Progress In Electromagnetics Research B, Vol.

15, 5776, 2009

FIELDAROUNDTHE FOCAL REGIONOF APARABOLOIDAL
REFLECTORPLACEDINISOTROPIC CHIRAL MEDIUM
T. Rahim and M. J. Mughal
Faculty of Electronic Engineering
GIK Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology
Topi, Swabi 23640, N.W.F.P., Pakistan
Q. A. Naqvi and M. Faryad
Electronics Department
Quaid-i-Azam University
Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
AbstractHigh frequency eld expressions are derived at the focal
points of a paraboloidal reector placed in a homogenous and reciprocal
chiral medium. Firstly Geometrical Optics (GO) eld expressions are
derived for the paraboloidal reector placed in chiral medium. As the
GO fails at the focal points, so Maslovs method has been used to
nd the eld expressions which are also valid around the focal point.
By using hybrid space, Maslovs method combine the simplicity of
ray theory and the generality of Fourier Transform method. Some
numerical results including contour plots and line plots around the
focal region of paraboloidal reector placed in chiral medium are
obtained using the derived expressions.
1. INTRODUCTION
Asymptotic ray theory (ART) or the geometrical optics approximation
is widely used to study various kinds of problems in the areas
of electromagnetic, acoustic waves, seismic waves etc [13]. As
geometrical optics (GO) fails in the focal regions, so Maslovs method
is used to study the elds at the focal regions [4, 5]. Maslovs method
combines the simplicity of asymptotic ray theory and the generality
of the Fourier transform method. This is achieved by representing
Corresponding author: T. Rahim (rahim372@gmail.com).
58 Rahim et al.
the geometrical optics elds in hybrid coordinates consisting of space
coordinates, and wave vector coordinates, that is by representing the
eld in terms of six coordinates. It may be noted that information of
ray trajectories is included in both space coordinates R = (x, y, z) and
wave vector coordinates P = (p
x
, p
y
, p
z
). Solving the Hamiltonian
equations under the prescribed initial conditions, one can construct
the geometrical optics eld in space R, which is valid except in the
vicinity of focal point. Near the focal point, the expression for the
geometrical optics eld in spatial coordinates is rewritten in hybrid
domain. The expression in hybrid domain is related to the original
domain R through the asymptotic Fourier transform. The reason for
considering the hybrid domain is that, in general the singularities in
dierent domain do not coincides. This means that a domain always
exist in which the solution is bounded. Analysis of focusing systems
has been worked out by various authors using Maslovs method [6
20]. In present work, our interest is to apply the Maslovs method
to a paraboloidal reector placed in chiral medium. Chiral medium
is microscopically continuous medium composed of chiral objects,
uniformly distributed and randomly oriented [22]. A chiral object is
a three dimensional body that can not be brought into congruence
with its mirror image through translation or rotation e.g., helix,
animal hands etc. An object which is not chiral is called achiral. A
chiral medium is either right handed or left handed. The historical
background and electromagnetic chirality has been analyzed by various
authors [2230].
2. GEOMETRICAL OPTICS AND MASLOVS METHOD
IN ORDINARY MEDIUM
The GO and Maslovs method is given in [6, 14], but here it is applied to
a paraboloidal reector placed in chiral medium, so rst it is discussed
for three dimensional wave in ordinary medium. Consider the scalar
wave equation
_

2
+ n
2
k
2
_
u(r) = 0 (1)
where r = (x, y, z),
2
=
2
/
2
x
+
2
/
2
y
+
2
/
2
z
, k =

is wave
number and n is index of refraction of the medium, which is constant
in this case. Medium is homogeneous and isotropic. Solution of Eq. (1)
may be assumed in the form of Luneberg-Kline series
u(r) =

