اساسيات الكهرباء والالكترونيك

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W
K

W
11
W
15J 10
W
K
-1-
EFEF
EF
W
J W
E1J 1F
WJ 1
-2-
WJ 2
J F
EF
W
K
E2J 1F
-3-
W
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WENERGY BAND
E3J 1F
E F
WFORBIDDEN BAND
W
J 1
KEF
WVALENCE BANDJ 2
WCONDUCTOR BANDJ 3

K
-4-
W
W
INSULATOR
SEMICONDUCTOR
CONDUCTOR
WINSULATOR K1
J J FEF
KEKKK
E4J 1F
W SEMICONDUCTOR K2
-5-
E5J 1F
WCONDUCTOR K3
EF
KJ J
E6J 1F
-6-

ELECTROSTATICS
E600F
EF
J W
KE7J 1F
E7J 1F
J W
K
WK
KEQ1,Q2F EFF
J 1
KER2F EFF J 2

q1q
r2
q1 q 2
F
=
K
......N EF
2
r

-7-
EMFWR2 W
ECFWQ1,Q2W
W KW
K=1/4
WW
=O R
-12
8.85410 ( F/MLF O W
KE1ZFR
J W
KEC)
E8CM) W
Q2=5*10-8CQ1=6*10-5C,
R=2 O=8.854*10-12F/MK1
q1q2
5 10 8 6 10 5
F = 4r 2 =
4 3.14 2 8.854 10 12 8 10 2
-8-
= 2.106 N
W
E ELECTRIC CURRENT F
KEF
EF
EF
K
K
K
K
E8J 1F
-9-

W
K J 1
K J 2
K J 3
K J 4
K J 5
K J 6
K J 7
K J 8
K J 9
KEF J 10
K J 11
J W
K J 1
K J 2
K J 3
K J 4
- 10 -
J W
K J 1
K J 2
K J 3
J W
W J 1
50V
W J 2
K
W J 3
- 11 -
KKKKKK
J 1
K J 2
J 3
K
J 4
K
EF
- 12 -
J W
W J 1
K
WEF J 2
600,000100,000
1000
600400
100
- 13 -
J W
K J 1
K J 2
J 3
K
K E1000F
J W
K J 1
J 2
K
J 3
K J 4
J 5
K
KE20F J 6
J 7
J 9
J 8
- 14 -
J W
K J 1
J 2
J 3
J 4
K53
W
KJ
KJ
KJ
- 15 -

W1
W2
W3
W4
KW5

W6
5CMW7
Q1= 2*10-8 C
Q2 = 3*10-5 C
R = 1
W8
W9
W10
W11
W12
- 16 -
EF
EF
W
EF

J 1
J 2

J 3
J 4
J 5
J 6
? ???
- 17 -
EF

LLWW
4321WKKW
20
80W
100W
J 1
J 2
J 3
J 4
J 5
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
- 18 -
W
W
W
W
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK O
WW
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW
- 19 -

< ]<gj]<]<j<^]<]
W
K K1
K K2
K K3
22
W
15J 10
W
K
- 20 -

J W
W
J 1
J 2
J 3
EF J 4
- 21 -
W J 1

q
I
=
......... A
t
?A?IW
YC[Q
?S?T
E1J 2F
F E1J 2F
E
K
WEF
AMPERE
K
200,000
100,000
- 22 -
1.000.000.000.000
1012
1.000.000.000
109
1.000.000
106
1.000
103
100
102
10
101
DA
1
0.1
100
10-1
0.01
10-2
0.001
10-3
0.000001
10-6
0.000000001
10-9
0.000000000001
10-12

TERA
GIGA
MEGA
KILO
HECTO
DEKA
E2J 2F
- 23 -
DECI
CENTI
MILLI
MICRO
NANO
PICO
G M K
3
R
J 2
6
R
3
R
3L
6L 3L
7L 4L 1L
H
7
R
4
R
1
R
DA 8L 5L 2L 1L
9L 6L 3L 2L
D
C
M
N
P
10
L
11
L
12
L
15
L
18
L
21
L
7L 4L 3L

D
D C
A
8 9 10 11
R R R R
5 6 7 8
R R R R
2 3 4 5
R R R R
1 2 3 4
R R R R
1 2 3
R R R
1 2
1L
R R
1
2L 1L
R
8L 5L 4L 3L 2L 1L
M N
12
R
9
R
6
R
5
R
4
R
3
R
2
R
1
R
21
R
18
R
15
R
14
R
13
R
12
R
11
R
10
R
9
R
6
R
3
R
9L 6L 5L 4L 3L 2L 1L
12
L
15
L
18
L
9L 8L 7L 6L 5L 4L 3L
12
L
15
L
11
L
14
L
15
R
12
R
9
R
8
R
7
R
6
R
5
R
4
R
3
R
18
R
15
R
12
R
11
R
10
R
9
R
8
R
7
R
6
R
3
R
10
9L 8L 7L 6L 3L
L
13 12 11 10
9L 6L 3L
L L L L
KR
KL
E3J 2F
- 24 -
WW
200KA=
A
0.500A=
MA
W
3R
200KA= 200000A W
W M A 3R
0.005A= 5MA
W
WEF

W K1
E4J 2F
E 4J 2F
K
- 25 -
W K2
E5J 2F
E5J 2F
W K3
E6J 2F
E6J 2F
K
- 26 -
W K4
E7J 2F
E7J 2F
EF
KEF
W K5

K
- 27 -

WDIRECT CURRENT K1
I (MA)
T(S)
E8J 2F
F E ACF
E8J 2FE
I(MA)
WALTERNATING CURRENT K2
E9J 2F
FEACF
W K3
E10J 2F
KEF
- 28 -
KEF
_W
K
EF
WW
E11J 2F
K J 1
K J 2
KEF J 3
K J 4
K J 5
- 29 -
KEF J 6
K
J W
EF J 1
K J 2
K J 3
K J 4
W J 5
EF
XZ
W
E12J 2F
E12J 2F
()
()
E12J 2F
EFW
E12J 2F
K
- 30 -
WEF
100mA
10mA
1mA
E12J 2F E12J 2F E12J 2F
250-0 50-0 10-0

