U N I T

A. Understanding text a printed (1)

will you engineering possible projects without lhis passage introduce to the 1. Are principle measurement of in different knowledge of measurement? I I fields engineering. atthe it 2. Howmany of Look way types temperature of isdivided sections paragraphs. into and Pay measurement aregiven thethird in attention theheadings notes the to and in paragraph? margins, to thetable illustration. 3. Doengineers to know and and need about the all different of measurement? forms questions read Nowlookat these and the 4. Howmany basic isSlbased units on? passage through findtheanswers. to 5. What instrument when isused measuring you Remember, do nothave understand a flywheel to housing? everv'wordorder ooso. in to

The importance measurement oi

Types measurement oi

Difterent systems

-One Measurement 'to is: definitionof the verb measure' to A d,ef,nitioz. simpledictionary by etc' of something means weight, volume,degree, find the size,quantity, playsa measurement of In all branches engineering' or of a standard unit. and manufacture useof anyproductcannotbe sincethe design, ;;;;i. 5 to without reference this concept' considered contain It is for this reasonthat the maiority of texts on engineering studentwith accepted which providethe tables,charts,lists or appendixes and standards units of measurement' c and F we of Knoroledge neasuremmt. are all familiar with the symbols the fraction 10 but of for scales temperature, thereis alsoK (I(elvin),whichis of temperature thetriple partof water.of (ttzlE.to) of the thermodynamic definition the precise b. .ourr. it maynot always n...tttry to understand or figurein of the itself,providld orr. canunderstand significance the term Each branch of relation to the diagtam,chart or calculationinvolved. with someparticular 15 concerned n"torily, tendsto be_more ."Si;rirg, than forms of measurement with others' at Look, for example, Table I below, and, equiaalnts. conaersionfaaors sI and which showscsnversion aken from , t *t for chemicalengineers unitsand US it Then compare with Table 2 whichgives customary factors. At engineering' 20 and their SI equivalen-ts comesfrom a text on sanitation find any-connection to difficult,or evenimpossible, it first glance, mayseem we if we lookmoreclosely, will seethatmuchof U.*"".n thl mo. However, a different the information shown deals with the samethings but from for branches which in "pp-".rr. clearly, students eitherof the engineering difficulty in using the figures and 25 the texts were written would havelittle symbolsrelating to their own specialization'

TableI
Quantity Lcngth Convercion

Table2
Quantity unit U.S.customary mi: acrc Sl cqurvalent 2.590 ml k r(X? m' 0.0929 m: 645.2mm'

Mass Force

= t(rg) tarb) = 2.20462(tb.)

t(N) = t(kg)(m)/(sf = ro5(dyn) = 0t24809(tb/) l(bar) = l0'(rg)/(m)(sf = ro'(N)/(m)l = 106(dyn)/(cm)' = 0.986923(atm) = 14.5038(p,sia) = lS0.06t(rnn Hg) l(m)! = 1gc1"t;r = r0,(l) = i5.l 147(filr = Z6n.n2{satl = l(g)/(cm)' tor(kg)/(m)l t0r(g)/(l) = 62.4278(lb.)/{fr)l = s.34540(lb_)/Gal) t(J)= l{kgXm)':/(s)r = r(N.n)
Conccntration

l(m)= t61..1 = 3.28084(fr) = 39.370t(in)

fr:
inl

lb/million pl

0.120 mg/l

Prcssurc

Encrgy

fr.lb

1.3-56 J

Forcc

tb fr!7s 8afmin

4.448N

Flow

0.028Jmr/s 0.ml7E5 mr/min

Density

l,cngth

fl in mi

0.l0.l8 m 15.40mm 1.609 hm

Energy

Power

= tO?(dYn'cn) = t0?(crg) = l0(crnP(bar) = t0-:(l'bar) = l0-5(rn)r(bar) = o-239006(cal) Powcr = 9.86923(cm)!(atm) r(fi)r{psir) = 5.t2t9't' t0x = 0.737562(ft.lb/) = 9.47831 l0-1(Btu) x r(kw) = lor(kgi(mf/(sf = lor(w) = ro3(JV(s) - tor(v.A) . = zt9.m6(cat)/(s) Velocity = 737.i62(fr.lbr)/(s) 56.8699(Btu)l(min) = t.l4t02(HP)

= {w.s)

grarn oz

64.tt0nrg

28.3s s
0.45J6kg 907.?kg

tb
lon

ft'lb/s hp

w 1.156 745.7 W

lb/fr2 tb/int ft (of water)

47.Ett Pa k 6.895 Pa k 2.9EE Pa

frls in/s gal/ft:pcrmin gal/ft:pcrday

fll

ydr

0.J0{8 m'r 0.0254 m7s 0.{)t1o7 mimin 5E.67lt m/day 0.01()7 miday mr 0.02812 ml 0.?646

Volumc

gal acrc ' ll

mr 0.001785 n I211.5 rr

(Smith & Van Ness, Introduclion to ChcmiealEngineering Themtodynamics, McGraw-l{ill, 1975.)

(Steel & McGhee, WaterStpply and Scoeragc. McGrawHiil, 1979.)

sI units. sI is the abbreviationfor systimeIntemational d'IJnit6s.sr is based seven on basicunits,eachof whichis defined with greataccuracy and from which all other basic units are derived.Under the system,each physical quantityhasonly oneparticularunit for its measurement. Thus, a lengthis onlymeasured metres. the numberemployed a basicunit in If with is verysmall,or rrery large,thena prefixcanbe usedasin km for kilometres.

