Chemosphere 41 (2000) 15351542

Calcium chloride and calcium bromide aqueous solutions of technical and analytical grade in Lemna bioassay
Marija Vujevi a, Zeljka Vidakovi-Cifrek a,*, Mirta Tkalec a, Mihovil Tomi b, c c c Ivan Regula a
a

Department of Botany and Botanical Garden, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Rooseveltov trg 6, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia b CROSCO Co. (Integrated Drilling and Well Services, INA-Group), Ulica grada Vukovara 18, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia Received 1 October 1999; accepted 25 February 2000

Abstract Saturated water solutions of calcium chloride, calcium bromide and their 1:1 mixture are commonly used as ``high density brines'' for pressure control in oil wells. To compare the eect of these chemicals of technical grade with the eect of the chemicals of analytical grade the Lemna test was used. The multiplication rate, fresh weight, dry to fresh weight ratio, area covered by plants and chlorophyll content were measured as toxicity parameters. The concentrations of tested chemicals were 0.025, 0.05, 0.075 and 0.1 mol dm3 . Generally, the chemicals of both technical and analytical grade in concentrations of 0.025 mol dm3 stimulated the Lemna minor growth, while tested chemicals in concentrations of 0.05 mol dm3 did not aect the growth signicantly. The exceptions were results obtained by measuring fresh weight. Most of tested chemicals in concentrations of 0.075 mol dm3 and all chemicals in concentrations of 0.1 mol dm3 reduced the growth. No major dierences between eects of tested chemicals of technical and analytical grade on plant growth were observed, except that tested chemicals of analytical grade in concentrations of 0.1 mol dm3 increased dry to fresh weight ratio much stronger than chemicals of technical grade. All tested chemicals in all concentrations increased chlorophyll content. After treatment with chemicals of analytical grade much higher increase of chlorophyll a concentration in comparison to increase of chlorophyll b was noticed, while chemicals of technical grade caused more prominent increase of chlorophyll b. 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Lemna minor L.; Lemna test; High density brines; Calcium chloride; Calcium bromide

1. Introduction Duckweed Lemna minor L. is a small oating freshwater monocotyledon belonging to family Lemnaceae. It has been used as convenient bioassay organism in phytotoxicity evaluation due to its small size, rapid growth, vegetative reproduction, ease of culture and sensitivity to numerous pollutants (Wang, 1986; Lewis, 1995). Till now Lemna bioassay has been used in detection of

Corresponding author. Tel.: +385-1-48-26-262; fax: +3851-48-26-262. E-mail address: zcifrek@zesoi.fer.hr (Z. Vidakovic-Cifrek).

phytotoxicity of heavy metals (Smith and Kwan, 1989; Huebert and Shay, 1991; Huebert et al., 1993; Sajwan and Ornes, 1994), phenols (Cowgill et al., 1991), herbicides (Krsnik-Rasol and Rendi, 1977; Lockhart et al., c 1989; Peterson et al., 1994; Fairchild et al., 1997), surfactants (Dirilgen and Ince, 1995) and some chemical mixtures (Clment and Bouvet, 1993; Kanekar et al., e 1993). Saturated calcium chloride and calcium bromide aqueous solutions of technical grade and their 1:1 mixture are commercially known as oil industry ``high density brines'' and have regularly been used in exploration and production of crude oil and natural gas (Schmidt et al., 1983). During the special operations,

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certain amounts of these solutions could be released into the environment, so animal and plant organisms living close to oil wells could become exposed to increased concentrations of salts. Tkalec et al. (1998) have already investigated the inuence of CaCl2 , CaBr2 and their 1:1 mixture aqueous solutions of technical grade (used as high density brines) on Lemna minor growth. They investigated these solutions in volume concentrations of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0% (v/v) in order to nd out which solution had the most prominent eect. They have noticed that all three tested solutions in 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5% (v/v) concentrations stimulated the Lemna minor growth. The highest concentration tested, 2.0% (v/v), caused the inhibition of Lemna minor growth. The inuence of high density brines was also investigated in other test systems. Vidakovi-Cifrek et al. c (1999) noticed that lower concentrations of all three tested solutions had similar stimulative eect on the growth of green alga Chlorella kessleri. On the other hand, among solutions of the highest concentration (2.0% v/v), CaBr2 showed the most prominent inhibitory eect. Mazuran et al. (1999) investigated the eect of these chemicals in several sublethal concentrations on the fecundity of the freshwater snail Planorbarius corneus L. The tested solutions containing bromide caused more prominent reduction of fecundity in comparison to CaCl2 solutions. The objective of this work was to evaluate the inuence of CaCl2 , CaBr2 and their 1:1 mixture in concentrations of 0.025, 0.05, 0.075 and 0.1 mol dm3 on Lemna minor growth. The chemicals of technical grade as well as chemicals of analytical grade were tested in order to compare the results and to distinguish the eect of tested salts from the eect of impurities commonly present in chemicals of technical grade. 2. Materials and methods 2.1. Cultures Axenic stock cultures of Lemna minor L. were maintained on the PirsonSeidels nutrient solution (Pirson and Seidel, 1950) and subcultured biweekly. The