125
25
:
100 m
10m
125 = 50 mA I =
I =
25 = 5mA
250
50
W
- 31 -
I=
1m
5 = 0.5mA
10
W
K K
KK
E13J 2F
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
F
W2500W
EKKK2000
- 32 -
E13J 2F
W
K J 1
KEF J 2
K J 3
W
K J 1
K J 2
K J 3
K J 4
K J 5
- 33 -

KL-21001 LINEAR CIRCUIT LAB
E KL-21001F
K
KE220V/110V 60/50HzF
KL-21001E14J 2F
- 34 -
WKL-21001
K E13J 2F
W
E F
J 1
+5V, -5V,+12V,-12V
J 2
K18V3V
K9VAC J 3
K(FUNCTION GENERATOR) J 4
(0-20V) aW J 5
(0-1A) (0-100mA )bW

E0-15VFcW
0-1A)( o-100mA)dW
KJ 6
EF
J 7
Ea,b,c,dF J 8
K J 9
- 35 -
K J 10

WW
J W
J 1
K J 2
J W
K J 1
J 2
W
E AF KL-13001 K KL-21001 J 1
J 2
KK+10V
EFMIN VR1 J 3
J 4
I=
MA
EF VR1 J 5

I=
MA
- 36 -
E F VR1 J 6
I=

MA
K J 7
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
- 37 -
W
J W
KJ
KJ 2
J W
J 1
J 2
J W
K 9V K J 1
K
EFMIN VR1J 2
J 3
I=
MA
EF VR1 J 4

I=
MA
EF VR1 J 5
I=

MA
KJ 6
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
- 38 -
W1
W2
KW3
W4
W5
W6
W
J 1
J 2
WJ 3
W7
- 39 -
EF

EF
W
EF

J 1
J 2
J 3
J 4
J 5
J 6
? ???
- 40 -
EF

LLWW
4321WKKW
20
80W
100W
J 1
J 2
J 3
J 4
J 5
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW
- 41 -
W
W
W
W
WW
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW
- 42 -

< ]<gj]<]<j<^]<]
W

W
K1
K2
K3
W
11
W
15J 10
-43-

Electric Voltage
E1J 3F
J W
BA
E1J 3F
WKBA
K
EF B A
KEF
W
FE VF
EVolt
-44-
W
KEVoltF

WDC -1
E2J 3F
WAC -2

KEF
V
E3J 3F
-45-
W -3
E4J 3F
-46-
E J 5J 3F
EJ 5J 3F
E5J 3F
W
EZ5J 3F
WEF
250V
50V
10V
250-0 50-
125
250
10-0
5

W
V=
250
125 = 125V
250
:
V =
50
25 = 25V
50
-47-

V =
10
5 = 5V
10
J W
KJ 1
kl-21001J 2
J 3
J W
kl-21001 J 1
J 2
J 3
J W

J W
EFJ 1
EFJ 2
-48-
J W
kl-21001J 1
onJ 2
EFEmin.PositionFJ 3
E0FE+20vFJ 4
J 5
V= V
EFJ 6

V= V
Emin .PositionF
E+20VFJ 7
J 8
V= V
E6FJ 9

V= V
J 8
-49-
W
J W
Kl-21001 Kl-3001J 1
EaF
0-K J 2
9v
V=. V
9V9V0
V=. V
K J 3
KV9V J 4
KACV J 5
KEF J 6
J 7
V=KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKV
KEF J 8
J 9
V=KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKV
-50-
J 10
-51-

W1
WW2
J
W3
-52-
EF
EF
W
EF

J 1
-2
J 3
J 4
J 5
J 6
? ???
-53-
EF

LLWW
4321WKKW
20
80W
100W
J 1
J 2
J 3
J 4
J 5
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW
-54-
W
W
W
W
WW
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW
-55-

< ]<gj]<]<j<^]<]
W
K1
K2
.3
W
22
W
15J 10
-56 -

Electric Resistance
EF
E F
W

W
EFEOhmF
Ek,M)F
:
WEF -1
WA -2
KK
( ) -3

W -3
-4
K
-57 -
WJ
W -1
EF
4\1F K
.E212\1
E1J 4F
W-2
EFilmF
K
W
E2J 4F
K -1
K -2
K -3
-58 -
WJ 3
E3J 4F
WEPotentiometerFJ
WEFJ
EN.t.cF K1
WNegative Temperature Coefficient
EP.t.cF K2
WPositive Temperature Coefficient
-59 -
E4J 4F
: Voltage Dependant resistor ( )-

-60 -
EFE5J 4F
W

W
:
K
( 6-4)
:
E0FE1F
E5%FE100F
R=10100= 1K 5%
:
E4FE0FE1F
E5%FE1MF
R= 104106=104M 5%
-61 -
1%
10
2%
100
1K
10K
0.5%
100K
0.25%
1M
0.10%
10M
0.05%
5%
0.1
10%
0.01
E6J 4F
-62 -
EF
W
K
EFEF
KEF
W
K J 1
K J 2
K J 3
K J 4
W J 5
xZ
E7J 4F
E7J 4F
E7J 4F
-63 -
WEF
ERx1F
ERx10000F ERx100F
10.000
100
R=1210.000=120K R=12100=1200
R=121=12
-64 -

J W
J 1
J 2
J W
kl-21001 J 1
J 2
J 3
J W
GGGGGG
-65 -
J W
K( KL-21001FE KL-13001FJ 1
F -2
E
R2
R4
R7
R9
R11
R13
R15
R16
R17
-3
-66 -
J W
KJ 1
KJ 2
J W
kl-21001 J 1
J 2
J 3
J W
K( KL-21001FE KL-13001FJ 1
C BAVR1 J 2
K
A,CJ 3
Rac =

J 4
Rab =
-67 -
J 5

Rab =
J 6
Rbc =
J 7

Rbc =

KKKKKKJ 8

RAB
RBC
RAB+RBC
4\1
2\1
4\3
Rac RAB+RBCJ 7
Rac = Rab+bc
J 8
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
-68 -

W1
WW2
EF
EF
EF
EF
EF
EF
EFK
EF
EF
EF
-69 -
EF
EF
W
EF

J 1
-2
J 3
J 4
J 5
J 6

? ???
-70 -
EF

LLWW
4321WKKW
20
80W
100W
J 1
J 2
J 3
J 4
J 5
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW
-71 -
W
W
W
W
WW
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW
-72 -

