On the Capacity of HSDPA

Mohamad Assaad, Djamal Zeghlache Institut National des Telecommunications 9 rue Charles Fourrier - 91011 EVRY CEDEX - France Emails: {Mohamad.Assaad, Djamal.Zeghlache}@int-evry.fr

Abstract An analytical model for the evaluation of HSDPA capacity is proposed and used to carry out a comparison of several MIMO systems. HSDPA is an evolution of the UMTS standard over the air interface to achieve higher aggregate bit rates through the introducing of adaptive modulation and coding, Hybrid ARQ, fast scheduling, fast cell selection and MIMO (space time coding and Blast) techniques. The model is used to compare MIMO systems, a typically difcult tasks, to provide some insight. The results are supported by a simulation.

I. I NTRODUCTION The UMTS WCDMA standard includes support of data rates up to 2Mbps in indoor/small-cell-outdoor environments and up to 384 Kbps with wide-area coverage for both packet data and circuit-switched data. However, to meet the rapidly developing needs associated with wireless Internet applications, the WCDMA air interface is evolving beyond the third-generation requirements. HSDPA (High Speed Downlink Packet Access) is one of a number of performance enhancing technologies considered for this evolution of WCDMA. HSDPA includes techniques such as Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC), Hybrid ARQ, fast scheduling, fast cell selection and Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) antenna solutions (for details see [1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6] and [7]). Higher order modulations and coding provide higher spectral efciency but because they degrade the performance of the decoded signal at the receiver, the use of fast link adaptation is essential. Even though the modulation and coding rate could be selected on a dynamic basis according SIR (Signal to Interference Ratio) estimated at the mobile terminal, AMC still result in errors due to the variation of the channel during packet transmission and feedback-delays in the channel quality measurements. A Hybrid-ARQ scheme can be used to recover from these link adaptation errors. With Hybrid-ARQ, erroneous transmissions of the same information block can be combined with subsequent retransmission before decoding. By combining the minimum number of packets needed to overcome the channel conditions, the receiver minimizes the delay required to decode a given packet. There are two main methods for implementing HARQ : Chase combining described in [8] and [9] (retransmissions are a simple repeat of the entire coded packet) and Incremental redundancy IR (additional redundant information is incrementally transmitted). Fast cell selection can be used instead of soft handover. It could be advantageous to be able to rapidly select the cell with the best SIR for the downlink transmission. Multiple Input Multiple output (MIMO) antenna techniques could also provide higher spectral efciency. Such techniques exploit spatial and/or polarization decorrelations over multiple channels to achieve fading diversity gains. There are two

types of MIMO : Blast MIMO and Space Time coding. Moreover, HSDPA introduces a new transport channel, HSDSCH (High Speed Downlink Shared Channel), to be used for best-effort data. This channel is shared between users in the time and code domain, with a spreading factor SF xed at 16 and a TTI of 2ms [5]. In addition to HS-DSCH, HSDPA uses two others channels SCCH (Shared Control Channel) and DPCCH (Dedicated control Channel) to carry the control signaling information according to HS-DSCH. Actually, Packet data services will be used in parallel to circuit-switched services. To assess the benets of HSDPA, we propose an analytical model to express the capacity of HSDPA (in Mbps per cell) in the presence of several MIMO schemes. II. H YBRID -ARQ AND FAST SCHEDULING The combination of the Forward Error Correction (FEC) and Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ) called Hybrid ARQ is used in this paper with soft combining based on the Chase algorithm. The FEC used in HSDPA is a turbo code with a rate varying from 1/4 to 3/4. In modeling HARQ let Pe be the Probability of errors after decoding the information block via FEC. Let Ps be the probability of errors after soft combining two successive transmissions of the same information block. Suppose that all the errors are detected thanks to a CRC. The algorithm used in this work combines only the last two transmissions and not all the erroneous transmissions. Actually, the block error rate of the retransmitted block is different from the bloc error rate of the rst transmission. This work assumes a low time delay between the rst transmission and the retransmission. Hence, the various transmissions of the same information block have a very close block error rate (BLER). Moreover, we assume that fast link adaptation keep the received SIR of each transmission scheme (modulation and coding) fairly constant. Consequently, the probability to properly decode the packet and be error free after j transmissions is : Pj = (Pe )j1 (Ps )j2 (1 Pe Ps ) (1)