pH value of nutrient solution was adjusted to 4.55 before autoclaving (120C, 0.15 MPa, 20 min). Experimental cultures were started by inoculating a healthy colony with 23 fronds from stock cultures into the 100 ml Erlenmeyer asks containing 60 ml of modied Hoaglands nutrient solution (Krajncic and Devid, e 1980) supplemented with CaCl2 , CaBr2 and their 1:1 mixture. Plants grown on modied Hoaglands nutrient solution without tested chemicals were used as control. The pH value of nutrient solution was adjusted to 5.0. Both, the stock and experimental cultures were grown in chamber conditions under 16 h photoperiod (uorescent light, 80 lE s1 m2 ) at 24 2C. 2.2. Tested chemicals To investigate the inuence of high density brines saturated solutions of CaCl2 (q 1300 g dm3 ) and CaBr2 (q 1610 g dm3 ), as well as their 1:1 mixture, were added into the modied Hoaglands nutrient solution in volumes appropriate to achieve the following concentrations: 0.025, 0.05, 0.075 and 0.1 mol dm3 . Atomic absorption spectrophotometry (ASTM D 51193, 1995) and volumetric method (ASTM D 512-89, 1995) were used to determine an accurate amount of calcium chloride, calcium bromide and some inorganic substances in these solutions (Table 1). Amounts of heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Ni, V, Fe and Co) were under detectable levels. Detection limits for those metals were (mg dm3 ): Cd 0X0005Y Cr 0X07Y Ni 0X008Y V 0X1Y Fe 0X005 and Co 0X006. Afterwards, we repeated the experiment by addition of CaCl2 2H2 O and CaBr2 of analytical grade (Sigma) into the modied Hoaglands nutrient solution in amounts appropriate to achieve the same concentrations of tested chemicals as before. 2.3. Lemna bioassay Duckweed Lemna minor was exposed to tested solutions for two weeks. The inuence of tested solutions on Lemna minor growth was evaluated due to the following end points (Arnon, 1949; Ensley et al., 1994): (1) relative growth of frond number, (2) relative growth of fresh weight, (3) dry to fresh weight ratio, (4) relative area

Table 1 Chemical composition of CaCl2 and CaBr2 solutions of technical grade (commonly used as ``high density brines'') determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry and volumetric method and expressed as mg dm3 and mol dm3 Solutions of technical grade CaCl2 CaBr2 Concentrations mg dm3 mol dm3 mg dm3 mol dm3 Ca2 170 000 4.24 218 000 5.44 Mg2 6.0 2X47 104 195.0 8X02 103 Zn2 1.8 2X75 105 6.1 9X33 105 Cl 301 350 8.5 Br 867 500 10.85

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covered by plants and (5) chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b content and their ratio. All procedures were described by Tkalec et al. (1998). Results obtained by evaluation of growth parameters were represented as mean values of eight replicates. The control was represented as 100% and the results obtained with treated plants were represented as percentage of control. Chemicals that aected Lemna minor growth signicantly dierent (P ` 0X05) from each other and control were marked with dierent letters according to Duncans New Multiple Range Test (Duncan, 1955). Experiment for determination of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b contents was repeated three times. Results were calculated as mean values and represented as percentage of control. 3. Results 3.1. The inuence of tested chemicals on frond number Tested chemicals (CaCl2 , CaBr2 and their 1:1 mixture) of both technical and analytical grade, added into the modied Hoaglands nutrient solution in concentrations of 0.025 mol dm3 signicantly stimulated (P ` 0X05) the multiplication of plants (Fig. 1). On the