< ]<gj]<]<j<^]<]
K1
K2
K3
K4
W
15J 10
W
33
W
-1
-2
-73-
EF

R
VI
V
E1J 5F
KJ 1
KJ 2
J W

V=IR
volt
EAF?I ?W
EVF? V?
E F?R ?
-74-
J W
WESeriesF J 1
R
T
E2J 5F
KE2J 5F
KE3J 5F
E3J 5F
I=I1=I2=I3
ER2FEIR1FER1F
KEIR3FER3FEIR2F
-75-
V=V1+V2+V3
=IR1+IR2+IR3
ERTFEJ 2J 5F
W
RT=R1+R2+R3+...Rn
E12VFW
E1KFE6mAF
E3.6.VF
EI=6mAFW
RT =
V 12V
12
=
=
= 2000 = 2
I
6m 6 10 3
KE6mAFE3.6vF
V
3 .6
= 600
R= =
I 6 10 3
RT=R1+R2+R3
:
2000=1000+600+R3
2000=1600+R3
:
R3=2000-1600=400
-76-
WEParallelF J 2
E4J 5F
ER2FEV2FER1F(V1FE4J 5F
EV=V1=V2F
EAFK
E5J 5F
I = I1 + I2W
ERTF
1
1
1
1
R
=
+
+
+
T
R1 R2 R3 Rn
-77-
ER1,R2F
R1 R 2
R
=
T
R1 + R 2
E10KFWE1
E100KF
R1 R2 100 K 10 K 100,000 10,000

R
=
=
= 9,09 K
T
R1 + R2 = 100 K + 10 K 100,000 + 10,000

KERTF
WE2
R1=10K
R2=20K
R3=40K
1
RT
1
1
1
+
+
R1
R2
R3
1
1
1
1
=
+
+
R
10 K 20 K 40 K
T
1
7
=
R
40 K
T
40,000
R
=
= 5.17 K
T
RT Z 9090 E1.1mAF E3

V=I RT=1.1m 9090=10V
-78-
W J 2
E6J 5F
J W
ERT1F ER5,R4,R3FJ 1
ERT2FER2FERT1FJ 2
KER1FERT2FJ 3
J W
K
E7J 5F
I1 + I2 = I3 + I4
I1 + I2 - I3 - I4 = 0
J W
K
V=V1+V2+V3
V-V1-V2-V3=0
-79-
J W
EFJ 1
EFJ 2
E8J 5FW
E8J 5F

6 = 2 I1 + 5 (I1+ I2)
2 = 2 I2 +5 (I1+ I2)
W7 5
30 = 35 I1 + 25 I2
- 14 =- 35 I1 - 49 I2
16 = 0 - 24 I2
16
I2 =
= 0.67 A
24
WI2
2 = 5 I1 9 0.67
8
I 1 = = 1 .6 A
5
WRBC
I3 = I1 + I2
= 1. 6 +(- 0.67) = 0.93 A
-80-
J W

KEOhm MeterF
E9J 5F
ER4,R3FER1,R2FE9J 5F
K
ER2,R1FEBFKEAFEVA,VBF
E+6VFEAFE100 10FER4,R3F
E+3VFEBFER4,R3FK
EBFE3VFE A F E6VF
EShortF EOpenF
KECircuit OKF
-81-
Circuit OK
R1open
R2open
R3open
R4open
C open
D open
R1 short
R2 short
R3 short
R4 short

A
B
6V
3V
0
0
12V
6V
6V
0
6V
6V
12V
6V
6V
6V
12V
6V
0
0
6V
6V
6V
0
E10J 5F
-82-
EF E50F
J WEElectric PowerF
EBFEAFEqFEWF
P=
w
....... w
t
EJFWwW
ESFWt
EwFEWattFWP
_W
KEF
EF
W=IVT....J(w.t)
w
t
IV
P=I.V.....Watt
EK.W.HF
100 W
K10100110
W
W=V I t
-83-
W W
I=
V 110
=
= 1A
R 110
P=IV=1101=110W
W=P.T=110100
=11000W.H
=11K.w.H
=1110=110
WW
WW
WW
-:
K
P
wo
= O =
Pi
wi
-84-
J W
WEBatteriesF -1
E F
WEElectric generatorsF -2
E F

J WSolar Cell -3
-85-
J W
K K1
K K2
J W
kl- 13001 J 1
J 2
J 3
J W
KKKKK
KKKKK
KKKKK
J W
KAKL-13001 -1
K10 V -2
-3
I = V / R = mA
-4
-86-
I=
mA
-5
K15 mA -6
R1 -7
V
V= I R =
-8
V =
V

K10 V -9
K20 mA VR1 -10

VR1 =
VR1 =
KVR1 -11
KVR1 -12
-87-
-13
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
-88-
J W
KaKL-13001 -1
K -2
K 1k VR1 -3
J W -4
RT=
-5
I= mA
I=
mA
-6

K6 5 500 -7
RT =

I= mA
I=
mA
K -8
-89-
J W -9
K1K VR1 -10
RT =
V=
V -11
-12

KVR1 = 0 -13
I=
mA
-14
I1=
mA
K -15
-90-
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
-16
-10+15-17
R6-18
I =
mA
I1,I2R6W
-19
I=
mA
-20
I=
mA
-21
I = I1 + (-I2)=
mA
-22
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
-91-
-23

-92-

J W
K -1
K -2
W
J 1
kl-13001 J 2
J 3
J 4
K
J W
KAKL-13001 -1
R1 =
R1 -2
K+ 15 V -3
-93-
W -4
I =
-5
mA
P = I V =
P = V2 /R =
P = I2 R =
-6
W

-7
W
-8
K -9
-10
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
-11
-94-
W1
W2
V=30V R=20
W3
V=30V R=100
R=50W3
V=20V
W4
-95-
EF
EF
W
EF

-1
-2

-3
-4
-5
-6
? ???
-96-
EF

LLWW
4321WKKW
20
80W
100W
J 1
J 2
J 3
J 4
J 5
-97-
W
W
W
W
WW
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW
-98-

