh cung cp dch v Giao dch ngn hng Lm vic t xa: ngi s dng kt ni vi c quan t ch lm vic ca h, hoc t cc vn phng, chi nhnh. Cc ng dng c th cn nhiu d liu nh cc sn phm ho cao cp hoc CAD/CAM. cc chng trnh tr chi cho nhiu ngi tham gia: y l mt ng dng i hi cao v kha cnh tr truyn dn. Di y l mt bng gii thiu cc ng dng ca ADSL v yu cu bng thng tng ng

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III. ADSL v cc cng ngh truyn dn khc

1. ATM over ADSL
ATM c thit lp nh mt cng ngh truyn dn ph hp cho vic truyn tn hiu thoi, video, v d liu trn mt mng din rng vi mt cht lng ph hp, trong khi ADSL c nhim v cung cp dch v tc cao trn ng dy in thoi (cp ng) a v cc vn phng nh v nh ring t tng i. Li ch chung em li khi kt hp 2 cng ngh truyn dn, to ra mt kin trc ATM over ADSL l tt yu c c nhng kt ni u cui - u cui c tc cao ngoi s mong i i vi cc khch hng nh l. ATM nh mt giao din truy cp a chc nng s cho php kt hp gia cc truy nhp n l v mng trung k, do s cung cp cho khch hng kh nng truy nhp vo Internet trn mt ng truyn bng thng rng. ATM over ADSL cng s cung cp cho nhng khch hng t xa kh nng truy nhp vo bt c im no trong mng ATM, bao gm mng trung k ATM, cc mng ni b v cc server hu ch khc, v d nh server dnh cho bo mt, server m ni dung Internet hoc mt server cung cp tn hiu video. ATM over ADSL s lm tng hiu qu s cc dch v Internet, chng hn nh chia s v thu thp thng tin. Hn na, vic s dng ATM nh l mt giao thc lp 2 pha trn mng truy nhp ADSL s em li cc li ch r rt nh sau: Giao thc trong sut: Mng c lp vi giao thc ca lp mng c s dng (IP, IPX, AppleTalk vv) H tr a lp QoS: ATM cung cp cho ngi iu hnh mng kh nng h tr cc dch v trn nn cc lp QoS theo cc mc khc nhau tu thuc vo s nh x gia cc lp trn vi cc thng tin ngi dng hoc cc ng dng. ln ca cc t bo ATM lm cho n c kh nng h tr tr t bin, c th thc hin ghp cc knh

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c nh, v cho php thc hin y hn cc lch trnh hot ng ca cc n v d liu mc cao. S thch ng bng thng: bng thng ATM c kh nng thch ng nhun nhuyn t l vi s p ng ca cng ngh DSL cho php ti u ho vic s dng trn mi vng dy S nng cp ln cc cng ngh truyn dn s khc: ATM l c lp vi lp vt l, s dng n vi DSL m ng cho k thut truy nhp u vit hn, v d nh Very high speed DSL (VSDL) n gin ho vic qun l mng: T gc nhn ca ngi qun tr mng, vic a ATM ti ngi s dng mng em li mt s u im tim n. Bi v kt ni c nh hng l bn cht ca ATM, hu ht vic tnh cc, bo mt, bo tr, v hot ng h tr c s h tng mng dch v chuyn mch theo yu cu u c th c p ng Nh vy, vn mu cht ca mt h thng mng truy nhp ATM over ADSL l s hp nht ca giao din ATM v thit b truy nhp ngi dng (UA user-access) mi c trin khai cho cc dch v s tch hp, trong khi phi m bo cc giao din k tha hoc truyn thng (v d nh POT, ISDN, TV tng t vv) trong cc thit b. Ni cch khc, cc thit b UA (thng l mt modem ADSL) phi bao gm c giao din ATM dnh cho cc cng tng ng khc (RG Residential Gateway) Khi RG, tch cc dng lu lng t cc ng dng tng tc v khng tng tc trong mt dng d liu duy nht, thc hin cc chc nng iu khin cn thit, n v i ra t cc nt dch v trn mt mng truy nhp truyn dn tch hp. Hnh v di y ch ra mt v d v h thng truyn dn trong mt mng truy nhp.

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u cui khc ca mng truy nhp, cc thit b truy nhp dch v (SA Service Access) v truy nhp truyn dn (TA - Transport Access) cung cp cc giao din ring bit dnh cho nh cung cp dch v trn h tng ca mng LAN ATM v ngi iu hnh mng truyn dn trn h tng mng WAN ATM. Vn ny cn bn c thc hin da vo chuyn mch truy nhp ATM. y l yu t cho php ATM tr thnh mt lp ph bin cho tt c cc giao thc trn tt c cc nn tng dung cp mt s qun l cht lng dch v u cui n l. S vn chuyn d liu ATM trn ADSL in hnh h tr c hai phng php truyn dn d liu ATM cng vi s ghp knh bt i xng c gi l phng php truyn nhanh v phng php truyn xen. Phng php truyn nhanh c thit k cung cp mt mc tr truyn thp ( nhiu nht l 2ms) p ng cho cc ng dng tng tc thi gian thc, phng php truyn xen li c tr nhiu hn (ln n hng chc ms) nhng li c t s li bit rt thp.

