Fruits are produced only by flowering plants (angiosperms).

Following pollination of the flower, the fertilized ovules develop into seeds while the surrounding ovary wall forms the fruit tissue, or pericarp. The botanical definition of a fruit is an organ that contains seeds, protecting these as they develop and often aiding in their dispersal. This may be at odds with everyday usage of the word "fruit." Botanically, pineapples, oranges, and apples are fruits, but so too are "vegetables" like tomatoes and cucumbers. The pods that contain peas and beans are fruits, as are the dry, inedible structures that bear the seeds of many wild plants. A strawberry plant with blossoms and fruit. The true fruit of the strawberry is not the fleshy tissue but the tiny seedlike achenes on the surface of the berry.

There are many ways to classify fruits, but the simplest distinction is between fleshy and dry fruits. Fleshy fruits are made of living cells and are often juicy and sweet (oil-rich olives and avocados are exceptions). Dry fruits at maturity are made up of dead cells and are divided into those that split open (dehiscent fruit) and those that do not (indehiscent fruit). Within these broad categories many specialized fruit types are recognized. Nuts (for example, hazelnuts and pecans) are one such category, defined as dry, indehiscent fruits with a hard, stony wall. Everyday usage of the word "nut" is, however, quite different, and includes cashew nuts and peanuts (which are actually seeds not fruits).

True fruits are formed by the ovary, which is the lower region of the pistil and the female sex organ of the flower. Sometimes the bulk of the fruit is not derived from the ovary but from some other part(s) of the flower. Such fruits are termed false fruits or accessory fruits. Strawberry is a good example of this. The fleshy tissue people consider the fruit is derived from the receptacle (the swollen tip of the flower stalk), and the true fruits are the tiny, seedlike achenes on the surface. Apart from strawberry, all the fruit types discussed so far are simple fruits derived from single pistils. In contrast to simple fruits are aggregate and multiple fruits, which are formed from many pistils and, in turn, many Examples of the many classifications of fruits. The botanical definition of a fruit may be at odds with everyday usage of the word.

ovaries. Aggregate fruits like raspberries and blackberries are formed from the several ovaries of a single flower. Multiple fruits like pineapples and mulberries develop from the fusion of the ovaries of several flowers. Interest-ingly, some fruits (such as banana) develop without seed formation, a phenomenon termed parthenocarpy.

Economic Importance

Many fleshy fruit are major food crops of great economic importance. Prime areas of cultivation may be far removed from the original "home" of that particular plant; for example, Citrus species like orange are native to Asia, as are apples. Fruits, like other types of produce, comprise living tissue and require special handling and storage to ensure optimal quality for the consumer. Ripening of fruit involves a range of processes that ultimately make the fruit more attractive for consumption, such as color change, softening, sweetening, and aroma production.

Physiologically, fleshy fruit fall into two categories: climacteric and nonclimacteric. Climacteric fruit can be picked mature but unripe and then stored for extended periods at low temperature before being ripened and sold. Such fruit include mangoes, bananas, papayas, avocados, and tomatoes. Special methods for handling such fruits allow tropical fruits grown thousands of miles away to be on sale weeks later in supermarkets in temperate regions with no apparent loss of quality. Ripening of climacteric fruit is triggered by the gaseous plant hormone ethylene, and this is exploited by shippers to artificially induce fruit ripening. In several fruit crops, including tomato, it has been possible to use genetic engineering to knock out ethylene production thus preventing ripening and extending the shelf life of the fruit. Nonclimacteric fruits such as grapes, citrus, and strawberries do not respond dramatically to ethylene as is the case of climacteric fruits. These fruits ripen only while still attached to the parent plant and so cannot be picked early and stored for later ripening. Economic botany is the commercial exploitation of plants by people. Economic botany contributes significantly to anthropology,biology, conservation, botany, and other fields of science. This link between botany and anthropology explores the ways humans use plants for food, shelter, medicines, textiles, and much more. [1]

History of economic botany Botany itself came about through medicine and the development of herbal remedies. [2] Thus at its advent, botany was economic as well as systematic. As plants became useful for herbals and curatives, their economic value increased. An early set of instructions drawn up by a cosmographer of Charles the fifth instructed explorers to "determine what are the items of sustenance of the land and which onse are generally used, whether fruits or seeds, and all manner of spices, drugs, or whatever other scents, and find out the time in which one can reproduce the trees, plants, herbs, and fruits that these parts offer, and if the natives use them for medicines, as we do."[3]

Entrepreneurship is the act and art of being an entrepreneur or "'one'who undertakes innovations, finance and business acumen in an effort to transform innovations into economic goods". This may result in new organizations or may be part of revitalizing matureorganizations in response to a perceived opportunity. The most obvious form of entrepreneurship is that of starting new businesses(referred as Startup Company); however, in recent years, the term has been extended to include social and political forms of entrepreneurial activity. When entrepreneurship is describing activities within a firm or large organization it is referred to as intra-preneurship and may include corporate venturing, when large entities spin-off organizations.[1] According to Paul Reynolds, entrepreneurship scholar and creator of the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, "by the time they reach their retirement years, half of all working men in the United States probably have a period of self-employment of one or more years; one in four may have engaged in self-employment for six or more years. Participating in a new business creation is a common activity among U.S. workers over the course of their careers." [2] And in recent years has been documented by scholars such as David Audretsch to be a major driver of economic growth in both the United States and Western Europe. "As well, entrepreneurship may be defined as the pursuit of opportunity without regard to resources currently controlled (Stevenson,1983)"
[3]

