Tenses

Classification based on Time Frame: - present - past - future Classification based on Aspect (refers to the nature of the action described by the verb): - Simple or Indefinite (to describe an action but don't state whether the action is finished) - Continuous or Progressive (to describe an unfinished action) - Perfect or Complete (to describe a finished action) Dve odlike perfect vremena: - uvek govore o radnji koja se zavrila pre nekog odreenog momenta u sadanjosti ili prolosti, i koja e se zavriti pre nekog odreenog momenta u budunosti, tj. pre neke vremenske situacije. - uvek oznaavaju radnju koja je zavrena u neodreenoj prolosti, ali ije deavanje ima rezultate koji se oseaju u sadanjosti. U srpskom imamo svrene i nesvrene glagole, a u engleskom posebna vremena. - Perfect Continuous (to describe an action which was in progress and then finished)

(I) PRESENT
Expresses an unchanging, repeated, or reoccuring action/situation that exists only now. It can also represent a widespread truth. - Present Simple - Present Continuous (Progressive) - Present Perfect - Present Perfect Continuous (Progressive)

Present Simple Tense

(if sentences type 1) It is used to decribe an action, an event or a condition that is occuring in the present, at the moment of speaking or writing, taking place once, several times or never. Form: S + V -s/-es (3-rd person Sg.) Izgovor nastavka: 1) /s/ posle bezvunih suglasnika (talks, stops, works) 2) /z/ posle zvunih suglasnika i vokala (learns, stays, decides) 3) /iz/ posle vokala i zvunih suglasnika (watches, faces, wages) Pisanje nastavka (ortographic changes): 1) -sh, -ch, -s, -ss, -x > -es (brushes, watches, kisses, waxes) 2) -o > -oes (do-es, go-es)

3) consonant + -y > -ies (studies, marries) 4) vocal + -y > -ys (stays, plays) Negative form: S + do/does + NOT + V(infinitive) > contractive form: don't/doesn't He doesn't always come on time. They do not like the cats. Interrogative form: 1) yes/no questions - inversion do/does + S + V(infinitive) ? Do you speak French? - Yes, I do./No, I don't. 2) wh- questions WH- + do/does + S + V(infinitive) ? WHO + V(infinitive) + S ? Where does he live? Who makes excellent cakes? Who(m) do you meet every day at the station? Adverbial phrases: always, often, usually, generally, sometimes, normally, every (day, week, month, time...), in (September, time...), on (Sundays, time...), normally, seldom Usage: 1) neka uobiajena radnja u sadanjosti (habitual or repeated actions and states in present) I get up at seven every morning. 2) radnja koja se ponavlja u irem vremenskom periodu (permanent actions and states in present) She studies English. 3) apsolutna, opte poznata istina, zakon, injenica (fact of permanent nature, permanent state, a general truth = law, scientific facts) Summer follows spring. The sun rises in the east. 4) izraava karakteristike subjekta (a characteristic of the subject) She's a good friend (beautiful girl). 5) izraava uputstva, usmerenja: recepti, zadaci... (for instructions, directions) You put milk and then add some sugar. 6) za davanje komentara (utakmice i slino) (for sports commentaries) Jordan passes the ball to Divac... 7) za slikovito prikazivanje neke prole radnje (bajke, prie) - pripovedaki prezent! (for vivid representation of some past action) "Hannibal takes his army..." 8) izraava radnju koja e se desiti u budunosti kao sastavni deo ireg utvrenog plana

(a planned future action or event set by a timetable/schedule - future reference, near futurity) The train arrives at six o'clock. > glagoli kretanja The concert begins at eight tomorrow. She leaves tonight. Postoje neki glagoli koji imaju samo Present Simple - glagoli stanja (stative verbs) - sami ne mogu da izraavaju trajnu radnju: jedino sa predlozima to mogu: - feelings (prefer, like, hate, love, long, envy) - thinking (think, believe, understand, know) think ABOUT, OF - possession (have, own, possess) - perception (hear, see, sound, look, smell, taste) see OFF - being & appearing (be, seem, appear, look)

