Thls L S a preprmt o a paper intended for publlcntion in f a p u m s l o r praceedmgs. Since changes may be made before pubhcstmn.

th18 preprint I F mede avPLlnble With the understandingthat 11 w i l l not be a t e d Or reproduced Without the permission o the author. f

UCRL - 76639 PREPRINT

IAWRENCE 1-IVERMORE LABORATORY

Unlvers,ty of Cahtwna/Liverme, Caltlmma

LENS AND MIRROR DESIGN V I A THE PRINCIPAL SURFACE*

Anne Greenbaurn Alexander J . Glass John B. Trenholme J u l y 14, 1975

T h i s paper was p r e s e n t e d a t t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l Lens Design Conference i n Haverford, Pennsylvania, on June 26th, 1975 and p r e p a r e d f o r s u b m i t t a l t o A p p l i e d O p t i c s

LENS AND MIRROR DESIGN V I A THE PRINCIPAL SURFACE* Anne Greenbaum, Alexander J. Glass, and John B . Trenholme Lawrence L i v e r m o r e L a b o r a t o r y , U n i v e r s i t y of C a l i f o r n i a Livermore, C a l i f o r n i a ABSTRACT
i

94550

F o r many l a s e r a p p l i c a t i o n s , i t i s d e s i r e d t o focus a c o l l i m a t e d beam

with a specified transformation o f the i n t e n s i t y distribution,

,The

trans-

f o r m a t i o n p r o p e r t i e s o f a l e n s o r m i r r o r system can be s p e c i f i e d i n terms o f t h e p r i n c i p a l s u r f a c e , r ( a ) , which maps t h e h e i g h t o f t h e i n c i d e n t p a r a l l e l r a y o n t o a g i v e n a n g l e a t t h e focus. The i n t e n s i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n One

a t t h e focus i s then g i v e n b y t h e r e l a t i o n I ( a ) = I ( r ) r ( d r / d a ) / s i n a .
, -

a s p h e r i c s u r f a c e i n an o p t i c a l system i s s u f f i c i e n t t o y i e l d d i f f r a c t i o n l i m i t e d focusing. B means o f two a s p h e r i c s u r f a c e s , d i f f r a c t i o n l i m i t e d y

performance w i t h a s p e c i f i e d p r i n c i p a l s u r f a c e can b e achieved. The problem o f o p t i c a l d e s i g n i s s t a t e d as f o l l o w s :

Given a p r i n c i p a l

,,f s u r f a c e r ( a ) , and a maximum f o c a l a n g l e a , , i n d t h e p a i r o f o p t i c a l s u r faces f o r which d i f f r a c t i o n l i m i t e d f o c u s i n g i s achieved.

I t i s shown t h a t

s p e c i f i c a t i o n o f r ( a ) and a,,, u n i q u e l y determines t h e l e n s d e s i g n t o w i t h i n a scale factor, given the r e f r a c t i v e index o f t h e l e n s .

It i s further

shown t h a t one s t r a i g h t f o r w a r d Runge-Kutta i n t e g r a t i o n r o u t i n e generates both surfaces for e i t h e r a lens o r a p a i r o f m i r r o r surfaces.

'

The complete f a m i l y o f a p l a n a t i c l e n s e s w i l l be d e s c r i b e d .

Deviation

from s p h e r i c i t y w i l l be discussed, as w i l l t h e p o s s i b i l i t y o f r e a l i z i n g t h e s p e c i f i e d l e n s designs. The f a m i l y o f lenses which map u n i f o r m i n c i d e n t

i n t e n s i t y i n t o u n i f o r m i l l u m i n a t i o n about t h e focus w i l l a l s o b e d e s c r i b e d . E x t e n s i o n o f t h e method t o o f f - a x i s a b e r r a t i o n s w i l l be considered.

*This work was performed under !h~e auspi.ces of t h e U:S, Research and Development A d m i n i s t r a t i o n .

