Examiners Report June 2009

GCE

GCE Geography 6GE01/6GE02

Helping you to raise attainment

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Contents 1

Contents
6GE01 Global Challenges Overview Section A Section B Comments on individual questions Question 1 Question 2 Question 3 Question 4 Question 5 Question 6 Question 7 Question 8 Question 9 Question 10 Unit 6GE02 Geographical Investigations June 2009 General Comments On Performance Comments On Individual Questions Question 1 Question 2 Question 3 Question 4 Statistics 2 2 2 4 4 6 7 8 10 11 12 14 16 17 18 18 20 20 23 27 30 33

Unit 6GE01 Global Challenges 2

Overview
Some of the human and physical Geography questions set in May 2009s Unit 1 would have been fully accessible to previous generations of A-level Geographer for instance, topics such as the causes of urban growth in emerging economies, boundary hazard distributions, rising ood risks, fair trade and population structure change. In addition to these familiar themes, many new areas were also examined - including past causes of climate change, global warming predictions, internet networks and our shrinking world. In short, the rst summer sitting for the paper mirrored the new Edexcel Specication as a whole there is plenty of brand-new, topical content, yet important classic elements of the Curriculum 2000 A-level(s) have been retained. In line with the national Action Plan for Geography, the Edexcel A-level has taken a big step forwards into the 21st century. The considerable enthusiasm students are reported to have for their new course was certainly evident in their keenness to employ all of the new concepts, frameworks and viewpoints they had learned about such as global networks and disaster hotspots - at virtually any opportunity! Teachers will know that Unit 1 builds an interconnected framework for geographical inquiry to help students grasp the big picture of current global changes and challenges helping students to gain a different view of the world they live in (to quote the new Geographical Association manifesto). The scripts seen this summer showed the overwhelming majority of candidates to be quite at ease working across a wide ranging set of global (and some new local) themes and to frequently be able to synthesise this knowledge. Thus, the growth of megacities was picked up by many as an important factor helping explain why ood risks are rising (in Question 2); while others intelligently applied knowledge of their (compulsory) Mediterranean migration case study to Question 10s examination of the challenges of an ageing population. Some excellent teaching by Edexcel centres seems to be delivering a sense of joined-up geography for many Year 12 students who are, in large numbers, already thinking synoptically and developing a sharpedged geographical imagination.

Section A
As was the case for January 2009s paper, the highest-scoring candidates were not necessarily those who wrote the most words. Section A questions are designed to be easily accessible, succinctly answered and ultimately to be point-marked, rather than level-marked. Thus, a question such as 3(d) which asked candidates to identify some natural causes that have led to past climate change did not require a detailed analysis of why past orbital changes may have occurred merely a simple acknowledgement that there have been axial and orbital movement over time, and that these, alongside sunspot activity and volcanic dust clouds, have caused mean planetary temperatures to sometimes vary. Sadly, some candidates still do not appear to understand that Section A is not testing their depth of knowledge instead that is the purpose of Section B. As a result, a proportion of entries spent far too long writing quite exhaustive responses to the short tasks set in Section A and as a result found themselves with insufcient time left to complete their Section B essay satisfactorily. It is vitally important that future candidates are continually reminded that they are not expected to ll all of the answer space provided and they should certainly not need ever to exceed the space provided, unless their handwriting is unusually large.

Section B
Some excellent essays were seen by the marking team. Candidates made good use of their case studies both the compulsory ones (some applied their knowledge of the Philippines hazard hotspot in Question 7, or of Mediterranean society in Question 10) and centre-led choices. Other highlights for those of us marking the candidates work were seeing: sophisticated understanding on display of the complexities of

Unit 6GE01 Global Challenges 3

player-network-building (Question 8); mature, critical thinking focused on Fair Trade (Question 9) and the challenges of a greying population (Question 10).