Present Continuous (Progressive) Tense

It is used to emphasize the continuing nature of an act, event or a condition. Form: S + am/are/is + V-ing (Present Participle) Pisanje nastavka (ortographic changes): 1) jednosloni glagoli koji se zavravaju na suglasnik udvajaju taj suglasnik pre nastavka (putting, sitting, swimming, hopping, nodding, hitting, getting, running, winning) 2) -e + -ing > -ing (using, writing, taking, making) 3) -ie + -ing > -ying (lie>lying, dying) Negative form: S + am/are/is + NOT + V-ing

> contractive forms: aren't/isn't

Interrogative form: 1) yes/no questions - inversion am/are/is + S + V-ing? 2) wh- questions WH- + am/are/is + S + V-ing Adverbial phrases: now, just now, right now, at the moment, at present, all this (morning) Usage: 1) radnja koja se deava u trenutku govora (momentary action, in progress at the moment of speaking) We are sitting in the classroom. She is sleeping in her favorite bed. I think she's having lunch. 2) za radnju koja ne mora obavezno da se deava u trenutku govora (for actions not neccessarily happening at the moment of speaking) He is writing another novel.

3) za radnju koja se vri u nekom privremenom vremenskom periodu (for temporary actions and situations that continue, take place through a given, limited period of time) My sister is studying English. He is living in Atlanta. I am working in my father's restaurant this month. 4) za uobiajene radnje koje se ponavljaju, osobine subjekta - with ALWAYS (for habitual or repeated actions; annoying or surprising habits - characteristic of the subject) Tommy is always going out for weekends. They're always holding hands even after fifty years of marriage. She is always nagging me/grumbling about everything. She's always losing her belongings. 5) izraava radnju koja e se desiti u budunosti kao sastavni deo linog utvrenog plana (to describe definite plans and arrangements in the future, future reference) The Browns are organising a party next week. I am leaving for Bristol tomorrow. Are you doing anything special this weekend?

Present Perfect Tense

It is used to decribe an action that began in the past and continues into the present or has just been completed. This tense is a mixture of present and past. It is normally used in the newspapers, TV or radio reports, even in letters. Form: S + have/has + V-ed/-en (Past Participle) Negative form: S + have/has + NOT + V-ed/-en > contractive form: haven't He hasn't come yet. (yet - upitne i odrine reenice) Interrogative form: 1) yes/no questions - inversion have/has + S + V-ed/-en ? Have you done your job? Have you ever seen her? Has he already built that dog house? 2) wh- questions WH- + have/has + S + V-ed/-en Where have you been so far? Who has broken the window? Who(m) have you written the letter? Adverbial phrases:

ever, never, just, yet, not yet, already, before, recently, lately, since, for, so far, today, this week, till now, up to now Usage: - action that has taken place once, several times or never before the moment of speaking - putting emphasize on the result 1) izraava svrenu radnju koja se dogodila u prolosti, a iji su rezultati prisutni u sadanjosti (an action which happened and finished in the definite point of past with obvious results in the present) - with expressions: recently, lately, just, yet, already, still, today, this (week, morning...) - finfished action that has an influence on the present recently, lately = any time up to now I haven't seen him lately. There have been many changes recently. I've read "War and peace" twice already. yet - negativne reenice I have not passed my test yet. - radnja zapoeta u prolosti koja se upravo zavrila: just - ukazuje na skoru prolost (an action that has just been completed, that stopped recently - immediate past): Your friend has just arrived. I've just eaten my apple. Najee u reenici nemamo vremenske markere: I have been to San Francisco. The taxi has arrived. Somebody has stolen my car. They have robbed that bank. I have passed my driving test. 2) izraava svrenu radnju koja je zapoeta u prolosti, deavala se do nekog vremenskog momenta u sadanjosti i prekinula se pre njega (an action beginning in the past and completed before some present moment; when we are describing situations that have continued from some time in the past until now) before (now), up til now, up to now, so far, so long, ever/never, since, for I've been in love with Bill since 1984. I haven't seen him since last Friday. - od nekog trenutka u prolosti do sad I haven't seen him for ten days. - u itavom vremenskom periodu u prolosti 3) radnja zapoeta u prolosti, a nije se zavrila do trenutka govora (an action beginning in the past and not completed at the time of speaking, still going on) - with expressions: ever, never, yet, already, before, since, for =any time up to now I'm sorry, but he has already gone. I'm sure that we've met before. I've never tasted this thing before. What is it? Tom has been ill since Friday. I've been in love with Bill since 1984. I have received 20 cards so far. He has used that car for two years. Mike has lived in Japan for three years.