Energy

INTRODUCTION I n t h e d e s i g n o f f o c u s i n q o p t i c s f o r l a s e r f u s i o n experiments, s p e c i a l requirements a r i s e which a r e s i q n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t f r o m t h e c o n s i d e r a t i o n s which govern t h e d e s i q n o f t y p i c a l imaging o p t i c s . t h i s paper, we s h a l l o u t l i n e t h e s p e c i a l f e a t u r e s o f l a s e r f o c u s i n g o p t i c s which d i f f e r e n t i a t e t h e i r d e s i g n f r o m o t h e r systems, and r e p o r t a philosophy o f l e n s design p a r t i c u l a r l y s u i t e d t o l a s e r focusing o p t i c s I n p a r t i c u l a r , we s h a l l develop t h e f o r m a l i s m f o r t h e desiqn Q flenses from t h e p r i n c i p a l s u r f a c e , which r e p r e s e n t s t h e mappinq o f r a y h e i g h t i n the entrance p u p i l onto ray angle a t t h e f o c a l p o i n t . f o r m u l a t i o n f o r r e f l e c t i n g o p t i c s w i l l be q i v e n . f a m i l i e s o f l e n s s u r f a c e s w i l l be presented. I n l a s e r f u s i o n experiments, one i l l u m i n a t e s a s p h e r i c a l t a r g e t as u n i f o r m l y as p o s s i b l e , o v e r i t s e n t i r e s u r f a c e , keeping t h e l i g h t as near t o normal i n c i d e n c e as p o s s i b l e . ( l ) T h e dual requirement o f near- normal i n c i d e n c e and u n i f o r m i l l u m i n a t i o n a r i s e s f r o m t h e d e s i r a b i l i t y o f c r e a t i n g a u n i f o r m h e a t i n g o f t h e plasma o v e r t h e e n t i r e t a r g e t s u r f a c e . ( 2 ) The l i q h t i s generated as t h e o u t p u t o f a l a r g e , s h o r t - p u l s e l a s e r , u s u a l l y a Nd:glass l a s e r , r a d i a t i n q a t 1 . 0 6 ~ m . The beam p r o f i l e i s g e n e r a l l y a f u n c t i o n o f ray h e i g h t i n t h e e n t r a n c e p u p i l o n l y , and i s g i v e n by t h e o p e r a t i n g c o n s t r a i n t s o f t h e l a s e r system. I n the design o f a large, short- pulse glass l a s e r , the c r u c i a l parameter i s t h e t o t a l i n t e g r a l o f t h e l a s e r i n t e n s i t y a l o n g t h a t p a r t o f the o p t i c a l path t h a t l i e s i n glass, e i t h e r l a s e r glass o r o p t i c a l T h i s parameter, t h e s o - c a l l e d " B - I n t e g r a l " , must b e k e p t t o a minimum, i n o r d e r t o p r e v e n t t h e growth o f h i g h s p a t i a l f r e q u e n c i e s The e q u i v a l e n t In

S p e c i f i c examples o f

( r i p p l e s ) on t h e beam, due t o t h e n o n l i n e a r c o u p l i n g o f t h e i n t e n s e

- 2l i q h t t o t h e o p t i c a l medium. Thus i n d e s i g n i n g l a s e r f o c u s i n q o p t i c s , I n addition,

t h e t o t a l t h i c k n e s s o f t h e l e n s e s must be k e p t t o a minimum.

s i n c e o p t i c a l surfaces a r e most v u l n e r a b l e t o damaqe, a t h i g h i n t e n s i t i e s , t h e number of surfaces must be k e p t t o a minimum. These c o n s i d e r a t i o n s

m i l i t a t e a g a i n s t t h e use o f a l a r g e number o f elements i n t h e f o c u s i n g optics. I n general, a number of elemects no q r e a t e r than two i s d e s i r a b l e

i n any q i v e n f o c u s i i a l e n s .
L a s e r f u s i o n o p t i c s f a l l i n t h e c a t e g o r y o f energy d e l i v e r y systems, r a t h e r t h a n imaginq systems. The q u a l i t y o f t h e image, i n t k f o c a l

