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M u : Gii thiu ti liu

C l bn c tng nghe n tn h iu hnh ngun m Linux thng qua cc phng tin truyn thng i chng. Vo thng 3-2004 ti H Ni, B Khoa hc v Cng ngh s cng CICC (Trung tm Hp tc Quc t v Tin hc ho, Nht Bn) t chc Din n Chu ln th 3 v phn mm ngun m (OSS). Nm 2000 v 2002 hi ngh ton quc v Linux cng hp ti H Ni. Nm 2003, mt s quc gia nh Trung Quc, Nht Bn v Hn Quc quyt nh a vic bn a ho Linux vo k hoch pht trin cng ngh phn mm ca mnh. Cn Vit Nam cng c khong hai d n vi nh nh th. Cha trn 10 tui, Linux m rng ra ngoi phm vi nghin cu i hc phc v cho mc ch thng mi v hnh chnh, hoc dng lm h iu hnh cho cc mng my tnh. Qu tht Linux tin trin v hon thin lin tc vi nhng phin bn mi, thm ch nm 2003 cc dng Linux ManDrake v RedHat v.v. u c n bn 9.0. Mt khc Linux cng ngy cng c thm nhiu ngi s dng v v vy m ti liu trong tay bn ra i.

Ti liu ny dnh cho ai?

Ngoi chng 1 dnh cho cc nh qun l d n cng ngh thng tin (CNTT), bt c ai quan tm su hn n Linux u c th s dng ti liu ny tm hiu vic ci t, thit lp cu hnh v s dng n, c bit trong mi trng mng. Cc chng trong ti liu ny ch yu s hng dn cch ci t v s dng dng sn phm RedHat v c l l dng Linux ph bin nht v cng d ci t nht t trc n nay. Ring chng 4 dnh cho dng sn phm Caldera. Ngoi ra, ti liu cn cung cp nhng hiu bit khc, th d cp nht v nng cp cc phn mm tng hp vi Linux, hoc in n, h tr an ninh v qun tr h thng mt cch thun tin. i vi nhng ai bit h iu hnh UNIX th vic nm bt Linux s rt n gin. Ngc li, mc d Linux khng phi l UNIX nhng nhiu thao tc v tin trnh cn thit chy Linux cng ging nh trong UNIX. Do khi bit s dng Linux th bn cng c th nm c cc h iu hnh kiu UNIX. Ti liu ny cng ph hp cho nhng ngi mun bit thm v Linux v UNIX m cha c dp s dng hai h iu hnh y. Thm ch, ti liu s c ch vi nhng ngi tuy bit cch ci t Linux v s dng UNIX, nhng cha c dp thc hin cc cng vic qun tr h thng bao gi. Ti liu s gii thch chi tit v cch qun tr v duy tr h thng Linux/UNIX. Mt ngi s dng UNIX bnh thng kh c quyn lm qun tr h thng, song vi Linux th c th tr thnh ch nhn ca ton b h thng. Linux dn xut t UNIX nn cng l mt h iu hnh a ngi dng v a nhim (phc v nhiu ngi v thc hin nhiu vic cng lc). N c th chy trn nhiu b vi x l (c bit trn h Intel t i 386 tr li y) v tng thch vi chun m POSIX. POSIX l mt tiu chun quc t cho cc h iu hnh v phn mm kh chuyn vi nhng thnh phn c th s dng chung, m bo tnh m ca chng.

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Nhng phn cng tng thch

Phn ln Linux c son tho qua Internet bi nhng ng i ca Torvald, do nhng phn cng ca h l tng thch nht vi h iu hnh ny. May sao, nhiu hng sn xut phn cng coi Linux nh mt th trng c tng lai, h cung cp cc thng tin chi tit v sn phm ca mnh to iu kin cho cc nh pht trin phn mm vit trnh iu khin (driver) gip cho phn cng ny chy c trn Linux. Thm ch c cc cng ty t hng cho nhng nh pht trin vit cc driver tng thch Linux, sau ph bin cho mi ngi bit v cng hng quyn li theo giy php GPL, trong khi mt s cng ty khc cn giu thng tin v l do bn quyn v cnh tranh. C th tham kho trn Internet cc trang Web v "Linux Hardware Compatibility" bit chnh xc nhng phn cng no tng thch vi Linux. Cc my tnh Unix thng l chuyn dng v ch lm vic c vi rt t phn cng do chnh cc hng sn xut quy nh (Sun, IBM, HP, Intergraph v.v.). Trong trng hp ph bin nht, ta c th chy Linux mt cch d dng trn rt nhiu my tnh tng hp IBM-PC m khng cn dng n h iu hnh DOS hoc Windows; hn na, Linux cn thay th c hai chng trnh y. Nn phn vng li a cng c ch ci t mt bn Linux ring, mc d cng c phin bn chy ngay trn DOS hoc Windows. Linux l mt chng trnh lun tin trin, cho nn khi cp nht phin bn mi bn phi bit rng mnh c th nh mt nhng d liu ang c trong my. ng ci t Linux nu cha sao lu d liu.

