ΓΚΙΛΗΣ ΟΔΥΣΣΕΑΣ. Ποτίδαια Ιστορικές και βιβλιογραφικές αναφορές 2008

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2006

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The Last Days of Pompeii(1834)-by Edward George Bulwer-Lytton (18031873)...................................................................................................................209
Internet 26-9-01.. Sulpicia - Corpus Tibullianum III.13 (IV.7), Commentary,
Fama est (the story tells that..., the story goes that...) asks for a subject complement
with an infinitive, as f.e. in Ovid's Esse viros fama est in Hyperborea Pallene. The
particular construction used by Sulpicia however being an infinitive clause without
an accusative, the value of sit mihi fama is the same as that of ferar in the closing
line. Furthermore, the particular construction with quam may have suggested
something like praestat, malo,... to the listeners minds, as in Esse quam videri
praestat. So malle is present here as magis + volitive subjunctive. Which leaves us
with: Qualem texisse pudori quam.....................................................................209
Internet 26-9-01 Infoplease. Com Khalkidhiki, peninsula (1981 pop.
79,036), NE Greece, projecting into the Aegean Sea from SE Macedonia. Its
southern extremity terminates in three peninsulas: Kassandra (anc. Gr.
Pallene) in the west, Sithonia in the center, and Athos in the east. The region is
largely mountainous, dry, and agricultural. Olive oil, wine, wheat, and tobacco
are produced; magnesite is mined. In antiquity the peninsula was famous for
its timber. Olynthus and Potidaea were the chief towns in antiquity; Poliyiros
is today the leading town and an administrative center. The peninsula was
named for Khalks, which established colonies there in the 8th and 7th cent.
b.c. In the 4th cent. b.c. the peninsula was conquered by Philip II of Macedon,
and in the 2d cent. b.c. by Rome. The subsequent history of Khalkidhik is
3
essentially that of Thessalonki. .. Potidaea...ancient city, NE
Greece, at the narrowest point of the Pallene (now Kassndra) peninsula in
Chalcidice (now Khalkidhik). It was a Corinthian colony (c.600 b.c.) but
joined the Athenian-dominated Delian League. Potidaea revolted (432) against
Athens with Corinthian help, providing one of the incitements to the
Peloponnesian War. Athens recaptured (430 or 429) the city. Philip II of
Macedon took (356) Potidaea and may have destroyed it in the ensuing war.
Rebuilt by Cassander, the city was named Cassandreia.................................209
-Internet..ELECTRIC-LIBRARY-PRSENTS-ENCYCLOPEDIA.,
Potidaea,potid , ancient city, NE Greece, at the narrowest point of the Pallene
(now Kassndra) peninsula in Chalcidice (now Khalkidhik). It was a
Corinthian colony (c.600 B.C.) but joined the Athenian-dominated Delian
League. Potidaea revolted (432) against Athens with Corinthian help,
providing one of the incitements to the Peloponnesian War. Athens recaptured
(430 or 429) the city. Philip II of Macedon took (356) Potidaea and may have
destroyed it in the ensuing war. Rebuilt by Cassander, the city was named
Cassandreia.....................................................................................................209
William Martin Leake(1777-1860)-An electronic edition of his-Travels in Northern
Greece. Treasuries of Knidos, Massilia and Siphnos. From: H. Berve, et al., Tempel
und Heiligtmer der Griechen (Mnchen, 1978). One of the thesauri at Olympia was
so large as to contain a colossal statue; at Delphi none seem to have been of such
dimensions, but were intended only for the smaller and more valuable offerings, the
works of statuary having been on the adjacent platforms of the hierum. The cities
which had constructed the treasuries at Delphi were Sicyon, Siphnus, Thebes, Athens,
Cnidus, Potida, Syracuse, and Corinth, to which Strabo adds the Italian cities, Spina
and Agylla. Treasury of Siphnus (about 525 B.C.). From: H. Berve, et al., Tempel
und.. (Mnchen, 1978). Images of details of the friezes of this treasury: 1. left section
of the north frieze; 2. detail from the north frieze; 3. detail from the south frieze ....213
Enc. Britannica Cd Rom..Causes.The causes of the main Peloponnesian War
need to be traced at least to the early 430s, although if Thucydides was right in
his general explanation for the war, namely Spartan fear of Athenian
expansion, the development of the entire 5th century and indeed part of the 6th
were relevant. In the early 430s Pericles led an expedition This was
disconcertingly close to another outpost of Corinthian influence at Potidaea in
4
the Chalcidice, and there is a possibility that Athens subjected Potidaea itself
to financial pressure by the mid-430s. That city was an anomaly in being both
tributary to Athens and simultaneously subject to direct rule by magistrates
sent out annually by Corinth; it clearly was a sensitive spot in international
relations. Thus to the west (Acarnania and other places) and northeast
(Amphipolis, Potidaea) Corinth was being indirectly pressured by Athens, and
this pressure was also felt in Corinth's own backyard, at Megara..............216
Internet 21-9-01.. Copyright (C) 1998, Ty Hallmark. This file may be copied on
the condition that the entire contents,including the header and this copyright
notice, Ty v. Thucydides : A Battle of Wits-y Hallmark. The next act that
Athens took was undoubtedly even more rash than the Megarian Decree. In 433
B.C. Athens delivered an ultimatum to Potidaea, a group of people living on the
isthmus in northeastern Greece. They ordered the people to take down their city
walls and force all Corinthians out. The Potideans refused to comply, and, as a
result got involved in a rebellion that finally brought Sparta into the war. The
Potidean Ultimatum was again an act of defiance against Corinth and a warning
to all other states that Athens was ready for war. However, this decree probably
did more to agitate people into battle than any preceding it..".......................216
Internet 1-10-01 Peloponnesian Warweb page by Shannon Waller . The final
straw leading up to the Peloponnesian War was when Potidaea, a member of the
Athenian Empire (Delian league), revolted against Athenian control. The city-state
built fortifications to resist occupation by the Athenian army and sparked revolt
elsewhere in the region in Chalcidice and Bottiaea. After negotiations failed the
Athenians sent troops into the region by ship. However the Athenians were also
fighting the Macedonians in the same region and had difficulty in suppressing the
revolt. When Athens finally made a treaty with Perdiccas, the Macedonian leader, she
found herself betrayed as the Macedonians began fighting alongside Corinthians, who
had come to the defense of the Potidaeans. In spite of this, the Athenians were able to
retake control of most of the region upon the arrival of reinforcements.
Seeing that
their own citizens were now trapped in Potidaea, Corinth called a meeting of the
Peloponnesian (the Peloponnese is the name for the peninsula that makes up southern
Greece) assembly at Sparta. At this meeting the complaints against the Athenian
Empire reached their peak. .......................................................................................217
5
Internet..24-9-01.. Peloponnesian War-by Graham Ley, Introduction, The
Peloponnesian War (431404 BC) was a 27-year, intermittent conflict between a
land army (the Peloponnesian League), and a sea force (the Athenian empire), in
a bid to become the undisputed leading Greek power....................................218
CONCERNING
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Internet 11-9-2001 halkidiki.com 1997-99. Contact Webmaster ,
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Internet Persus 8-10-01.. POTEIDAIA (Nea Poteidaia) Chalkidike, Greece.
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reprint pp. 1-47.

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Latin Dictionary Founded on Andrew's Edition of Freund's Latin Dictionary, by Charlton T. Lewis, et
al (Hardcover - August 1979, Excerpt from page 1292: "... and town of Macedonia, on the Thermaic
Gulf, also called Phlegra, where the battle between the gods and the giants took ..."
5
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627 .. 585 ...

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6
Low and High Style in Italian Renaissance Art (Garland Studies in the Renaissance), by Patricia Emison,
Raymond Waddington (Library Binding - October 1997), Excerpt from page 74: "... baleni e tuon, quanti ne
videro i fier giganti in Flegra; e poi sommergasi la terra e 'l ciel, ch'io gi ..."
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.. Macedon, Potidaia. Circa 500-480 BC. AR Tetrobol. Poseidon
Hippios on horseback right, holding trident; star below / Archaic female
head right within linear incuse square. SNG ANS 692.
. Macedon, Potidaia. Circa 500-480 BC. AR Tetrobol (2.75 gm).
Poseidon Hippios on horseback, wielding trident / Archaic head of
Artemis(?) within incuse square.

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Arthur S. Dewing. Internet, 480 .. Potidaia. c525-
500 BC. AR Tetradrachm.
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Potidaea, Potidea, Poteidaea , Cassandreia.
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Intermediate Greek-English Lexicon, by Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott (Editor) (Hardcover - June
1959), Excerpt from page 866: "... inflammatory, Plat. $Xeypa, as, i7, Phlegra, an ancient name for Pallene in
Thrice, Hdt. ; bAypas 7rc6fov, 7n which the giants ...
24
The Hellenistic Settlements in Europe, the Islands, and Asia Minor (Hellenistic Culture and Society, Nol
17), by Getzel M. Cohen (Hardcover - August 1996), Excerpt from page 91: "... coast of Chalcidice, located
between Aineia and the peninsula of Pallene. It is recorded in the Delphic theorodokoi list (A. Plassart, ..."
25
Classical Art: From Greece to Rome (Oxford History of Art), by Mary Beard, John Henderson , Paperback -
June 2001), Excerpt from page 150: "... the Giants who once inhabited Thrace and the
Isthmus of Pallene; Battle of Athenians against Amazons; the exploit at Marathon
against ..."
26
Between Geography and History: Hellenistic Constructions of the Roman World
(Oxford Classical Monographs), by Katherine Clarke (Paperback - January 2002