plane o f t h e lens, i s l e s s important than the p a t t e r n o f i l l u m i n a t i o n generated on t h e t a r a e t s u r f a c e . I n a d d i t i o n , due t o t h e s p e c i a l

f e a t u r e s o f l a s e r i l l u m i n a t i o n , t h e r e a r e fewer a d d i t i o n a l c o n s t r a i n t s on t h e l e n s d e s i g n . For example, s i n c e t h e l a s e r beam i s q e n e r a l l y w e l l -

c o l l i m a t e d , and i n c i d e n t p a r a l l e l t o t h e a x i s o f t h e system, o f f - a x i s a b e r r a t i o n s can be n e g l e c t e d . Also, s i n c e t h e l a s e r i s monochromatic, Thus t h e m e r i t o f a p a r t i c u l a r

c h r o m a t i c a b e r r a t i o n i s o f no concern.

design i s e n t i r e l y s p e c i f i e d by how w e l l t h e i l l u m i n a t i o n requirements a r e met. Clearly, t o e f f e c t a given transformation o f ray height onto focal a n g l e w i t h a few elements r e q u i r e s a s p h e r i c s u r f a c e s . Recent advances
I t i s becominq

i n a s p h e r i c f a b r i c a t i o n s t r o n g l y s u p p o r t t h i s approach.

i n c r e a s i n g l y f e a s i b l e t o f a b r i c a t e s t e e p and c o m p l i c a t e d a s p h e r i c s u r f a c e s a t reasonable c o s t .
I t must be understood, however, t h a t these a r e one-of-a-

k i n d o p t i c a l designs, o f which o n l y a few c o p i e s w i l l be made. c o s t s o f design,special t h e s e few copies.

The i n i t i a l

t o o l i n g , and t e s t setup must be d i s t r i b u t e d o v e r

The l a r g e l a b o r a t o r i e s w o r k i n g i n l a s e r f u s i o n must

be prepared t o b e a r t h i s i n c r e a s e d c o s t , as p a r t o f t h e p r i c e o f developing a s o p h i s t i c a t e d and s p e c i a l i z e d i n d u s t r i a l base t o s u p p o r t t h e i r needs.

- 3I t i s hoped t h a t i n t h e l o n g run, t h e e n t i r e o p t i c a l i n d u s t r y w i l l b e n e f i t

from t h e advances made and p a i d f o r under such s p e c i a l i z e d proqrams as laser fusion. EXPLICIT METHODS OF LENS DESIGN Since we a r e c o n s i d e r i n g v e r y s p e c i a l i z e d o p t i c a l systems c o n s i s t i n q o n l y o f a few elements, t h e customary i n t e r a c t i v e methods o f l e n s design, such as a r e embodied i n g e n e r a l l y a v a i l a b l e l e n s d e s i g n programs, a r e n o t t h e most e f f i c i e n t methods a v a i l a b l e f o r d e s i g n .
I t i s more e f f i c i e n t

t o d e s i q n t h e l e n s surfaces e x p l i c i t l y i n o r d e r t o o b t a i n e x a c t l y t h e desired transformation properties. W s h a l l r e f e r t o t h i s approach as e

t h e use o f " e x p l i c i t methods", i n s t e a d o f i t e r a t i v e a d j u s t m e n t o f s u r f a c e parameters t o o b t a i n an o p t i m a l a p p r o x i m a t i o n t o t h e d e s i r e d performance. I n q e o m e t r i c a l o p t i c s , t h e o b j e c t i v e o f d e s i g n i s t o determine a s e t o f r e f r a c t i v e o r r e f l e c t i n q s u r f a c e s which map a s e t o f r a y s , s p e c i f i e d

i n terms o f r a y h e i q h t and a n q l e t o t h e symmetry a x i s , on a Plane i n

o b j e c t space, Z1, o n t o a s e t o f r a y s on a p l a n e i n image space, Z2, w i t h prescribed r a y heigh be expressed as and a n g l e t o t h e a x i s . T h i s t r a n s f o r m a t i o n can

(Zl ,R
where R and

(1 1
I

repres~

the axis respectively.