Quy c cch c ti liu

Linux v UNIX phn bit ch hoa v ch thng. Khi ti liu ny yu cu bn nhp (g) cc ch ti dng lnh t sau du nhc shell th bn phi nhp chnh xc nhng g c ghi trong ti liu, tc l ch hoa nhp khc ch thng. Kiu ch Courier thng c s dng cho cu lnh phn bit vi cu m t. Cn trong cu m t nu c ch no cn nhn mnh th ch y s c in m. i khi ti liu yu cu bn phi bm vi phm. Th d cc phm <Ctrl-h> c thc hin bng cch bm v gi phm <Ctrl>, ri bm phm <h>, sau nh c hai phm ra. Ghi ch: Nhm trnh tnh trng nhm ln ch in hoa hoc in thng mi trng Linux v UNIX, ti liu ny s dng ch in thng i vi phm cn phi bm. Th d, trong ti liu s in l <Ctrl-c> thay v <Ctrl-C> (nu in theo cch th hai, bn c s phn vn khng hiu liu mnh c nn bm nt <Ctrl> ri sau phi bm c <Shift> v <c> c ch C in hoa hay khng. Cc th d cng thng c in bng kiu ch Courier. Th d di y s minh ho phn ng (hi p) ca Linux trn mn hnh hin th sau khi bn nhp vo mt cu lnh. Nhng th d y thng m u bng du nhc shell c hin th nh du dollar ($). Sau du l cu lnh m bn cn nhp vo, v vy bn ng nhp du nhc na.
$ lp report.txt & 3146 $

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Trong th d trn bn ch cn nhp nhng g sau du $ dng th nht (ngha l ch nhp chui k t lp report.txt & v bm phm <Enter>). Nhng g c hin th cc dng sau chnh l hi p ca Linux i vi cu lnh va nhp vo. Khi trnh by c php ca mt lnh Linux, ti liu ny thng s dng kiu ch in nghing phn bit gia phn phi c v phn bin thin. Hy xem th d sau:
lp filename

y phn filename ca cu lnh l mt bin, ngha l n s thay i tu theo bn mun lnh lp lm vic vi ci g. Phn lp l phi c bi v l tn cu lnh. Thng tin v bin c in di dng nghing nhng phi nh rng khi nhp vo th khng nn nhp dng ch nghing. Trong vi trng hp, thng tin cu lnh li mang tnh tu chn, c hay khng c cng c, ngha l cu lnh vn chy m khng cn n thng tin y. Phn tu chn c quy c ng trong cc ngoc vung ([]). Xem th d sau:
lp filename [device1] [abc]

y, lp l tn cu lnh, khng phi tu chn hoc bin. Thng s device1 va l bin thin va l tu chn (c in ch nghing v nm trong ngoc vung). Ni r hn, bn c th nhp bt k tn thit b no vo v tr ca device1 (nhng khng nhp ngoc vung), hoc bn khng nht thit phi nhp thng s no vo c. Thng s abc l tu chn (nu bn khng thch s dng th ng nhp vo), song li khng phi l bin. Nu s dng n, bn phi nhp vo ng y nh l in trn ti liu (v, nhc li ln na, khng nn nhp ngoc vung vo). Cc t Ghi ch, Cn thn v Lu trong ti liu ny s c in bng ch nghing m d nhn thy. Cc phn b sung di hn v tch ra khi chnh trong on vn s c t trong mt khung ca s mang tiu ring. Ti liu cng dng cc ch dn tr n chng, mc, bng, danh sch tham kho trong hoc ngoi gio trnh ny. Mi tham kho cho s c dng in nghing gia dng nh sau: Xem "S dng X Window" Nhng thng tin t quan trng hn c th c in bng ch nh tit kim giy