259: "...
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God at War: The Bible & Spiritual Conflict , by Gregory A. Boyd (Paperback - September 1997),
Excerpt from Back Matter: "... who were said to be born of Mother Earth at Phlegra in Thrace. See the
discussion in R Graves and R ..."
29
Early Greek Myth: A Guide to Literary and Artistic Sources, Volume 1, by Timothy Gantz
(March 1996) Excerpt from page 21: "... Athena herself slew a Gorgon (not actually called Medousa) at
Phlegra, where the gods fought the Gigantes, might be relevant to ..
30
Early Greek Myth: A Guide to Literary and Artistic Sources, Volume 1, by Timothy Gantz (March
1996), Excerpt from page 419: "... is as large as a mountain, at Phlegrai (presumably Thracian Pallene),
and Herakles attacks him with bow and arrows (Is 6.31-35). ..." .
31
Jerusalem Delivered: Gerusalemme Liberata, by Torquato Tasso, Anthony M. Esolen (Editor)
(Paperback - September 2000) Excerpt from page 80: "... strength, of haughty and intimidating mien,
like an Enceladus in Phlegra, or the valley-shadowing giant Philistine. Many were unafraid of him ..."
18
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Empire of Pleasures: Luxury and Indulgence in the Roman World
,by Andrew Dalby
(Hardcover - October 2000) Excerpt from page 51: "... given a new-fangled mythological name, canspi
Phlegraei `Phlegraean fields' after Phlegra in Greece, the place where Zeus struck the Giants with ..."
33
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35
rpheus.ee.duth.gr/Istoria/thracee2.htm .. THRACIAN
PHOROS (62 cities, West and north of Chalkidike (5 cities) Peparethos* [=Skopelos],
Skiathos*, Ikos*, Aison, Methone. ..
36
Internet 12-9-01 2M General Electronics Ltd- All rights reserved 1997. ,
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W.A. Heurtley, 1993
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Greek Gods and Heroes, by Robert Graves (Mass Market Paperback - February
1995), 92: "... . ,
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47
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49
.65,.1997, .97. . , .
.36-38, 1986. " . " . . 1933 . . ,

.37-39.
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51
The Dante Encyclopedia (Special - Reference), by Richard Lansing (Editor), Teodolinda Barolini
(Editor) (Library Binding - April 2000) Excerpt from page 421: "... in the giants' rebellion against Jove
at the battle of Phlegra (Inf. 31.94-95; cf. 14.58): unlike his fellow monsters, who prefigure ..."
21
52
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.
.
52
The Divine Comedy-Hell, by Dante Alighieri, et al (Paperback - June 1988), Excerpt from page
95: "... who had his forge in Mongibello (Mount Etna). 1. 58: Phlegra's fight: the battle in which the
rebellious Titans were overthrown ..."
The Inferno (Modern Library), by Dante Alighieri, et al (Hardcover - October 2002), Avg.
Customer Rating: Excerpt from page 319: "...did when he slew them with his lightning bolts at
Phlegra; see 14.58 and note. ..."
The Inferno of Dante: A New Verse Translation, by Dante Alighieri, et al (Paperback - April 1996),
Excerpt from page 113: "... Vulcan!' just the way he did Amid the battle of Phlegra, and hurl at me
With all his might-he still will ..."
22
53, 20.2453.2
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Poti/daia Adler number: pi,2134. Translated headword: Potidaia, Poteidaia, Potidaea. Vetting
Status: low. Translation: Name of a city.[1] And [a] Potidaian [is a citizen of it]. Greek
Original:Poti/daia: o)/noma po/lewj. kai\ Potidaia/thj. Note: In Chalkidike in the N Aegean; a colony
of Corinth. Site of the later Kassandreia/ Cassandrea. Reference: OCD(3) p.1235.Keywords:
definition;
dialects,
Translated
by:
Vetted
Nicholas
by:
grammar,
David
Whitehead
Fincher
(augmented
and
on
etymology;
17
note)
December
on
17
July
geography
2000@10:59:03.
2003@04:57:41.
David Whitehead (expanded note; added keyword) on 17 July 2003@07:27:59.

54
55
M. A. . . 29/6/2003.
Oscar Wilde, by Richard Ellmann (Paperback - November 1988), Excerpt from page 95: "... `the
geographical position and military importance of the following places: -Potidaea, Heracleia, Plataea, Naupactus,
Mantieneia [sic].' It was as if ..."= "... ` :
-Potidaea, Heracleia, Plataea, Naupactus, Mantieneia [ SIC ]."
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Greek
Gods and Heroes, by Robert Graves (Mass Market Paperback - February 1995), Excerpt from page
92: "... told her to be silent. In revenge, Mother Earth visited Phlegra in Thrace, and there created
twenty-four enormous giants with long ..."
73
. , . .36-38, 1986. " . " ..
1933 . . , .37-39.
74
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White:Historical
ComperativeMythology.[2)... ..
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27
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Paideia: The Ideals of Greek Culture: The Conflict of Ideals in the Age of Plato, by Werner
Jaeger, Gilbert Highet (Translator) (Paperback - May 1986) 137: "... ,

, , , ... " .
.
76
, Cd Rom, .
12, . 252, 294, 9 . 395. 17 . 132, 198, 3

. 252, 682, 684. 4 . 239, 256, 257. 4 . 641.
77
A History of Greece: From the Time of Solon to 403 Bc, by George Grote, Paul Cartledge (Editor)
(Library Binding - November 2000), Excerpt from page 450: "... Aristeus posted his Corinthians and
Potidaeans on the isthmus near Potidea, providing a market without the walls in order that they ..."
78
79
Thermopylae: The Battle for the West, by Ernle Bradford, . .
... MELAS, MANOLIS. Potidaion Karpathou. Pp. 59, pls.
36. Poseidon Benevolent Society of Karpathos, New York 1991.AMERICAN JOURNAL OF

ARCHAEOLOGY-Books Received, 1996-1998. ..
', OEneon.
, Livy
,
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80
, The Portable Milton, by John Milton, Douglas Bush (Editor) (Paperback -
August 1976), Excerpt from Back Matter: "... on south Palestine coast. PsINEVs, blind Thracian king
and prophet. PHLECRA, in western tip of Chalcidice, in north Aegean, where the ..."
81
, , . .. , .
2001. . 228, 322, 327. 248.
28
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.
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Phlegra Nodeworks Encyclopedia. Phlegra is a mythical location in both Greek and
Roman mythology .It is a region of Macedonia in Greece. In Greek mythology, it is
the site of Zeus' overthrow of the Giants (Gigantes) at the end of the Gigantomachy.
Strabo wrote that Phlegrae was also called the Phlegraean Plain in Campania near
Cumae. He writes that the Giants who survived, were driven out by Heracles, finding
refuge with their mother in the site of Leuca (in Italy's 'heel'). A fountain there has
smelly water from the ichor of the giants. Strabo also writes : "The peninsula Pallene,
on whose isthmus is situated the city formerly called Potidaea and now Cassandreia,
was called Phlegra in still earlier times. It used to be inhabited by the giants of whom
the myths are told, an impious and lawless tribe, whom Heracles destroyed." [Strabo,
Geography 7].
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sites Princeton Encyclopedia.

I. S. Martin
. , Internet Hovernet,
, -..
Greek98 Medicine: From the Heroic to the Hellenistic Age: A Source Book, by
James Longrigg (Editor) (Pap.- September 1998). Excerpt from page 130: "... from
the stricken city to infect the Athenian forces investing Potidaea: [58] In the course of
the same summer, Hagnon, son ..."
7a.1.11.12-18
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94
Alternatives to Athens: Varieties of Political Organization and Community in Ancient
Greece, by Roger Brock (Editor), Stephen Hodkinson (Editor) (Paperback - January 2003) Excerpt from page 38:
"... obvious reason for making one was their foundation of Potidaea. Periander's son, Gorgos, is said to have died
founding Potidaea ..."
95
., (. . . -
, . . . , , 238.
96
. , . 1961, . 23-27
97
( Internet) Blue Guite , St. Rossiter, London pag.556.
98
Internet, AMAZON.
33

99 (xxv) 100,
.
,101 (628588 ..),

102 .
...
The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites (eds. Richard Stillwell,
William L. MacDonald, Marian-Holland-McAllister). Go to Table of
Contents POTEIDAIA (Nea Poteidaia) Chalkidike, Greece
- POTEIDAIA (Nea Poteidaia)
Chalkidike, .
,
600 ..,
xxvi
103
.

356 ..
.
. eq.438e.1

99
Internet.
-sites Perseus.
100
Greek Nymphs: Myth, Cult, Lore, by Jennifer Larson (Paperback - June 2001), Excerpt from page
170: "...166 Another local genealogy says that a nymph, Mendes, bore Pallene to Sithon, son of
Poseidon and Ossa. Sithon, who held..
101
102
.Cd Rom Britannica .

The Development of the Polis in Archaic Greece, by Lynette G. Mitchell (Editor), P. J. Rhodes
(Editor) (Library Binding - September 1997), Excerpt from Index: "... at Isthmia 168 Poseidon Hippius,
shrine of at Petrovouni 191 Poteidaea 19 Praeneste 210 Psili Korifi 189 Pyrgus 176 reciprocity (see ..."
103
Potidaea. Heritage : . 2000...
609 .., 432
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34
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xxvii
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104
The Cambridge History of Classical Literature: Volume 1, Greek Literature, Part 4, The
Hellenistic Period and the Empire, by P. E. Easterling (Editor), et al (Paperback - June 1989)
Excerpt from Back Matter: "... satyr play; wrote a tragedy commemorating the foundation of
Cassandreia (Potidaea) in Mace- donia by Cassander (316 B.C.); worked in Alexandria. ..."
105
Natural History: A Selection (Penguin Classics), by the Elder Pliny, December 199, Avg.
Customer Rating: from page 21: "... middle of the country. One is worshipped at Cassandria, renamed
Potidaea; a colony was founded there because of this phenomenon. I ..." . .
106
. .
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107
RISTOBOULOS/EUBOULIDOU/[AR]MA
Provenance:
CHALKIDIKE,
POTEIDAIA-Date: 400-300-Decorated Area: A - ATHENA, COLUMN-Decorated Area: B - CHARIOT RACECurrent Collection: Potidaia, Archaeological Museum -Publication Record:-Bentz, M., Panathenaische
Preisamphoren, Eine athenische Vasengattung und ihre Funktion vom 6.-4. Jahrhundert v. Chr. 18. Beih. Z. AntK
(Basel, 1998), PL.135.4136.
36

, proxeny theorodicy..108
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108
:M. G. Demitsas, He Makedonia (1896): H. Gaebler, Die Antiken Munzen
Nord-Griechenlands III (1935)I; D. Kanatsoules, Makedonike Prosopographia (1955); J. A.

