ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It has been a proud privilege for me to complete my in-plant training with Doordarshan Kendra guwahati. I express my sincere thanks and gratitude to all the people who have help me and supported me throughout my study. I would like to thank MR DIPAK KUMAR SHARMA, asst engineer, DDK, Guwahati for his continuos guidance and extreme support at every of training period 21-06-2012 to 04-07-2012. I would also like to offer my special thanks to all the staff members who spent their precious time to take our classes. At last I would like to thank our placement officer for us the opportunity to apply for the training.

AIM OF THE TRAINING

The main aim of the training was to get a firsthand experience of the Television Broad casting System and to be familiar with all the functional and technical aspects associated with it.

SCOPE
At DDK we were provided with all the scopes required for training. It was well equipped with modern technology studio, various indoor and outdoor cameras, Camera Control Unit (CCU), Master Switching Room (MSR), Earth Station, Parabolic Dish Antenna (PDA), Digital Satellite News Gathering (DSNG), and Outdoor Broadcasting Van (OB vans).

INTRODUCTION
The studio of Doordarshan Kendra Bhopal was commissioned on 20th October 1992. It started as a Regional Kendra and has ever since played a major role as a Public Service Broadcaster for viewers of the state. It has enormously enriched the ethos of this land while projecting and promoting the cultural heritage of the State. With the passage of time, programme activities of the Kendra have witnessed manifold changes through which basic objectives of Doordarshan viz. INFORMATION, EDUCATION, AND ENTERTAINMENT have been provided to the masses. Various programme formats like live phone in programme, serials, telefilms, variety show, concerts poetic symposiums, quiz features, multi segmented magazine programmes and programmes for specific target audience like children, youth, women and physically challenged people have been adopted. The Kendra has produced special programme on specific themes like socio cultural heritage, environmental awareness, family welfare, health care, population control, legal awareness, promotion of tourism, promotion of sports, public grievances and promotion of national integration and communal harmony. In order to come up to the ever increasing expectations of the public, many reforms have been adopted in the overall programme pattern through which aspirations of different sections of the society have been taken care of. The quantum of in-house production has been increased which has raised opportunities for different scholars, artists and other talented persons to get associated with programmes of their choice through which their talent is ventilated. Introduction of interactive formats with suitable treatment has added color to our transmission. Quick response and spontaneous feed back from the public through live phone in programmes has enhanced access of the viewers which has gone a long way in establishing credibility of the Kendra. Efforts are continuously made to cast our net as far and wide as possible within the constraints to net in fresh talent. Instead of restricting our programme activity to the four walls of studio, the Kendra has tried to take the TV closer to the door steps of viewers. Various ENG and OB teams have recorded programmes on natural locations in different formats. Although the main language of transmission is Hindi, yet programmes in other dialects which are spoken in the different parts of MP viz. Bagheli, Bundeli, Nimari & Malvi are also included in our telecasts.

MAIN STUDIO
The main studio is fully digitized with four cemera setup. It is having different types of microphone and equipped with different lights including cool lights used as per production requirements. This studio is mainly used for all major recordings and live interactive program using phone in console. This studio has dimension of 22mtr. X 16.5mtr active program using phone in console. Characteristics of main studio: 1. It is the place where the main production part is done. 2. There should not be any type of eco, i.e the walls of the room should be ecostatically treatmented. 3. Light should be properly reflected, so that the picture quality is good. 4. CycloramaA big screen is used for video treatement. The main components of Main studio: 1. Light 2. Camera 3. Sound 1. Light: It is a form of radient energy which propagates in the form of electromagnetic waves. A bunch of electrons. Temperature of light vary with respect to frequency. Depending on temperature colour of light changes. Different types of light: A. Spot light: Used for to directly illuminate a particular space. Focusing, zooming and intensity adjustment is also done here. Key light : Less intensaity light Hard light: More intensity light B. Field light: To reduce the shadow of the object. C. Back light: To separate the object from the shadow. D. CFL: For power saving purpose.

E. Neon light: The spot light is having some disadvantages of consuming more power thats why we use CFL lights. 2. CAMERA: When light falls on an object an optical image is formed, which is captured by the camera and is converted into electrical energy. Main parts of camera: 1. Lens 2. Pickup device 3. Electronics In lens part zoom in ,zoom out a and focusing is done. CCD in pickup device is used for transforming the light energy into charge energy by scanning method.