Tm tt ni dung ti liu
Ti liu ny ngoi phn m u cn c 4 phn, mi phn li bao gm nhiu chng. Phn I: Ci t Linux Phn ny gm c 6 chng, cung cp mt ci nhn chung v h iu hnh Linux cng nh cc ch dn nhanh chng ci t c Linux. Chng 1, "Tng quan v Linux", gii thiu h iu hnh Linux v tng quan v cc yu t hp thnh h Linux. Chng 2, "Chun b ci t Linux", ngoi cch ci t tng qut cn bn thm v cc loi phn cng thch hp, cng vi nhng vn tim tng v gii php. Chng 3, "Ci t RedHat Linux", hng dn cch ci t bn pht hnh RedHat. Chng 4, "Ci t Caldera OpenLinux", hng dn cch ci t bn pht hnh Caldera.
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Chng 5, "Bt u s dng Linux", gii thiu s dng mt s ng dng c bn trn h Linux sau khi ci t xong. Chng 6, "Nng cp v ci t phn mm vi RPM", cung cp thng tin cn thit ci t nhng phn mm mi bng cch s dng RedHat Package Management (RPM). Ngoi ra chng 6 cn gip tm hiu vic ci t phn mm t Internet v cp nht cc chng trnh hin c. Phn II: Qun tr h thng Phn ny gm c 7 chng, cung cp cc thng tin dng thit lp cu hnh v qun l mt h Linux tiu biu. Chng 7, "Qun tr h thng Linux", cung cp kin thc ngn gn v cc tin trnh cn thit cu hnh v duy tr mt h iu hnh Linux. Chng 8, "Trnh son tho vn bn vi", gip bn bit s dng cng c son tho vn bn ph bin nht trong cc h Linux/UNIX. Chng 9. "Khi ng v ng tt", gii thiu nhng g din ra khi khi ng hoc ng tt h iu hnh Linux, sau s gii thch ti sao khng th tt my bng cch ngt ngun in. Chng ny cng m t nhng tp m Linux s s dng khi ng my. Chng 10, "Qun l trng khon", cho bit cch thm vo, g b v qun l trng khon ca ngi s dng trn h thng Linux. Chng 11, "Sao lu d liu", gii thch s cn thit phi sao lu d liu v cch thc ct gi mt h thng chy Linux. Chng 12, "An ninh h thng", cung cp mt ci nhn tng th v an ninh d liu trn h Linux, sau gii thch nhng thao tc cn thit nhm duy tr h thng an ton mt cch hp l. Chng 13, "Thit lp cu hnh li Linux", minh ho cch thc thit lp cu hnh ca mt li (kernel) Linux trn phn cng, p dng cho bt k bn pht hnh no. Phn III: H thng tp v th mc Phn III gm c 4 chng, gip bn tn dng khai thc cc li im ca Linux. Tt c kin thc c c t bn chng sau y cng s d dng p dng cho cc h iu hnh thuc h UNIX: Chng 14, "Qun l h thng tp", cho bit cch to ra cc tp, thao tc v s dng h thng tp trn Linux. Chng 15, "S dng Samba", trnh by cch cu hnh cho Linux s dng c Samba vi nhng h thng tp khc. Chng 16, "H thng tp Linux", gii thch v cc quyn hn ca tp i vi ngi s dng h thng Linux v cc loi tp. Chng 17, "Qun l tp v th mc", gii thiu chi tit v t chc v c cu ca h thng tp trn Linux, quy c cch t tn tp, cng vi cc th bc ca th mc. Phn IV: Lm vic vi Linux Phn IV gm c 4 chng, b sung k nng thao tc trn cc cng c dng lnh v nhng tin ch khc.
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Chng 18, "Cc shell ca Linux", gii thiu v shell script v cc dng shell thng thy nhng phin bn khc nhau ca Linux. Chng 19, "Qun l a tin trnh", khm ph cc kh nng ca Linux khi chy cng lc nhiu tin trnh khc nhau. Ta s hc cch khi ng a tin trnh, cch qun l, kim sot v ngng tin trnh. Chng 20, "In n", lc gii qu trnh in, t cc hiu bit c bn v in n cho n vic ra lnh in, kim tra hin trng my in ngng tin trnh in, v gii quyt nhng vn ph qut lin quan n in n. Chng 21, "S dng X Window", cung cp thng tin cn thit chy X Window trn Linux.

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Chng 1. Tng quan v Linux

Chng ny ch yu dnh cho cc nh qun l d n cng ngh thng tin. Tuy khng tht cn thit cho vic ci t v s dng Linux, nhng ni dung ca n cng c th b ch cho bt k ai mun tm hiu v nhng ch sau y:
-Linux l g? -Ti sao Linux pht trin? -Cc bn pht hnh Linux -Li ch ca Linux -Ai pht trin Linux? -Linux cng sinh vi Windows -Thng mi ha Linux -UNIX v Linux -Tc quyn v bn quyn Linux