2. TCP over ADSL

Vi nhng ng dng nh Internet tc cao, dng s liu a phng tin, cc hot ng vin thng vv l th trng chnh cho

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ADSL, vic cng tn ti ca TCP/IP v ATM over ADSL l c bit th v. iu quyt nh vic ci tin hiu qu hot ng u cui - u cui ca TCP/IP trn mt mng bt i xng, v d nh h thng m trong ng v (ngi s dng ti mng/ngi cung cp dch v) chm hn ng k so vi ng ti (t mng/ngi cung cp dch v ti ngi s dng). T l bt i xng ca bng thng c th thp hn 10 nh trong mt s modem truy nhp dch v ADSL d kin, cho ti hn 100 hoc hn na trong iu kin ng dy in thoi c dng kt ni t ngi s dng n mng. V c bn, mng bt i xng nh hng khng tt n hot ng ca cc giao thc truyn dn xc thc nh TCP bi v cc giao thc ny da vo s hi p trong khun mu hi p tch lu t my thu xc nhn s tin cy. i vi mt dng d liu khng nh hng, cc bn tin ACK ca TCP s truyn trn ng v (hng ln) iu chnh dng cc gi d liu trn ng ti (hng xung). TCP a vo do ph thuc vo thng tin hi p trn ng ln b hn ch. S thu nhn cc thng tin hi p khng ng thi im s c th l nguyn nhn ca s gim u vo theo ng xung nhanh hn. Do , ng ln hp hn cng c th coi l mt nt c chai chnh i vii ng xung. V d, mt hi p trn ng truyn bng hp c th lm chm ng k qa trnh m rng ca s gi trong qu trnh khi ng chm, lm suy gim tc truyn trong hng truyn ca d liu. Cn phi ch rng s bt i xng v bng thng khng phi l s bt i xng nh hng trc tip n hot ng ca TCP/IP m l t l bt i xng bng thng chun ho, c xc nh bng t s ca bng thng trn t s ca ln ca gi tin trn mi ng. Nh vy, khi thit b thu gi tr mt TCP ACK cho mi segment m n nhn c, tc truyn trn ng ti b gii hn bi tc ng ti

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trong l thuyt chia cho k khi k>1. V d mt ng ti 10 Mbps mang gi d liu c kch thc 1000 byte v ng v c tc 100kbps mang bn tin ACK 40 byte. Khi , k = 100/25 = 4 v tc ng ti s b gii hn 10/4 = 2,5 Mbps Lu lng Internet (hoc TCP/IP) ngy cng c cung cp vi nhng dch v tt nht. Tuy nhin, mt dch v vn c th khng c p ng nhng nhu cu cp thit i vi nhng ng dng nhy cm v thi gian, v d nh cc ng dng audio video tng tc thi gian thc. Vi cc lp a dch v v s a dng chc nng trong vic qun l lu lng, ATM lun c mong i trong vai tr h tr cht lng ca dch v i vi nhu cu ca cc ng dng. Tuy nhin, vic m bo cht lng ca dch v n nht lp ATM s khng m bo c cht lng dch v trong cung cp u cui - u cui. Ngoi tr mt s tht l mng ATM vn cn cha c ph bin, vn u tin l kh khn trong vic hiu s tng tc gia cc s cung cp ATM QoS v cc lp cao hn nh TCP v IP. IP ph ln trn ATM, khng cung cp s khc bit ca gi tin v hng ti vic kt hp cc lung lu lng t mt vi kt ni trn mt VC n l ca ATM. iu ny s c th dn n vic suy gim cht lng dch v cung cp gia ATM trn mt VC. S tht l TCP khng phi l mt giao thc hiu lp kt ni, v th n khng bit p ng nhng k thut iu khin da trn cc c tnh ca lp kt ni do lm trm trng thm vn . Ly v d, nu TCP khng p li ATM vi tc bit thch hp (ABR) cell qun l ti nguyn ng lc, s lm tng tc truyn dn, kt ni c th b suy gim s h tr m bo v cht lng dch v mc d ATM cung cp. Hn na, k thut iu khin tc nghn ca TCP cng c th em li nhng nh hng khng mong mun trong vic cung cp cc dch v nh trc ca ATM. Nhng ngin cu s vn ng ca TCP trn

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ATM ch ra rng ln ca s ca TCP, dung lng b m my thu v ln ca mt gi TCP c nh hng su sc n ton h thng. Hn na, k thut hi p ca TCP v ATM v s tng tc ca chng t ra mt tr ngi l hiu vic qun l b m phc tp v cc lch trnh hot ng c yu cu.

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