CB STUDIO
This studio has a dimension of 9.2mtr. X 6mtr. This studio is fully digitalized with 2 camera setup. This studio is mainly used for live transmission of NEWS. Some discussion type as well as anchorig program is also generated by this studio. In the studio 2 Thomson cameras, 1 Teleprompter camera and 2 Microphones are used. The Teleprompter camera is used to reflect the NEWS lines from the paper to the screen present infront of the NEWS reader.

ENG SECTION
The NEWS and EFP(Electronics field production) is covered by ENG section. This section is equipped with 19 numbers of DVC PRO Camcoders and 3 numbers of Mini DV Camcoders, different types of microphones, lights used as per the production in the field. DVC PRO means Digital Video Cassete portable camera. It is a portable and having light weight, so it is easy to carry and is operated with battery (types: trimpac(45WH),dianic(65WH),propac(65WH),14.4 volt each). The main advantage of DVC PRO camera is that it can do audio, video and recording all together. Video: DVC PRO camera lens is having 4 parts: 1. Focus 2. Zoom in-zoom out. 3. Iris 4. Back focus

Iris controls the intensity of the light. Back focus adjust the backgroung, specially the colours.

We also use filters for different weather conditions: There are 4 types of filters A. 3200K B. 5600K+1/8ND C. 5600K D. 5600K+1/64ND, where ND means neutral density.

Audio: In DVC PRO camera, there are 3 mikes for audio i. Front ii. Wireless iii. Rear Audio level should not be 0db Bassically there are 3 types of mikes: i. uni-directional (used in TV). ii. bi-directional (used in Radio). iii. omni-directional (used in songs). There are also another 2 mikes Lapel mike (small mike used in shirt) and Lip mike (used in commentary board).

Recordings: For recording we use VTR(video Tap Recording). We use cassettes for recording. The VTR is the next section where copies of all programs are stored. All the programs shot in the camera are simultaneously recorded in the VTR. Also plays back all the as and when required. Videos and prerecorded events are queued up in the VTR and are played back without a

break i.e, played synchronously. Videos of famous peoples and importantevents are stored in the central film pool.

EDITING
Editing means to prepare a programme for publication or for broadcasting etc especially by correcting , altering , shortening etc. Basicaaly there are two types of editing: i. ii. Linear Editing. Non Linear Editing

In early days Linear editing was the only way to edit video tapes. Then, in 1990s, non-linear came into being and available. In 21st century non-linear editing is considered to be obsolete, or at least primitive. Linear Editing : Advantages: i. It is simple and inexpensive. There are very few complications with formats, hardware conflicts, etc. ii. For some jobs linear editing is better . For example, if all you want to add two sections of video together, it is a lot quicker and easier to edit tape-to-tape than to capture and edit on ahard drve. iii. Linear editing is the base of learning editing.

Block Diagram for Linear Editing:

MONITOR

VTR

VTR

EDIT CONTROL

Fig.1: Block Diagram of LE Non- Linear Editing: A non-linear editing system(NLE) is a video (NLVE) or audio editing (NLAE) digital audio workstation (DAW) system wich can perform nondesructive editing on the source material. i. Metadata- When ingesting audio or video feeds , metadata are attached to the clip . Those metadata can be attached automatically (time, localization, name of the clip etc) or manually ( players names, characters etc). ii. Direct Access- With historical video tape linear editing systems. It is now possible to access any frame by entering directly the time code or the descriptive metadata.

Advantage of NLE: i. ii. In NLE, the original source files are not lost or modified during editing. In NLE the decision of the is recorded in an edit decision list (EDL) which can be interchanged with other editing tools. Block diagram for NLE:
Source Digital s/g Store in Galaxy Placed in Binary

Down the editing material

Making movie

Editing in time line

Drag to time line

Fig.2: Block Diagram of NLE Main differences between Linear and Non- Linear editing: Non-linear editing is the most natural approach when all assets are available as files on hard disks rather than recordings on reels or tapes, while linear editing is related to the need to sequentially view a film or read a tape to edit it.

MASTER SWITCHING ROOM

The embedded SDI video signal from the studios is monitored in MSR and send to Earth station through Optical fibre cable(OFC). The in-coming News-feed through satellite from all the state capitals of the northeast are received through an array of IRDs and recorded. In addition to this, Newsfeeds are received through ISDN from same Kendras which do not have uplink facility and through internet also. The News-feeds so received are used for Assamese News (Batori) and North East English News Bulletin originating from DDK, Guwahati. The MSR is the main hot switching room of Doordarshan Kendra for receiving and transmitting of various audio / video signals from different places. Its infrastructure provides facility for routing any signal from any input to required systems for recording and transmission. In order to ensure smooth reception of multiple sources for studio production,transmission of programs / News from studio to Earth station and transmitter and proper monitoring of the audio & video quality latest equipmemnts have been installed in the MSR.