1.1 Linux l g?
Linux xut hin nh mt sn phm ngun m min ph v n nay c th snh vai vi cc h iu hnh thng phm nh MS Windows, Sun Solaris v.v. Linux ra i t mt d n hi u nhng nm 1990 c mc ch to ra mt h iu hnh kiu UNIX ci t trn my tnh c nhn chy vi b vi x l Intel, tng hp h my tnh IBM-PC (cn gi tt l PC). T lu, UNIX ni ting l mt h iu hnh mnh, tin cy v linh hot, nhng v kh t nn ch yu ch dng cho cc trm tnh ton hoc my ch cao cp. Ngy nay Linux c th ci t trn nhiu h my tnh khc nhau, khng ch ring cho h PC. Qua Internet, Linux c hng nghn nh lp trnh khp trn th gii tham gia thit k, xy dng v pht trin, vi mc tiu khng l thuc vo bt k thng phm no v cho mi ngi u c th s dng thoi mi. Khi thu, Linux xut pht t tng ca Linus Torvalds, khi chng sinh vin i hc Helsinki Phn Lan mun thay th Minix, mt h iu hnh nh kiu UNIX. V c bn, Linux bt chc UNIX cho nn cng c nhiu u im ca UNIX. Tnh a nhim thc s ca Linux cho php chy nhiu chng trnh cng lc. Vi Linux, bn c th ng thi thc hin mt s thao tc, th d chuyn tp, in n, sao tp, nghe nhc, chi game v.v. Linux l h iu hnh a ngi dng, ngha l nhiu ngi c th ng nhp v cng lc s dng mt h thng. u im ny c v khng pht huy my trn my PC nh, song trong cng ty hoc trng hc th n gip cho vic dng chung ti nguyn, t gim thiu chi ph u t vo my mc. Ngay c khi nh, bn cng c th ng nhp vo Linux vi nhiu trng khon (account) khc nhau qua cc terminal o v t chc dch v trn mng ring cho mnh bng cch s dng Linux vi nhiu modem (xem chng 10).
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C th k tn cc h iu hnh min ph khc nh FreeBSD, OpenBSD, NetBSD v.v. Cng phi k n nh hng ln cng ty Sun (ch nhn ca ngn ng Java) v Sun mun cung cp h iu hnh Solaris dng min ph trn my PC. Phin bn Solaris chy trn chip Intel s tr nn mt i th ng gm ca Linux vi m ngun m v nh danh ting l h iu hnh rt n nh v tng thch vi h Solaris chy trn chip Sun SPARC. Bn thn vic c lp vi nhng cng ty ln cng tim tng mt im yu ca Linux. Khi cha c mt mng li ring cung cp dch v bo tr th tt nhin ngi ta s ngi s dng Linux. Tuy th, vi s pht trin ca Internet, cc t chc h tr ngi dng Linux to nn cc Website v forum tho g cho bn nhiu vn kh khn. Hn na Linux c th khng chy tt vi mt s phn cng t ph bin, thm ch vic hng hc hoc xo mt d liu i khi cng xy ra, bi v Linux lun thay i v kh c th nghim y trc khi a ln Internet. Linux khng phi l chi sn c, n c thit k nhm mang n cho ngi s dng cm gic cng tham gia vo mt d n mi. Tuy nhin thc t cho thy Linux chy tng i n nh v cho bn mt c may khng tn km hc v s dng UNIX, mt h h iu hnh chuyn nghip hin nay ang c rt nhiu ngi dng trn cc my ch v trm tnh ton cao cp.

1.2 Ti sao Linux pht trin?

Trc ht, Linux pht trin v l mt trong nhng h iu hnh min ph v c kh nng a nhim cho nhiu ngi s dng cng lc trn cc my tnh tng thch vi PC. So vi nhng h iu hnh thng phm, Linux gip bn t phi nng cp v li khng cn tr tin, cng nh phn ln cc phn mm ng dng cho n. Hn na, Linux v nhng ng dng c cung cp vi c m ngun min ph m bn c th ly v t Internet, sau chnh sa v m rng chc nng ca chng theo nhu cu ring. Linux c kh nng thay th mt s h iu hnh thuc h UNIX t tin. Nu ti ni lm vic m bn s dng UNIX th nh bn cng thch s dng mt h no ging nh th nhng r tin. Linux gip bn d dng truy cp, lt qua cc Website v gi nhn thng tin trn mng Internet. Nu bn l mt qun tr vin UNIX th v nh bn cng c th s dng Linux thc hin mi cng vic qun tr h thng. Mt nguyn nhn khc lm cho Linux d n vi ngi dng l n cung cp m ngun m cho mi ngi. Chnh iu ny khin mt s t chc, c nhn hay quc gia u t vo Linux nhm m rng s la chn ra ngoi cc phn mm ng kn m ngun. H cho rng, mc d c dch v hu mi nhng khng g m bo c rng khi dng cc sn phm ng kn ny trn Internet, cc thng tin c nhn hay quc gia ca h c b gi v mt t chc hay mt quc gia no khc hay khng. Th d Trung Quc pht trin h iu hnh Hng K t kernel ca Linux khng b l thuc
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Microsoft Windows, cng nh h ang t nghin cu b vi x l Hng Tm thay th cho h chip Intel. Ti Vit Nam, vic nghin cu xy dng mt h iu hnh t kernel Linux thu c mt s thnh cng nht nh. Chc bn cng bit n Vietkey Linux v CMC RedHat Linux (phin bn ting Vit ca RedHat Linux 6.2). Gn y, cc cng ty ni ting nh IBM, Sun, Intel, Oracle cng bt u nghin cu Linux v xy dng cc phn mm ng dng cho n.