m=0
E
m
(r)
(jk)
m
exp(jks) (2)
Progress In Electromagnetics Research B, Vol. 15, 2009 59
Assuming large values of k, hence higher order terms are neglected,
and only rst term of Eq. (2), is taken. By putting Eq. (2) in Eq. (1)
and equating the coecient of k
2
we get Eikonal equation as in [21]
{s(r)}
2
n
2
= 0 (3)
similarly by equating the coecients of k we get transport equation
2E s + E
2
s = 0 (4)
where only E
0
is retained and is denoted by E. Wave vector and
Hamiltonian are dene as p = s and H(r, p) = (p p n
2
)/2
respectively. So the Eikonal equation becomes H(r, p) = 0. Eikonal
equation can be solved by the method of characteristic as follow
dx
dt
= p
x
(5)
dy
dt
= p
y
(6)
dz
dt
= p
z
(7)
dp
x
dt
= 0 (8)
dp
y
dt
= 0 (9)
dp
z
dt
= 0 (10)
The solution of Eqs. (5)(10) are
x = + p
x
t (11)
y = + p
y
t (12)
z = + p
z
t (13)
p
x
= p
x
0
(14)
p
y
= p
y
0
(15)
p
z
= p
z
0
(16)
where, (, , ) and (p
x0
, p
y0
, p
z0
) are the initial values of (x, y, z) and
(p
x
, p
y
, p
z
) respectively. The phase function is given by
s = s
0
+
_
t
0
n
2
dt = s
0
+ n
2
t (17)
60 Rahim et al.
Applying Gausss theorem to a paraxial ray tube, we obtain the
solution of Eq. (4) as in [21]
u(r) = Er
0
J
1/2
exp
_
jk
_
s
0
+ n
2
t
__
(18)
where Er
0
is the initial value of the eld amplitude and J = D(t)/D(0),
where D(t) = (x, y, z)/(, , ), is the Jacobian of transformation
from ray coordinates (, , ) to cartesian coordinate (x, y, z). The GO
solution is not valid at focal points that is where J = 0, so Maslovs
method is used to nd the elds around the focal regions of a focusing
system as in [621]. The equation which is valid around the focal point
of a paraboloidal reector placed in ordinary medium is given as [6]
u(r) =
k
2
_

E
r0
_
D(t)
D(0)
(p
x
, p
y
)
(x, y)
_

1
2
exp[jk{s
0
+ n
2
t
x(p
x
, p
y
, z)p
x
y(p
x
, p
y
, z)p
y
+ xp
x
+ yp
y
}]dp
x
dp
y
(19)
The expression
D(t)
D(0)
(p
x
,p
y
)
(x,y)
can be more simply calculated as
D(t)
D(0)
(p
x
, p
y
)
(x, y)
=
1
D(0)
(p
x
, p
y
, z)
(, , )
(20)
3. GEOMETRICAL OPTICS IN CHIRAL MEDIUM
Both left circularly polarized (LCP) and right circularly polarized
(RCP) modes, are supported by chiral medium. There are many ways
to dene the constitutive relations for chiral medium, but Drude-Born-
Fadorov (DBF) constitutive relations [22] are used as follows
D = (E+ E) (21)
B = (H+ H) (22)
where, , , and is permittivity, permeability and chirality
parameters respectively, , , have usual dimensions and has
the dimension of length. Using Eq. (21) and Eq. (22), solution
of Maxwells equations results in coupled dierential equations.
Uncoupled dierential equations for E and H are obtained by using
the following transformation [22]
E = Q
L
j
_

Q
R
(23)
H = Q
R
j
_

Q
L
(24)
Progress In Electromagnetics Research B, Vol. 15, 2009 61
and Q
L
, Q
R
are RCP and LCP wave respectively and satisfy the
following equations
_

2
+ n
2
1
k
2
_
Q
L
= 0 (25)
_

2
+ n
2
2
k
2
_
Q
R
= 0 (26)
where, n
1
= 1/(1 k) and n
2
= 1/(1 + k) are equivalent refractive
indices for LCP and RCP waves respectively and k =

. The
Eq. (25) and Eq. (26) show that elds in chiral medium may be treated
in a manner similar to ordinary medium if the transformation given
in Eq. (23) and Eq. (24) are used. So GO solution for chiral medium
can be obtained in a manner similar to ordinary medium as discussed.
Now in chiral medium two types of polarizations exist, so both waves
are solved independently. The total eld will be the superposition of
the two contributions.
4. GEOMETRIC OPTICS FIELD OF A PARABOLOIDAL
REFLECTOR PLACED IN CHIRAL MEDIUM
In this paper, we want to nd the reected eld around the focal region
of a paraboloidal reector placed in a chiral medium. To achieve this
the reection of plane waves from simple perfect electric conducting
(PEC) plane placed in chiral medium is discussed as in [14]. Reection
of RCP wave with unit amplitude, phase velocity /kn
2
and making
angle with z-axis, from a perfect electric conducting (PEC) plane
has been considered in Figure 1. Two waves are reected, a RCP wave
with amplitude (cos cos
1
)/(cos + cos
1
), traveling with phase
velocity /kn
2
and making an angle with z-axis and an LCP wave
with amplitude 2 cos /(cos + cos
1
) traveling with phase velocity
/kn
1
and making an angle
1
= sin
1
{(n
1
/n
2
) sin} with z-axis. If
we take > 0 then n
1
> n
2
and
1
< , LCP wave bends towards
normal, because it is slower than RCP. In Figure 2, LCP wave with
1
z
LCP
RCP
RCP

Figure 1. RCP reection from PEC plane.