contrary, all tested chemicals present in concentrations of 0.05 mol dm3 and CaBr2 and 1:1 mixture in concentrations of 0.075 mol dm3 did not signicantly change the frond number in comparison with the control. All tested solutions in concentrations of 0.1 mol dm3 and CaCl2 in 0.075 mol dm3 caused a signicant decrease (P ` 0X05) of frond number. 3.2. The inuence of tested chemicals on fresh weight CaCl2 , CaBr2 and their 1:1 mixture of both technical and analytical grade in concentrations of 0.025 mol dm3 did not change the relative growth of fresh weight in comparison to control plants, except CaBr2 of analytical grade that stimulated the growth (P ` 0X05). CaCl2 and CaBr2 of analytical grade in concentrations of 0.05 mol dm3 and CaBr2 of technical grade in concentration 0.075 mol dm3 also had no signicant eect on fresh weight (Fig. 2). Other solutions in 0.05 and 0.075 mol dm3 and all solutions in 0.1 mol dm3 inhibited the growth of fresh weight (P ` 0X05). 3.3. The inuence of tested chemicals on dry to fresh weight ratio Tested chemicals of both technical and analytical grade present in concentrations of 0.025 and 0.05 mol

Fig. 1. Relative growth of Lemna minor frond number after two week exposure to tested chemicals of analytical (left) and technical grade (right). Dierent letters on the top of the column indicate signicant dierences between treatments at P ` 0X05 by Duncans New Multiple Range Test.

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Fig. 2. Relative growth of Lemna minor fresh weight after two week exposure to tested chemicals of analytical (left) and technical grade (right). Dierent letters on the top of the column indicate signicant dierences between treatments at P ` 0X05 by Duncans New Multiple Range Test.

dm3 did not inuence dry to fresh weight ratio signicantly (P ` 0X05). Tested chemicals in higher concentrations (0.075 and 0.1 mol dm3 ) increased observed ratio (Fig. 3). The exceptions were CaCl2 of analytical grade and CaBr2 of technical grade in concentrations of 0.075 mol dm3 and CaCl2 and CaBr2 of technical grade in concentrations of 0.1 mol dm3 . The most signicant increase was obtained by 0.1 mol dm3 tested solutions of analytical grade (P ` 0X05). 3.4. The inuence of tested chemicals on the relative area covered by plants Tested chemicals of both technical and analytical grade in concentrations of 0.025 mol dm3 did not signicantly increase the relative area covered by plants in comparison to control plants except 1:1 mixture (P ` 0X05). The relative area covered by duckweed treated with tested solutions in 0.05 and 0.075 mol dm3 was similar to the relative area covered by control plants (Fig. 4). CaCl2 , CaBr2 and their 1:1 mixture of both technical and analytical grade added into the modied Hoaglands nutrient solution in concentrations of 0.1 mol dm3 decreased the relative area covered by plants (P ` 0X05).

3.5. The inuence of tested chemicals on photosynthetic pigments content The chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b content increased correspondingly with the increase of tested chemicals concentration of both technical and analytical grade (Figs. 5 and 6). In duckweed treated with tested chemicals of analytical grade the increase of chlorophyll a content was more prominent than the increase of chlorophyll b content. The consequence was increased chlorophyll a to chlorophyll b ratio (Fig. 5). On the contrary, in duckweed grown on nutrient solution supplemented with tested chemicals of technical grade, the chlorophyll b content increased to a greater extent than chlorophyll a content, so the ratio was slightly decreased in comparison to control (Fig. 6).

4. Discussion Tested chemicals in concentrations of 0.025 mol dm3 stimulated the Lemna minor growth similarly to results of Tkalec et al. (1998) obtained with 0.5% (v/v) dilution of high density brines (0.5% v/v CaCl2 solution contains 0.0218 mol dm3 CaCl2 , while 0.5% v/v CaBr2

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Fig. 3. Dry to fresh weight ratio in Lemna minor plants grown on modied Hoaglands nutrient solution supplemented with tested chemicals of analytical (left) and technical grade (right). Dierent letters on the top of the column indicate signicant dierences between treatments at P ` 0X05 by Duncans New Multiple Range Test.