Alexander,
Potidaea:
Its
History
and
Remains
(1963)MPI;
E.
Meyer,
Potidaia,
Kassandreia,(.96) RE Suppl. x (1965); 1. A. Alexander, Cassandreia During the

Macedonian Period: An Epigraphical Commentary, Ancient Macedonia, ed. B. Laourdas &
Ch.-Makaronas-(1970).J. A. ALEXANDER
109
E TLG=Thesauru
Lingua Graeca= .
37
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110
Origins of the European Economy : Communications and Commerce AD 300-
900, by Michael McCormick (Author) (Hardcover - April 2002), Excerpt from Back Matter:
"...to Kanastron (Cape Paliouri) in twelve hours, and passed by Pallene before debarking at
"Embolos," apparently the westernmost point of the ..."
38

, ...219.e.5-220.a.2

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.
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Potidaea, ancient city, NE Greece, at the narrowest point of the Pallene (now
Kassndra) peninsula in Chalcidice (now Khalkidhik). It was a Corinthian colony
(c.600 B.C.) but joined the Athenian-dominated Delian League. Potidaea revolted
(432) against Athens with Corinthian help, providing one of the incitements to the
Peloponnesian War. Athens recaptured (430 or 429) the city. Philip II of Macedon
took (356) Potidaea and may have destroyed it in the ensuing war. Rebuilt by
111
Internet. 28-9-01..
Hendri Schut & Marcel
Ras, Leiden , 29 ,
1995,..
,
, ...
, , , , ... Delphi, Treasury of
the Potidaians (VIII): Plan. copyright D. Neel Smith 1988 drawn by M. W. Cutler and C. H. Smith based
on P. de la Coste Messelire, Au Muse de Delphes, Editions E. de Boccard 1970 plate L, in Coulton
1977 69 fig. 22 and also based on A. Tournaire, Bulletin de correspondance hellnique 1897 plate 14,
in N.D. Papachadzi 1981 287 fig.327 Temple of Apollo plan based on F. Courby, Relevs et
restaurations, Fouilles de Delphes 1927, in N.D. Papachadzi 1981 366-367 fig. 405.
112
TLG . . 10.11.5.13

.

113
...M. , H Mov o oo o oo, A
1896. 1-2, .632-638, .
.. ... .
, . 1961, . 23-27. . M. G.
Demitsas, Makedonia (1896): H. Gaebler, Die Antiken nzen Nord-Griechenlands III (1935)I; D.
Kanatsoules, Makedonik Prospographia (1955); J. A. Alexander, Potidaea: Its History and Remains
(1963); E. Meyer, Potidaia, Kassandreia, RE Suppl. x (1965); 1. A. Alexander, Cassandreia During the
Macedonian Period: An Epigraphical Commentary, Ancient Macedonia, ed. B. Laourdas & Ch.
Makaronas (1970).
40
Cassander, the city was named Cassandreia.Potidaea (Greek: Potidaia,
modern transliteration: Potidea) was a colony founded by the Corinthians around 600
BCE in the narrowest point in Pallene (now Kassandria) in the western point of
Chalkidiki (Chalcidice) in what was known as Thrace. Potidaea maintained trade with
Macedonia.During the Delian League conflicts between Athens and Corinth.
However, the Corinthians sent a supreme magistrate each year. Potidaea was
inevitably involved in all of the conflicts between Athens and Corinth.The people
revolted against the Athenians in 432 BCE, but it was besieged during the
Peloponnesian War and taken in the Battle of Potidaea in 430 BCE.The Athenians
preserved the city until 404 BCE, when it was passed into Chalcidice.The Athenians
retook the city in 363 BCE, but in 356 BCE Potidaea fell into the hands of Philip II of
Macedon. Potidaea was destroyed and handed the territory to the Olynthians.
Cassander built a city in the same site and was named. Cassandreia. 114
600 .. 115
, ,
.. . ..116
114
Potidaea From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
115
. , . 1961, . 19, .
Amsterdam 1739, .25

116
- 11-9-2001-Internet-eld.teipir.gr/prefectures/greek/Xalkidiki/Potidaia.htm -
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41
600 .. "... coastal cities of Asia Minor. The main colony here was
117
Potidaea (c.
6oo), but the area called Chalcidice was a mass ..."
600 .. 118 119

,

117
xxx
120
A History of the Ancient World, by Chester G. Starr (Editor) (Hardcover - March 1991), Excerpt
from page 219.

118
Piracy in the Ancient World: An Essay in Mediterranean History, by H. A. Omerod,
Henry Arderne Ormerod (Paperback - September 1996) Excerpt from page 47: "... of
guarding the peripolion. The fourth inscription (no. 570, from Potidaea in Carpathos), the
beginning of which is mutilated, narrates that ...".
119
120
., . 13-8-1999, . 28...
Internet 11-9-01 HISTORIC AMPHIPOLIS AND POTIDAEA. IAXS project #367-By Paul
Dickson-Copyright 1998 held by author3294 words. ,

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.. The next conflict also involved a Corinthian colony - Potidaea, a tribute-paying ally of Athens. The
Athenians told the Potidaeans to tear down their southern walls and stop using Corinthian magistrates; but when
Sparta promised to invade Attica if Athens attacked Potidaea, the Potidaeans joined with the Macedonian prince
Perdiccas and the Chalcidians to revolt from the Athenian empire. Thirty Athenian ships had already been sent to
Thrace because of the conflict with Perdiccas; but hearing of the revolt, they made an alliance with him after a siege
in order to attack Potidaea, killing 300 and establishing a blockade.Pericles had the Athenians pass an economically
devastating ...The leaders at Athens knew that Perdiccas was trying to stir up things in Potidaea against them,
and were just about to send an army of 1,000 men on board 30 ships to enforce the order to destroy the fortifications.
Potidaea wanted to negotiate, and sent representatives to Athens to urge calm. But representatives were also sent to
Sparta with the Corinthians to ask for support, should that become necessary. Nothing came of the negotiations in
Athens and the fleet was ordered to set sail. Sparta warned of counter attacks against Athenian interests if Potidaea
were attacked. The people at Potidaea sensed that things had reached a crucial point and declared an outright revolt
against Athens. The die was cast. Thucydides cited this dispute over Potidaea as one of the triggering events of the
entire Peloponnesian War. Potidaea and the other towns of Chalcidice formed their own mutual defense
organization, the Chalcidician League, centered at Olynthus, a city more inland, about 6 km north of Potidaea. (Note
spelling: Olympus is a mountain with gods on it, Olynthus is a city.) When Philip II of Macedon came in 348, he
captured Potidaea and Olynthus and dissolved the Chalcidician League. Potidaea was destroyed and the people
relocated. A later Macedonian king, Cassander, built a new city on the same spot in 316 BC, but he called it
Cassandreia, after himself. The whole area remained under Macedonian rule until the Romans arrived in 168.
more recent times, the city of "Nea Potidaea" was built on the site of the previous Potidaea and Cassandreia.
[23]
In
43
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1998), 9: "... Sparta

. 432 .., Potidaea ( Corinth)
Delian. ... "
122
Andrew Freund, Charlton . Lewis,
( 1979) 297: "... ,

, , , Liv. 28 ..8... ".
123
, , () 2003..Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition,
Copyright (c) 2003..
44
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126
545 ..
Greece in the Making, 1200-479 Bc (Routledge History of the
Ancient World), by Robin Osborne (Paperback - December 1996) Excerpt from page
295: "... held that Peisistratos had battled his way to power at Pallene in 545 BC
(above, p. 284) with the help of ..."
525 ..
.. Potidaia. c525-500 BC. AR Tetradrachm.
Poseidon Hippios on horseback right, holding trident / Incuse square

diagonally divided.
506
.. The popularity of Cleisthenes reforms brought new
enthusiasm among Athenians for their government and city. This and
Cleisthenes' new military organization made Athens stronger militarily,
and its strength was soon testedCities127 in Chalcidice disliked the
extension of Athenian power into their area, and they were ready to
support Corinth against Athens. Athens saw revolt coming in one of its
subject-ally cities in Chalcidice -- Potidaea -- and, to prevent the spread
of revolt, Athens demanded that Potidaea dismantle its defensive walls
and give to Athens some Potidaeans as hostages. Instead of giving in to
124
. . 68. . 71.
125
600 . . . 565 . .
561,
126
CCIV 243:, WOMEN AND THE POLIS-SPRING 1998-BACKGROUND AND STUDY NOTE.
127
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. . . , , 239, 507 ....
45
the demands of Athens, Potidaea sought support from Corinth and the
Peloponnesian League. Corinth joined Potidaea and some cities in
Chalcidice and Boeotia joined the revolt against Athens
500 .. (500-480)
. Arthur S. Dewing.128
Internet, 480 .. Potidaia. c525-500 BC. AR
Tetradrachm. Poseidon Hippios on horseback right, holding trident
Incuse square diagonally divided.
.. Macedon, Potidaia. Circa 500-480 BC. AR Tetrobol. Poseidon
Hippios on horseback right, holding trident; star below / Archaic female
head right within linear incuse square. SNG ANS 692.
Handbook of Ancient Greek and Roman Coins, by Zander H. Klawans, Ken
Bressett (Editor) (May 1995), Excerpt from page 109: "... Female Head IIOTEI On
the Chalcidian peninsula in 500-429 B.C. Potidaea Macedonia, Greece Persephone Bee rPAIEIQN At the eastern end ..."
497 .. 479 .. .The Ocean Almanac, by

Robert Hendrickson, Avg. Customer Rating: Excerpt from Index: "... god). See
128
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Hutchinson
1995..
Athens
(Greek
Athinai)
, . 5.23.2.11..