1.3 Cc bn pht hnh Linux

Nhiu ngi bit n cc nh sn xut phn mm RedHat, ManDrake, SuSE, Corel v Caldera. C th chnh bn cng tng nghe n tn cc phin bn Linux nh Slackware, Debian, TurboLinux v VA Linux, v.v. Qu tht, Linux c pht hnh bi nhiu nh sn xut khc nhau, mi bn pht hnh l mt b chng trnh chy trn nhm tp li (kernel) ca Linus Tordvalds. Mi bn nh vy u da trn mt kernel no , th d bn RedHat Linux 6.2 s dng phin bn kernel 2.2.4. Hng RedHat lm ra chng trnh qun l ng gi RPM (RedHat Package Manager), mt cng c min ph gip cho bt c ai cng c th t ng gi v pht hnh mt phin bn Linux ca chnh mnh. Th d bn OpenLinux ca Caldera cng c to ra nh th.

1.4 Li th ca Linux
Ti sao c th chn Linux thay v chn mt trong nhng h iu hnh khc chy trn PC nh DOS, Windows 95/98, Windows NT, hoc Windows 2000 ? Linux cung cp cho bn mt mi trng hc lp trnh m hin nay cha c h no snh c. Vi Linux, bn c y c m ngun, trong khi cc sn phm mang tnh thng mi thng khng bao gi tit l m ngun. Cui cng, Linux mang n cho bn c hi sng li bu khng kh ca cuc cch mng vi tnh trc kia. Cho n gia thp nin 1970, my tnh in t cn l sn chi ring ca cc t chc ln, chng hn nh chnh quyn, tp on doanh nghip v trng i hc. Ngi dn thng khng th s dng nhng thnh tu k diu ca cng ngh thng tin. Song vi s xut hin ca b vi x l u tin (1971) ri my tnh c nhn (1975), mi vic thay i. Thot tin, l t dng v ca cc tay hacker say m vi tnh. H thm ch c th t lm ra nhng my tnh c nhn v h iu hnh n gin, nhng cc h ny cha lm g c nhiu gc hiu nng. Vi kinh nghim tch lu dn theo nm thng, mt s hacker tr thnh nh doanh nghip, ri cng vi kh nng tch hp ngy cng cao ca cc vi mch, PC tr thnh ph bin (rt tic hin nay x hi thng ngh xu v ch "hacker", xin mi bn xem thm mc "Ai pht trin Linux?" cui chng ny phn bit r hn hacker v cracker l nhng ai).
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Ngy nay Linux ang lm mt cuc cch mng lnh vc phn mm h thng. Linux l l c tp hp nhng con ngi khng mun b kim st bi cc hng khng l nhn danh kinh t th trng lm x cng c sng to v ci tin. Vi Linux bn s khai thc c nhiu th mnh ca UNIX. Trong s nhng h iu hnh thng dng hin nay, Linux l h iu hnh min ph c nhiu ngi s dng rng ri nht. Bn thn Linux h tr sn sng b giao thc mng TCP/IP, gip bn d dng kt ni Internet v gi th in t. Linux thng i km XFree86 l mt giao din ho cho ngi s dng (GUI) v cng c pht hnh min ph. XFree86 cung cp cho bn cc chc nng ph bin mt s thng phm khc, chng hn nh Windows. Tnh kh chuyn ca mt h iu hnh gip bn chuyn n t mt nn ny sang nn khc m vn hot ng tt. Th d UNIX l mt h c tnh kh chuyn cao. Ban u UNIX ch hot ng trn mt nn duy nht, l my tnh mini DEC PDP-7. Hin nay UNIX v Linux c kh nng chy trn bt k nn no, t my xch tay cho n my tnh ln. Nh tnh kh chuyn, cc my tnh chy UNIX v Linux trn nhiu nn khc nhau c th lin lc vi nhau mt cch chnh xc v hu hiu. Nhng h ny c th hot ng m khng cn phi b sung thm bt k giao din lin lc t tin no, m thng thng bn phi mua thm sau khi mua nhng h iu hnh khc. Linux c hng ngn ng dng, t cc chng trnh bng tnh in t, qun tr c s d liu, x l vn bn n cc chng trnh pht trin phn mm cho nhiu ngn ng, cha k nhiu phn mm vin thng trn gi. Ngoi ra Linux cng c hng lot tr chi gii tr trn nn k t hoc ho. Phn ln nhng chng trnh tin ch v ng dng c sn cho Linux li khng mt tin mua. Cc bn ch phi tr chi ph cho vic ti chng t Internet xung hoc tr cc ph bu in. n vi Linux, gii lp trnh s c mt lot cc cng c pht trin chng trnh, bao gm cc b bin dch cho nhiu ngn ng lp trnh hng u hin nay, chng hn nh C, C++. Bn cng c th dng ngn ng Pascal thng qua trnh bin dch FreePascal. Nu bn khng thch s dng nhng ngn ng va k, Linux c sn cc cng c nh Flex v Bison bn xy dng ngn ng ring cho mnh. Hai khi nim hin nay c cp rt nhiu l h thng m (open system) v tnh lin tc (interoperability) u gn vi kh nng ca nhng h iu hnh c th lin lc vi nhau. Phn ln cc h m i hi phi tho mn tng thch tiu chun IEEE POSIX (giao din h iu hnh kh chuyn). Linux p ng nhng tiu chun y v c lu hnh vi m ngun m.