7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 Q7 Q8 Q9 Q10

Popularity of essay questions marked online

Following a trend set earlier in the year, the natural hazards essay (Question 7) was incredibly popular. Unlike Januarys question, which focused on changes in disaster frequency, the title on this occasion directed candidates away from disasters and instead towards hazard distribution thereby ideally requiring an answer that could show a good understanding of the physical processes that drive plate boundary movements (in order to explain the distribution of boundary hazards). However, signicant numbers lacked the depth of understanding of physical geography required to proceed much beyond Level 2 and perhaps might have enjoyed greater success applying themselves to the issuesled Fair Trade essay (Question 9). Patterns have quickly been established for many previous Geography Syllabi and Specications whereby the hazard question becomes the default setting for too many candidates irrespective of whatever particular slant the question has been given (meaning that people attempt it even when they have hazard knowledge gaps that will clearly be shown up). Over time, we would prefer to see increasing numbers tackling the other themes. Indeed, with such a wide-ranging and diverse course to give question-paper coverage to in the years ahead, there can be no actual guarantee that a relatively straight-forward essay on natural hazards will appear each and every session! Some candidates struggled to complete part (b) of their essay but in the vast majority of cases this was due to poor use of time and un-necessary overspill appearing in Section A. It is good practice for teachers and candidates to standardise themselves through the process of testing and mock examinations in order to make sure that responses in Section A are kept short and are appropriate to the task set and the time allowed . Some candidates currently produce mini-essays for the longer parts of Section A questions. To do so is a mistake.

Unit 6GE01 Global Challenges 4

Comments on individual questions

Question 1
Parts (a) and (b) were entirely straight-forward, although some candidates mistakenly thought that famine is a type of natural hazard. The Specication clearly describes six major hazard types - but some candidates appeared to have a knowledge gap. Part (c) examined the third strand of World at Risk. This requires candidates to assess the hazard risk on people, property and the environment in their local area. The teaching suggestion that is given in the Specication is for candidates to explore the local area. This would clearly seem to be directing them towards taking a look at their own locality. Some centres had, for instance, delivered excellent teaching of ooding and other climatic or minor geophysical risks found in Oxford, Essex or elsewhere (the rst of the following examples scored full marks).

Examiner Comments
The rst example is detailed, precise and uses excellent terminology it scored full marks. The second example scored just 2 marks. The river is certainly a risk but the links with climate change are not explained correctly until the nal point about irregular weather appears. Note that the rst response left two lines un-lled and still got full marks.

Unit 6GE01 Global Challenges 5

Some candidates interpreted part (c) as directing them to discuss the risk found in any locality and this was deemed as an acceptable approach by the marking team. Thus on this instance many candidates performed well by delivering an account of risks found in either California or the Philippines.

Unit 6GE01 Global Challenges 6

Question 2
Taken as a whole, Question 2 produced rather polarised outcomes. The strongest answers rightly took the African continent to be a diverse mixture of environments, nations and people - and those candidates had no difculty whatsoever in tackling part (b) by quickly outlining potential coastal agricultural losses (some even mentioned losses to aquaculture) as well as ood plain losses. The same people also knew that famine can hit both commercial and subsistence farms - and in numerous ways according to whether the system is arable or pastoral. Well-prepared candidates also made focused statements that dealt explicitly with actual examples of farming in part (c) also. The Specication makes economic impacts of climate change in Africa a compulsory case study; thus it was not unrealistic to assume that candidates should have some specic knowledge about the risks for African farming. Surprisingly, a signicant number (perhaps as many as one in six) either did not know what famine meant or misread part (b). Typically, these candidates wrote instead about the spread of disease by ood water and often provided highly detailed information to support their answers. However, disease could only be credited if it could be shown to lead to famine (for instance, some answers discussed water-borne disease killing cattle thus causing food shortages for people). Some very good explanation appeared in responses to part (d). The question gave candidates an opportunity to offer a range of reasons why more people are affected by ooding than in the past - such as urbanisation, population growth and deforestation. Many scored well here although few accessed the idea of increasing hurricanes / tropical storms driving water inland (as seen with Burmas Cyclone Nargis in 2008). However it was good to see a sizeable minority talking about the importance of mangrove removal.

Examiner Comments
Answers in Section A are point marked. Each reason given is worth a mark, or tick, but so too is any example used or extended argument that helps to develop the initial point made. So this answer gets full marks by developing two ideas that of sea-level rises (developed by mentioning the Greenland ice sheet) and storm surges (developed by mentioning New Orleans) . The point about methane is not quite right it actually escapes when permafrost on the land melts but this does not mean marks should be deducted from what is otherwise very good. Therefore this answer still receives 4 marks overall.

Unit 6GE01 Global Challenges 7

Question 3
The descriptive task was tackled ne by most, although a minority of candidates read the graph wrongly and confused increasing loss of ice with an improving situation (they thought there was less loss of ice). Some struggled to answer part (c) directly. As the resource clearly reminds us, climate change has actually been known about and indeed anticipated for some time now and the rst predictions of ice loss are shown in Figure 3 to have been made several decades ago. Thus the expected answer to the question was not because climate change is happening but instead: because climate change is happening faster than we expected a statement which then opens up the way for a quick discussion of runaway emissions, linked perhaps with stellar economic growth for the worlds emerging economies or with positive feedback effects such as albedo changes. Part (d) has already been referred in the opening section of this report and was answered well by most although a common misconception that crept into students work was that volcanoes emit carbon dioxide and cause global warming. The correct link between ash/dust emissions and global dimming was not always well articulated.