< ]<gj]<]<j<^]<]
W
KRC
W K1
K2
K3
K4
K5
W
22
W
15J 10
-99-

CAPACITOR

J W
EF
E1J 7F E F
FK
E1J 7F
J W

EF
E F
EF
-100-
J W
EcF
?F?
J W
?V?EqF
C=
q
......F
v
EFF
KEPFFENFF
KE100cF E10vF W
q 100 10 6
= 10F
C= =
v
10
J W
E2J 7FECF
K
E2J 7F
J W

K EF
-101-
EF
K
KK
J W
E3J 7F
K E 2J 7 F
K EVF
EF
-102-
J W
E4J 7F
FEF
E
T = RC
K?c?R
37%T
K
K37%
K63%
E99%F
=5T=
-103-
W
=5T=
E5J 7F
J W

KKKKKKKKK
J 1
-104-
. -2

K
E6J 7F
E6J 7F
J WJ 3
EF
-: -4

K
: -5
K
K
-105-
: -6
K
KE7J 7F
E7J 7F
: ( )-7
K
K
-106-
W
K -1
K -2
-3
1K
W
W -1
E8J 7F
WC1q
Q1=C1V
Q2=C2V
WC2
C1,C2C
Q=q1+q2
Wq
CV=C1V+C2V
V
CV=V(C1+C2)
V
CT= C1+C2
W
CT= C1+C2+C3+ .... +Cn
-107-
W -2
E9J 7F
Q=q1=q2
Q = C1V=C2V
W
V=V1+V2

1 1
q q q
(
=
+
=
q
+ )
c c
c2
c1 c 2
1
q
1
1 1
= +
c
c1 c 2
t
W
1
1 1
1
1
=
+
+
+
.......
c
c1 c 2 c3
cn
t
-108-
KEF

K
X1R

-109-
ERCF
J W
K -1
K -2
W
kl-13001 J 1
J 2
J 3
W
dKL-13001 -1
K -2
KC1KVR11KVR1 -3
K +10V -4
-5
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
T =RC -6
T =
sec
W VC=V (1-e-t/RC) -7
Time (t)
VC
0T
1T
-110-
2T
3T
4T
5T
KVR1 -8
K 6.32V
T=
sec
WVC -9
Time (t)
VC
0T
1T
2T
3T
4T
5T
VC
98 -10

T=
200VR1 -11
sec
KVR1 -12
5
KR7 -13
T =RC -14
T=
W VC=Ve
Time (t)
VC
0T
-t/RC
-15
1T
2T
3T
4T
5T
3.68V10VVC -16
T=
sec
1917
WVC -17
Time (t)
VC
0T
1T
2T
3T
4T
5T
VC -17
-111-
1820 -18
-18
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
-112-

W1
W2
W3
W4
W5
W6
:7
-113-
EF

EF
W
EF

J 1
J 2
3
J 4
J 5
J 6
? ???
-114-
EF

LLWW
4321WKKW
20
80W
100W
J 1
J 2
J 3
J 4
J 5
-115-
W
W
W
W
WW
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW
-116-

< ]<gj]<]<j<^]<]
W

W
K K1
K K2
K K3
K K4
W
19
W
15J 10
W
-1
- 117 -
-2

ALTERNATING CURRENT (A.C)
K
K
E1J 8F
- 118 -
E F
KE
EBF
EFEAF
K
EAF EBF
K
K
KE0,45,90,180,225,270,315,360)W
E2J 8F
- 119 -
E3J 8F
WEPERIODICTIMEFT K1
(S)
EFFEHZF
WEFREQUENCYFF K2
F=1/T
... HZ
T=2SW
F=
1
1
=
= 500
T 2 10 6
WEVMAXF -1
KEVPF
WEVMINF -2
EVPF
WEVPPF -3
VPP=2VP
WEVRMSF -4
- 120 -

Vrms =
V max
2
J W
-5
I=IMAX SIN
V=VMAX SIN
=T
W
-6
EF
ERAD/SECF
=2F
RAD/SEC

= T = 2FT
RL= E I=20 SIN 30
A FW
W12
IRMS
-1
VRMS
-3
-2
IMAX = 20
= 30O

- 121 -
W
Irms =
Imax
2
20
2
= 14.14A
V=IR
VRMS= IRMS R
= 14.14 12 = 169.68 V
- 122 -
OSCILLOSCOPE
- 123 -
W
EVerticalF
EInputsF
EPowerF
Trigger
EScreenF
EHorizontalF
W
EScreenF
W
KW
K1
KW
K1
EPOWERF -1
- 124 -
W -2

KFOCUS -3
AUTOSET ABORT -4
INTENSITY -5
EVerticalF
KEF
Einput channelsF
EwaveformF
- 125 -
KW -1
EFDCEFACW -2
EFGND
W -3
-4
K
K11
K
W
KC
2K
W
4 2 = 8V
K5
54= 20VZ
K W -5
- 126 -
-6
KCH1 -7
KCH2 -8
EprobesF
W

BNCK
- 127 -
-9
EHorizontalF
- 128 -
KEF
W
W -1

KD
K0.8Z 0.2X4Z0.2
ETRIGGERF
KK
W
- 129 -
K(AUTO) ENORMALF W -2
??
K
WLEVEL -3
W -4
K
W -5
WK
K ExternalEXT

HFRKWCOUPLING -6
KHigh Frequency
Low FrequencyLFR
K
KACKDCAC
KDC
K
KW -7
KWDELAY -8
- 130 -

FUNCTION GENERATOR
K
W
K -1
EFEFUNCTIONF -2
E100-1K-10K-100KFERANGF -3
EAMPLITUDEF -4
1KEFREQUENCYF3 -5
1KHZ100HZ
- 131 -

W
K -1
K -2
K -3

W
J 1
J 2
W
K -1
-2
K(0.5/CM)(2V/CM) -3
- 132 -
W -4
(T)
4MS
(F)
(VPP)
500HZ
8V
200HZ
10V
12V
K -5
W
W
- 133 -
- 134 -
-6
- 135 -
W1
J J J J WW2

W4
W5
W6
W7
- 136 -
EF
EF
W
EF

J 1
J 2
EF
3
J 4
J 5
J 6
? ???