1.5 Ai pht trin Linux?

Ni chung, Linux l mt h thng c xy dng bi cc hacker v cho cc hacker. Mc d hin nay trong x hi t hacker thng c hm tiu cc, song nu theo ngha ban u th hacker khng phi l ti phm. Hacker tm hiu nhng g c bn trong mt h thng cho n tng chi tit v c kh nng sa cha nu h
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thng y b hng hc. a s cc hacker khng xm nhp h thng v tin bc hoc c , mc d sau ny c nhng ngi vt qua gii hn y v b tp th cc hacker gi l cracker (tin tc) hay hacker m en. Gii hacker cm thy b xc phm khi mi ngi xem h nh l ph hoi v gi chung l tin tc. Thc ra, nhng hacker chn chnh, cn gi l hacker m trng, rt c cng trong vic pht hin k h ca cc phn mm, gip mi ngi v ch nhn ca nhng phn mm y cnh gic trc s tn cng ca gii tin tc. Cng nh cng cuc bo v ny m Linux v cc ng dng Linux (ni rng hn l cc phn mm ngun m) cng ngy cng an ton hn Ngoi i, phn ln nhng ngi s dng UNIX ch c cp cho mt s trng khon vi quyn hn thu hp, do mt ngi bnh thng khng th th nghim y cc cu lnh UNIX. Vi Linux bn c mt phin bn hot ng tng t UNIX nhng cho php qun tr, s dng, vo ra thoi mi khng gii hn, mt iu him gp trong cuc sng. Linux cho bn bit th no l lm hacker, song chng ti hy vng t bn s khng tr thnh cracker.

1.6 Linux cng sinh vi Windows

V nguyn tc, tt c cc phn mm ang chy trn DOS hoc Windows s khng chy trc tip vi Linux, nhng 3 h iu hnh ny c th cng sinh trn cng mt my PC, d nhin mi lc ch chy c mt h iu hnh thi. Bn cng c th ci thm mt chng trnh c bit tn l "VMWARE" phng to mt hay nhiu h iu hnh khc nhau chy ng thi trn cng mt my vi iu kin my ca bn phi c mt cu hnh thch hp v mnh. Ngi ta cn xy dng nhng chng trnh phng to mi trng Windows v DOS trn nn Linux. Cng ty Caldera chuyn WABI (Windows Applications Binary Interface) ca Sun sang Linux., cho php cc ng dng Windows 3.1 chy vi Linux. Caldera bn sn phm va k trn v nhiu ng dng Linux song vn biu khng phin bn RedHat chy cc ng dng do hng bn ra. Caldera cn th chuyn mt phin bn DR DOS sang Linux. Chng trnh WINE cng c s dng nh mt mi trng phng to Windows c th chy cc ng dng Windows trong Linux. Ni chung, Linux c kh nng chy cc ng dng Macintosh, DOS v Windows. Ngc li, cng c nhiu ngi ang son tho nhng chng trnh phng to Linux trn nn Windows nh tng c chng trnh cho php chy cc phn mm Macintosh trn nn Sun v Windows. Bn c th xem cc thng tin lin quan mi nht trn cc Web site v Linux. Mun ci t Linux bn phi phn vng li cng my mnh, mc d khng phi lc no cng nht thit lm nh th. Bn phi xo mt phn cng cha chng trnh v d liu c sn trong . Hin nay, vic ci t Linux m khng phn vng li cng c gii quyt nhng khi chy vn cn chm. Do khi d nh ci t Linux bn nn sao lu cng ra vi ba bn.
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cng cng cn phi cn ch cho c Linux v nhng h iu hnh khc, bn phi quyt nh ci no gi li v ci no b i. Bn c nhiu la chn phn vng li cng. Chng hn bn c th dnh ch ring cho DOS v Linux, hoc bn chy mt chng trnh phn vng cng m khng phi xo cc tp c sn. Tuy nhin ri ro mt d kin khi ci t vn cn . Khi phn vng li cng, bn s kim st vng a dnh ring cho Linux hu hiu hn, v Linux cng chy tt hn. Dung lng a cng dnh cho Linux s tu vo vic bn mun ci bao nhiu ng dng v l phin bn Linux no. Bn cn c t nht 300 MB trng trn a cng nu mun ci RedHat 7.2, cha k n tt c cc chng trnh v d liu m bn mun gi li t h iu hnh trc . Nu cng ca bn cn nhiu hn th cng tt. Bn cn phi hc cch qun l h thng Linux tr thnh qun tr vin h thng (system administrator hoc sys admin). Cng vic ca qun tr vin h thng bao gm: thm bt trng khon cho nhng ngi s dng, u n sao lu d liu, ci t thm phn mm mi, thit lp cu hnh h thng, v gii quyt cc hng hc. Linux cng ngy cng ph bin v th ngun ti liu hin nay rt phong ph. Phn ln cc bn pht hnh Linux u km theo hng ngn trang ti liu. C th d dng tm thy nhng thng tin tng t ti th mc /DOCS trn cc CD cha Linux.