...history The site was first inhabited about 3000 BC with Athens as the capital of a united Attica before
700 BC. Captured and sacked by the Persians 480 BC, it became the first city of Greece in power and
culture under Pericles. After the death of Alexander the Great the city fell into comparative decline, but
it flourished as an intellectual centre until AD 529 when the philosophical schools were closed by
Justinian. In 1458 it was captured by the Turks, who held it until 1833; it was chosen as the capital of
Greece 1834.)..
46
Neptune Poseidonius, 127 Potamotrygonidae, 77 Potemkin (ship), 176 Potidea
tsunami of 497 B.C. (Greece), 306 Potter, John S., Jr., ..." 129
Reason and Religion in Socratic Philosophy, by Nicholas D. Smith (Editor), Paul B. Woodruff
(Editor) (Hardcover - September 2000) 56: "...

... "
492 .. .
130
xxxiii(. 109)
.
213:
131
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129
. Perils of a Restless Planet: Scientific Perspectives on
Natural Disasters, by Ernest Jr Zebrowski (Author)(Paperback - 1999) Excerpt from page 288: "... at
Thera. 479 BC Greece u 1,000s Persian army attacking Potidea was innundated. 365, July 21
Mediterranean u u Tsunamis generated ..."
130
. . 72....490-492 ...
. 70..
131
Thermopylae: The Battle for the West, by Ernle Bradford, .
47
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480-432 ..
,
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, 133,
xxxiv(. 110)
. ..7.122.8-7.123.5
7.123
.

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480 .. .134
480 .. , Internet 12-10-01.132
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..
133
tsunami (). The Ocean Almanac, by
Robert Hendrickson(Paperback), Avg. Customer Rating: Excerpt from Index: "... god). See
Neptune Poseidonius, 127 Potamotrygonidae, 77 Potemkin (ship), 176 Potidea tsunami of
497 B.C. (Greece), 306 Potter, John S., Jr., ..." . Perils of a
Restless Planet: Scientific Perspectives on Natural Disasters, by Ernest Jr Zebrowski
(Author)(Paperback - 1999) Excerpt from page 288: "... at Thera. 479 BC Greece u 1,000s
Persian army attacking Potidea was innundated. 365, July 21 Mediterranean u u Tsunamis
generated ..."
134
The Persians in Northern Greece Artabazus, returning from escorting Xerxes through Thrace,
decides to retake Potidaea and Olynthus (126). Olynthus falls (127). How Artabazus exchanged a
secret message with an accomplice inside Potidaea. The agent is discovered; many Persians are
drowned while trying to cross into the city. The Persians abandon the siege of Potidaea (128-29). =
,
(126). (127).
.
.
(128-29).
48
Macedon, Potidaia135. Circa 500-480 BC. AR Tetrobol. Poseidon Hippios

on horseback right, holding trident; star below / Archaic female head
right
within
linear
incuse
square.SNG-ANS-692.--
-Internetembers.aol.com/agmauction/provinc.htm.Cassandreia,Macedonia.AE
20. R: COL IV...CAS, hd. of Zeus-Ammon r. Weber -, SNG Cop.-. Small
oval flan. Green patina. F/abtVF 40.00
480
..TLG-.136.7.33.1.1...
xxxv
.

479 .. .
480 .., .
.
The Greek World 479-323 BC (Routledge History of the Ancient World), by Simon Hornblower
(Hardcover - June 2002) Excerpt from page 156: "... a little arbitrary of Thucydides to put the one
episode (Potidaea) in Book 1 as part of the prelude to the ..."
1396a

[] .

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135
136
www.wildwinds.com/coins/greece/thrace/potidaia/i.html.
. (2 ..
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139
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Tsunami 497 .. .. The Ocean Almanac, by Robert
Hendrickson, Avg. Customer Rating: Excerpt from Index: "... god). See Neptune
Poseidonius, 127 Potamotrygonidae, 77 Potemkin (ship), 176 Potidea tsunami of 497
B.C. (Greece), 306 Potter, John S., Jr., ..."
... Potidaea, Greece (497 BC) A tsunami killed many people. Port Royal,
Jamaica (1692) A huge tsunami lifted a large English frigate and carried
it over the town
library.thinkquest.org/C003603/english/tsunamis/casestudies.shtml

140 , 8,9 R.
, 200.000 , .. , 26-122004. ( 129)
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The Ocean Almanac, by Robert Hendrickson (Paperback), Excerpt
from page 302: "... 474 B.C., a great wave devastated the Greek city of Potidaea,
while 100 years later the Greek historian Pausanias of ..."= ,
Excerpt 302: "... 474 ..,
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From Plataea to Potidaea: Studies in the History and Historiography of the Pentecontaetia , by E.
Badian (Hardcover - May 1993). 140.
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Pericles Of Athens And The Birth Of Democracy, by Donald Kagan (Author) (Paperback - October 1998),
Excerpt from page 124: "... friend- ship of Sparta, like Aegina, and on Corinth, like Potidaea. The right of neutrals
to join either side might, in ..."
War and Change in World Politics, by Robert Gilpin (Author) (Paperback - July 2002),
Excerpt
from page 199: "... limited demands: They order us to raise the siege of Potidaea, to
let Aigina be indepedent, to revoke the Megara ..."
441 ..
Xenophon was an Athenian general who served at Samos in
441-438 and again at Potidaea where he was killed near Spartolus in 429
(Thucydides 2.70). Socrates, in all likelihood, served at Potidaea under
Phaedrus' uncle Xenophon. Phaedrus' father-in-law, whose name is
unknown.
441-438
429 ( 2.70).
, .. ..xxxix
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xl 145 6
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144
Vietnam: The Necessary War: A Reinterpretation of America's Most
Disastrous Military Conflict, by Michael Lind (Author) (Paperback - July 2002), Excerpt from
page 39: "... INDOCHINA MATTERED They order us to raise the siege of Potidaea, to let Aegina be
independent, to revoke the Megara ..."
145
... Eth 365.10 to Eth 365.13
. .
....
146
Bostford & Robinson . 1979 . 236.
56
, .
(460-400 ..), .147 (2) Potidaia
(Korinthian colony, member of Delian League148) in conflict with
Athens.. . ..
-.
(477 ..)
.
, .
432 .. 149.

xlv
. ..
..
, , .. (
ARCHAEOLOGY/Odisseas Kapsalis) Perhaps a link can be established
between this data and the Thucydides' accounts of specific battles. We
have the following evidence for polyandreia from this time period
(Clairmont [1983], pp. 174-1890): an epigram150 for casualties at
Potidaea in 432 B.C., Pausanias'151 mention of the graves of
Thessalian and Athenian cavalry from 431, a casualty list fragment
147
TLG. ''..... .. 433-2..
148
-.
(477 ..) .
, .
149
. , . 72.
150
Mackall J. W. Select epigrams from the Greek Anthology, First Pupl. 1890, by Logmans-Green
...
151
( 445-380 ..),
. . 409 ..
405 403 .. , ,
,
, .
57
possibly from 435 or 431=

,
.
(Clairmont [ 1983 ], . 174-1890):

epigram
152
432
..,
153
431,
435 431 ..
154.
"... . 432
,
. .155.. "
The Art of Living: Socratic Reflections from Plato to Foucault (Sather Classical Lectures, 61). by
Alexander Nehamas (Paperback - March 2000) Excerpt from page 78: "... well: on an inscription
commemorating the Athenians who fell at Potidaea (432 BC) we read that "having placed their lives
onto ..."= "... :
(432 ..) " ... "
Thucydides: The Peloponnesian War Book II, by Thucydides (Author), et al (Paperback - May
1989) from Back Matter: "... 110TELSatat W&XVIV WVIvi KTWU this would date the battle of
Potidaea (1.62-3) to October of 432, and here too emendation ..."
Tomis Kapitan. The Peloponnesian Congress (Book I, Sections 66-88). THE