- 137 -
EF

LLWW
4321WKKW
20
80W
100W
J 1
J 2
J 3
J 4
J 5
- 138 -
W
W
W
W
WW
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW
- 139 -

< ]<gj]<]<j<^]<]
EF
E F

EF
W
EF
W
W
J 1
J 2
J 3
W
33
W
15J 10
W
J 1
J 2
J 3
- 140 -

EF
EF
EF
GeSi
KECrystalF
E1J 1F
K
E1J 1F
- 141 -

EF
300OK
E2J 1F
En-type semiconductorFn-J 1
K
KK
- 142 -

EF
donor impurity
nE3J 1F
WEp- type semiconductorFp-J 2
Hole
E4J 1FAcceptorK
p-
E4J 1F
- 143 -

EF
The p-n Junction DiodeEp-nF

FEFp-n
K
E
np-n
p-nE5J 1F
np EBarrierF
EHolesFp
Kn
E5J 1F
Wp-n
pn
np
EDepletion RegionF
p-nE6J
- 144 -
1F

EF
WKnP
W Forward Bias
J 1
EAnodeFpp-n
ECathodeFn
E7J 1F
E7J 1F
K
0.30.7F
- 145 -

EF
WReverse Bias
J 2
E8J 1F
EFnEP-TypeFA
Fn
KnP
E8J 1F
W
Si Ge E9J 1F
0.3o.7
K

- 146 -

EF
KEBreakdown ZenerF
EZener DiodeF
E9J 1F
KWZener Diode J 1
WVaractor Diode J 2
K
WTunnel Diode J 3
K
WPhoto Diode J 4
WLED J 5
K
K100GHz
- 147 -

EF
W
K
W J 1
E10J 1F
aE10J 1F
Kb
ba
K

W J 2
E11J 1F
E11J 1F
D1D1,D3EF
- 148 -

EF
KD3
K
D2KD2,D4
D1,D3KD4
WERipple Factor)r
DC
ACK
K
E12J 1F
- 149 -

EF
EF
EF
KK
E13J 1F
- 150 -

EF

Diode Characteristics
W
J 1
J 2
W
kl- 21001 J 1
kl-13007 J 2
HH J 3
W
KKL-21001
KL-13007 J 1
a
K J 2
+VK+10V J 3
VR1 J 4
KR1K
K J 5
K0.1mAVR1
J 6
K
- 151 -

EF
W J 7
IF(mA) 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0
VF(V)
J 8
IF
VF(V)
VR1 J 9
K1V
W J 10
VR( V)
IR(mA)
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
J 11
IR(mA)
VF(V)
- 152 -

EF
J 12
J 13
- 153 -

EF

Half wave Rectifier
W
K J 1
K J 2
K J 3
W
kl- 21001 J 1
kl-13007 J 2
HH J 3
W
bKKL-13007 J 1
K J 2
K9V J 3
K J 4
J 5
- 154 -

EF
W J 6
VP.P = ..V
T= V
F= 1/T = .Hz
KR4 J 7
J 8
W J 9
VP.P = ..V
- 155 -

EF
T=
F= 1/T = .Hz
K(C1) J 10
J 11
C2C1 J 12
- 156 -

EF
C1=10F, C2=100F J 13
J 14
- 157 -

EF
Full Wave Rectifier

W
K J 1
EF J 2
W
kl- 21001 J 1
kl-13007 J 2
HH J 3

W
bKKL-13007 J 1
K J 2
K9V J 3
K J 4
- 158 -

EF
J 5
W J 6
VP.P = ..V
T= V
F= 1/T = .Hz
KR4 J 7
- 159 -

EF
J 8
W J 9
VP.P = ..V
T= V

F= 1/T = .Hz
K(C1) J 10
J 11
Vr= V
J 12
- 160 -

EF
C2C1 J 13
J 14
Vr= V
J 15
- 161 -

EF
W1
pW2
W3
W4
W5
W6
W7
- 162 -

EF
EF
EF
EFW
EF

J 1
p
J 2
n
3
J 4
J 5
J 6
? ???
- 163 -

EF
EF

LLWW
3 2 1WKKW
4
20
W
80W
100W
J 1

J 2
J 3
J 4
J 5
- 164 -

EF
W
W
W
W
WW
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW
- 165 -

< ]<gj]<]<j<^]<]
W
W
J 1
J 2
J 3
J 4
LED J 5
W
15J 10
W
11
W
J 1
J 2
J 3
J 4
- 166 -

Zener Diode
K
K
KE1J 2FK
E1J 2F
K
Vz
K100W25 200V
W
E2J 2F
- 167 -
ERegulator VoltageF
VzE2J 2F
VzVL
KVz
K
RL
K
- 168 -

ELight Emitting DiodeFLED
LEDE3J 2F
W
E4J 2F
LEDE4J 2F
LEDK
K
- 169 -
WLED
2VEVFF
FLED
LEDE
LEDK
WK
EF
EF
EF
EF EF
EF EF
LED
KKE3J 2F
E3J 2F
- 170 -
W
J 1
J 2
J 3
J 4
E5J 2F7-SegmentLED
E5J 2F
- 171 -

Zener Diode Characteristics
W
K J 1
J 2
W
J 1
kl-13007 J 2
J 3
J 4
J 5
W
aKKL-13007 J 1
K J 2
.+V+15V J 3
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK J 4
- 172 -
KVR1 J 5
KVR112
Iz J 6
KVz
Vin
1
Vz
Iz
10
12
14
15
IzVz
J 7
- 173 -
J 8
- 174 -

Voltage Regulator
K J 1
J 2
W
kl- 21001 J 1
kl-13008 J 2
HH J 3
W
KCKL-13008 J 1
K J 2
KE1KFVR1 J 3
- 175 -
Vin J 4
KVR1
Vin
8V
VR1
Max.(1k)
Vout
12V
Max.(1k)
10V
Max.(1k)
10V
Min (0)
J 5
- 176 -

LED Characteristics
K J 1
J 2
W
kl- 21001 J 1
kl-13007 J 2
HH J 3
W
KL13007 J 1
J 2
J 3
K
K+V10V J 4
LEDVR1 J 5
VFLED J 6
WLED J 7
- 177 -
IF=.mA
VF= V
W J 8
IF(mA) 1
VF(V)
10
LED J 9
K
J 10
- 178 -
WW1
J 1
J 2
WW2
LED
LED
LED
LED
- 179 -
EF
EF
EF
W
EF