Then the required mean number of transmissions is given by : Ns = 1 + P e Pe Ps 1 P e Ps

(2)

However, the mean number of transmissions without

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soft combining is given by : N= 1 1 Pe

(3)

Moreover, the effective code rate after soft combining 2 blocks is /2. For a given FER (SIR target), the value of Ps is then extracted from the curve of link level simulation shown in [10] (modulation M, coding /2) by having the same SIR given by the curve (modulation M, coding ). Consequently, the mean number of transmissions can be expressed by :
2 2 Ns 1 + Pe + Pe (Ps Ps )

(4)

the path gain between the user i and the cell j and the receiver thermal noise power. The path loss in dB can be determined by: L = 128.1 + 37.6log10(d) (3GPP specications) in macro cell scenarios, where d is the distance between the node B and the mobile in km, and L = 24 + 45log10(d + 20) for micro cell scenarios, where d is the distance between the node B and the mobile in meters. (1 )Pj Gij represents the intracell interference and l=j Gil Pl the inter-cell interference. The multipath effect causing a loss of orthogonality of the spreading codes is represented by . Parameter has a value of 40% in macro cell and 6% in micro cell environment. Using the same formula for the DSCH channel leads to an equation relating SIRs of the CPICH and DSCH : SIRDSCH = SFDSCH log2(M ) (
P Pj

For a target F ER = 0.1, N = 1.11111 and Ns = 1.1; whereas for F ER = 0.5 the values are N = 2 and Ns = 1.5. As a result, soft combining has an important effect when the target FER is High. Consequently, prediction errors in the link adaptation involve an increase in FER, and soft combining becomes more important. The delay due to HARQ depends on the number of retransmissions and on the type of scheduling scheme. This paper considers a simple scheduling scheme where the probability that a TTI is allocated to a user is given by : prob(i) = n(i) Nt

P Pj )

SFCP ICH SIRCP ICH

(7)

(5)

where n(i) is the number of TTIs needed for the transmission of the packet call and Nt is the total number of TTIs available during the time of downloading the packet call. Parameter n(i) is a function of the service, the size of the packet call and the used modulation/coding. Consequently, the delay due to HARQ is (Ns 1)T (i) where T(i) is the time of connection (downloading the packet call). where T(i) is the connection time (downloading the packet call). In this paper the FER is taken as 0.1 and the corresponding SIR is taken from the link level simulations in [10]. The delay due to HARQ amounts then to 10% of the connection time. III. A DAPTIVE MODULATION AND CODING The modulation and coding scheme can be selected to maximize the downlink user throughput given the instantaneous channel conditions. The UE measures the SIR on the CPICH channel and sends the result, using uplink DPCCH, to the node B that decides what modulations to use on the DSCH channel in the next TTI. If we suppose that the variation of the channel conditions during this operation is negligible (perfect link adaptation), the relationship between the SIR measured on the CPICH and the modulation used on the DSCH can be easily found. The SIR measured on the CPICH channel is given by : SIRCP ICH =
Pj Gij W R (1 )Pj Gij + l=j Gil Pl +
(6)

where P is the transmitted power of DSCH channel, M and are respectively the modulation order and the code rate selected on the DSCH. Hence, for measured SIRCP ICH , the transmission scheme is chosen in such way that SIRDSCH will be higher to the SIR target of the given modulation and coding scheme. In a given TTI, the probability (km ) that a given modulation and coding scheme is selected can be calculated for each user : km = P rob(SIR targetSIRM, ) for the highest order transmission scheme (16QAM, 3/4) and km = P rob(targetSIR(M, )m SIR < targetSIR(M, )m+1 ) for the other transmission scheme. IV. A SSOCIATED CHANNELS HSDPA includes three channels in the downlink : DPCH, SCCH and DSCH. DPCCH carries a ag, indicating when to read the SCCH and the DSCH, and a power control command for the associated uplink DPCH. The duration of this channel is one slot (1/3 TTI) and the SF is 256. It is supposed that for each DSCH is associated one SCCH (SF=128) and one DPCCH. No fast power control is used on this channels. The transmitted power can be calculated for the DPCCH and SCCH assuming a target SIR of 7dB to achieve a FER less than 1% (as shown in [11]). SIRlog2(M ) (Pj Gij + fi ) (SF + SIRlog2(M ) )Gij (8) Gil Pl , M = 4 (QPSK modwhere fi = l=j ulation), = 1/2, Gij is the path gain between the user i and the cell j,Pj the total power of the cell j and the loss of orthogonality of the code. For each DSCH channel, the power of the associated signaling 1 channels is Psig = 3 PDP CH + PSCCH . In the worst case, when all the Node B transmit with their maximal power 43dBm and the mobile user is at the border of the cell, Psig , evaluated by the equation (8), is about 0.5% of the cell power. PDP CH,SCCH =
V. C APACITY OF THE HS-DSCH CHANNEL The HS-DSCH is used to carry packet data services such as FTP service, MMS, SMS,and Web services. For Web trafc a