Athenians and Peloponnesians had these antecedent grounds of complaint against
each other: the complaint of Corinth was that her colony of Potidaea, and Corinthian
and Peloponnesian citizens within it, were being besieged; that of Athens against the
Peloponnesians that they had incited a town of hers, a member of her alliance and a
152
Mackall , Pupl. 1890, Logmans-
Green...
153
( 445-380 . .),
. ss . ss 409 . .
ss 405 403 . . ss,ss , ss
ss, ss ss
, ... .
154
Otto Abel, . . . .
, 1994.. 291..
155
Egypt, Greece and Rome: Civilizations of the Ancient Mediterranean, by Charles Freeman. 213.
58
contributor to her revenue, to revolt, and had come and were openly fighting against
her on the side of the Potidaeans. For all this, war had not yet broken out: there was
still truce for a while; for this was a private enterprise on the part of Corinth. But the
siege of Potidaea put an end to her inaction; she had men inside it: besides, she feared
for the place. Immediately summoning the allies to Lacedaemon, she came and loudly
accused Athens of breach of the treaty and aggression on the rights of Peloponnese.
With her, the Aeginetans, formally unrepresented from fear of Athens, in secret
proved not the least urgent of the advocates for war, asserting that they had not the
independence guaranteed to them by the treaty. After extending the summons to any
of their allies and others who might have complaints to make of Athenian aggression,
the Lacedaemonians held their ordinary assembly, and invited them to speak.
432 ..
xlvi
156
(469-399 ..) xlvii
xlviii
157
,xlix
158.
156
In the year prior to the start of the Peloponnesian War (432 B.C.E.), Socrates was in his late thirties
and fought for Athens at Potidaea. This city on the Chalcidic Peninsula, some 150 miles north of
Athens, was nominally an ally of Athens. However, it maintained a magisterial relationship with
Corinth, an ally of Sparta. This made its loyalty suspect. When Athens sought to test that loyalty by
making certain demands, Potidaea refused. In the resulting siege and battle, Athens emerged victorious
and Socrates distinguished himself in battle by saving the life of an associate, Alcibiades. Picture:
Socrates rescuing Alicibiades at Potidaea-Runes, Pictoral History of Philosophy
157
Incident #2 was the Potidaean Affair. Potidaea was a Corinthian colony way up
north on another strip of land but it was a member of the Delian League. Every year,
Corinth elected an official to go up and manage the colony. Athens told Potidaea to refuse
the next official and run themselves. Potidaea refused to listen to Athens instead and
wanted Corinthian leadership, which they'd always had. Athens got upset and sent a small
navy to close down the Potidaean harbor. Incident #3 was the Megarian Decrees.
Megera was a little city-state between Athens and Corinth. It was a member of the
Peloponnesian LeagueThebes (oligarchy) was in the Peloponnesian League and Plataea
was democratic. The oligarches in Plataea made a deal with Thebes to turn over the city to
them. In the middle of the night, the oligarches opened the city gates of Plataea to let the
Theban army in... They threw in their weapons and the Plataeans slaughtered each one of
them.... Then Sparta sent an ambassador to Athens demanding that, to avoid war, Athens
do 3 things: 1. Repeal the Megarian Decrees, 2. Quit hurting Potidaea and open up their
harbor, and 3. Give up the Delian League and make all the islands independent. Athens
could have done #1 and #2 easily, but they needed the money from the islands. Athens
refused to do any of them. Athens was ready for war so she could afford to refuse Sparta's
terms. She had 6,000 talents of silver in the treasury all saved up for war. In today's terms,
that may have been a couple billion dollars. Pericles was leading Athens. He said don't
risk the navy and the army, but to fight a war of attrition.
158
TLG .. Vit 2.23.3-2.23.9
.

.
59
(died 404 B.C.E.)- l li

159 .160.. The National Academy of St. Luke was born of
the University of Painters, Miniaturist and Embroiders. The statutes of
this University, which had already existed in Rome for quite some time,
were renewed during the papacy of Sixtus IV on December 17, 1478 (the
original parchment document is kept in the Academy's archives)
A.Canova:-Socrates-saving-Alcibiades-during the battle of Potidea.. The
Gallery includes works of Raffaello, Canova, Van Dyck, etc.
(428-347 ..) .161.
.162
lii
,liii
..
... -, . , . 162.
159
BECK index-WISDOM OF GREECE, ISRAEL, ROME Contents-Introduction to Alcibiades
.Alcibiades was about twenty years younger than Socrates. His father died in battle when Alcibiades
was about 4, and he was brought up by Pericles, the eminent political leader of Athens. The
ALCIBIADES dialog is set in 432 BC when Alcibiades was 18, the same year that Socrates saved his
life during the battle at Potidaea. Later in 424 at Delium Alcibiades stayed to protect Socrates during
the retreat...
160
, .. Strange, indeed, would be my conduct, O men of Athens, if I
who, when I was ordered by the generals whom you chose to command me at Potidaea and Amphipolis
and Delium, remained where they placed me, like any other man, facing death - if now, when, as I
conceive and imagine, God orders me to fulfil the philosopher's mission of searching into myself and
other men, I were to desert my post through fear of death,
161
Got. Martin -. . . ., . 32, 162, 196.
162
TLG .. 153.a.1
.

.

..
60
.. Vit 2.22.10-2.23.6
.

.
.
liv
...
... 220.c.3-220.e.6

.
.

432 .. 200 163

164
432165.
166, 2000 40 .
, 3,1.312.3...
. .
...
163
TLG..
..1.62.1.2-1.62.3.3

1.
.

164
A History of Greece: From the Time of Solon to 403 Bc, by George Grote, Paul Cartledge
(Editor) (Library Binding - November 2000) Excerpt from page 274: "... only in the Chalkidic
peninsula that any actual revolt occurred. Potidaea, situated on ' Herodot., viii. 131, 132; compare
Thukyd., iii. ..."
165
From Soul to Self, by M. James C. Crabbe (Editor) (Library Binding) Excerpt from page 3:
"... century before Aristotle, on an inscription commemorating the battle of Potidaea in 432 BC."
Before that in Homer, the soul, however, ..."
166
(5 .. .), o .
, 465 ..

61
167 .
.
, 2b,115,F.375.1...
. .
.
,
574.17
. .
432 .. lv , 432
. .
. 12.p.1.46

.

.

12.46.4.4

.

.
122: "... . 432 .., ,
, ... "Cosmology in
Antiquity (Sciences of Antiquity), by M. R. Wright (Paperback - July 1995).
Egypt, Greece and Rome: Civilizations of the Ancient Mediterranean, by Charles Freeman
(Paperback - November 1999), Excerpt from page 213: "... 432 another dispute broke out over the
Chalcidican city of Potidaea, a colony of Corinth but also a member of the ..."
167
.. . , . 1961, .27.
62
432 ..
...168 5 .
... 32 ,
" ", 379 ..
.
432 .. 479-431 . . 432
Pericles ultimatum to Potidaea, (460-396 ..) .56-57.169
"... ,
(;)
432, .
( ),
... " , ARISTEUS ('Apicrrerfs), or ARISTEAS
(Apterreas, Herod.). 1. A Corinthian, son of Adeimantus, commanded the troops sent
by Corinth to maintain Potidaea in its revolt,
B. C.
432. With Potidaea he was
connected, and of the troops the greater number were volunteers, serving chiefly from
attachment to him. Appointed on his arrival com-mander-in-chief of-the allied
infantry, he encountered the Athenian Callias, but was outmanoeuvred and defeated.
With his own division he was successful, and with it on returning from the pursuit
he found himself cut off, but by a bold course made
431 ..
. "
..."
.(Nehemiah rebuilding Jerusalem. Rome
completes conquest of Volscians.)...
, , ,
168
, . . ,
, . ..
. : (7 . ..),
, , , , , , .
169
Internet 13-9-01.. www.lfc.edu/academics/greece/ThucydOutline.html - 2k - Thucydides: Major Events-
Place/Description Book/Page* (Date)-Background to the Conflict:-Ithome I.102 (464/60)-Aegina I.105 (457)-Long

Walls I.107 (456)-Euboea I.114 (447). Samos I.115 (441/39)-Epidamnus I.24 (433)-Corcyra I.31 (433)-Potidaea
I.56 (432)..
63
38 , , 18
... ...
.
,

..Kurt Kuhlmann.
431 .. 170
. 171.
172
"... . 594. ,
431
. .
431 .. lvi 431-404 ..

lvii 2.1.1.18 ,lviii
lix
... 4.129.3..

, ...
173 76: "...
(435-433 ..), (433 ..) (432 .),
... "
170
The
Oxford
History
of
Greece
&
the
Hellenistic
World
by John Boardman (Editor), et al (March 2002) Excerpt from Back Matter: "... on Erechtheum 433
Athenian alliance with Corcyra 432 Revolt of Potidaea from Athens 431 Start of Second
Peloponnesian War 431 Thucydides ..."
171
56-60, 61-64, 65-67, 69, 72.
172
Egypt, Greece and Rome: Civilizations of the Ancient Mediterranean, by Charles Freeman. .
173
Fifty Key Classical Authors (Fifty Key Thinkers), by Alison Sharrock (Editor), Rhiannon Ash
(Editor) (Library Binding)..
64
174..107 .
. 116 .. -. . 117
. . 122 . .
. 175
WARHORSE SIMULATIONS .
Epic of the Peloponnesian War Strategy Notes.. You should also take advantage of
opportunities that result from Revolt Check rolls. Chalcidice starts the game with
Potidaea in revolt; preventing its recapture is a good initial goal, although getting an
army up to Chalcidice in time can be tricky. You should normally not worry about
converting a "Revolt" marker to a "Sparta" marker by moving troops into the city; the
smaller AL/ML adjustment bonus is more than offset by the stronger defense. Revolts
should be crushed ruthlessly, regardless of the cost. Better to spend the money than
lose control of the region. Each season that passes lowers your AL and gives the
rebellion a chance to spread. Potidaea should probably be immediately attacked or
besieged, but watch out for a Spartan army coming to its rescue through Thessaly.
Melos is less of an immediate threat, since the Aegean Islands AL is so high, but if
left alone it will inexorably wear down your AL in one of your most valuable regions.
. You should engage in battle only for good reasons (such as to continue the siege of a
key city), and then only under favorable circumstances. In an even match, the Spartan
morale edge will usually carry the day. Try to use delaying tactics rather than battles
to achieve your objectives (for example, preventing the Spartans from lifting the siege
of Potidaea); if you have to fight, and can afford the AL penalty, withdraw after one
round. Remember also to garrison Athens/Piraeus with a hoplite or two; a desperate
Spartan player with a strong army could take an ungarrisoned Piraeus by assault.
174
175
,. 2006, , 3 , . 106.
. 184-185. . 189 . 375 .. . 198 ,
362 .. .
65
431 .. , 176, 177,

,
...
The section on "The Peace of Nicias and the Sicilian Expedition"178 (421413) is also useful.
. ,
,
... ,

,
... ,
.
, 2.000 ""

.
,
. 1.600 ,
. (413404 ..) ,
. ,

,
176
From Plataea to Potidaea: Studies in the History and Historiography of
the Pentecontaetia, by E. Badian (Hardcover - May 1993.