4) radnja koja se dogaala u periodu vremena koji jo nije zavren (an action that is completed during some present incompleted period of time) - with expressions: this (morning, afternoon, evening, week), today Have you seen Michael on TV this week? 5) izraava radnju koja se ponavljala u prolosti pre nekog vremenskog perioda u sadanjosti (for an action which has repeated in the past before some present moment; when we are describing repeated actions that have continued form some time in the past until now) - with expressions: often always, several, times I've been to every one of their concerts since they started playing together. We've seen three movies this week. I have seen him on TV several times. She has often met him in "Astoria" hotel.

Present Perfect Continuous (Progressive) Tense

It is used to decribe an action, an event or a condition that has begun in the past and continues into the present. Form: S + have/has + been + V-ing (Present Participle) Negative form: S + have/has + NOT + been + V-ing Interrogative form: 1) yes/no questions - inversion have/has + S + been + V-ing? 2) wh- questions WH- + have/has + S + been + V-ing Adverbial phrases: always, constantly, all this (morning, time, day), since 1993, how long?, the whole (week), for 4 years Usage: - putting emphasize on the course or duration, not the result 1) izraava radnju koja je trajala u nekom vremenskom periodu do momenta u sadanjosti i traje u vremenu kada je spomenuta (action that recently stopped or is still going on) I have been listening to Madonna's CDs all day. I have been trying to find the house (all morning). 2) upotrebljava se kada elimo da naglasimo da se radnja dogodila pre govora o njoj, ali da se vie ne deava, sa posledicama prisutnim u sadanjosti (finished action that influenced the present)

> contractive forms: wasn't/weren't

Look at the mess! Who has been messing with my papers, ha? Your face is so red! Have you been running long?

(II) PAST
Expresses an action/situation that was started and finished in the past - Past Simple - Past Continuous (Progressive) - Past Perfect - Past Perfect Continuous (Progresive)

Past Simple Tense

(if sentences type 2) It is used to decribe an action, an event or a condition that occured in the past. Form: S + V-ed/-en (Past Participle) Izgovor nastavka: 1) /t/ posle bezvunih suglasnika (talked, stopped, worked) 2) /d/ posle zvunih suglasnika i vokala (learned, stayed, watched, waged) 3) /id/ posle vokala i zvunih suglasnika (wanted, decided) Pisanje nastavka (ortographic changes): 1) jednosloni glagoli koji se zavravaju na suglasnik udvajaju taj suglasnik pre nastavka (swimmed, hopped, nodded, begged, stopped) 2) glagoli (iako su viesloni)koji se zavravaju na suglasnike (sonante) r, l ih udvajaju (preferred, revelled, yelled) 3) -o > -oed (echoed) 4) consonant + -y > -ied (studied, married) 5) vocal + -y > -yed (stayed, played) 6) omission (izuzetak): picnic > picnic-k-ed 7) irregular verbs (V-en): 274 glagola sa posebnim oblikom za past simple Negative form: S + did + NOT + V(infinitive) He didn't tell me the truth.

> contractive form: didn't (did=do+ed)

Interrogative form: 1) yes/no questions - inversion: did + S + V(infinitive) ? Did you do it? - Yes I did./No I didn't. 2) wh- questions: WH- + did + S + V(infinitive) ?