J 1
J 2
3
LEDJ 4
J 5
J 6
? ???
- 180 -
EF

LLWW
3 2 1WKKW
4
20
W
80W
100W
J 1

J 2
J 3
J 4
J 5
- 181 -
W
W
W
W
WW
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW
- 182 -

< ]<gj]<]<j<^]<]
BJT
BJT
10
BJT
W
BJT
W
W
BJT J 1
J 2
J 3
J 4
J 5
W
33
W
15J 10
W
J 1
J 2
J 3
J 4
-183-
BJT
BJT
BIPOLAR JUNCTION TRANSISTOR
W
UNIPOLAR- JUNCTION FUJT J 1
ETRANSISTOR
BJT J 2
EFIELD EFFECT TRANSISTORFFET J 3
WBJT
E1J 3F
WE1J 3F
EFWBASE J 1
WEMITTER J 2
-184-
BJT
WCOLLECTOR J 3
K
EPNPFENPNFBJT
KP-NK
NPNEF
KE2J 3F
E2J 3F
PNPEF J
E3J 3F
E3J 3F
-185-
BJT
J 1
EPFENF
J 2
EF
W
J 1
EF
K
J 2
K

IE = IB + IC
IEW
IC
IB
W
W(BETA) J 1
IBIC
= IC/IB
20020
HFEK10000
-186-
BJT
W J 2
WIEIC
= IC/IE
K0.9950.90
W
IE = IC + IB
IC
I E IC I B
=
+
IC IC IC
: =IC/IE = IC/IE
= 1+
+1
= ( + 1)
=
= (1 )
=
1
-187-
BJT
WCOMMON BASE J 1
EFEF
E4J 3F
W
W0UTPUT CHARACTERS
IEVCB
W
ACTIVE REGION
CUTOFF REGION
SATURATION REGION
-188-
BJT
E5J 3F
WACTIVE REGION
K EF
K EF
VCB
KIC
WCUTOFF REGION
KEF
IC KEF
OFF K
KSWITCH
WSATURATION REGION
FKEF
KIEICKE
ON SWITCH
-189-
BJT
WJ
E6J 3F
VCBIEVEB
VEBIE
E6J 3FVEBIEVCB
WCOMMON EMITTER J 2
E7J 3F
-190-
BJT
E8J 3F
W
OFFW
ON W
E9J 3F
VCEIBVBE
-191-
BJT
WCOMMON COLLECTOR J 3
E10J 3F
EF
KEF
IBIEVEC
VECIBVBC
W
E11J 3F
E11J 3F
K
-192-
BJT
KEF
K
K
E12J 3F
W
PNPNPN
W
PNPNPN
W
J 1
J 2
-193-
BJT
NPN
K
W
J 1
J 2
PNP
W
W
J 1
J 2
J 3
J 4
J 5
K J 6
-194-
BJT

TRANSISTOR CHARACTERISTICS
W
J 1
J 2
W
J 1
KL-13007 J 2
J 3
J 4
J 5
W
KL-13007 J 1
KCTR2(PNP)TR1(NPN)
R100 J 2
RF(C-B)TR1
KKRF(E-B)
R10K J 3
TR1
KRR(E-B)RR(C-B)
TR232 J 4
K
-195-
BJT
J 5
RF(E-B)
RF(C-B)
RR(E-B)
RR(C-B)
TR1
TR2
J 6
+V+15V J 7
KIBVR2 J 8
VCEVR3
KVR3 J 9
VR2K J 10
. 10A
VR3KVCE
J 11
VCE = 1V
ICVCEK J 12
VCE (V)
IC (MA)
IB = 10A
2
3
-196-
BJT
VR2IB = 20A J 13
WKVR3
VCE (V)
IC (MA)
IB = 20A
2
3
VR2IB = 30A J 14
WKVR3
VCE (V)
IC (MA)
IB = 30A
2
3
WTR1 J 15
I I
I
= C = C 2 C1 = ...................
I B I B 2 I B1
1+
= ......................
-197-
BJT
ICVCE J 16
. IB=10,20,30A
J 17
-198-
BJT

OPERATIONS OF TRANSISTOR AMPLIFIERS
W
J 1
J 2
W
J 1
KL-13008 J 2
J 3
J 4
J 5
W
AKL-13008 J 1
J 2
K+10V J 3
W J 4
VB=V
VC=.V
-199-
BJT
VE=..V
WR3 = 1K J 5
IC= VR3/R3 = ..MA
VPP= 0.5V1KHZ J 6
KVIN J 7
KVO1 J 8
-200-
BJT
W J 9
VPP=.V
J 10
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
WAV J 11
AV1= VO1/VIN =..
KVO2 J 12
W J 13
VPP=V
J 14
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
WAV J 15
AV2= VO2/VIN =..
J 16
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
-201-
BJT
W1
KW2
W3
WW4
J 1
J 2
J 3
180W5
-202-
BJT
EF
EF
W
EF

J 1
BJT
J 2
3
J 4

J 5
J 6
? ???
-203-
BJT
EF

LLWW
3 2 1WKKW
4
20
W
80W
100W
J 1

J 2
J 3
J 4
J 5
-204-
BJT
W
W
W
W
WW
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW
-205-

< ]<gj]<]<j<^]<]
11

W
FET
W
W
FET J 1
J 2
FET J 3
FET J 4
W
22
W
15J 10
W
J 1
J 2
J 3
- 206 -
FET
Filed Effect Transistor
Unipolar device FET
K
BJTK
WFET
K (Junction FET)JFET J 1
KIGFETMOSFET J 2
WJFET
W
JFETE1J
- 207 -
4F
EpFnE1J 4FJFET
KEnFp
EN ChannelFN
P FPPN
Echannel
Kp
W
WSourceESF J 1
nF
sKIsEp
KBJT
WDrainEDF J 2
KBJTID
WGateEGF J 3