where W is the DS-CDMA chip rate, R is the bit rate on the channel, is the portion of the node B power allocated to CPICH ( = 10dB), Pj is the total power of the cell j, Gij

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model consisting of a certain number of packet calls separated by silence periods can be used. During the reading time, other users are served by the DSCH channel. Hence, the DSCH channel can be seen as a succession of packet calls. Each packet call is in the form of Np packets separated by an inter arrival time D. Np and D are geometrically distributed random variable. The size of each packet can be modeled as a Pareto distribution to capture potential large bursts in the data stream.

A. Proposition If N is the number of the codes available for the DSCH channels, the mean value of the throughput of the HSDPA can be simply calculated as follow : th = E(N
Nc i=1

Fig. 1.

Transmitter and receiver of the Space time coding MIMO

R i Ti

(9)

Where Nc is the number of the packet calls served during a given time T, Ri is the bit rate of the service in Bits/sec and Ti the duration of the connection. Nc is a function of the service type (bit rate, size of the packets) and of the modulation and coding schemes selected for each packet call; otherwise it depends on the DSCH transmission power, position of the mobile and experienced shadowing. It can be determined using the following equation :
Nc i=1

VI. M ULTIPLE I NPUT M ULTIPLE O UTPUT (MIMO) Even though there are multiple solutions to implement MIMO, only a comparison between Space-Time Coding and Blast algorithms, applied to HSDPA systems, is conducted in terms of capacity and complexity of the decoder. MIMO systems affect two parameters: the ow of the channel and the target SIR. If R represents the transmission rate of the transmit matrix of MIMO, equation (10) can be written as follows :

R i Ns T i

Mi km m=1 (log2(M ) )i,m

W SF

(10)

W (14) = SF T The variation of the target SIR, due to MIMO, affects the portion of the modulation and coding scheme km . Hence, the effect of target SIR is implicit in (14).
A. Space-time Coding In addressing the issue of decoding complexity, Alamouti discovered a remarkable scheme for transmission using two transmit antennas ([12]). Space-time block coding, introduced in [13] and [14], generalizes the transmission scheme discovered by Alamouti to an arbitrary number of transmit antennas and is able to achieve the full diversity promised by the transmit and receive antennas. Moreover, a transmit diversity scheme for WCDMA based on Space-Time spreading is presented in [15]. These codes retain the property of having a simple maximum likelihood decoding algorithm based only on linear processing at the receiver. These diversity schemes were improved to provide R=3/4 of the maximum possible transmission rate for three and four transmit antennas ([13] and [14]), and R=1 for two transmit antennas ([12]). In DS-CDMA systems with variable code rate (case of HSDPA), the transmitter and the receiver have the architecture shown in gure 1 ([4]). After coding, modulating and spreading the symbols, the transmit matrix for two and four transmit antennas can be written like in (15) and (16): S=
N k=1 s1k N k=1 s2k N k=1 s2k N k=1 s1k

Nc Ri Ns Ti i=1 R

Mi km m=1 (log2(M ) )i,m

where Mi is the number of the different modulation and coding scheme (Mi variable between 1 and 6), km is the portion of the TTIs where the modulation and coding scheme is m, M is the modulation order and is the code rate.