Adverbial phrases: yesterday, (five minutes, ten years) ago, last (week, month), in (1999), the other day, just (am. eng.) Usage: -action in the past taking place once, several times or never - actions taking place one after another - action taking place in the middle of another action 1) izraava radnju koja se desila i zavrila u prolosti (for a completed past action) - u tano poznatom vremenskom periodu (definite past time) I went to a really fantastic concert last night. I met him yesterday in the street. - ne pominje se tano vreme deavanja radnje, ali iz konteksta zakljuujemo da je prolost She took out her key, opened the door and got into the car. I met him in town. When I was a child, I didn't enjoy playing sports at all. 2) izraava uobiajenu radnju u prolosti koja se ponavljala; prole navike (for a habitual and repeated action in the past; habits in the past) I often went to the circus when I was young. Did you go to the beach often when you were younger? 3) u upravnom govoru (in reported speech) She said she didn't feel like coming.

Past Continuous (Progressive) Tense

It is used to decribe an action ongoing in the past. Kada se upotrebi continuous tense, stavlja se akcenat na duinu radnje, dok se znaenje bitno ne menja. Form: S + was, were + V-ing (Present Participle) Negative form: S + was/were + NOT + V-ing > contractive forms: wasn't/weren't We weren't listening to music all morning. Interrogative form: 1) yes/no questions - inversion was/were + S + V-ing? Was he smiling all the time during that conversation? 2) wh- questions WH- + was/were + S + V-ing What were you doing all morning? Who were you looking for when I saw you yesterday?

Adverbial phrases: always, constantly, all this (morning, time), when, while, as long as Usage: 1) za radnju koja je trajala u nekom periodu u prolosti ije granice nisu poznate ili nam nisu vane (for an action which lasted for some time in the past, but whose limits are not known or not important) The wind was blowing. I was reading that grammar book you lent me. 2) za radnju koja se vrila u nekom odreenom vremenskom periodu u prolosti (for finished actions in progress at a definite, certain time in the past) He was repairing his bike all afternoon yesterday. - sometimes there is an indication of an action started before the definite time in the past and probably continued til it's finished: They were having a breakfast at 8 a.m. He was living in London in 1988. 3) oznaava neku neprijatnu i nepoeljnu radnju koja je trajala u prolosti (for annoying or unpleasant actions in the past) When we were students, he was always nagging me. 4) oznaava radnju koja je trajala u nekom trenutku u prolosti kad ju je prekinula neka druga prola radnja - traje due nego ta druga radnja (an action which was in progress in the past when is interrupted by some other past action - lasting longer than another past action) - WHEN She was having a bath when the phone rang. I was studying my homework when he dropped in. 5) oznaava radnju u prolosti koja traje istovremeno sa nekom drugom prolom radnjom (for actions going on simultaneously in the past; actions taking place at the same time) - WHILE While I was sleeping, they were talking about me. While I was waiting for him, he was running away from home. WHEN - kada elimo da naglasimo kratkou trajanja radnje = KAD WHILE - kada elimo da naglasimo duinu trajanja radnje = DOK When I was studying he dropped in. While I was studying he dropped in.

Past Perfect Tense (if sentences type 3)

It is used to decribe an action that took place and was completed in the past. Form: S + had + V-ed/-en (Past Participle) Negative form:

S + had + NOT + V-ed/-en > contractive form: hadn't He hadn't finished his job until (by) 9 o'clock. Interrogative form: 1) yes/no questions - inversion had + S + V-ed/-en ? Had he left the office before she came? 2) wh- questions WH- + had + S + V-ed/-en Who had come at the party? Where had you been before that happened? Why hadn't you forgiven him? Adverbial phrases: when, as soon as, after, before, (un)till, already, just, never, not yet, once, until that day Usage: -sometimes interchangeable with past perfect progressive - putting emphasis only on the fact, not the duration 1) za radnju koja se desila pre neke druge prole radnje (past simple) (for a completed actions happened before some other past action; to refer to a time earlier than another past time) When I arrived, my mother had already left. They had collected the crops before they thanked the Indians. By the tiem I saw her again, she had already married Tom. After she had been on that concert, she went on another tour. As soon as the children had grown up, they changed their needs. 2) kada govorimo o radnji koja je zavrena pre nekog odreeneog trenutka u prolosti (for an action happened before some definite, certain point of time in the past) I met him at 2 yesterday. I had never seen him before then. We had returned all books till Monday. I had spent all my money by Friday. 3) in narration when a narrator looks bac on earlier actions from his point of wiev "Tom was 23 when our story begins. His father had died five years before and since then Tom had lived alone..." 4) in reported speech She said she had told him.