1.7 Thng mi ho Linux

Cng nh mi phn mm, Linux cha th khc phc ht ngay nhng bt tin v sai st. Nhng r rng cng ngy cng c thm cng ty mi u t cho Linux v a ra cc gii php t nhiu c tnh thng mi vi gi rt r. Xin nu tn hai trong s cc cng ty l RedHat v Caldera. C hai cng ty ny u tr gip k thut qua e-mail, fax v qua mng cho nhng ngi mua cc phin bn Linux v sn phm ca h m khng dnh cho nhng ngi sao chp cc bn min ph. V tnh kinh t, Linux v cc chng trnh km theo thng c chy trn mng ni b ca nhiu doanh nghip, chng hn lm cc dch v Web, tn min (DNS), nh tuyn (routing) v bc tng la. Nhiu nh cung cp dch v Internet (ISP) cng dng Linux lm h iu hnh chnh. Ngoi vic phn phi RedHat Linux vi RPM, doanh nghip RedHat cn c nhng sn phm khc, th d b ng dng vn phng Applixware, bao gm mt phn mm x l vn bn, mt phn mm bng biu, mt phn mm trnh din, mt cng c th in t cng vi nhiu cng c trin khai lp trnh v giao din ho XFree86... Nhng ch cn tr khong mt na gi bn ca ring Windows XP thi, bn s nhn c mt bn RedHat km cc phn mm ni trn m khng cn phi mua thm MS Office, v.v. Caldera lc u ch pht hnh t mng Internet cc sn phm da trn RedHat v Novell, trc khi c OpenLinux, mt h iu hnh gi r vi kernel 2.x. Sn phm ny bao gm mt giao din ho c kh nng qun l h thng v ti nguyn
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mng, cng vi cc ng dng mng ch yu. OpenLinux tch hp mt X server thng mi ca MetroLink v mt phin bn trnh duyt ng k y ca Netscape Navigator. Hin nay, Caldera tch ring OpenLinux thnh 2 sn phm khc nhau: mt dng cho my tnh c nhn v mt dng cho my ch. Caldera cng pht hnh bn Corel WordPerfect cho Linux, cng vi mt b ng dng vn phng hng Internet. Ngoi ra Caldera cn pht trin phn mm tng thch cng ngh WABI ca SunSoft, cho php ngi dng cui chy cc ng dng Windows trn nn Linux.