I n t h i s d i s c u s s i o n , t h e system i s assumed t o be c y l i n d r i c a l l y symmetrical,

and skew r a y s a r e n o t considered.

As i s p o i n t e d o u t i n Luneburg's t r e a t i s e ,

(5)

if t h e mapping i s d e f i n e d i n terms o f r a y p o s i t i o n a t t h e focus, then a

system f r e e o f s p h e r i c a l a b e r r a t i o n can be c o n s t r u c t e d by t h e s p e c i f i c a t i o n o f a s i n g l e aspheric surface. T h i s i s c a r r i e d o u t by e n s u r i n g t h a t t h e

o p t i c a l p a t h f r o m e v e r y p o i n t on t h e o b j e c t p l a n e t o t h e f o c a l p o i n t i s t h e same. W s h a l l r e f e r t o t h i s as t h e equal p a t h c o n d i t i o n . e The

-4-

mapping can be represented in the form

(2,

,Rl,el)

(F,a)

(2)

where F denotes the focal plane, and a the angle between the ray and the axis a t the focal point. In t h i s case, the system i s f r e e of on-axis

aberrations, b u t the intensity distribution about the focal point i s completely determined.
A single aspheric surface can also be used t o obtain a desired

intensity d i s t r i b u t i o n , b u t in t h i s case, the system i s afocal, i . e . , a l l rays do n o t pass through a single focal point. ( 6 ) i s given by The prescribinn mappina

( Z 1 ,R1 ,B1

(Z2.R2) The

(3)

b u t the ray angle a t the image plane i s completely determined.

intensity in the image plane i s given by I(R2)

=

I(R1) R1 dR,/R2 dR2

(4)

where I(R1) i s the incident intensity distribution in the object plane. This method has been used t o design l a s e r illumination systems, and i s discussed i n a separate paper. ( 7 ) In order t o s a t i s f y the equal p a t h condition, and, simultaneously,

t o obtain the desired intensity m a p p i n g , the use of two aspheric surfaces

i n the optical system i s required. Since the equal p a t h condition i s

s a t i s f i e d in t h i s case, we can define the transformation in terms of ray angle a t the focal point (where a l l ray heights are identically zero). W shall assume in the followins discussion t h a t the incident beam i s e parallel t o the symnetry a x i s , a l t h o u q h the method readily generalizes

t o converginq o r diverging incident l i g h t .

desired mappinq i s eritirely s p e c i f i e j
!J$

Under t h i s assumption, the

the function R1(a), where Rl

- 5i s t h e r a y h e i g h t i n t h e o b j e c t plane, and
01

i s t h e f o c a l anqle.

This

f u n c t i o n d e f i n e s a s u r f a c e i n space, r e f e r r e d t o as t h e p r i n c i p a l surface, s i n c e i t i s t a n g e n t t o t h e secondary p r i n c i p a l p l a n e a t t h e a x i s . The

p r i n c i p a l s u r f a c e i s sometimes c a l l e d t h e e q u i v a l e n t r e f r a c t i n g s u r f a c e , s i n c e i t r e p r e s e n t s t h e i n t e r s e c t i o n between t h e i n c i d e n t r a y s i n t h e o b j e c t space, and t h e focused r a y s i n t h e image space. W s h a l l see t h a t e

a knowledge o f t h e p r i n c i p a l s u r f a c e c o m p l e t e l y determines two a s p h e r i c surfaces, t o w i t h i n a s c a l e f a c t o r , q i v e n e i t h e r t h e f o c a l a n g l e of t h e marginal r a y , am, o r t h e r a t i o o f t h e back f o c a l l e n g t h t o t 5 e l e n s thickness. CALCULATION OF THE LENS SURFACES I n o r d e r t o s i m p l i f y t h e d i s c u s s i o n , we s h a l l c o n s i d e r a system o f two a s p h e r i c refracting s u r f a c e s . There i s no e s s & n t i a l d i f f i c u l t y i n