Examiner Comments
Three points are made solar output, orbital changes and possible meteor impacts. Another idea is needed for full marks such as a volcano erupting and causing global dimming or alternatively an extension or example is needed to support one of the points already made (such as distinguishing explicitly between orbital changes and the axial tilt of the Earth).

Unit 6GE01 Global Challenges 8

Question 4
Part (a) was well-attempted by the majority but part (b) was a surprising hurdle for lots. Demographic driving of urbanisation (correctly dened as an increased percentage of people living in towns and cities) is a cornerstone of human geography, a fact that appeared to have gone unappreciated by a great number of candidates. In too many cases, answers focused solely on industrial development in China with little mention of how this leads to urbanisation. It had of course been hoped that candidates would mention TNCs and out-sourcing but to help support an account of push-pull factors for rural migrants. The strongest answers simply checked off the key ideas quickly, by mentioning in turn rural-urban migration, agricultural modernisation, the bright lights of city life and in cases like China major investment by TNCs providing plenty of work opportunities.

Examiner Comments
The rst example here is typical of many student answers that only scored 1 or 2 marks because they wrote about industrialisation yet said very little about the root cause of urbanisation: rural-urban migration

Unit 6GE01 Global Challenges 9

Examiner Comments
The second answer is better. It is clear about the nature of the rural-urban migration underway, has details of pull factors and also mentions the role that communications play. This scored 3 marks and would have received full marks if push factors in rural areas had also been mentioned.

Part (c) responses varied in quality quite notably. There were some very weak answers from a signicant minority that were banal, assertive and lacking in specics (because the migrants have no money). The best answers and there were a good number of these, as Results Plus can show had made the leap from GCSE to AS level and could grasp the bigger picture of governance. They knew that the sheer speed at which changes are occurring in consolidating and maturing megacities makes it an impossibility for any kind of city governance structure to be able to deliver a rapid response to the housing crisis and to be able to solve the slum problem.

Unit 6GE01 Global Challenges 10

Question 5
This question was clearly tied to one of the new Specications more novel strands taking a look at connectivity, network growth and what human geographers have for many years called time-space compression (a complex term which many candidates actually knew and could apply). Responses to part (a)(ii) tended to be polarised either they simple asserted that some places are rich and have better technology (or are not and do not) or else they could say far, far more. In the stronger answers, the bigger picture was clearly grasped; good candidates understood the diverse technological needs of global hubs places where TNCs want to remain in constant contact with suppliers and markets overseas; or where afuent citizens make their own online nancial investments or are at least able to afford broadband subscriptions that allow them to use Facebook or Twitter. Part (b) was generally well-attempted. Some students were able to provide a good range of ideas connected to the idea of a shrinking world, and could make nice, sometimes personalised, points about the perception of a global village that online social networking gives or alluded to the global strategies of TNCs, such as McDonalds making far-away places actual feel more proximate to one another due to the converging similarities of High Streets in London and New York.

Examiner Comments
This answer is full of facts that explicitly relate to the idea of reducing travel times and a sense of instantaneous connectivity. Unusually, it even volunteers suggestions as to who is experiencing a shrinking world TNCs, ordinary people, etc.

Examiner Tip
This response shows that a diagram can usefully convey understanding in Section A. If this candidate had been running out of time, (s)he might have gained a couple of marks from the sketch alone. Remember to always use a dark pen though as scripts are later scanned for online marking.

Unit 6GE01 Global Challenges 11

Question 6
Part (b) was poorly answered by a great many who chose to ignore the question set and instead answer the imagined question why do migrants want to come to the UK?. The correct answer for the actual question that appeared on the paper required students to show clear understanding of a very important idea in human geography, namely that there are always two different processes contributing to population changes in places: migration and natural increase. Thus the wording is most likely to come from ideally prompted candidates to discount natural increase as a cause (due to falling fertility) in addition to writing about migration as a cause (supported by their knowledge of changes in EU membership).

Examiner Comments
The rst response is a not a good answer to the question set. It scored just 1 mark - all it consists of is a couple of generalised assertions telling us that migration into the UK takes place and brings benets. The second response is far, far better. It answers the question directly by rstly ruling out natural increase as a cause before discussing rates of migration with a specic EU focus. It scored full marks.