B. Proof The ow of the channel in symboles/sec is given by : R= W SF

(11)

where W is the chip rate of the CDMA system. Since the DSCH channel is shared by packet calls, in a given time T we have : Nc W i=1 Rsi Ti (12) = SF T

where Nc is the number of the packet calls served on this channel, Rsi is the throughput of each packet call in symbole/sec. The modulation and coding scheme change during the transfer of the packet calls. Hence, equation (12) is written as : Nc Mi km W i=1 Ri Ti m=1 (log2(M ) )i,m (13) = SF T
Due to the effect of HARQ, Ns packets are transmitted instead of one packet, having all the same modulation and coding scheme. Hence, equation (10) is obtained after introducing the mean number of transmissions Ns .

(15)

where slk is the lth symbol of the k th HS-DSCH channel code. If the channels are uncorrelated, and without multi-path effect, the decision metric (after despreading) is in the form of ([16]):
M P

x = lk
i=1 j=1

hij

xlk + E1

(17)

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 S=

N k=1 s1k
N k=1 s2k N s k=1 3k 2 N s k=1 3k 2

N k=1 s2k
N k=1 s1k N s k=1 3k 2 N s k=1 3k 2

N k=1
N k=1

s3k
s3k
N

N k=1

s3k
s3k

2 (s1k +s2k s s 1k 2k k=1 2 N (s1k +s2k s1k +s2k k=1 2

N

2 (s1k s2k s s 1k 2k 2 N (s1k s2k s1k +s 2k k=1 2

k=1

k=1

(16)

where hij is the path gain between the ith transmit antennas and the j th receive antennas, xlk is the lth symbol of the k th HS-DSCH channel code, E1 is a zero-mean complex gaussian M P random variable with variance 1/SN R i=1 j=1 hij 2 per real dimension. In the presence of multi-path, there is a gain from the rake receiver but there is also intra and inter cell interference. It appears that the number of potential interferers is increased, but it exhibits the same distribution and power as the interference without MIMO ([14]). In this paper, it is supposed that multi-path interference cancelling techniques are not used. B. BLAST MIMO In Blast MIMO systems the coded data stream is multiplexed into M substreams transmitted via Q antennas. Each substream uses a specic spreading code or reuses the same code of another stream. Mutually orthogonal dedicated pilot symbols are also added to each antennas common pilot channel (CPICH) to allow for coherent detection. To distinguish the M substreams sharing the same code, the UE uses multiple antennas and spatial signal processing described in [4] and [17]. Each antenna is followed by a bank of lters matched to the N spreading codes. In general, there would be LN despreaders per antenna (L is the number of rake receiver ngers). For each of the MN distinct data substreams, the LP corresponding despreader outputs are each weighted by the complex conjugate of its corresponding channel estimate and summed together to form a sufcient statistic. For each group of M co-code substreams, a multiuser detector is used to remove the effects of the spatial multiaccess interference (MAI). Examples include the maximum likelihood (ML) detector and the Vertical BLAST (V-BLAST) detector (described in [17]). In [4], it is supposed that the code orthogonality is maintained and the intra-cell interference is not accounted for by the BER analysis of the detector. Hence, Unlike in [17], the intra-cell interference must be included in the system capacity analysis. In this paper, two scenarios of Blast MIMO are treated: a) two transmit antennas and two receive antennas, b) four transmit antennas and two receive antennas. The use of two receive antennas is to preserve sufcient spatial decorrelation considering the physical dimensions of a mobile phone. VII. S IMULATION AND R ESULTS The simulation area is a regular hexagonal cell surrounded by 18 other cells. The radius of the cell is 2km for the macro cell and 500m for the micro cell. The distribution of the mobiles in the cell is supposed to be uniform. For each mobile, we can nd the proportion of each modulation and coding scheme, parameter km , according to the variation

Fig. 2.