62 Rahim et al.
unit amplitude, and angle with z-axis, is incident on perfect electric
conducting (PEC) plane we get two reected waves, a RCP wave with
amplitude 2 cos /(cos +cos
2
) traveling with phase velocity /kn
2
and making an angle
2
= sin
1
{(n
2
/n
1
) sin} with z-axis and an
LCP wave with amplitude (cos cos
2
)/(cos + cos
2
) traveling
with phase velocity /kn
1
and making an angle with z-axis. If
we take > 0 then n
1
> n
2
and
2
> . If = 0 then only normal
reection take place, and if increases the dierence between the angle
and
1
,
2
increases.
Four waves are reected when both LCP and RCP waves hit the
PEC plane. These waves are represented by RR, RL, LL and LR, where
RR and RL are RCP and LCP reected wave components respectively,
when RCP is incident, and LL and LR are LCP and RCP reected
waves respectively, when incident wave is LCP. Consider a paraboloidal
reector, as shown in Figure 3, having Equation given as
z
LCP
RCP
RCP
2

Figure 2. LCP reection from PEC plane.

Z
RCP+LCP
x
LR
RL
LL+RR
normal

Figure 3. Paraboloidal reector placed in chiral medium.

Progress In Electromagnetics Research B, Vol. 15, 2009 63
= g(, ) = f

2
4f
= f

2
+
2
4f
(27)
where, (, , ) are the initial values of (x, y, z), f is the focal length
of the paraboloidal reector and
2
=
2
+
2
. The reector is placed
in homogenous and reciprocal chiral medium dened by constitutive
relations as given in Eq. (21) and Eq. (22). Let there be two incident
plane waves of opposite handedness traveling in chiral medium along
positive z-axis, which satisfy the wave equations (25) and (26) are given
as
Q
L
= (a
x
+ ja
y
) exp(jkn
1
z) (28)
Q
R
= (a
x
ja
y
) exp(jkn
2
z) (29)
where a
x
and a
y
are the unit vector along x-axis and y-axis respectively.
By ignoring the polarization and taking the incident eld of unit
amplitude we get
Q
L
= exp(jkn
1
z) (30)
Q
R
= exp(jkn
2
z) (31)
These waves are making an angle with the normal to the surface of
a paraboloidal reector. The unit normal vector to the surface can be
written as
a
n
= sincos a
x
+ sinsina
y
+ cos a
z
(32)
where, and are given as
sin =

_

2
+ 4f
2
(33)
cos =
2f
_

2
+ 4f
2
(34)
tan =

(35)
The reected wave vectors for LL, RR, RL and LR rays are calculated
from Fermats principle of reection [12], and are given by
p
LL
= n
1
sin2cos a
x
n
1
sin2sina
y
n
1
cos 2a
z
(36)
p
RR
= n
2
sin2cos a
x
n
2
sin2sina
y
n
2
cos 2a
z
(37)
p
RL
= n
1
S
1
cos a
x
n
1
S
1
sina
y
n
1
C
1
a
z
(38)
p
LR
= n
2
S
2
cos a
x
n
2
S
2
sina
y
n
2
C
2
a
z
(39)
64 Rahim et al.
where S
1
= sin( +
1
), C
1
= cos( +
1
), S
2
= sin( +
2
) and
C
2
= cos( +
2
). The initial amplitudes for these rays are given by
E
LL
(r
0
) =
cos cos
2
cos + cos
2
(40)
E
RR
(r
0
) =
cos cos
1
cos + cos
1
(41)
E
RL
(r
0
) =
2 cos
cos + cos
1
(42)
E
LR
(r
0
) =
2 cos
cos + cos
2
(43)
The initial phases are given by
s
LL
(r
o
) = n
1
(44)
s
RR
(r
0
) = n
2
(45)
s
RL
(r
0
) = n
2
(46)
s
LR
(r
0
) = n
1
(47)
The Jacobian of transformation for these rays are given by
J
LL
=
cos
4