1.8 UNIX v Linux

Lch s Linux pht xut t UNIX v c th lin quan n Minix. Minix l mt h iu hnh nh kiu UNIX, minh ho b sch gio khoa rt ni ting do Tannebaum vit t gia nhng nm 1980. Minix tng ph bin trn nhiu my tnh mini v PC. Cn Bell Laboratories thuc cng ty AT&T l ni h iu hnh UNIX sinh ra, song chnh cc tp th v c nhn khc ci thin UNIX qua nhiu nm. T nm 1969, Thompson v cc cng s Bell Laboratories pht trin UNIX, mt h iu hnh rt linh ng v ph hp vi nhiu yu cu khc nhau ca gii lp trnh. Khi thu, h iu hnh MULTICS ca Vin MIT gi cho Thompson vit c sn phm ca mnh, nhng sau ny ch c UNIX tr thnh mt tiu chun cng nghip cho cc h iu hnh a nhim v a ngi dng. Nm 1978, Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) thuc i hc Berkeley ti California pht trin phin bn UNIX u tin ca mnh t nn phin bn UNIX v.7 ca AT&T, vi sao cho UNIX tr nn thn thin hn vi ngi s dng. Mc d khng hon ton tng thch vi UNIX nguyn thu ca AT&T, phin bn BSD UNIX vn t c mc tiu ra nh nhng tin ch mi lm nhiu ngi hi lng. Sau BSD pht hnh FreeBSD, mt phin bn dnh cho h vi x l Intel 386 v phn phi kh hn ch qua Internet hoc CD-ROM, ri cc tc gi cng b bn ny trn tp ch Dr. Dobb's. Hin nay bn thng phm ca FreeBSD tr thnh mt h iu hnh thng dng tng t nh Linux. UNIX System Laboratories (USL) l mt cng ty ra i t AT&T v tng trin khai UNIX System V t u thp nin 1980. Trc khi c Novell mua li hi nm 1993, USL s hu m ngun ca tt c cc phin bn xut x t UNIX System V. Tuy nhin hi y USL cha bn ra c nhng bn sn sng cho ngi tiu dng. Bn pht hnh ng nh nht ca USL l UNIX System V Release 4.2 (SVR4.2). y l ln u tin m USL tham gia vo th trng vi qui m ln. Lc y Novell v USL khai trng mt cng ty lin doanh mang tn Univel sn xut hng lot phin bn SVR4.2 gi l UnixWare. Khi mua li USL, Novell chuyn vai tr trng tm ca USL t nh sn xut m ngun thnh nh pht hnh UnixWare. Cui cng Novell li bn UNIX ca mnh cho cng ty Santa Cruz Operation (SCO). Gn y SCO pht hnh bn SCO UNIX mt ngi dng
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(single-user), tuy nhin chi ph ln n 19 USD, kh cnh tranh c vi Linux a ngi dng. Hn na SCO khng cng b m ngun h iu hnh ca mnh. T cui thp nin 1970, Microsoft cng tng pht trin phin bn UNIX ca mnh, gi l XENIX. n nm1981, trong thi k cao im ca cuc cch mng vi tnh, my tnh c nhn IBM-PC ra i vi h iu hnh n nhim mt ngi dng DOS. Kh nng x l ca PC tng dn v bt u snh ngang cc my tnh mini vo cui thp nin 1980, khi s ra i ca b vi x l Intel 386 cho php XENIX c th chy trn PC. Microsoft v AT&T ng nhp XENIX v UNIX vo thnh mt phin bn duy nht gi l System V/386 Release 3.2, c kh nng hot ng hu nh trn mi cu hnh phn cng ca PC 386. Sun Microsystems c ng gp ln lao vo vic m rng th trng UNIX khi sn xut ra cc my ch v my trm chy vi h iu hnh SunOS trn nn UNIX BSD. Cui cng BSD v SVR4 cng hi t v tng thch vi nhau. IBM bc vo th gii ca UNIX bng sn phm mang tn h iu hnh AIX (Advanced Interative Executive). Cc cng ty HP v Apple cng pht trin phin bn UNIX ca mnh, gi l HP-UX v A/UX. Mc d AIX, HP-UX v A/UX khng ni ting bng vi phin bn UNIX khc, song chng chy rt tt v c mt th phn ng k. Cc cng ty ni trn u gi bn quyn phin bn UNIX ca mnh, trong khi DOS v MS Windows thuc v Microsoft. Vy ai l ch s hu ca Linux?

1.9 Tc quyn v bn quyn Linux

Ni chung, Linux khng phi l phn mm cng cng, bi v cc thnh t ca n c nhiu ngi khc ng k tc quyn. Linus Torvalds gi tc quyn v kernel Linux. Cng ty RedHat l ch ca phin bn RedHat Linux, v Patrick Voldkerding gi tc quyn bn Slackware Linux v.v. Nhng nhiu tin ch Linux li c giy php cng cng GPL (GNU General Public License). Qu thc, Torvalds cng nhiu ngi ng gp cho Linux t cng trnh ca mnh di s bo v ca GPL. Bn c th xem ton vn GPL trn Internet hoc trong tp mang tn "copying" ca mi bn pht hnh Linux. Bn quyn y i khi c gi d dm l Copyleft i lp ch Copyright. GPL p dng cho phn mm thuc phong tro GNU (cng chi ch: GNU's Not UNIX) v FSF (Free Software Foundation), cho php to ra phn mm t do cho tt c mi ngi. T do hiu l mi ngi u c quyn s dng phn mm GPL v ty thch chnh sa n theo nhu cu ring ca mnh nhng phi nh rng khng c gi ring bn chnh sa y m phi ph bin rng ri cho ngi khc cng s dng v tip tc thay i theo h. GPL cho php tc gi chng trnh c gi tc quyn php l; song tc gi phi cho ngi khc thao tc, thay i, v thm ch bn chng trnh mi c vit li. Tuy nhin mt khi bn i ri th ngi bn khng c cm ngi mua thay i chng trnh v phi cung cp m ngun. l l do ti sao Linux n vi bn cng ton b m ngun y v m.
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