G
BJT
WJFET
E2J 4F
E2J 4Fpn
- 208 -
W
WJFTE

D
NJFET
KPK
WNJFET
WVDS = 0VGS = 0
E3J 4F
VDS=0ID=0
PN

WEVDS>0F VDS VGS=0J
E4J 4F
- 209 -
VDSDS

EPinch off voltageFVPO
KIDSS
WEVGSFVGS<0VDS=0J
E5J 4F
VGSOFFVGS E5J 4Fcutoff

0ID=0
WJFET
E6J 4F
- 210 -
IDFVPE6J 4F
EVDS
IDVGS
VGS
=
1
ID
IDSS
VGS
OFF
WN-channel JFET
VGS=-1V
IDVGSOFF=-3.5VIDss=10Ma

VGS=-2V
VGS
=
ID
IDSS
1
VGS OFF
VGS = -1
2
1
3
ID
10
10
1
=
3.5 = 5.1mA
VGS= -2
2
ID = 10 10 1 3.5 = 1.84mA
ID=0 When VGS = VGSOFF= -3.5V

3
- 211 -
WTransconductancegm
E7J 4F
WVDS
ID
gm
=
VDS
VGS
(s)
gmoVGO=0ID=IDSS
VGS
ID = IDSS 1 VP
WgmVGS
2 IDSS VGS
1
VP
VP
WVGS
gm = gmo
WVGS=0
gm =
gmo =
2 IDSS
VP
- 212 -
Metal-oxide semiconductor FET (MOSFET)
W( Depletion enhancement MOSFET )DE MOSFET J

WVGS
NDE-MOSFETVGS J 1
NDE-MOSFETVGS J 2
WEnhancement only (E MOSFET ) J

VGS
KDE- MOSFET
OFF IDVGS = 0
KMOSFET
WDE- MOSFET
W
E8J 4F
E8J 4F(DE MOSFET)
KpnEaJ 8J 4F
- 213 -
EaJ 8J 4F SS
Eb,cJ 8J 4F
W
WnEDepletion modeF J
E9J 4F
VGS = 0 J 1
ID
N

J 2
EcJ 9J 4F
J 3
ID
VGSOFF J 4
- 214 -
WN- channel Enhancement mode J
E10J 4F
VGS = 0 J 1
ID
J 2
EdJ 10J 4F
J 3
IDEF
- 215 -
WEnhancement only N- channel MOSFET

W
PDE-MOSFET
KKsio2
G

ID = O
E11J 4F
- 216 -
E12J 4F
VDDID=0VGS=0 J 1

K J 2
ID
NVGS J 3
(Threshold voltage ) VGSTh
VGSTh>VGSID=0VGS<VGSTh J 4
E12J 4FID
nnP channel E ONLY MOSFET W

- 217 -
FET Characteristics
W
KFET J 1
KFET J 2
W
J 1
KL-13007 J 2
J 3
J 4
J 5
W
KeKKL-13007 J 1
K J 2
- 218 -
VGSVR5KV-15V J 3
VDSVR6K+V+15V J 4
VGS = 0VR5 J 5
VR6SD J 6
IDKVDS = 1V
KVDS J 7
VDS(V)
ID(mA)
VGS=0V
4
VGS = - 0.25VVR5 J 8
VDS(V)
ID(mA)
VGS=-0.25V
3
4
5
VGS = - 0.5VVR5 J 9
VDS(V)
ID(mA)
VGS=-0.5V
3
4
- 219 -
VGS = - 0.75VVR5 J 10
VDS(V)
ID(mA)
VGS=-0.75V
3
4
5
J 11
FET
J 12
- 220 -

Touch-controlled Switch
W
FET J 1
J 2
W
J 1
KL-13008 J 2
J 3
J 4
J 5
W
KgKKL-13008 J 1
K J 2
- 221 -
K+V+10V J 3
LEDK J 4
J 5
K
LED J 6
J 7
W
VF
VE
VD
VC
VB
VA
J 8
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
- 222 -
FETW1
FETW2
JFETW3
W4
WJFET
N
P
ID = 0
WJFET J
ID
ID
WVPJ
ID
ID
ID
WEFEFW5
P-DE-MOSFET
NJ DE-MOSFET
- 223 -
DE-MOSFET
MOSFET
MOSFET
MOSFETW6
- 224 -
EF
EF
W
EF

J 1
FET
FETJ 2
FET3
J 4
FET
FETJ 5
J 6
FET
? ???
- 225 -
EF

LLWW
3 2 1WKKW
4
20
W
80W
100W
J 1

J 2
J 3
J 4
J 5
- 226 -
W
W
W
W
WW
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW
- 227 -

< ]<gj]<]<j<^]<]
12
W
K
W
W
J 1
J 2
J 3
J 4
W
11
W
1510
W
J 1
J 2
J 3
J 4
J 5
-228-
Photo Diode
E1J 5F
K

K
E2J 5F
W
K
-229-
pn

E2J 5F
K(dark current )
W
E3J 5F
KK
K
E3J 5F
-230-
W
W
K J 1
K J 2
J 3
ESolar CellF
K
-231-

Photo Transistor
W
E4J 5F
KK
E4J 5F
KK
K
K
-232-
WOptcoupler
E5J 5F
KKLEDE5J 5F
K
LED
VS
K
K
K
K
-233-

Photo resistors
E6J 5F
ECDSF
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
E7J 5F
E7J 5F
-234-
E8J 5F
FE8J 5F
CR1,R2,R3E
BPX29K
KBPX25
E9J 5F
-235-
E9J 5F
OFF
ON
-236-

CDS Characteristics
W
K J 1
K J 2
W
J 1
KL-13010 J 2
J 3
J 4
J 5
W
KaKL-13010 J 1
K
-237-
J 2
K J 3
K
R= ..
J 4
R= ..
J 5
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
60W J 6
R= ..
J 7
K J 8
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
-238-

Light Controlled Circuit
W
J 1
J 2
W
J 1
KL-13010 J 2
J 3
J 4
J 5
W
KaKKL-13010 J 1
K J 2
-239-
K+V+6V J 3
LED1VR1 J 4
KA,B.C J 5
K
KKK J 6
LED
VC
VB
VA
J 7
K(VR1+R1) J 8
LED
J 9
-240-
WW1
J 1
J 2
J 3
W2
W3
W4
W5
-241-
EF
EF
W
EF