f
2
(n
1
t)
2

2 cos
2

f
n
1
t + 1 (48)
J
RR
=
cos
4

f
2
(n
2
t)
2

2 cos
2

f
n
2
t + 1 (49)
J
RL
=
X
1
S
1
cos
2
cot
tanS
1
+ C
1
_
n
2
1
t
2f
_
2

S
2
1
C
1
S
1
cot X
1
cos
2

tanS
1
+ C
1
_
n
1
t
2f
_
+ 1 (50)
J
LR
=
X
2
S
2
cos
2
cot
tanS
2
+ C
2
_
n
2
2
t
2f
_
2

S
2
2
C
2
S
2
cot X
2
cos
2

tanS
2
+ C
2
_
n
2
t
2f
_
+ 1 (51)
Progress In Electromagnetics Research B, Vol. 15, 2009 65
where
X
1
=
_
n
2
1
n
2
2
sin
2
+ n
2
cos
_
n
2
1
n
2
2
sin
2

(52)
X
2
=
_
n
2
2
n
2
1
sin
2
+ n
1
cos
_
n
2
2
n
2
1
sin
2

(53)
The focal points equations where Jacobian is zero for LL and RR rays
are given as
n
1
t =
f
cos
2

(54)
n
2
t =
f
cos
2

(55)
Similarly the focal points equations where Jacobian is zero for RL and
LR rays are given as
X
1
S
1
cos
2
cot
tanS
1
+ C
1
_
n
2
1
t
2f
_
2

S
2
1
C
1
S
1
cot X
1
cos
2

tanS
1
+ C
1
_
n
2
1
t
2f
_
+1=0
(56)
X
2
S
2
cos
2
cot
tanS
2
+ C
2
_
n
2
2
t
2f
_
2

S
2
2
C
2
S
2
cot X
2
cos
2

tanS
2
+ C
2
_
n
2
2
t
2f
_
+1=0
(57)
The geometrical optics eld for each ray is obtained by putting
Eqs. (40)(51) in Eq. (18), we get the expression for u
LL
(r), u
RR
(r),
u
RL
(r) and u
RL
(r) as
u
LL
(r) = E
LL
(r
0
)J
1/2
LL
exp
_
jk
_
n
2
1
t + s
LL
(r
o
)
_
(58)
u
RR
(r) = E
RR
(r
0
)J
1/2
RR
exp
_
jk
_
n
2
2
t + s
RR
(r
o
)
_
(59)
u
RL
(r) = E
RL
(r
0
)J
1/2
RL
exp
_
jk
_
n
2
1
t + s
RL
(r
o
)
_
(60)
u
RL
(r) = E
LR
(r
0
)J
1/2
LR
exp
_
jk
_
n
2
2
t + s
LR
(r
o
)
_
(61)
Since the GO solution fails at the focal points so we nd approximate
eld at focal points using Moslovs method. To calculate the eld
around the focal points using Eq. (19) we need equation Eq. (20) for
66 Rahim et al.
the amplitude of dierent reected rays
J
LL
(t)
(p
x
, p
y
)
(x, y)
=
n
2
1
cos
4
cos
2
2
f
2
(62)
J
RR
(t)
(p
x
, p
y
)
(x, y)
=
n
2
2
cos
4
cos
2
2
f
2
(63)
J
RL
(t)
(p
x
, p
y
)
(x, y)
=
X
1
n
2
1
C
2
1
S
1
cos
3

4f
2
sin(tanS
1
+ C
1
)
(64)
J
LR
(t)
(p
x
, p
y
)
(x, y)
=
X
2
n
2
2
C
2
2
S
2
cos
3

4f
2
sin(tanS
2
+ C
2
)
(65)
The amplitude components for each ray is calculated. Now to calculate
the phase function in Eq. (19), x and y are expressed in terms of hybrid
coordinates (p
x
, p
y
, z). Similarly t is represented in terms of hybrid
coordinates as t = (z )/p
z
. The phase function s(p
x
, p
y
) is given by
s(p
x
, p
y
) = n + n
2
_
z
p
z
_
( + p
x
t)p
x
( + p
y
t)p
y
+ xp
x
+ yp
y
by putting = f cos 2/ cos
2
, = 2f tansin and =
2f tancos the phase function for dierent rays are
s
LL
(p
x
, p
y
) = n
1
(2f xsin2cos y sin2sin z cos 2) (66)
s
RR
(p
x
, p
y
) = n
2
(2f xsin2cos y sin2sin z cos 2) (67)
s
RL
(p
x
, p
y
) = n
1
_
n
2
n
1
f
cos 2
cos
2