The oi basis Sl

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The need for typesof measuring devices

conversiontabres ncessary are because USA and Britain st'l the retaina systemwhich is different from that used by the resr of the f"tito:**rnt 35 Measuing danices. sincemeasurement soimportanq is it fonows rh.r. ,hr, is a wide rangeof devices and instrum.no *rri.r, are designed to indicate veryprecisery length,pressure, time andso on. The iu"rorri""lilo*, fro* a manuar on dieser mechanics, "itrr io instructionsfor arigning and measuringa flywheel housing, ,ho* o* ,u.h d;;;; ; ;il. of the 40 language figuresassociatJd and *irh ih-;;;.

ffiffi
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1. What measurement? is is on Sl 5. What theprinciple which isbased?

HOLDTNGBOD

DIAL TNDICATOR

EJ. Schulz, Diesel p Mechania, 91.McGraw-Hill,1985.

your B.Check understanding

looking anything do notunderstand you 1. Read textagain the carefully, up in a dictionary questions: answer following the book, or reference Then

symbols measurement for 2. Howmany different of length shown thetwo are in tables? of force different theSlunit? 3. HowistheUSmeasurement from flow,concentration velocity in Table butnotin 4. Whydo youthink and are 2 Table 1?

is unit 6. What theUScustomary fortheSlequivalent 1.356J? 'l? 'ins' there 1 'm',accordingTable 7. Howmany are in to on alignment, 90"refer temperature 8. Intheinstructionsflywheel does to or distance?

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refer to: words whatthefollowing at 2. Look thetextandsay o line24:branches r line 5: concePt r line which 28: r line 6: reason o line34:that o line one 13: o line its 41: c line it 19: (F)? true or below (T) false shown (a) Conversion (b). the Chart Are facts at 3. Look Table and (b) Chart (a) Table tr cm = tr r l in= 25,40 cal o 1J 0.239006 n k8'= = 35.3147(ft)2 tr t 907.2 1ton o 1mr tr tr o l lbiin2=6.B95kPa l= . 1 0 3 ( w )k w =4047m3 tr o l acre = 2 6ut ! (Psia) o 14'503

your C. Increase vocabularY

2 1 in the 1. Find symbolsTablesand which the match words: r kilogram r Joule r miles second per o inch o pounds per r mile foot square r Watt r cubic metre power c horse per r milligrams litre paragraph, say: and 2. Nowlookatthefirst you with o What could replace words 'using'? as'very meaning has same word the What important'? 'accepted' here? mean does What table: in 3. Fill thefollowing Noun design product significance calculation connection information specialisation instructions Verb 'zero'in Aligning and 4. Theword can or housing bea verb flywheel measuring Find spelling. 10more with same a noun the which also nouns can be in verbs thesection this: like Noun a screw

Verb
to screw

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your D. Check grammar

sfiuutt taken usine be when - conversion : : Care charts. ' Youshould care.'. . tike A prefix beused,ts can sxppsss large very numbers. You use prefix . . may a .
Rewrite following the sentences cani shouldmust may using / / withthepassive form. o o a e e you Next, should check flywheel-housingrunout. the face Yor.l position flywheel must the housing precisely. very Youcancheck position placing magnetic onto crankshaft. the by a base the lt ;spossible convert to miles kilometres multiplying 1.609. into by by You express multiple using prefix can the 106 the mega youmust M asthesymbol and use forthis. r With5l numbers, should use comma separate you not a to multiples a thousand. of You may a space instead. use 2. Remember: 'areas.in ,', LiketheUK,theUSA measureilar terms square (m2).i of miles M.il,S,expresses {uelconiJmption,in,the int*t LtlOOk* thg vehicle UK, ir equivalehtinFrance'........:.1..::..'.-.:1........ the sentences - like unlikewhereas with Complete following / / / although / however so that they :rakesense. . (N), theSlunitforforce thenewton theUScustomary isthepound is (lb). unit r one acre seems bevery to different 4047m2 first from glance at . _, bothfigures denote same the area. r Daily ("c), temperature in Europe expressed is in celsius _ in theUSA where ("F) used. Fahrenheit is o A diesel requires ignition no engine system a gasoline engine cannot operate without one. engine, diesel thegasoline the engine of theinternal is combustion since design fuel the they bothburn within cylinders.

3. otnruuc
Remember for temperature. lused measuring A thermometer instrument isan is used fieasu,retemperature. b lwhich measures temperature. lwhich

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in the table. above using informationthis to the statements three similar Make

Term
Barometer Compass Ammeter rule Slide Micrometer Sextant

CIass

Function measure stren$h electric of current

device instrument tool

measure altitude thesun of rapidly calculate pressure measure atmospheric measure small very distances determine direction

a lecture E.Understanding
you part divided sectionsenable into you lt been to tape, willhear of a lecture.has Onyour questions. answer following the After section, it more easily. each to understand I Section lf has to the the lecture speaker given theclass?not,howdo youknow? 1. lsthis first lecture? is of 2. What thesubject this to measuring devices? number ways classify of the specify exact an 3. Does lecturer Section mentioned the with categories by below thethree the diagram 1. Complete classification

lecturer. b? t . What for examples given category are possible? types classification of 3 . Areother
measurement categories

Section below. 1. Complete topsection theclassification diagram the of in of shown thetopsection thediagram. 2. Cive example each theunits an of of

spring

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a. Er*..,