i n t r o d u c i n g an J r b i t r a r y number o f s p h e r i c a l s u r f a c e s i n t h e system, b u t t o do so r e n d e r s t h e e x p o s i t i o n l e s s s t r a i g h t f o r w a r d . For ease o f

f a b r i c a t i o n , one would g e n e r a l l y use two elements ( f o u r s u r f a c e s ) w i t h one a s p h e r i c s u r f a c e on each element. W c o n s i d e r t h e two a s p h e r i c s u r f a c e s as shown i n F i q . 1. e The

p r i n c i p a l s u r f a c e i s d e f i n e d by t h e f u n c t i o n R ( a ) , where t h e r a y h e i g h t
, extends t o a maximum v a l u e ,R

corresponding t o a maximum v a l u e o f t h e

f o c a l angle, am. The marginal r a y which i s i n c i d e n t on t h e system a t h e i g h t ,R , i n t e r s e c t s t h e p r i n c i p a l s u r f a c e a t t h e p o i n t a t which t h e two

By i n s p e c t i o n , we see t h a t t h e p r i n c i p a l s u r f a c e

o p t i c a l surfaces cross.

always passes t h r o u g h t h e i n t e r s e c t i o n o f t h e two l e n s s u r f a c e s . R e f e r r i n g t o F i g . 1, we want t o i n t e q r a t e t h e e q u a t i o n f o r t h e d i s placement of t h e f i r s t s u r f a c e from t h e l e n s vertex,Z, as a f u n c t i o n

- 6 of the focal angle a, where R(a) i s known.

From Snells law, we can write

the slope of the f i r s t surface in terms of the angle of deflection o f the

ray entering the optical medium, Q, as

dz = dR

n sin 0 n cos @ - 1

where the minus sign a r i s e s from the d e f i n i t i o n o f Z.

index of the optical medium.

Here n i s the r e f r a c t i v e

W define the distance P a s the distance i n e

object space from the f i r s t r e f r a c t i n g surface t o t h e principal surface, the distance

0 as the

distance i n image space from the principal surface t o

t h e second r e f r a c t i n g surface, and t h e distance R as the distance traveled

t h r o u g h the optical medium by the actual ray.

have

From the law of s i n e s , we

W want t o express 0 e n t i r e l y in terms of the angle a, and the distance 2 . e

Simple geometry y i e l d s the r e s u l t

while the equal p a t h condition takes the form

Z + (P,sin

e,,,

(8)
(R/sin a) = P ( n s i n a

sin o)/si:n(u

0)

Equating two expressions f o r P y i e l d s the r e s u l t ,

sin(a n sin n

s i n @ = f(Z,ci)

Q)

2
=

(%/tan urn) ( R / t a n a )
(R/sin a)

Z + (!$,/sin

a,,,) -

(9)

-7-

Equation 9 can be w r i t t e n as s i n a cos and s o l v e d f o r

P,

+ [f(Z,a)

cos a ] s i n

P,

n sin

c1

f(z,a)

(10)

i n any o f s e v e r a l ways (see Appendix I ) .

Combining w i t h

Eq. ( 5 ) , we can w r i t e

dz= da

-(-)dR

da

n sin 0 n cos 0 - 1 Since t h e f u n c t i o n

which can be i n t e g r a t e d u s i n g Runge-Kutta i n t e g r a t i o n . f(z,a)

, i n E q . ( 9 ) i s i n d e t e r m i n a t e a t t h e v e r t e x , where R = Rm and rx = a

1 ' H o p i t a l ' s r u l e must be a p p l i e d t o s t a r t t h e i n t e g r a t i o n . t h e f u n c t i o n Z(a) i s determined. i s thus s p e c i f i e d .

A t each s t e p ,

Since R(a) i s known, t h e f i r s t surface

The c o o r d i n a t e s o f t h e second s u r f a c e a r e then g i v e n as

R' = R
and

Y s i n a s i n @ / s i n (a -

m)

z' =

s i n a cos m / s i n ( a

P,)

where Z ' i s measured from t h e v e r t e x , as shown i n F i q . 1.