177
479 .. .
300.000 . 110.000
. .

178
Kurt Kuhlmann, Historical Commentary [on the Peloponnesian War]; scroll down to the Section
"The Ionian War" (413-404 BCE) and begin reading there.
66
1.000 4.000 . ,
430/429, .
430 .. lx lxi 179.
180
lxii
. 1.56.2 ..
,
, ,
181, ,
...182
183
3: "... ,
432 ..." ,
, ... "
184: , Frederick, S.J. Copleston, (
- 1993),
99: "...
, 431.30,
..
The Other Greeks: The Family Farm and the Agrarian Roots of Western Civilization, by Victor
Davis Hanson ( 2000) 312: "...
. encirclement (432-430 .. Thuc. 2.70; "
179
Internet..13-9-01.. THE GREAT PELOPONESIAN WAR -Burke Selness - The Peloponnesian war
was fought between Athens and Sparta from 431- 404 b.c. The war lasted 27 years. Athens and Sparta
were rivals for the leadership of the Greek world. The rivalry between them was intense.
180
., (. . . -
), . . . , , .240, .. ..431 ..
181
, ,
.
182
Bostford & Robinson- 1979, 251.
430 .. 2.000 ..
. 238, 239, 80., 446, 353, 244, 243, 236 . 653.
183
From Soul to Self, by M. James C. Crabbe (Editor) (Library Binding). .
184
A History of Philosophy: Greece and Rome
67
CERTAIN TRUMPETS: THE NATURE OF LEADERSHIP, by Garry Wills (Paperback - May
1995), Excerpt from page 163: "... / 163 soldier, who fought for Athens at Samos (440), Potidaea
(430), Delium (424), and Amphipolis (422). At Potidaea he rescued ..."
429 ..
lxiii 185 .429 186..

, ...187
.. 429: death of Perikles, Athenian successes:
Potidaia, Korinthian Gulf (Phormion)..
188 :"..Apollonia Odessos - onpiaamnus Mesembria
. - Cvzicus Potidaea "Pariuni meth. - Thasos. Lampsacus Apollonia ... "
429 ..
189
447
190, . 445
( ) , ,
, 437
, , 435/4
, ,
, , 429,
185
. -, 75-76,
, . 429 ..
...
186
. . . . 4 . 89,.. 429
...
187
...BECK index Both sides were executing prisoners; but when Potidaea finally surrendered, the people were
allowed leave. In 429 BC the Peloponnesians marched against Plataea, placing it under siege. Athens said they
would help; but suffering the plague, they could not do much. Some Plataeans tried to escape by climbing the walls,
and 212 made it to Athens; but 200 Plataeans and 25 Athenians were put to death, and the city was razed. Led by
Phormio the Athenians won a naval victory in the western sea near Naupactus.
188
Frommer's (r) Europe from $70 a Day, by Fernand Braudel (Paperback - December 2002).
.
189
The Knights, Peace, Wealth/the Birds, the Assemblywomen by Aristophanes, et al (Paperback -
August 1978) Excerpt from Back Matter: "... that is). 37 When in 429 the rebellious city of Potidaea,
in Chalddice, offered to submit to the Athenians, the Athenian ..."
190
, ,
. ' , ' ,
.
. .
68
( ), 421 .
4 .:
362/1, 352,
353-2 346 ( 342)
191.
192 28: "... ,
, 430/29 .. 87/6 ..... "
,
, . . .
,
..
,

. .
.... .
.

.
. .
.
.
Famine and Food Supply in the Graeco-Roman World : Responses to Risk and Crisis, by Peter
Garnsey (Author) (December 1989) Excerpt from page 28: "... context of sieges, for example in Amida
in AD 504-5, Potidaea in 430/29 Bc and Athens in 8 7/6 Bc in ..."
Ancient History from Coins (Approaching the Ancient World), by C. J. Howgego.

Excerpt from page 19: "... Money 19 over 2,000 talents on the siege of Potidaea in
432 430/29 1w. From the 450s there was pay ..."
.
191
Otto Abel, . . . .
, 1994....291.. .. OTTO ABEL

, 191, 201-204, 205, 239, 242, 244, 262. .
. 301.
192
Famine and Food Supply in the Graeco-Roman World : Responses to Risk and Crisis, by
Peter Garnsey (Author) (Paperback - December 1989). .
69
RPC 1515. Claudius AE22 of Cassandrea, Macedon. TI CLA CAES GERM TR P P

P, laureate head right / COL IVL AVG CASSANDRE, horned & bearded head of
Zeus Ammon right.
Commodus AE21 of Cassandreia in Macedonia. IM L AVR COM, laureate head right
/ COL IVL AVG CAS, head of Zeus-Ammon, facing right. SNGCop 152.
Septimius Severus AE20 of Cassandreia. Lindgren-1042. IMP C L SEP SEP (sic)
AV[G] (beginning at 1 o'clock) Bust laureate right / COL IVL AVG CAS (beginning
at 5 o'clock), head of Zeus Ammon right.
Caracalla AE20 of Cassandreia, Macedonia. M AVR ANTONINVS, laureate head
right / COL OIVL AVG CAS, bearded head of Zeus Amon with ram's horn, right.
SNG Cop 154.
424 ..
..
193
( ) ,
194
.195Princeton-Encyclopedia-of-
Classical-Sites-phytis..
,
.
()
.
.
424 .. Otto Abel, .
193
(5 .. .).
,... ( 431
.., 425 .).. 424 .., 1700 (700 1000 ),
",
(, , , ..). 422
.. ,
600
194
TLG..
4.113.2.6-4.114.1.3
.
.

195
, -, . 93.
70
. . . , 1994.. 292..
.422 ..
421 . (421-415), .
, . .. ,
470 .. 413
.
420 ..
( )196
lxiv
197
198

,... 338 ..,
,
, ..
199.. (358 .. - 336 ..), .
...
336 ..
, ,
.
417 ..
lxv . . (
413 .. ). 421-416 ....200..
196
' 15/10/l996 Tuesday

10/15/1996,
. , . ,
' ( . 666 . 207

).
197
From The Oxford Companion to Classical Literature. Ed. M.C. Howatson. New York: Oxford
University Press, 1989. Copyright 1989 by Oxford University Press.
Cassandra (also called
Alexandra), in Greek myth, the prophetic daughter of Priam, king of Troy, and Hecuba his wife. For
Homer, who knows nothing of her prophetic gifts, she is the most beautiful of Priam's daughters. ..
198
. . 96. ---:
.-: .
199
. Cd Rom .
200
.Cd Rom .
71
, 470 ..
413 ...
414 .. 201 ,202... 203
,
, . 204
9 414 . .
...
406 ..
205... .
,
,
201
. " " 19-8-1999, 200.
202
TLG.. .. Av 1369-1374 . .
. . .

.. .. Pax 283-289
. ..
203
, ..
700 .. .
' (
) 700 ..
, ,
.
..
.
204
TLG ...Hist 7.9.1.2 to Hist 7.10.1.3

. .

205
. Cd Rom .. . 480 ..
407 .. 18
, . 88 , 19 :
, , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , ,
, . ,
. ..
72
.. , .
(413.. - 399.) ..
400 . . lxvi lxvii
206
, 207.
1-2 . . .

lxviii
,
4 . . .208
/ ,
.209
, ,
,
, 14.
,
,
15.
.
4 . .. '
, 16. ,
, 17.
....
206
. , , . ... 76.. , 5
, ..
207
. 25-7-1989, , .
.
208
Technique:
Black
Inscription:-Kalos/Kale:-
Figure
Shape:
PANATHENAIC
AMPHORA-FRAGMENT-
RISTOBOULOS/EUBOULIDOU/[AR]MA
.Provenance:
CHALKIDIKE, POTEIDAIA-Date: 400-300-Decorated Area: A - ATHENA, COLUMNDecorated Area: B - CHARIOT RACE-Current Collection: Potidaia, Archaeological
Museum -Publication Record:-Bentz, M., Panathenaische Preisamphoren, Eine
athenische Vasengattung und ihre Funktion vom 6.-4. Jahrhundert v. Chr. 18.
Beih. Z. AntK (Basel, 1998), PL.135.4136.
209
,. , Intrnet.
73
14:.X. . 1, 59-1.: v (. v)
v v v , .68.4: v
v, v v v , .95.2:
Xv v v- . .58.1, .79.1, .95.1,
V.7.4, V.83.4, VI.7.4.
399 .. .
. 469 .. 399 .. 210
394 ..
211 .212
384 .. (384-322) , (343340).213. , ,

, . , 335 ..
( ) .
, , .
382 .. 214
.a. 382, Phoebidas - ' ,
; 215
380 ..
. .. lxix
210
...
211
. .... , o , 444 ..
389 ... 406 .. ,

. 405 ..
.
. ,
212
, . - . .94.
213
Enc. Hutchinson 1995Aristotle 384322 ..
214
Otto Abel, . . . .
, 1994. .292.. ,
.
215
Internet 19-9-01, . homer.reed.edu/GkHist/404-371.html - 11k .
74
216
(380-370 ..) .217

380 ..
Or Temperance PlatoI returnet from army at
Potidaea, and havingbeen a good while away..lxx

375 ..
.
. 380- 370 . .
370 .. .
.
. 370 . . 218
366 .. Timotheos (A) attacks Samos and Potidaia (kleruchies)..
365 ..
219..,
. , ,
.
.
7 .. . 5
.. . . 357 ..

