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Apomixis

Apomixis is asexual reproduction that occurs without fertilization, where the offspring are genetically identical to the mother plant. It is common in families like roses, grasses, and sunflowers. There are two main types - gametophytic apomixis where an unreduced egg cell develops parthenogenetically, and sporophytic apomixis where embryos develop from somatic cells. Uniform progeny from a single plant and maternal inheritance patterns indicate apomixis. It offers benefits for plant breeding like rapid hybrid variety development and economic seed production.

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Rekha Singh
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2K views27 pages

Apomixis

Apomixis is asexual reproduction that occurs without fertilization, where the offspring are genetically identical to the mother plant. It is common in families like roses, grasses, and sunflowers. There are two main types - gametophytic apomixis where an unreduced egg cell develops parthenogenetically, and sporophytic apomixis where embryos develop from somatic cells. Uniform progeny from a single plant and maternal inheritance patterns indicate apomixis. It offers benefits for plant breeding like rapid hybrid variety development and economic seed production.

Uploaded by

Rekha Singh
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
  • Introduction to Apomixis: Explains the concept and origin of apomixis, asexual reproduction without fertilization, and associated plant families.
  • Diagram of Apomixis: Illustrates the gametophytic and sporophytic generation in plants, emphasizing apomixis mechanisms.
  • Examples of Apomictic Plants: Showcases various plants known for apomictic reproduction like Mangosteen, Taraxacum, and others through images.
  • Types of Apomixis: Describes the different types of apomixis such as nonrecurrent and recurrent apomixis, adventive embryony, and vegetative apomixis.
  • Gametophytic Apomixis: Explains gametophytic apomixis process where egg cells develop from an unreduced embryo sac.
  • Sporophytic Apomixis: Details sporophytic apomixis where embryos develop from somatic cells, without gametophytic stage.
  • Diagrammatic Representation: Provides a diagram explaining sexual and asexual reproduction comparisons via flowchart.
  • Identification of Apomixis: Discusses how to identify apomixis in plants through indicators such as uniform progeny and polyploidy.
  • Significance of Apomixis: Highlights benefits of apomixis, including hybrid variety development and reproduction efficiency.
  • References: Lists references and further readings on apomixis, outlining significant academic contributions.
  • Conclusion: Concludes with a general thank you, closing the document.

APOMIXIS

INTRODUCTION
The term apomixis was coined by Hacke(1893) and defined by Winkler (1908). Apo = away from and mixis = act of mixing Replacement of the normal sexual reproduction by asexual reproduction, without fertilization. Common in families Rosaceae, Poaceae and Asteraceae. Genetically identical to each other and to the mother plant, leading to the formation of clonal populations.

MANGOSTEEN

TARAXACUM

CUPRESSUS DUPREZIANA

POTENTILLA ARGENTEA

POA PRATENSIS

BRACHIARIA DECUMBENS

BLACKBERRIES

ALCHORNEA ILICIFOLIA

PASPALUM DILATATUM

PANICUM MAXIMUM

TYPES OF APOMIXIS
Nonrecurrent apomixis Recurrent apomixis Adventive embryony Vegetative apomixis

GAMETOPHYTIC APOMIXIS
In gametophytic apomixis,an egg cell develops parthenogenetically from an unreduced embryo sac, producing only maternal-type offspring. It is of 2 types Diplospory Apospory

BAHIAGRASS

SPOROPHYTIC APOMIXIS
Adventitious embryony does not have a gametophytic stage but only a sporophytic stage, and it is connected with parthenogenesis. Embryos develop from somatic cells of the nucellus or integument.

IDENTIFICATION OF APOMIXIS
Uniform progeny from a single plant is an indicator. Maternal type progeny appears in the F1; thus, no genetic variation is expected in the F2 In crosses between a recessive genotype as a female parent and dominant genotype as a male, exclusively recessive genotype is obtained. A high degree of polyploidy is usually associated with apomixis and is constant from parent to the progeny. Multiple embryos, seedlings, stigmas, and ovules suggest an indication of apomixis .

TRIPSACUM

ELYMUS

DESCHAMPSIA CESPITOSA

SIGNIFICANCE
Rapid development of new hybrid varieties Economic hybrid seed production Propagation of hybrid seed Resistance against pathogens Handling of propagation material Increased reproduction efficiency

GUINEA GRASS

REFERENCES
Audrey Darrigues, Jessie Daub, Kristen McCord, Chris Rasmussen and Jim Rouse. Genetic Analysis of Apomixis. http://www.public.iastate.edu/~mbhattac/bhattacharyya/G enetics.pdf. Peggy ozias-akins.2006.apomixis developmental characteristics and genetics. Critical reviews in plant sciences 25(2).pg:199-214. Ram j. singh.2003. Plant Cytogenetics .CRC Press, washington D.C.Pg:94-103 Ramulu, K.S.,Sharma, V.K., Naumova,T.N., Dijkhuis,P., and van Lookercn Campagne,M.N.Apomixis for crop improvement. Protoplasma (1999) 208:196-205

REFERENCES
Ross A. Bicknell and Anna M. Koltunow.2004.Understanding Apomixis: Recent Advances and Remaining Conundrums. The Plant Cell June. vol. 16. Ross A. Bicknell and katie B.Bicknell.1999.who will benefit from apomixis.biotechnology and development monitor 37.p:17-20 Vera T.C.carneiro,Diva M.A.dusi,JuanpabloA.ortiz. Apomixis: occurance, Applications and improvements. http://www17.plala.or.jp/gsbjapan/images/Vol1_sample.pdf( 31.10.2012).

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