Past Perfect Continuous (Progresive) Tense

It is used to indicate that a continuing action in the past began before another past action began or interrupted the first one.

Form: S + had + been + V-ing (Present Participle) Negative form: S + had + NOT + been + V-ing > contractive form: hadn't He hadn't been waiting long before she arrived. Interrogative form: 1) yes/no questions - inversion had + S + been + V-ing ? Had he been waiting for her so long before you realised that? 2) wh- questions WH- + had + S + been + V-ing Who had come at the party? Where had you been before that happened? Why hadn't you forgiven him? Adverbial phrases: for, since, the whole day, all day Usage: - sometimes interchangeable with past perfect - putting emphasis on the duration or course of an action 1) za raniju radnju koja je trajala dug period vremena pre nekog odreenog trenutka u prolosti (for an action which had been going on for some time before the other past action took place) action taking place before a certain time in the past They had been living in Novi Sad for two years before they moved to Atlanta. When I got home, I found out that Jill had been painting the room. I had been doing it for three years before I finally gave it up completely. Jane had been dating Jack for six months before she married Tom. There are certain verbs not normally used in progressive tenses: - verbs of perception: see, hear, smell, feel... - other like: be, know, remember, love, hate, like, dislike... - sometimes: want, wish

(III) FUTURE
Expresses an action/situation that will occur in the future. - Future Simple Tense ("shall/will" Future) - "be going" Future - Future Continuous (Progressive) - Future Perfect - Future Perfect Continuous (Progressive) - conditionals (4)

Budunost mogu da prikau i: - Present Continuous - planned activity We are travelling to England this summer/next year/tomorrow. - Present Simple - fixed program The film starts at 9 tomorrow evening.

Future Simple Tense ("shall/will" Future)

(if sentences type 1) It is used to refer to an action that will take place after the act of speaking or writing. Form: S + shall/will + V(infinitive) shall - arhaino: za 1. lice Sg. i Pl. will - danas: za sva lica Negative form: S + will + NOT + V(infinitive) Interrogative form: 1) yes/no questions - inversion will + S + V(infinitive) ? 2) wh- questions WH- + will + S + V(infinitive) ? Adverbial phrases: tomorrow, next (day, week...), soon, in two day's time, in a year Usage: 1) za radnju koja se dogaa u odreenom vremenu u budunosti. (an action that takes place at some definite time in the future - action that cannot be influenced) I will see you tomorrow. 2) za radnju kojom se saoptava neko predvianje kada za to nema dokaza (for predicting something when there is no present evidence) - assumption with regard to the future I believe, I am sure, I think, I am afraid, probably, eventually I think it will be cooler tomorrow. Martin will probably phone tomorrow. You'll meet someone and fall in love eventually. It's going to be a really good summer. 2) za radnju koja iskazuje odluku u trenutku govora (for a decision at the moment of speaking) - spontaneous decision I think I'll have some orange juice. 3) za radnju koja iskazuje neku nadu i oekivanja (hopes and expectations) I hope he will finally propose to me.

contractive form: won't

" be going" Future

Form: S + am/are/is + going to + V(infinitive) Negative form: S + am/are/is + NOT + going to + V(infinitive) Interrogative form: 1) yes/no questions - inversion am, are, is + S + going to + V(infinitive) ? 2) wh- questions WH- + am/are/is + S + going to + V(infinitive) ? Adverbial phrases: tomorrow, next (day, week...), in one year Usage: 1) iskazuje neko predvianje koje je rezultat neega to se deava u sadanjosti (predicition as a result of something happening in the present; things that are certain to happen) - conclusion with regard to the future Look out! The ladder is going to fall! Look at those clouds. It's going to rain. This people are going to get wet. I'm going to be sick. 2) iskazuje neku nameru, kada smo ve odluili da neto uradimo (intention when we have already decided to do something) - decision made for the future She has sold her car. Is she going to buy a new one? lini plan (planned activity) We're having a few friends over for dinner this Friday. When are you going to take a holiday?