.
216
- 1903, ... , ,
.. TLG ..
4.41.25-4.41.31
.
IV 520 M
.
.
217
218
219
-- -. - 1982, .99.
. . 99. . 84.
The Greek State at War, by William Kendrick, Pritchett (Hardcover - November 1997)
Excerpt from page 114: "... liberated Greece and he himself had taken Samos, Methone, Pydna,
Potidaea, and twenty cities besides? You did not take this record ..."
75
, .
316 ...
364 ..
.220 221
..222 iv) 2232 (2)
14:

,
..

364 ( 15.81.6)
..
. 15.81.6.-15.82.1.10 .

...
361 ..
Conquest and Empire : The Reign of Alexander the Great , by A. B. Bosworth
(Author) (Paperback - April 1993),
Excerpt from page 14: "... modest competence to
citizens who would otherwise have been indigent. Poteidaea, which harboured
Athenian cleruchs for a mere five years (361-356), ..." 224
362 ..
lxxi
362-356
..
220
... - . 96.
221
. . 77... 364/3 ..
222
Internet 11-9-01 University of Tasmania, Australia HISTORICAL PARADIGMS IN

DEMOSTHENES' PUBLIC SPEECHES R.D. Milns,Department of Classics & Ancient
History,University of Queensland, (iv) Olynthiac 2 (2), section 14: to prove his contention that the
Macedonian state is a not insignificant factor when it is used to supplement other forces, Demosthenes
quotes the help given by it against Olynthus 'in the time of Timotheus'. The reference here is almost
certainly to Timotheus' operations against Olynthus and Potidaea in 364 (Diodorus 15.81.6) when he
captured Potidaea and Torone.
223
Electronic Antiquity Vol. 2 Issue 5 - March 1995-edited by Peter Toohey and Ian
Worthingtonantiquity-editor@classics.utas.edu.auISSN 1320-3606.
224
Internet. . .
76
225
.lxxii
... , 226.
360 ..
227(428-347 .. ) lxxiii .
360 ..
..
357 ..
228. 16.8.3.3-

225
Bosworth, Conquest and Empire : The Reign of Alexander the Great
, by A. B. Bosworth (Author) (Paperback - April 1993), Bosworth, () ( 1993),

14: "... .
, (361-356)... "
Alejandro Magno, by A. B. Bosworth (Author) (November 1996) Excerpt from page 18: "...
ciu- dadanos que, de no ser as, habran sido indigentes. Potidea, que acogi atenienses clerucos
durante tan solo cinco aos (361-56), ..." Potidaia was founded in ca. 600 B.C. by
colonists from Corinth. It played a significant role during the Persian Wars, while
its rebellion against the First Athenian League in 432-31 B.C., was one of the
reasons that led to the Peloponnesian War. The city was repeatedly captured by
the Athenians and the Spartans and finally devastated by Philip II, in 356 B.C. In
316-15 B.C., Cassander founded a new city on the same site, which was now
called Cassandreia, and flourished during the Hellenistic and Roman periods. The
rescue excavations conducted by the 16th E.P.C.A. have revealed strata of the
Archaic period with significant pottery and architecture, and graves of Athenian
klerouchoi, dated to the Classical period. Of the Hellenistic and Classical city are
preserved parts of the fortificatrion walls, the city's layout and the cemeteries.
The most important recent find is a single-chambered Macedonian tomb. Wall
painting from the Macedonian Tomb of Potidaia.
226
227
-. 1982, . 77.
TLG , .. 154.e.2-54.e.8

.

.
...
228
. 613.
77
. 16.8.4
.

....
356 ..
229
lxxiv 2 (382-336
..)- 359-336 .. lxxv .lxxvi

.
, lxxvii ,
(356 .. 23 (6 E230
6 )
, ,
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(46-120 ..)
, ... 231
...232
' - 233. ,
.
. , ,
,

229
(,
., (. . . -), .
. . , , . 242.. 347 ..
230
231
, 15 -15 .
The Wars of Alexander the Great , by Waldemar Heckel (Paperback - August 2002),
Excerpt from page 72: "...defeated the Illyrian ruler Grabus, while Philip himself was besieging
Potidaea. Twenty years later, he was the senior officer in the ..."
232
, . ... 5 140, ..
, ...
233
, internet, .
78
, , 8-9).
.
356 .. , 352 ..
( 4 ) 348 ..
( 2 ).
.
356 .. . 356-323 . .234 . Alexander -By -Plutarch

Written 75 A.C.E. Translated by John Dryden.235 356 ..
106 . ,
... 5.3.2-5.4.5 236

351 .. (351 ..)
lxxviii
,(384-322
..) .
Demosthenes-First Philippic-(351 BCE)-Excerpts from the Original Electronic Text
at the web site of the Perseus Project. [1] If the question before us were a new one,
men of Athens.. think Philip too formidable, having regard to the extent of his
existing resources and to our loss of all our strongholds, he is indeed right, yet he
must reflect that we too, men of Athens, once held Pydna, Potidaea, and Methone...
234
Internet 13-9-01... With the unification of the region of Macedonia under his command (358 B.C.)
Philip initiated his dream of unifying the rest of Greece for the war against Persia. Advance to
Amphipolis and the Chalkidiki peninsula by 357. During the 356-346 war against the Phocians, he
gained Potidaea, Methone, Stagirus, and Olynthus. By 352 Thessaly was conquered, and in 348 Euboea
joined Philip. The conquest of Thrace followed between 343-342.
235
Just after Philip had taken Potidaea, he received these three messages at one time, that Parmenio had
overthrown the Illyrians in a great battle, that his race-horse had won the course at the Olympic games, and that his
wife had given birth to Alexander; with which being naturally well pleased, as an addition to his satisfaction, he was
assured by the diviners that a son, whose birth was accompanied with three such successes, could not fail of being
invincible.
236
Greek Oratory: Tradition and Originality, by Stephen Usher (Paperback - March
2002) Excerpt from page 217: "... Philip's anti-Athenian actions during those years included his
capture of Potidaea (356), Pydna, Methone (354), and possibly Neapolis.166 His ..."
79
350 ..
(384-322 ..) . 237
348 .. 12 .
238
348lxxix .. ... .
349-348lxxx ..

239.
v v v, v
v v v , v v
v: 'v v (. ), ' v v
v vv v (. 10.12).- v (. )
v v, v v 'v v v v v
(. 9.11). . 4 12.2-4.14.1... .
240
.

[]

348 .. 241

237
..book II Chapter 22...the barbarians
(Aegina,Potidaea &c.) or any other misdeeds of this kind

238
. .. .
349 .. 348 ...

. 348 ..
. (
)...
239
240
. . . 112
.. / ,
, .
.
241
. 608 . ...356.10-.356.18
80
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- ) ,
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,
- )
340 .. -...
343 ..
(384-322 ..)
.
336 ..
334 .. .
323 ..
. ..
322 ..
"...
,
"242
242
A History of Greece to 322 B.C, by Nicholas G. Hammond (Paperback - August 1986)
322 B.C, ( 1986) 112.
81
316 .. 243 (244, ,

. , . 245
,246 247 .
248 249
.. 324 . .
250 ...251
. 19.52.2.1-19.52.4.10
252

243
Internet, Perseus Encyclopedia.. , , ,
, .
244
.Cd Rom .. (350-298 ..),
o . .
,
.
. 319 ..
.
. 317 .. .

. , 19 .
245
. , . - . , . 94.
381.
246
, - .100.
247
. , . 1961, . 25
248
- , . - 1982 , . 161.
249
The Greek World in the Fourth Century: From the Fall of the Athenian Empire to the Successors of
Alexander, by Lawrence A. Tritle (Editor) (Hardcover - January 1997), Excerpt from page 239: "...
and Cassandreia on the old site of Potidaea (on the Pallene 239 ..."
250
.- . 190-191
..
251
The Greek World After Alexander, 323-30 BC, by Graham Shipley (Paperback - February 2000),
Excerpt from page 114: "... Salonica and Kassandreia, a new city replacing Poteidaia on the Pallene
peninsula in Chalkidike. Both were synoikized from existing cities. All ..."
252
Between Geography and History: Hellenistic Constructions of the Roman World (Oxford Classical
Monographs), by Katherine Clarke (Paperback - January 2002), Excerpt from page 259: "... describing
events. Potidaea "vas founded by Corinthians, and later called Cassandreia after Cassander, which moves
us significantly forward in time to ..."
82

253
....
. 5.23.3.6

.
[]

.

.254
,
, ,
. " .255 Aristobulus
253
From Mycenae to Constantinople: Major Cities of the Greek and Roman World, by Richard
Tomlinson (Paperback - October 1992), 123: "... ,

. , ,
... "
254
Greek Science of the Hellenistic Era: A Sourcebook, by Georgia L. Irby-Massie, 2.
on
Page
259: "... they weave their fabrics, both cheap and costly. [for this "tree" and its "wool," Strabo 15.1 21
cites Anstoboulos of Kassandreia, who wrote around -305 10] 4.6.1-4 [maritime plants] 1
However, the greatest difference in the natural character itself of ..."
255
G. Muller , Historicorum Graecorum Fragmenta (1870).
83
(Gk. Aristoboulos) of Cassandreia, the son of Aristobulus, one of the companions of
Alexander the Great in his Asiatic conquests, wrote a history of Alexander, which was
one of the chief sources used by Arrian. in the coinposition of his work. Aristobulus
lived to the age of ninety, and did not begin to write his history till he was eightyfour.256 , .. 23.6.3-23.6.11
[]
.
....
. 6.57.21.. ;

.

11.2.4-11.2.11
.