(xcos + y sin 2f tan)S

1

_
z f
cos 2
cos
2

_
C
1
_
(68)
s
LR
(p
x
, p
y
) = n
2
_
n
1
n
2
f
cos 2
cos
2

(xcos + y sin 2f tan)S

2

_
z f
cos 2
cos
2

_
C
2
_
(69)
The conversion factor from wave vector coordinates (p
x
, p
y
) in Eq. (19),
to ray coordinates (, ) for each ray is given as
Progress In Electromagnetics Research B, Vol. 15, 2009 67
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Figure 4. Contour plot for |u
LL
| with kf = 100 and (a) k = 0, (b)
k = 0.01, (c) k = 0.05, (d) k = 0.1.
(p
xLL
, p
yLL
)
(, )
=
n
2
1
cos
4
cos 2
f
2
(70)
(p
xRR
, p
yRR
)
(, )
=
n
2
2
cos
4
cos 2
f
2
(71)
(p
xRL
, p
yRL
)
(, )
=
n
2
1
X
1
cos
2
cot C
1
S
1
4f
2
(72)
(p
xLR
, p
yLR
)
(, )
=
n
2
2
X
2
cos
2
cot C
2
S
2
4f
2
(73)
The conversion factor from (, ) to angular coordinates (, ) is given
by
(, )
(, )
=
4f
2
sin
cos
3

(74)
which is the same for LL, RR, RL and LR rays. By substituting
68 Rahim et al.
(b)
(c) (d)
(a)
Figure 5. Contour plot for |u
RR
| with kf = 100 and (a) k = 0, (b)
k = 0.01, (c) k = 0.05, (d) k = 0.1.
Eqs. (62)(74) in Eq. (19), the eld around the focal region of a
paraboloidal reector placed in chiral medium are obtained. The
results are given below
u
LL
(r) =
j2kn
1
f

_
H
0
_
2
0
_
cos cos
2
cos + cos
2
_
tan
exp{jks
LL
(p
x
, p
y
)}dd (75)
u
RR
(r) =
j2kn
2
f

_
H
0
_
2
0
_
cos cos
1
cos + cos
1
_
tan
exp{jks
RR
(p
x
, p
y
)}dd (76)
u
RL
(r) =
jkn
1
f

_
H
0
_
2
0
_
2 cos
cos + cos
1
_
sec
3/2

_
X
1
{sinS
1
(tanS
1
+C
1
)}
1/2
exp{jks
RL
(p
x
, p
y
)}dd (77)
Progress In Electromagnetics Research B, Vol. 15, 2009 69
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
Figure 6. Contour plot for |u
RL
| with kf = 100 and (a) k = 0, (b)
k = 0.01, (c) k = 0.05, (d) k = 0.1.
u
LR
(r) =
jkn
2
f