solution contains 0.0266 mol dm3 CaBr2 ). This stimulative eect of tested salts in lower concentrations could be explained either by establishing better growth conditions by additional amounts of nutrients brought in with the sample (Wundram et al., 1997) or by positive eect of increased turgor (Oertli, 1975, cited by von Sury and Flckiger, 1983). We also noticed that the inhibition u caused by chemicals in concentrations of 0.1 mol dm3 corresponded to results of Tkalec et al. (1998) obtained with high density brines in 2.0% (v/v) dilution (2.0% v/v CaCl2 solution contains 0.0867 mol dm3 CaCl2 , while 2.0% v/v CaBr2 solution contains 0.1066 mol dm3 CaBr2 ). Since the present results as well as results of Tkalec et al. (1998) showed no signicant dierences between eects of CaCl2 , CaBr2 and their 1:1 mixture in concentrations of 0.1 mol dm3 , the inhibition could be due to the osmotic eect. Chemical analysis (Table 1) showed that there were not signicant amounts of heavy metals in high density brines solutions. But, it could be possible that other impurities (of inorganic or organic nature) were present in the samples. The eect of high density brines solutions on duckweed growth showed no major dierences in comparison to the eect of chemicals of analytical grade. There were few exceptions according to the Duncans

New Multiple Range Test. Some solutions of analytical grade caused stronger stimulation of growth than solutions of technical grade (P ` 0X05): for example, inuence of mixture in concentrations of 0.025 and 0.075 mol dm3 on frond number (Fig. 1) and inuence of 0.025 mol dm3 CaBr2 on fresh weight (Fig. 2). CaBr2 and 1:1 mixture of analytical grade in concentrations of 0.1 mol dm3 inhibited the increase of frond number stronger than the same substances of technical grade (Fig. 1). The most obvious dierence between chemicals of technical and analytical grade was noticed in dry to fresh weight ratio, which was signicantly higher (P ` 0X05) after treatment with all three samples of analytical grade in concentrations of 0.1 mol dm3 . The reason for such a result could be the starch accumulation in chloroplasts of treated plants due to disturbed sugar metabolism (Hillman, 1961; Severi, 1991). In our recent investigations (data not shown) we conrmed the starch accumulation in chloroplasts of treated plants by microscopy and centrifugation of isolated chloroplasts in sucrose gradient. A few signicantly dierent results obtained after treatment with chemicals of analytical and technical grade could be explained by possible interactions of impurities with constituents of nutrient solution or with

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Fig. 4. Relative area covered by Lemna minor plants grown on modied Hoaglands nutrient solution supplemented with tested chemicals of analytical grade (left) and technical grade (right). Dierent letters on the top of the column indicate signicant dierences between treatments at P ` 0X05 by Duncans New Multiple Range Test.

Fig. 5. Chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b content and their ratio in Lemna minor grown on modied Hoaglands nutrient solution supplemented with tested chemicals of analytical grade. Values are the average of three dierent experiments represented as percentage of control.

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Fig. 6. Chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b content and their ratio in Lemna minor grown on modied Hoaglands nutrient solution supplemented with tested chemicals of technical grade. Values are the average of three dierent experiments represented as percentage of control.

ions of tested solutions. Interactions between the constituents of the nutrient solution are well known (Wang, 1992). As a consequence of such interactions, certain substances could be more available to plants than others and vice versa. Chemicals of both analytical and technical grade increased chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b content, but some dierences between chemicals of analytical and technical grade were noticed. Chemicals of analytical grade caused much greater increase of chlorophyll a content in comparison to increase of chlorophyll b content, so the chlorophyll a to chlorophyll b ratio was also increased (Fig. 5). On the other hand, chemicals of technical grade caused greater increase of chlorophyll b content in comparison to increase of chlorophyll a content, so the ratio was slightly decreased (Fig. 6). It is possible that the presence of impurities in chemicals of technical grade promoted the formation of chlorophyll b from the chlorophyll a, possibly by oxidising methyl group on pyrol ring no. 2 into aldehyde group (Gil et al., 1995). Only minor growth dierences caused by chemicals of analytical and technical grade support the hypothesis that eect noticed after treatment with chemicals of technical grade used as high density brines was due to the major constituents of these solutions (Ca2 , Cl and Br ions) and was not the consequence of impurities commonly present in chemicals of technical grade.

However, chemicals of analytical and technical grade had dierent eect on chlorophyll pigments content in duckweed plants. References
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