J 1
J 2
3
J 4
J 5
? ???
-242-
EF

LLWW
3 2 1W KKW
4
20
W
80W
100W
J 1

J 2
J 3
J 4
J 5
-243-
W
W
W
W
WW
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW
-244-

< ]<gj]<]<j<^]<]
13
W

W
W
J 1
J 2
J 3
J 4
W
1510
W
22
W
J 1
J 2
J 3
J 4
J 5
- 245 -

Integrated Circuit
Chip
K
(external pins )
KIC
IC
E1J 6F
- 246 -
WICE1J 6F
P EF J 1
Ka N
p J 2
Kb,c,d
Ke J 3
E2J 6F J 4
E2J 6F
K (Data Sheets )
KE3J 6F
E3J 6F
- 247 -
WIC
WIC
K J 1
K J 2
K J 3
K J 4
K J 5
W
WJ
Linear J 1
Digital J 2
K(binary )K
WJ
W(Small Scale Integration ) SSIJ 1
12K
W(Medium Scale Integration ) MSIJ 2
SSI12-100
EncodersDecoders(Counters )
Arithmetic circuitsSmall memories
W(Large Scale Integration ) LSIJ 3
K100
(Microprocessors )
W(Very Large Scale Integration ) VLSIJ 4
KESingle chipF
- 248 -
WEDigital Integrated Circuits Families )

W
TTL : Transistor - Transistor Logic

ECL : Emitter Coupled Logic
MOS: Metal Oxide Semiconductor
CMOS: Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor
I2L : Integrated Injection Logic
TTL
ECL
I2LMOS
CMOS
54XXX74XXXTTL
E74XXXFK
CMOSK 10102 , 1010710XXXECL

K4002405040XX
K7454
W
Low power schottky 74LSXX
High speed47Hxx
Low powerL74Lxx
- 249 -
W
30 80W J 1
K
J 2
K J 3
WData Sheets
Recommended Operating Conditions J 1

Electrical Characteristics J 2
SwitchingCharacteristics J 3
- 250 -
W
W555
E4J 6F
K555
KK
WE4J 6F
Ground J 1
Trigger J 2
Output J 3
Reset J 4
Control Voltage J 5
Threshold J 6
Discharge J 7
VCC J 8
555
K
555E5J 6F
- 251 -
E5J 6F
W555
IC
WK
W J 1
E6J 6F
2
- 252 -
CR
WK
T=1.1 R C
E7J 6F
W J 2
E8J 6F
2E8J 6F
- 253 -
E9J 6F
WIC555
E10J 6F
IC555
KEFK
- 254 -
W1
WW2
KSSI J 1
KVLSI J 2
KTTL J 3
ICLS J 4
W3
W4
WW5
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
TTLKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
W6
- 255 -
EF
EF
W
EF

J 1
J 2
J 3
J 4
J 5
? ???
- 256 -
EF

LLWW
3 2 1WKKW
4
20
W
80W
100W
J 1

J 2
J 3
J 4
J 5
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
- 257 -
W
W
W
W
WW
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW
- 258 -
Fixed Resistor
Potentiometer

Variable Resistor
LDR
NTC
PTC
Non-Polarized
Capacitor
Polarized Capacitor
Variable Capacitor
- 259 -
Fixed Coil
Variable Coil
Transformer With
Magnetic Core
Relay
Relay
Diode
Zener Diode
LED
Varactor
E)
- 260 -
SCR
Triac
NPN (Transistor)

PNP
P-type (UJT)
N-type

N-Channel (FET)

P-Channel
E)
Photo Transistor NPN
- 261 -
Buffer
Inverter (NOT)
AND (2-input)
AND (2-input)

OR (2-input)
NOR (2-input)
Integrated Circuits
(IC)
7-Segment LED
Display
Loud Speaker
- 262 -
Earphone
Microphone
Measuring Instrument
Volt-Meter
Amper-Meter
J
LAMP
Switch
Battery
Power Supply
- 263 -
Solar Cell
Fuse
Bar Antenna
J
Antenna (Aerial)
Earth
Chassis
- 264 -
K -1
LL K -2
LL
KK -3
L KK
-4
L
LK -5
L2002 -6
LLKK -7
L
ELECTRONIC DEVICES AND CIRCUITS . -8
- 265 -
19
41
53
69
94
111
132
157
173
195
216
232
246
252
W
W
W
W
EFW
W
BJTW
FETW
W
W

EF
GOTEVOT APPRECIATES THE FINANCIAL SUPPORT PROVIDED BY BAE SYSTEMS

اساسيات الكهرباء والالكترونيك

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]<gj]<]<j<^]<]

E12J 2F E12J 2F E12J 2F

250-0 50-0 10-0

(0-1A) (0-100mA )bW

WPositive Temperature Coefficient

: Voltage Dependant resistor ( )-

R1 R2 100 K 10 K 100,000 10,000

R1 + R2 = 100 K + 10 K 100,000 + 10,000

V=I RT=1.1m 9090=10V

K20 mA VR1 -10

K1K VR1 -10

The p-n Junction DiodeEp-nF

Full Wave Rectifier

EFIELD EFFECT TRANSISTORFFET J 3

WEVDS>0F VDS VGS=0J

VGSOFFVGS E5J 4Fcutoff

ID=0 When VGS = VGSOFF= -3.5V

Metal-oxide semiconductor FET (MOSFET)

W( Depletion enhancement MOSFET )DE MOSFET J

WEnhancement only (E MOSFET ) J

E8J 4F(DE MOSFET)

WN- channel Enhancement mode J

WEnhancement only N- channel MOSFET

nnP channel E ONLY MOSFET W

W(Small Scale Integration ) SSIJ 1

W(Medium Scale Integration ) MSIJ 2

Arithmetic circuitsSmall memories

W(Large Scale Integration ) LSIJ 3

W(Very Large Scale Integration ) VLSIJ 4

WEDigital Integrated Circuits Families )

TTL : Transistor - Transistor Logic

CMOSK 10102 , 1010710XXXECL

Low power schottky 74LSXX

Recommended Operating Conditions J 1

GOTEVOT APPRECIATES THE FINANCIAL SUPPORT PROVIDED BY BAE SYSTEMS

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