Unit 6GE01 Global Challenges 12

Part (c) was poorly answered by a great many who, despite the fact that this question was examining one of their compulsory case studies, could not come up with any specics that clearly related to some areas of the UK. However, some could manage to do so - and typically mentioned agricultural needs found in rural areas as well as job opportunities in cities such as London. Part (d) was in contrast usually done very well. By instinct, the best candidates knew to compare positive and negative impacts. The majority of students were able to discuss issues such as source countries losing skilled workers, population being reduced as a result and thus less money spent in local area (negative multiplier). The stronger answers also included benets such as remittances and easing unemployment.

Question 7
In part (a) many candidates effectively used the table to structure and support their answers, with the best using pretty much the full range of data supplied in addition to their own examples. Level 3 answers typically discussed a good range of causes not given in Figure 7, such as the magnitude of earthquakes and time of day. The best answers also mentioned places such as San Francisco and Japan having better technology and buildings that can withstand earthquakes. The stronger answers also discussed locations such as Bam in Iran, where the buildings are poorly built, resulting in more deaths. Weaker answers simply focused on fatalities and gave a few general reasons why people died - such as not been prepared, or poorly built buildings. A commonly recurring mistake that was seen consisted of students reporting that LEDCs lack any technology to predict the earthquakes whereas MEDCs do have some sort of predictive technology and of course they sadly have nothing of the sort. Problems for weaker candidates in part (b) centred around the adoption of a descriptive approach to the question, a tendency to introduce a discussion of the possible consequences of earthquakes; a lack of specic detail and a tendency to write about hydro-meteorological hazards in addition to geophysical ones. The majority of the better quality responses were able to explain the distribution of two types of geographical hazard but few were able to construct and produce a wide ranging account. The most popular locations quoted were California and the Philippines. The very best answers showed excellent understanding of the mechanisms of plate movements, attempted to tackle the idea of a mass movement distribution (perhaps linking it with coastlines) and wanted to discuss the idea that the greatest hazards exist where the greatest number of people are also found.

Unit 6GE01 Global Challenges 13

Examiner Comments
This is an extract from the end of a good Level 3 response to part (b). On previous pages, the candidate had already delivered a ne account of tectonic hazard distributions. Here on the nal page we are additionally given some insight into where landslides are found (although the idea of an overall distribution pattern is lacking) . In closing, the human aspect of hazard mapping the idea that the greatest hazard risks are found where there are also high densities of vulnerable people is also touched on.

Unit 6GE01 Global Challenges 14

Question 8
There was a tendency for candidates to just describe a range of impacts of global warming rather than address the increasing severity element in part (a). This was achieved most effectively when answers were structured around key temperature increases. There was usually a grasp of rate, with many candidates showing a clear grasp of the principles of systems and the role of positive feedback, combined with good levels of specicity in relation to specic environments, often Tundra or Boreal Forest. Good use was also made of the Sahel as an exemplar.

Examiner Comments
From the outset, it is clear this candidate grasps the key idea that larger temperature rises create much more severe impacts. Positive feedback is dealt with straight away showing this student was right on track for full marks in part (a).

The marking team reported that responses to part (b) showed knowledge of this new curriculum area to be improving rapidly. Many candidates wrote condently about carbon sequestration, trading or off-setting. Details of animal methane management even also appeared in some accounts. The term players was also clearly understood and a wide range of examples were provided, from individuals through to international organisations. The very best answers showed how players or actors / stakeholders can form durable networks and work together.

Unit 6GE01 Global Challenges 15

Examiner Comments
This is an extract from an answer written by a student who has clearly done a lot of homework on this topic! The details are excellent, as is the overall focus on players and agency. This gained a high level 4 mark overall.

Examiner Tip

Remember that marks are set aside in the essay question to assess each candidates quality of written communication. This is an example of a good though not perfect - standard being reached.

Unit 6GE01 Global Challenges 16

Question 9
This was not a popular choice of question and produced polarised results. Weaker candidates stuck like glue to the resource in part (a) and even the most able did not always introduce sufcient numbers of their own ideas, or extended thoughts, to warrant a Level 3 mark. Typically, very few actually referred to Christmas in their answers - which instead became a general account of different groups likely views. The few who did appreciate the seasonal slant of the question wrote excellent and quite thought-provoking accounts. Although the majority could offer ideas about Fair Trade in part (b) these were always not well-developed. A wider interpretation of ethical purchasing did not feature in many answers, although there was some mention of the Co-operative Society, Waitrose Foundation and generic buy local ideas.