Entrepreneurial activities are substantially different depending on the type of organization and creativity involved. Entrepreneurship ranges in scale from solo projects (even involving the entrepreneur only part-time) to major undertakings creating many job opportunities. Many "high value" entrepreneurial ventures seek venture capital or angel funding (seed money) in order to raise capital to build the business. Angel investors generally seek annualized returns of 20-30% and more, as well as extensive involvement in the business. [4]Many kinds of organizations now exist to support would-be entrepreneurs including specialized government agencies, business incubators, science parks, and some NGOs. In more recent times, the term entrepreneurship has been extended to include elements not related necessarily to business formation activity such as conceptualizations of entrepreneurship as a specific mindset (see alsoentrepreneurial mindset) resulting in entrepreneurial initiatives e.g. in the form of social entrepreneurship, political entrepreneurship, orknowledge entrepreneurship have emerged. Entrpreneurship and Economic Development Entrepreneurship helps in the process of economic development in the following ways : 1) Employment Generation : Growing unemployment particularly educated unemployment is the problem of the nation. The available employment opportunities can cater only 5 to 10 % of the unemployed. Entrepreneurs generate employment both directly and indirectly. Directly, self employment as an entrepreneur and indirectly by starting many industrial units they offer jobs to millions. Thus entrepreneurship is the best way to fight the evil of unemployment.

2) National Income :

National Income consits of the goods and services produced in the country and imported. The goods and services produced are for consumption within the country as well as to meet the demand of exports. The domestic demand increases with increase in population and increase in standard of living. The export demand also increases to meet the needs of growing imports due to various reasons. An increasing number of entrepreneurers are required to meet this increasing demand for goods and services. Thus entrepreneurship increases the national income. 3) Balanced Regional Development :

The growth of Industry and business leads to a lot of Public benefits like transport facilities, health, education, entertainment etc. When the industries are concentrated in selected cities, development gets limited to these cities. A rapid development . When the new entrepreneurers grow at a faster rate, in view of increasing competition in and around cities, they are forced to set up their enterprises in the smaller towns away from big cities. This helps in the development of backward regions. 4) Dispersal of economic power :

Industrial development normally may lesd to concentration of economic powers in a few hands. This concentration of power in a few hands has its own evils in the form of monopolies. Developing a large number of entrepreneurers helps in dispersing the economic power amongst the population. Thus it helps in weakening the harmful effects of monopoly. 5) Better standards of living :

Entrepreneurers play a vital role in achieving a higher rate of economic growth. Entrepreneurers are able to produce goods at lower cost and supply quality goods at lower price to the community according to their requirements.When the price of of the commodies decreases the consumers get the power to buy more goods for their satisfaction. In this way they can increase the standard of living of the people. 6) Creating innovation :

An entrepreneur is a person who always look for changes. apart from combining the factors of production, he also introduces new ideas and new combination of factors. He always try to introduce newer and newer technique of production of goods and services. An entrepreneur brings economic development through innovation.

Entrepreneurship also helps in increasing productivity and capital formation of a nation. In short, the development of the entrepreneurship is inevitable in the economic development of the country. The Role played by the entrepreneurship development can be expressed in the following words :

" Economic development is the effect for which entrepreneurship is a cause " 1. Do what you enjoy. 2. Take what you do seriously 3. Plan everything. 4. Manage money wisely. 5. Ask for the sale. 6. Remember it's all about the customer. 7. Become a shameless self-promoter (without becoming obnoxious). 8. Project a positive business image. 9. Get to know your customers 10. Level the playing field with technology. 11. Build a top-notch business team. 12. Become known as an expert. 13. Create a competitive advantage. 14. Invest in yourself. 15. Be accessible. 16. Build a rock-solid reputation. 17. Sell benefits 18. Get involved 19. Grab attention. 20. Master the art of negotiations.

The importance of seed Crop productivity Increase in agricultural production is the key to all-over economic growth. Seed constitutes the main propagule for plant growth and, at the same time, one of the main vehicles for the dissemination of plant pests. Seed-borne pathogens, such as fungi, bacteria and viruses are serious constraints to crop productivity. In worst-case scenario, seed-borne diseases can be disastrous and even life threatening. Seed-borne diseases can be harmful in several ways: 1. Seed-borne inoculum can reduce seed germination to various degrees, give rise to pre- and post emergence seedling mortality and progressive disease development in the field and thereby reduce the yield and quality of the crop Imported seed lots carrying disease propagules may introduce devastating diseases or new strains of a pathogen into new regions Infected seeds have reduced shelf life Infected seeds are at risk of being contaminated with mycotoxins and undergo changes in nutritional value

2. 3. 4.

Plant genetic resource conservation Proper conservation and utilization of plant genetic resources (PGR) is vital to global food security. Wild and cultivated plant species, landraces and genetically improved genotypes of economically important food and industrial crops constitute invaluable pools of genes for crop improvement and diversification. Tolerance to drought, salt, heat and cold and resistance to pests and diseases are highly desirable and valuable traits in crop improvement programmes. The need to increase world food production can only be met by proper management and use of high quality PGRs, required for the development of better-adapted and higher-yielding cultivars. Seed-borne diseases may hinder the proper utilization of plant genetic resources through: 1. 2. Loss of germplasm due to seed and seedling death Spread of seed-borne diseases in the field and across, national or international boundaries