_
H
0
_
2
0
_
2 cos
cos + cos
2
_
sec
3/2

_
X
2
{sinS
2
(tanS
2
+C
2
)}
1/2
exp{jks
LR
(p
x
, p
y
)}dd (78)
where H = tan
1
(D/2f), where D is the height of the paraboloidal
reector from the horizontal axis. Eqs. (75)(78) are solved numerically
and the results are presented in the next section.
5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Contour plots of the eld reected by paraboloidal surface placed
in isotropic medium are shown in Figures 47 and line plots of the
paraboloidal reector are shown in Figures 815. For simulation
kf = 100 and H = /4 are used. The elds patterns variation along
x-axis, y-axis and z-axis are shown. As the paraboloidal reector is
70 Rahim et al.
u
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
Figure 7. Contour plot for |u
LR
| with kf = 100 and (a) k = 0, (b)
k = 0.01, (c) k = 0.05, (d) k = 0.1.
15 10 5 0 5 10 15
0
5
10
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
kx
|
u
L
L
|
Figure 8. Line plot for |u
LL
| along either x-axis or y-axis, with
kf = 100 and (a) k = 0, (b) k = 0.01, (c) k = 0.05, (d) k = 0.1.
Progress In Electromagnetics Research B, Vol. 15, 2009 71
20 15 10 5 0 5 10 15 20
0
5
10
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
kz
|
u
L
L
|
Figure 9. Line plot for |u
LL
| along z-axis, with kf = 100 and (a)
k = 0, (b) k = 0.01, (c) k = 0.05, (d) k = 0.1.
15 10 5 0 5 10
0
2
4
15
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
kx
|
u
R
R
|
Figure 10. Line plot for |u
RR
| along either x-axis or y-axis, with
kf = 100 and (a) k = 0, (b) k = 0.01, (c) k = 0.05, (d) k = 0.1.
20 15 10 5 0 5 10 15 20
0
2
4
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
kz
|
u
R
R
|
Figure 11. Line plot for |u
RR
| along z-axis, with kf = 100 and (a)
k = 0, (b) k = 0.01, (c) k = 0.05, (d) k = 0.1.
symmetric, so the magnitude of the eld variation along x-axis and
y-axis are same. In contour plot horizontal axis is kz and vertical axis
is either kx or ky. The solutions of Eqs. (11)(13), (54), and (55) gives
n
1
t = n
2
t =
_
(x )
2
+ (y )
2
+ (z )
2
(79)
72 Rahim et al.
10 8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8 10
50
100
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
kx
|
u
R
L
|
Figure 12. Line plot for |u
RL
| along either x-axis or y-axis, with
kf = 100 and (a) k = 0, (b) k = 0.01, (c) k = 0.05, (d) k = 0.1.
50 40 30 20 10 0 10 20
50
100
50 40 30 20 10 0 10 20
50
100
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
kz
|
u
R
L
|
Figure 13. Line plot for |u
RL
| along z-axis, with kf = 100 and (a)
k = 0, (b) k = 0.01, (c) k = 0.05, (d) k = 0.1.
So the equations of focal points for u
LL
and u
RR
of paraboloidal
reector are similar to ordinary medium and overlap which is given by
x = y = z = 0 (80)
The focal points for LL and RR rays overlap for all values of k. For
k = 0, n
1
= n
2
= 1 and
u
LL
= u
RR
= 0 (81)
Magnitude of u
LL
and u
RR
around the focal point increases with the
increase in the chirality parameter k as shown in Figures 4, 5, 8
11. Magnitude of u
RL
and u
LR
around the focal region decrease with
the increase of chirality parameter k as shown in Figures 6, 7, 12
15. Figures 6, 7, 13, and 15, show that as the chirality parameter k
increases, the focal point for RL is shifted towards left and focal point
for LR ray is shifted towards right. With the increase in value of
Progress In Electromagnetics Research B, Vol. 15, 2009 73
chirality parameter k, the gap between the focal points of RL and
LR rays increases. The variation in eld pattern for dierent value of
the chirality parameter k is shown. If k = 0 then n
1
= n
2
= 1 and
the eld pattern reduces to ordinary medium as given in [6]
u
RL
= u
LR
=
2jkf

_
H
0
_
2
0
tanexp{jk(2f xsin2cos
y sin2sin z cos 2)}dd (82)
The equation of the focal point for RL and LR rays reduces to Eq. (80),
which is the same as in the case of ordinary medium that is achiral
medium.
10 8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8 10
50
100
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
kx
|
u
L
R
|
Figure 14. Line plot for |u
LR
| along either x-axis or y-axis, with
kf = 100 and (a) k = 0, (b) k = 0.01, (c) k = 0.05, (d) k = 0.1.
20 10 0 10 20 30 40 50
50
100
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
kz
|
u
L
R
|
Figure 15. Line plot for |u
LR
| along z-axis, with kf = 100 and (a)
k = 0, (b) k = 0.01, (c) k = 0.05, (d) k = 0.1.
74 Rahim et al.
6. CONCLUSIONS
When a paraboloidal reector placed in homogenous, isotropic and
reciprocal chiral medium is excited, four focal points are formed for
dierent rays designated in this paper by LL, RR, RL and LR. Focal
points for LL and RR rays are located at the same position, and focal
points for RL and LR are located on the opposite side of the focal point
for RR and LL ray. If chirality factor k > 0, then LCP wave move
slower than RCP, and is focused near the reector and RCP wave is
focused away from the reector. The situation is reversed if chirality
factor k < 0. As the chirality parameter increases, the gap between
the focal point increases, and if the chirality parameter k = 0 is zero,
the eld for LL and RR becomes zero and that for RL and LR reduces
to the case of ordinary medium.
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