Block diagram of MIMO blast receiver

of shadowing. Using equation (10 or 14) the number of packet calls on each HS-DSCH channel can be found. The throughput of the cell is then computed using equation (9). Mobile positions are changed independently of other mobiles or terminals to obtain the average value of the throughput. The simulation is conducted rst for micro and macro cells without MIMO. The target SIRs for the modulation and coding schemes are taken from [10]. The effect of Space time coding for (2,2) and (4,2) MIMO systems is introduced in a second stage. The values of target SIR are deduced from [12], [13], [14], [15] and [16] in this case. The target SIRs for (2,2) and (4,2) Blast MIMO are deduced from [4] and [17]. It is useful to notice that the BER analysis in [4] doesnt take into consideration the intra-cell interference but just the spatial multiaccess interference (MAI). Intra-cell interference is introduced in the capacity analysis conducted in this paper. The result of all these simulations is shown in the table 1. A. Macro cell results The gain of the (2,2) Space-time coding MIMO is roughly double when compared to (2,1) transmit diversity. The use of (4,2) space time coding does not improve the capacity. Indeed, the HS-DSCH channels do not support fast power control but only fast link adaptation. The space-time coding improves the target SIR but not the transmission rate. This increases the proportions of selection of the high order modulation and coding schemes and the number of packet calls on each HS-DSCH channel is accordingly increased. However, the fact that the transmission rate, for (4,2) Spacetime coding, is 3/4 limits the increase in throughput. More receive antennas are needed to improve the cell capacity. In the case of Blast MIMO, the capacity is still less than Space-time coding (cell throughput increases by a factor of 1.63 for blast (2,2) compared to 1.95 for (2,2) Space time coding). The use of (4,2) Blast reduces the capacity compared to (2,2) Blast. The reason is the degradation of performance in the presence of (4,2) compared to (2,2). This reduces

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TABLE I T HROUGHPUT OF THE CELL IN M BPS ; 100% COVERAGE ; MORE THAN 95%
(2 1) conventional

OF SATISFIED USERS

Space time coding (2 2)

Space time coding (4 2)

4.4

Blast (2 2)

Blast (4 2)
3.5 1.1

Macro cell (R=2km)

Micro cell (R=500m)

2.2
0.7

4.3
1.7

2.1

3.6 1.3

the proportion of use of high order modulations (decreases the number of users per channel code) and decreases the number of codes used (in order to guarantee a given quality of service). Thus, the increase in transmission rate of two is offset by an increase in SIR target. Moreover, including intra-cell interference in the BER analysis, due to the use of powerful multi-user detector, improves the capacity ([17]) and reduces the advantage of Space time coding versus Blast MIMO. Note that the results for the conventional case can be compared with previous ndings. Similar and close values to 2.2 Mbps for aggregate capacity per cell were found for the conventional (2,1) case. Namely, 2.8 Mbps in [4], 1.8 Mbps in [7] and 2.3 Mbps in [18]. The scenarios are not completely identical and comparisons must be conducted carefully since different scheduling mechanisms may be used and target SIRs can be variable or xed. These target SIRs appear as optimistic in some cases [4]. For the other cases, micro cells and MIMO, no reference is currently available to our knowledge for comparison purposes. B. Micro cell results The use of (2,2) and (4,2) Space time coding improves the capacity by a factor of 2.4 and 3. This can be explained by the weak loss of orthogonality in micro cells resulting in a weaker intra cell interference. Hence, a reduction in SIR target has a more signicant effect on the capacity than in the case of macro cells. In the case of Blast, the degradation of performance due to the increase in the number of transmit antennas is less than in the case of macro cells. This can explain the gain obtained by the (2,2) Blast case (roughly double compared to (2,1) conventional). VIII. C ONCLUSION This paper analyzing HSDPA provided capacity estimates in Mbps via a proposed analytical model for HS-DSCH and HARQ. This model used to compare MIMO techniques is complemented by simulations. The study indicates that the capacity increases with the number of receive antennas more than with the number of transmit antennas. The model also points out that space time coding seems more powerful than Blast and in addition requires less complexity in receiver structure. Another signicant result it is the fact that the cell capacities shown in the table I are calculated in such way to have a delay of 0 second for receiving error free information. With such delays, HSDPA can support streaming services and meet the assciated Qos requirements. The assumptions made in deriving the simplied analytical model proposed here should be lifted and a sensitivity analysis conducted to upgrade the analytical model to a more realistic context. The results

obtained here do corroborate some previous ndings and it should be worthwhile pursuing the investigation to propose enhanced analytical models for actual air interface, mobility and trafc conditions. R EFERENCES
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