I f we examine t h e r a y a l o n g t h e a x i s , we express t h e equal p a t h

c o n d i t i o n as

Z t (Rm/sin am) = ( n

) t + ( Z + Rm/tan am)
ens. Canceling t h e

(14)

where t i s t h e a x i a l t h i c k n e s s o f the

2 i n Eq. (lli),

W o b t a i n a general r e l a t i o n among l e n s t h i c k n e s s , index, and m a r g i n a l e r a y parameters, namely, ( n - l ) t = Rm t a n (am/Z). I n t h e case i n which t h e back focal l e n g t h , F, and lens t h i c k n e s s ,
t, a r e s p e c i f i e d , we d e f i n e Z as t h e d i s t a n c e from t h e f o c a l p l a n e

(15)

t o t h e i n t e r s e c t i o n o f t h e ray w i t h t h e f i r s t s u r f a c e .

Then a l l

o f t h e p r e v i o u s f o r m a l i s m c a r r i e s over i n t a c t , w i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n

-8-

that in Eq. 9 and 10, the function f ( Z , a ) now takes the form

f(Z,a) =

(2 - R/tan

a)/(Z +

( n - 1 ) t - R/sin a)

and t h a t the coordinate of t h e second surface, measured from the focal plane, i s given by

For reflecting surfaces, exactly the same considerations apply. Referring t o Fig. 2, w now define the angle ( - 0 ) as the angle of deflection e o f the incident ray. The distance P i s the distance in object space from

the f i r s t reflecting surface t o the principal surface, which the distance

( - 9 ) i s the distance in image space from the second reflecting surface

t o t h e principal surface.
e Using these d e f i n i t i o n s , and taking n = l , w find
W note t h a t the point correse

t h a t Eqs. 10-13 carry over without change.

ponding t o the lens vertex i s again the point of intersection of the

two r e f l e c t i n g surfaces.
in
d

This point, which i s , of course, never realized

practical system, corresponds t o the deflection point of a ray

which i s tangent t o the f i r s t r e f l e c t i n g surface.

EXAMPLES OF THE APPLICATION OF THE METHOD
To i l l u s t r a t e the application of the method, w have computed the e

family of aplanatic lenses, f o r which the principal surface i s given by R

=

s i n a/sin am, and the family of lenses which map equal beam

areas o n t o equal soIid angles a t the focus, f o r which the principal surface i s given by R
=

sin(a/Z)/sin

(c1,/2).

This l a t t e r mapping i s In b o t h cases, the ray In Fig. 3 , we see

As i s

obtained by requiring t h a t R dR = s i n cx da.

height a t the marginal ray i s taken t o be Rm = 1 .

lens p r o f i l e s f o r aplanatics of increasing numerical aperture.

expected, the asphericity of b o t h surfaces increases dramatically with

-9-

i n c r e a s i n g N.A.

The same i s seen t o be t r u e i n F i g . 4, where t h e l e n s

p r o f i l e s f o r equal area mapping a r e shown f o r i n c r e a s i n g N.A. these cases were computed f o r n = 1.5.

A l l of

The a c h i e v a b l e v a l u e o f N.A. The designs were

i s l i m i t e d by t o t a l i n t e r n a l r e f l e c t i o n i n t h e l e n s .

computed on a CDC 7600 computer, and each design, embodying 100 p o i n t s across t h e l e n s (100 r a y s ) took approximately 200msec.

SUMMARY
W have shown t h a t f o r l a s e r f o c u s i n g o p t i c s , which c o n s i s t s i n e general o f a few, a s p h e r i c l e n s surfaces, e x p l i c i t design metnods a r e advantageous. problem, which W have presented t h e general s o l u t i o n o f t h e t w o - s u r f a c e e

-10-

APPENDIX I
An e q u a t i o n i n t h e form o f E q . 10, namely
a cos @

+ b sin

0 = c

(A-1

must be s o l v e d w i t h some c a r e , due t o a m b i g u i t i e s i n s i a n . t o i n t r o d u c e complex n o t a t i o n , and w r i t e (a

I t i s convenient

+ is)

= r exp(iq)

(A-2)

Equation A-1 then takes t h e form COS(Q-

n)

= c/r

(A- 3)

t h e s o l u t i o n o f which can be w r i t t e n
@ = cos-(a/r)

+ cos-(c/r)

(A- 4)

w i t h r = ( a 2 t b2)12.