Unit 6GE01 Global Challenges 17

Question 10
Most candidates managed to develop their responses to go well beyond what was provided for them by the resource, with very mature analysis emerging in some cases - for instance, commenting on how our employment has changed (using the sector growth model to support the idea of employment changes); or mentioning a range of reasons for fertility decline; or acknowledging the relationship between ethnic diversity and the UKs position as an ex-Empire global hub Part (b) was generally well done although many examiners were rightly concerned that unfair and unrealistic stereotypes abounded. Far too many Year 12 students appear to think that the grey population do not pay taxes en masse and are quite the burden to society. Most answers correctly focused on the need to raise future funds from a dwindling workforce, although not many looked at impacts on named localities like Eastbourne or Bournemouth. There was intelligent use of the compulsory case study documenting OAPs retiring to the Mediterranean. The best answers intelligently saw that the challenges were socially and spatially differentiated not all old people lack savings and not all places have the same local tax burden to support the very old and frail (people in their 90s and over).

Examiner Comments
This is a great example of a candidate intelligently giving the right spin to case study knowledge in order to answer the particular question that had been set. Here we learn that the decision of retired Brits to take their savings overseas is bad news and thus a challenge - for the UK. The student also brilliantly avoids repeating the misleading clich that ALL retired people need supporting by the state. In fact, they have plenty of money to spend the trouble is that they are spending it somewhere else, which hurts British businesses! Level 4.

Unit 6GE02 Geographical Investigations 18

Unit 6GE02 Geographical Investigations June 2009

General Comments On Performance
One again this paper proved generally accessible to candidates across the ability range. As in January 2009 Question 2 (Coasts) and Question 4 (Rebranding) were the most popular and Question 3 (Unequal Spaces) the least. The popularity of this series is shown on the graph below:

The total entry for this summer series 6GE01 was approximately 11,200 candidates. Generally performance was good (seemingly improved from January) with very few examples of candidates committing rubric offences, e.g. two questions from either Q1+2, or using the wrong resource to answer a question. As with all new examinations there is a period of bedding-in, but most candidates seemed to time their performance well. There were some timing issues evident as we might expect (this was found to be the case with the introduction of the legacy specication as part of Curriculum 2000), and examiners found evidence of some candidates having difculty in completing all questions in the time set. Due to this, we are pleased to inform you that we have now gained approval from QCDA to extend the time allowed for this paper. Starting in January 2010, the duration of the examination will be 75 minutes, giving candidates an extra fteen minutes to complete this paper. There are some simple strategies (also recommended in the January 2009 report) that can be shared with candidates to help improve efciency There is no need to expect candidates to ll all the white space available. There were some exemplary full-mark responses where candidates had only used 60-70% of the available page space. Their responses had been thoughtful, accurate and concise. Writing using a crisp style paid signicant dividends to candidates as they were able to manage their time effectively. In many instances, the simple difference between describe and explain needs reinforcing. Many candidates spent too much time giving processes or causes, not linked to the question. Candidates should be helped to interpret command words effectively. Bullets and numbered lists can be used as part of an answer (especially useful if short of time), but candidates should avoid only using a list. Bear in mind that bullets work well for describe type answers but can be less good for the explain responses.

Unit 6GE02 Geographical Investigations 19

Again it was common for some candidates just to provide a narrative of all the eldwork / research they had done, rather than appreciating the need to link their answer more fully to the question set, especially in questions 1+2, the physical options. Again, tighter focus would have saved time more effectively. The number of candidates who used additional sheets (<1% of cohort) were much lower in this summer series compared to January. It is important for candidates to recognise that they were sometimes self-penalising. In the time allowed for particular questions they had a tendency to repeat comments that they had made earlier and then found themselves short on time for other questions (see comments on maxed-out below).

Other general comments relating to the exam performance include: Questions which require discussion of eldwork and research were sometimes lacking balance between what was done in the eld and additional research. Weaker candidates just indicated they had used the internet which lacked convincing depth of detail or evidence of real research. Linked to this is the absence in many answers of any real reference to sampling or details of how a programme of eldwork could be developed. Some candidates devoted too much time to one particular question, recognising the question and then went into overdrive. This can lead to far too much time being spent on one question and then running out of time. The use of language, particularly the precision which terminology is used and the structure of individual responses, remains a barrier to success for many students. If gures contain data, students need to be coached to use this data directly in their answer, particularly when commenting on possible limitations (Q3+ Q4). Some candidates would do well if they did not do too much rambling at the beginning of questions, merely repeating the question and giving too much irrelevant information before embarking on the answer to the question. Best advice is to get straight to the point! The use of examples is often sketchy. Some questions ask for examples, whereas others do not. Candidates should remember that using examples in any question will gain credit if they are accurate and appropriate.