Future Continuous (Progressive) Tense

It is used to decribe an action ongoing in the future, to refer to continuing future action. Form: S + shall/will + be + V-ing Negative form: S + shall/will + NOT + be + V-ing Interrogative form: 1) yes/no questions - inversion shall/will + S + be + V-ing ? 2) wh- questions WH- + shall/will + S + be + V-ing ?

Adverbial phrases: tomorrow, next (day, week...), in one year Usage: 1) saoptava radnju koja e trajati u nekom odreenom trenutku u budunosti (an action that will be in progress at a definite, certain time in the future) I will be reading the letter publicly at 6 p.m. tomorrow. I will be studying all afternoon. I'll be lying on a beach soaking up the sun by the time you receive this. 2) saoptava neki lini plan za budunost (some planned activity for the future - an action that is sure to happen in the near future) I will be travelling to London this summer. 3) daje ton vee utivosti (more polite way of expression) The minister will be visiting Buckingham's Palace tomorrow.

Future Perfect Tense

It is used to refer to an action that will be completed some time in the future before another action takes place. Form: S + shall/will have + V-ed/-en Negative form: S + shall/will + NOT + V-ed/-en Interrogative form: 1) yes/no questions - inversion shall/will + S + V-ed/-en ? 2) wh- questions WH- + shall/will + S + V-ed/-en ? Adverbial phrases: by, untill, before, in a (week) Usage: 1) za svrenu radnju koja e se ostvariti pre nekog odreenog trenutka u budunosti (It refers to a completed action which will be finished before a certain time in the future) - putting emphasis on the completion of the action I shall have read the whole book by the end of the term (by six o'clock, before he comes). = proitau celu knjigu pre kraja polugodita > svreni glagol I'll have flown over a thousand hours by this time next year.

Future Perfect Continuous (Progressive) Tense

It is used to indicate a continuing action that will be completed at some specified time in the future. Form: S + shall/will + have + been + V-ing Negative form: S + shall/will + NOT + have + been + V-ing Interrogative form: 1) yes/no questions - inversion shall/will + S + have + been + V-ing ? 2) wh- questions WH- + shall/will + S +have + been + V-ing ? Adverbial phrases: for..., the last couple of hours, all day long Usage: 1) saoptava vreme koje je poelo u sadanjosti i nastavlja da traje u budunosti (an action taking place before a certain time in the future) - putting emphasis on the course of an action By this time next year we will have been finishing the house. By the time next week I will have been working on this book for a year. By the end of the year I will have passed two exams. = Do kraja godine poloiu dva ispita. By the end of the year I will have been passing two exams. = ... pripremau se da poloim dva ispita.

IF (conditional) sentences: Future in the Past (Conditional I Simple)

(if sentences type 2) An action that might take place Form: S + would + V(infinitive) He would speak. / He would not speak. / Would he speak?

Conditional I Progressive
An action that might take place - putting emphasis on the course/duration of an action

Form: S + would + be + V-ing He would be speaking. / He would not be speaking. / Would he be speaking?

Conditional II Simple
(if sentences type 3) An action that might have taken place in the past Form: S + would + have + V-ed/-en He would have spoken. / He would not have spoken. / Would he have spoken?

Conditional II Progressive
An action that might have taken place in the past - putting emphasis on the course/duration of an action Form: S + would + have + been + V-ing He would have been speaking. / He would not have been speaking. / Would he have been speaking?