The s i n e and c o s i n e o f @ can e a s i l y be o b t a i n e d and c, by use o f standard t r i g o n o m e t r i c

i n terms o f t h e c o e f f i c i e n t s a,b, identities.

-11REFERENCES:

1 . C.E. Thomas, A p p l . Optics

14,1267 (1975).
1

2 . J . Nuckolls, L . Wood, A. Thiessen, a n d G . Zimmerrnan, Nature 239, 139 (1972).

3 . J . Trenholrne, Laser Program Annual Report, UCRL 50021-76, Director's Office, Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550.

4. V.I. Bespalov and V.I. Talanov, JETP L e t t .

3,

307 (1966).

5. R. Luneburg, Nathematical Theory of Optics [University of California Press (196611.

6 . J.S. Schruben, JOSA - 55 (1974). 64,

7. A. Greenbaurn and A.J. Glass, "Optical Methods i n Energy Conversion", SPIE Meeting, Rochester, Nw York (June 1975). e

- 1 ?-

FIGURE CAPTIONS
Fig. 1 Fiq. 2 Fig. 3 Definition of ray parameters f o r r e f r a c t i n g surfaces. Definition of ray parameters f o r r e f l e c t i n p surfaces. Lens p r o f i l e s f o r aplanatic lenses of varying N . A . d o t t e d l i n e indicates the principal surface. Fig. 4 The

= 1.5.

Lens p r o f i l e s f o r equal area mappina.

indicates the principal surface.

The d o t t e d l i n e

n = 1.5.

FIGURE 1

-1 4-

-1 5-

\\

40.1-

- 1 6-

FIGURE 4

-17DISTRIBUTION INTERNAL -___H. Ahlstrom

J . I . Davis J. Cmmett

EXTERNAL ( c o ~ L-549 L-555 L-555 L-541 L-549 L-547 (20 c o p i e s ) L-541

1-307
U N I V . 9F ROCFESTER -

KMSF - C . E . Thomas P . Hammerling R . Johnson

T. G i l m a r t i n
S . Glaros

M. L u b i n
S . Kumpan

A. Glass R. Godwin
P. Gray

J. Soures

n. S i n c l a i r E. ! J o l f E . Montroll
U N I V . OF ARIZONA -

A . Greenbaum

L-547 (20 c o p i e s ) L-549 L-555 L-549 L-549 L-541 L-549 L-71 L-547 (20 c o p i e s ) L-9 (15 c o p i e s )

J. Holzrichter

W.

Krupke

K. Manes

P r o f . 0. S t a v r o u d i s P r o f . P . Franken P r o f . R . Shack

J . Monjes
W . O'Neal

AFWL, KIRTLANfl AFB A . Guenther P. Avizonis

F . Reinecker
J. F l e c k

TIC, Oak

RidgE,

TN

(7'

L - C . Fenstermacher G. McCall B. B r i x n e r 0. Judd C. Phipps R. Carman R. F i s h e r NRL J. McMahon S . Sodner

NOTICE

I (Mashington) -

' T h a report was prepared as

w.

Sooy

an rcCUunt of work sponsorrd by the United S t a t e r Government. Neither the United States nor the United States Energy Research & Development Administration nor any of their employees. nor any uf their sUbcOnlraCIOrS. or their employees. makrs any warranty, express or implied, or assumes a n y legal liability or reOponPibilify for the
8CC"laCy.

completeness

" I

USefulneSS

of ""Y

information, apparatus. product or process disclosed, or r r p r e ~ e n f r that its "IC would not nfringe privafely-owned rights:'