Unit 6GE02 Geographical Investigations 20

Comments On Individual Questions

Question 1
1a For the majority of candidates, the accessibility of the resource allowed the opportunity to show their implied understanding of GIS by linking areas of ood risk from the top map to the impact that ood risk would have on housing and infrastructure etc in the bottom map. At the top end there were some outstanding answers that not only showed the candidates good understanding of GIS (and idea of layers) but also allowed them to show their own knowledge and understanding linked to case study material. Example 1 understands the idea of GIS and selectable layers

Examiner Comments
This candidate has shown clear understanding of GIS principles by making reference to layers and then linking it to the question set.

A few candidates, however, went off the point and included a discussion of eldwork and how they might go out and collect data, rather than using the resource provided. A small minority were confused by the key. They were unsure whether Shrewsbury was coastal or built next to a river. Examiners reported how it was apparent from reading some answers how basic GIS and digital maps such as Google Earth and Google maps had been into the teaching and learning of this topic by some centres. These candidates in particular were much better able to tackle this style of question. 1a A very important part of this question was the linking of both eldwork and research to some element of ood risk. Many candidates were able to discuss a good range of eldwork, often based on channel geometry, catchment hydrology, land use changes and meteorological / weather data as well as the use of bi-polar scoring to evaluate risks and ood defences. Any mention of sampling designs / frameworks and good use of technical language was well rewarded by examiners. One of the main reasons for some weaker responses was that some candidates failed to mention any research that was linked to changing weather conditions. If this was the case then they were restricted to

Unit 6GE02 Geographical Investigations 21

Level 3 and a maximum 10 mark reward. However, examiners reported that there was more evidence of higher quality web research compared to in January. Example 2 of a very detailed account of possible secondary data and additional sources

Examiner Comments
The explicit use of a range of types of research information has been well linked to the question, i.e. ood risk.

However the idea of increased risk of ooding proved challenging for some candidates and as a result their answers tended to be too much about research into the impacts of ooding generally (as a case study), often with an imbalance between primary and secondary research.

Examiner Tip
Candidates should avoid the generalised we did this narrative and instead link their own eldwork experience to the question. Selection may be important here.

1c This question generated a very wide variety in terms of quality of responses. The word value in the question proved to be a stumbling block for many students who wrote about new technology and how it could forecast extreme events but they were unable to comment on the usefulness (or not) of the technology. Some students seemed to get confused with their studies related to World at Risk, and lots wrote about forecasting earthquakes and volcanoes rather than extreme weather events. Several students linked in case study material of the New Orleans oods. Examiners were open-minded in their interpretation of new technology and allowed a range of ideas including dam building etc. To access the top band it was important for candidates to mention both forecasting and management.

Unit 6GE02 Geographical Investigations 22

Example 3 no credit for this tectonic hazards

Examiner Comments
This is not linked to management of hazard weather events so this part of the response would not be worth any credit.

Example 3 Very competent, exemplied response extract

Examiner Comments
Clearly discussing new technology; factual. Evaluative and reective looks at value towards end. Liberal interpretation of new technology to include levees.

Examiner Tip
Too often it was always brilliant and will save the world so did not really know how (or any) limitations of the technology. In this respect the idea of value in respect of technology was not really considered.

Unit 6GE02 Geographical Investigations 23

Question 2
2a As with 1a, levels of understanding of GIS varied considerably by individual and centre. However the resources seemed accessible to the majority of candidates and on the whole were used effectively. Some answers showed an excellent grasp of GIS and digital map (an excellent resource to use here is the Geopacks Coastal Manager http:// www.geopacks.com/Coastal_Manager.aspx). A particular aspect which differentiated at the top end was whether or not answers fully addressed the different types of coastal management as opposed to general discussions on protection. Also some candidates struggled to achieve Level 3 as they failed to recognise the idea of layers of GIS even though it was specically mentioned on Figure 2. Example 4 clear understanding of GIS layers

Examiner Tip
Skills of using photos and other resources should be practised under timed conditions before the exam. The a part questions for this Unit are normally resource based it is very important for candidates to be able to link answers to the source.

Examiner Comments
Good start to Q2a shows understanding of GIS and layers, also provides examples of how it can help. Knowledge of coastal defences / management is also shown.