VIDEO TAPE RECORDING

Video tape recorders records video clips in the form of analog or digital format on a magnetic tapes. The tape acts as a storage device to store a TV program up to 90 minutes duration on a video cassette. A VTR includes analog and digital processing of audio/ video signal, servo system, microprocessors, memories etc. SI No. 1. 2. 3. 4. Item Frequencis involved No. of octaves Recording medium Recording medium limitation Audio Recorders 20 Hz to 20 KHz Video Recorders 20 Hz to 5 MHz

10 18 Not so important Very important No Yes*

Magnetic Principle: Faradays law of magnetism provided the rules for conversion of electrical signals to magnetic form. Certain materials when brought in a magnetic field get magnetized and retain the magnetism permanently until altered. High value of permeability () of this material helps to enhance this conversion. Magnetic field intensity H=NI/L(for a coil with N turn and L as length) Magnetic flux density B=H Magnetic Flux =BA Property of the ferromagnetic materials to retain magnetism even after the current (or the H) is removed is called retentivity and is used for recording electrical signals in magnetic form on a magnetic tape.

EARTH STATION Earth station is a uplink centre from which the signals are fed to Satellite for contribution in a specified area covered by satellite. The signal is uplinked from the station and received by one down-link centre at studio/production centre. Both analog and digital signals are used for uplink. But digital signal is more useful. Problems of analog signals: 1. One programme per channel/transponder 2. Comparatively noisy 3. Ghosts in terrestrial transmission 4. Lower quality with respect to VCD, DVD digital media 5. Fixed reception Advantage of Digital signals1. More programmes per channel/ transponder i.e. spectrum efficient 2. Noise- Free reception 3. CD quality sound and better than DVD quality picture 4. Reduced transmission power 5. Flexibility in service planning- quality/ Bandwidth trade off more services per transponder 6. Lower uplink power per carrier , leads to lower load of HPA, Genset. UPS etc. 7. Automated operation in broadcast plan 8. Non availability of analog systems in near future 9. Future of TV transmission- DTH, DTT and Digital Cable

Block Diagram of Earth Station:

MSR

Baseband section

Compressor rack

Modulator

Outdoor unit (Satellite- PDA)

High Power Amplifier(HPA)

Up Convertor

Fig.3: Block Diagram of Earth Station 1. From the MSR which is more than 200 metres away from earth station, the signal is transmitted through optical fibre cable (OFC). 2. In OFC audio and video is embedded and received in baseband section of earth station. 3. From baseband section it is sent to compressor rack. 4. The compressor rack consists of two encoders where signals are converted to machine language. 5. Then both the signals are given to MUX where it is converted to a sinsle signal. 6. Then it is given to the modulator (QPSK) which uses a carrier signal of 70Mhz. 7. But for uplink to satellite it requires 6Mhz.

8. So the signal is sent to a up convertor which consists of a mixture that adds Local Oscillator frequency to the main frequency. 9. The local oscillator frequency is 6065.5Mhz. 10. 11. 12. 13. Then the signal is given to the HPA for amplification. From HPA it is given to the feed of the Parabollic dish antenna The PDA consists of 4-port feed. Two for transmission ( one for horizontal and another for

(PDA).

vertical) and two for reception ( one for horizontal and another for vertical).

OUTDOOR BROADCASTING VAN

The Kendra has an OB Van equipped with 8 camera full digital setup. For live coverage, it is used along with KU Band DSNG Van. Additionally one KU Ban Fly Away DSNG is also provided. The power to outdoor setup is fed through a 33 KVA portable DG set. 3 X 6 KVA UPS system is provided for uninterrupted power supply.

Fig.4: Outdoor Broadcasting VAN

DSNG SYSTEMS In addition to digital video broadcast systems, CommSystems provides digital satellite newsgathering technology and systems. Transportable trailers, vans and flyaway packages utilizing MPEG-2 digital compression, and single or multiple hub sites are a few of the elements that CommSystems can engineer into your DSNG network solution. CommSystems has provided Ku-band, C-band, and dual band systems as well as a mixture of digital video, analog video, and combinational systems.