Unit 6GE02 Geographical Investigations 24

At the bottom end some answers were very narrow and just simply descriptive of coastal processes. Some candidates failed to appreciate the need to refer to the resource. A very small minority used Figure 1 rather than Figure 2 for this question. 2b A parallel question to 1b, there were a mixture of focused and highly relevant responses interspersed with answers that were vague and with only limited reference effectiveness of coastal management schemes. The mark scheme seemed to accurately describe how the candidates dealt with this question. Only the most able commented on effectiveness but the majority were able to use their knowledge and real place references to achieve level 3. A lot of work seen on Holderness but also excellent work from North Wales and other parts of the coast, including overseas. Typically, beach transects, sediment analysis and bi-polar assessments of existing defences were linked to secondary sources such as the use of old photographs and maps as well as direct references to SMPs and local council web sites. It was pleasing to see many centres had carried out a good range of both primary and secondary investigations and the results of these were often used in support of the candidates responses. Detail of eldwork (see Example 6) and good use of technical language was also often apparent. A normally unwise tactic was to just describe all of the eldwork / research that had been undertaken during the eld visit. Some of this was likely relevant, but was poorly selected in relation to the coastal management. Candidates also wasted time writing comments that were not creditworthy. Again some candidates were restricted to a maximum of 10 marks out of 15 if they did not mention research. For this topic there are lots of examples of additional research including historic maps, newspaper blogs, internet forums, old photographs / postcards etc. Example 5 good qualitative research technique

Examiner Tip
Candidates should be helped to prepare an audit of eldwork and research techniques prior to the exam that they can the tie into the focus of the question.

Examiner Comments
It is pleasing to see suggestions of how qualitative sources such as old newspapers might be tackled using open-coding techniques.

Unit 6GE02 Geographical Investigations 25

Example 6 good detail of eldwork approaches

Examiner Comments
A good level of specic information about how to collect primary data (beach prole). The discussion about bi-polar is also evaluative, but details of what was being monitored would have helped.

2c The majority of candidates had a clear understanding of sustainable management and a good range of sustainable techniques such as managed retreat and sand dune management were often examined in some detail. Integrated defences were not so well understood. Although some candidates wrote convincingly using case studies drawn from the Holderness and Jurassic coastlines, for many others the word integrated became synonymous with hard defences. Although there can be both vertical and integrated defences, candidates need to be reminded that coastal defences work best when they work together, either vertically as one strategy aids another (i.e. rip-rap placed in front of a sea wall to stop basal scouring) or horizontally (i.e. sediment sources are not protected to allow the longshore drift to supply sediment sinks).

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Example 7 very limited linkage to question

Examiner Comments
There is no mention of either sustainable or integrated management approaches in the response. Cost benet may be part of the answer but it has not been linked to any specic types of management.

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Question 3
Whilst question 3 was the least popular in terms of candidate choice (the majority had opted for rebranding), there is a fair degree of overlap between eldwork and research techniques for both topics. Many of the comments raised in relation to question 3 are also relevant to question 4. 3a Many of those that answered Q3a showed good awareness of not only how the data showed inequality but also linked the inequalities to named locations from the map in the resource. The concepts of mobility, educational and technological inequalities were often well explained with relation to the data in the table. The data seemed to give plenty of opportunities to examine patterns of inequality.

Examiner Tip
Candidates need to be taught how to do a quick assimilation of resources so that they can get down to the writing almost straight away.

The very best candidates linked the inequalities with their own case studies to show the inequalities that existed in remote rural areas. Weaker responses just involved the usual lifting of the data although very few failed even to notice the notice the rural/urban divide. However L1 and bottom L2 responses were characterised by a lack of appreciation regarding the sparse rural/ rural-urban fringe inequalities. A great number drift into giving detailed reasons for these inequalities. Example 8 good use of resource and reasoning

Examiner Comments
This extract shows a competent response making use of the data provided. There is also a real attempt to link comments to inequality which was the focus of the question.

Unit 6GE02 Geographical Investigations 28

3b On the whole candidates tackled this question well and some had clearly undertaken eldwork on inequalities in urban areas. Distinctions between eldwork and research were generally clear and the very best answers included specic detail of techniques used in the eld. At a higher level, some were able to describe a wide range of techniques and link their answers to patterns of inequality. Central to looking at patterns in an area was an appreciation that different or contrasting areas should be studied (see example 9) Example 9 good setting up of project

Examiner Comments
This extract shows a competent response making use of the idea of data collection into two areas these are also located, adding depth to the answer

Regrettably a small minority of students were unable to interpret the word urban and still attempted to write about a rural area (see Examiner Tip). 3c Some excellent answers here, including detailed knowledge of sustainable initiatives and their funding sources. Others used examples from LEDCs to great effect, although MEDC exemplication was far more commonplace. Many candidates have learnt their case studies well and were able to examine success effectively with their answers including good levels of detail.

Weaker candidates answers tended to lack detail and variety of specic rural schemes and there was a lack of examples which could be linked to reducing inequalities. There were again a few candidates who committed a rubric by using urban based examples, rather than rural see examiners tip box opposite.

Examiner Tip
Urban vs rural? Examiners tend to be reasonably openminded in their interpretation of which places are urban and which are rural. A more formal denition of rural is a settlement under 10,000. However classifying somewhere the size of Bath for example, (170,000 2001 census) as rural isnt going to work!

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Example 10 not a very well chosen sustainable solution

Examiner Comments
Snoasis (http://www.snoasis.co.uk/snoasis/?q=intro ) is an example that was accepted to rural. Certainly not a classic example, and questionable sustainability. It is also very difcult to examine success since the project is just in its planning stages. The best examples for this type of question must be clearly rural and actually developed in order to look at success

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Question 4
4a In general, the resource was well used and candidates were able to link the information to the concept of rebranding, often realising some people were happy with Wem as it is. The most balanced answers pointing out that there are some good characteristics of the town. Some of the very best answers linked the information to both need and also the potential of Wem. On the whole, there seemed to be more direct reference to resource here than either in Q1a or Qa. As in Q1a, Q2a and Q3a L1 answers were limited to restricted lift-offs of very limited amounts of information, not picking-up on the mixed views. A few candidates misinterpreted the question as what strategies could Wem use to rebrand. Example 11 a punchy start

Examiner Comments
A clear start which gets straight to the point. Focused on the question, makes a statement in the beginning; uses data also

4b Again this session produced a rich variety of relevant, interesting and innovative eldwork (see Example 12) supported by some detailed methods of research. As in January, some of the best answers made reference to real places where Examiner Tip the eldwork / research had been carried out. Review the ndings of any group eldwork with all Some candidates, however mentioned too many groups. Get individual groups to write up methods, eldwork and research techniques that were not ndings etc as mini-fact les and then all share the relevant to rebranding it became this is what we outcomes . did, rather than being more selective in terms of what they chosen to discuss. This again reinforces the need for careful auditing and review of eldwork and research techniques before the exam so that students can match approaches to particular question types. This again would be a help with improving time management. Regrettably however, and as in January, some candidates became sidetracked into just describing places which had been rebranded such as Canary Wharf, Cardiff Docks, Hull etc without making any reference to eldwork and research which was the question set. Their answers tend to be more in the style of type c which is looking at successes etc.

Statistics 31

The table below provides some examples of types of eldwork and research that could be used for 4b: Primary data: Field notes, eld sketches, photographs, extended interviews, focus groups, customised placecheck form. Also questionnaires (including the use of a pilot), retail / shopping quality, retail diversity, footfall / pedestrian count and other personalised environmental quality assessments, litter survey, grafti assessment etc. Determining the image of places. Use the internet to research geo-demographic data (e.g. Acorn and Cameo proles), socio-economic proles from census (National Statistics etc). Also geo-located pictures to help with place identity e.g. Flickr, Panoramio, Geograph etc. May also use VOA website to further pursue shopping quality etc. Published visitor proles, published footfalls etc.

Secondary research:

Example 12 innovative eldwork using participant observation

Examiner Comments
Good to see some innovative eldwork being discussed, including description of how to do it. Later is some evaluation of the process

4c There were many different case studies that students used to examine the success of a rural rebranding scheme; however the most popular was related to Cornwall and the variety of strategies that are there. This variety meant that students were easily able to assess the success of the schemes as they had the Eden project which has costs and benets, as well as the Film Studios which were a failure. It was good to see many candidates used considerable detail especially in terms of statistics (unemployment gures, visitor numbers and facts relating to the wider economy) . Most also tried to balance their answers by explaining how there had been disadvantages brought by the success of the Eden Project.

Unit 6GE02 Geographical Investigations 32

Other examples related to farm diversication, and it was clear in many cases that students had visited the farms. A common problem, however, was that many students only wrote about one example strategy and so were unable to access the higher marks.

Example 13 some good exemplication of rural rebranding

Examiner Comments
Good to see some innovative eldwork being discussed, including description of how to do it. Later is some evaluation of the process

Unit 6GE02 Geographical Investigations 33

Statistics
Unit 6GE01 Global Challenges
Max. Mark Raw boundary mark Uniform mark 90 120 A 64 96 B 58 84 C 53 72 D 48 60 E 43 48

Unit 6GE02 Geographical Investigations

Max. Mark Raw boundary mark Uniform mark 90 80 A 47 64 B 43 56 C 39 48 D 36 40 E 33 32

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