.
.
, .. . 2a,70,F.180.3

ARISTOBULUS257, of Cassandreia.258

316 ..
256
(Lucian, Macrob. 22.) His work is also frequently referred to by Athenaeus (ii. p. 43, d. vi. p. 251,
a. x. p. 434, d. xii. pp. 513, f. 530, b.), Plutarch (Alex. cc. 15, 16, 18, 21, 46, 75), and Strabo (xi. pp.
509, 518, xiv. p. 672, xv. pp. 691693, 695, 701,706, 707, 714, 730, xvi. pp. 741, 766, xvii. p. 824.)
The anecdote which Lucian relates (Quomodo hist. conscrib. c. 12) about Aristobulus is supposed by
modern writers to refer to Onesicritus.
257
Alexander the Great: A Reader, by Ian Worthington (Editor) (Hardcover), Excerpt from page 7: "...
after the battle of Ipsus (301) the ageing Aristobulus of Cassandreia composed his history of the reign,
and during the first ...".
258
Alexander the Great in Fact and Fiction, by A. B. Bosworth (Editor), E. J. Baynham (Editor)
(Paperback - September 2002), Excerpt from page 185: "... is the design of an amphora for the
foundation of Cassandreia in 3 16 and he would have been an old ..."
84
259

.

.
(
) ....

260.... There are 5 great powers. The starting units are as
follows:MACEDON Army Pella, Fleet Cassandreia, Fleet Kallatis . 261
The followers of Alexander inherited from their master a peculiar fondness for the
building of new cities, which they called after themselves, their fathers, or their
favorite wives. Cassander built Thessalonica on the bay of the name, and
Cassandreia in the peninsula of Pallene. Lysimachus fixed his seat of government
at a new town, which he called Lysimacheia, on the neck of the Chersonese.
Antigonus was building Antigoneia, on the Orontes, when he fell at Ipsus. His son,
Demetrius, made his capital Demetrias, on the gulf of Pagasae. Seleucus, even before
he transferred the seat of government to Antioch, had removed it from Babylon to his
city of Selcucia, on the Tigris. Ptolemy alone maint4ined the capital which lie found
established on his arrival in Egypt. The numerous Antiochs, Laodiceias, Epiphaneias,
and Seleuceias, with which Asia became covered, attest the continuance of the taste in
the successors of Nicator. 262
315 ..
263
Cassander takes control of Macedon, and has Olympias executed. He

259
, Lesley Adkins, Roy A. Adkins (
- 1998), 138: "...

, 316... "
260
From Mycenae to Constantinople: Major Cities of the Greek and Roman World, by Richard
Tomlinson (October 1992), Excerpt from page 123: "... in Macedonia, and was providing it with
`dynastic' cities. One, Cassandreia, was a refoundation of the Corinthian colony of Potidaia in ..."
261
. The rules of "standard" Diplomacy are valid, unless specifically replaced or
amended by these rules.

262
Copyright 2003 ancientmacedonia.com |
263
au/ www.anchist.mq.edu 222/DiadochWars.htm
85
marries Thessalonike, re-founds Thebes, founds Cassandreia, and

controls Alexander IV and Roxanne (D.S. 19.52).
307 ..
264
265 100 .
. 45.2.1

307 .. ,
(307 ..)
100 .Libi Macedonum ducenti ferme caesi, par numerus captus. ab
Antigonea classis profecta ad agrum Pallenensem escensionem ad populandum fecit. finium is ager
Cassandrensium erat, longe fertilissimus omnis orae, quam praeteruecti fuerant. ibi Eumenes rex uiginti
tectis nauibus ab Elaea profectus obuius fuit et quinque missae a Prusia rege tectae naues. [11] Hac
uirium accessione animus creuit praetori, ut Cassandream oppugnaret. condita est a Cassandro rege in
ipsis faucibus, quae Pallenensem agrum ceterae Macedoniae iungunt, hinc Toronaico, hinc Macedonico
saepta m<ari>. eminet namque in altum lingua, in qua sita est, nec minus quam ~inaltus magnitudine
Atho mons excurrit, obuersa in regionem Magnesiae duobus inparibus promunturiis, quorum maiori
Posideum est nomen, minori Canastraeum. diuisis partibus oppugnare adorti. Romanus ad Clitas, quas
uocant, munimenta, ceruis etiam obiectis, ut uiam intercluderet, a Macedonico ad Toronaicum mare
perducit. ab altera parte euripus est; inde Eumenes oppugnabat. Romanis in fossa conplenda, quam
nuper obiecerat Perseus, plurimum erat laboris. ibi quaerenti praetori, quia nusquam cumuli
apparebant, quo regesta e fossa terra foret, monstrati sunt fornices: non ad eandem crassitudinem, qua
ueterem murum, sed simplici laterum ordine structos esse. consilium igitur cepit transfosso pariete iter
in urbem patefacere. fallere autem ita se posse, si muros a parte alia scalis adortus tumultu iniecto in
custodiam eius loci propugnatores urbis auertisset. erant in praesidio Cassandream praeter non
contemnendam iuuentutem oppidanorum octingenti Agrianes et duo milia Penestarum Illyriorum, a
Pleurato inde missi, bellicosum utrumque genus. his tuentibus muros, cum subire Romani summa ui
264
, o 336 ..
282 ... 312 .. 307 ..

. 306 ..
, .
. 301 ..

. 295 .. 294 ..
.
265
. , . 1961, . 25.
86
niterentur, momento temporis parietes fornicum perfossi urbem patefecerunt. quod si, qui inrumperent,
armati fuissent, extemplo cepissent. hoc ubi perfectum esse opus militibus nuntiatum est, clamorem
alacres gaudio repente tollunt, alii parte alia in urbem inrupturi. [28] Perseus post reditum ab Eumene
Herophontis spe deiectus Antenorem et Callippum praefectos classis cum quadraginta lembis--adiectae
ad hunc numerum quinque pristes erant--Tenedum mittit, ut inde sparsas per Cycladas insulas naues,
Macedoniam cum frumento petentes, tutarentur. Cassandream deductae naues in portus primum, qui
sub Atho monte sunt, <in>de Tenedum placido mari cum traiecissent, stantis in portu Rhodias apertas
naues Eudamumque, praefectum earum, inuiolatos atque etiam benigne appellatos dimiserunt. cognito
deinde in latere altero quinquaginta onerarias suarum stantibus in ostio portus Eumenis rostratis, quibus
Damius praeerat, inclusas esse, circumuectus propere ac summotis terrore hostium nauibus, onerarias
datis, qui prosequerentur, decem lembis in Macedoniam mittit, ita ut in tutum prosecuti redirent
Tenedum. nono post die ad classem iam ad Sigeum stantem redierunt. inde Subota--insula est interiecta
Elaeae et Chio--traiciunt 7).266.. rex uiginti tectis nauibus ab Elaea profectus obuius fuit et quinque
missae a Prusia rege tectae naues. [11] Hac uirium accessione animus creuit praetori, ut Cassandream
oppugnaret. condita est a Cassandro rege in ipsis faucibus, quae Pallenensem agrum ceterae
Macedoniae iungunt, hinc Toronaico, hinc Macedonico saepta mari. eminet namque in altum lingua, in
qua sita est, nec minus quam ~inaltus magnitudine Atho mons excurrit, obuersa in regionem Magnesiae
duobus inparibus promunturiis, quorum maiori Posideum est nomen, minori Canastraeum. diuisis
partibus oppugnare
Titi Livi Ab Urbe Condita Liber XLIII. [7] Cretensium legatis commemorantibus se, quantum sibi
imperatum a P. Licinio consule esset sagittariorum, in Macedoniam misisse, cum interrogati non
infitiarentur apud Persea maiorem numerum sagittariorum [suorum] quam apud Romanos militare,
responsum est, si Cretenses bene ac nauiter destinarent potiorem populi Romani quam regis Persei
amicitiam habere, senatum quoque Romanum iis tamquam certis sociis responsum daturum esse.
Interea nuntiarent suis placere senatui dare operam Cretenses, ut, quos milites intra praesidia regis
Persei haberent, eos primo quoque tempore domum reuocarent. Cretensibus cum hoc responso dimissis
Chalcidenses uocati, quorum legatio ipso introitu mouit, quod Micythion, princeps eorum, pedibus
captus lectica est introlatus; ultimae necessitatis extemplo uisa res, in qua ita adfecto excusatio
ualetudinis aut ne ipsi quidem petenda uisa foret aut data petenti non esset. [8] Accersere in senatum
Lucretium placuit, ut disceptaret coram purgaretque sese. Ceterum multo plura praesens audiuit, quam
in absentem iacta erant; et grauiores potentioresque accessere accusatores duo tribuni plebis, M'.
Iuuentius Talna et Cn. Aufidius. Ii non in senatu modo eum lacerarunt, sed in contionem etiam
pertracto multis obiectis probris diem dixerunt. Senatus iussu Chalcidensibus Q. Maenius praetor
respondit, quae bene meritos sese et ante et in eo bello, quod geratur, de populo Romano dicant, ea et
scire uera eos referre senatum et perinde ac debeant grata esse. Quae facta [a] C. Lucretio fierique ab L.
Hortensio praetoribus Romanis querantur, ea neque facta neque fieri uoluntate senatus quem non posse
existimare, qui sciat bellum Persei et ante Philippo, patri eius, intulisse populum Romanum pro
266
TITI LIVI AB VRBE CONDITA LIBER XLIV. Match N. 5 Author: Livius Title: AB
URBE CONDITA - LIBER 44 Source. : http://patriot.net/~lillard/cp/liv.html Subject: ITALIC

LITERATURES, LATIN .
87
libertate Graeciae, non ut ea a magistratibus suis socii atque amici paterentur? litteras se ad L.
Hortensium praetorem daturos esse, quae Chalcidenses querantur acta, ea senatui non placere; si qui in
seruitutem liberi uenissent, ut eos conquirendos primo quoque tempore restituendosque in libertatem
curaret; sociorum naualium neminem praeter magistros, in hospitia deduci aequum censere. Haec
Hortensio iussu senatus scripta. Munera binum milium aeris legatis missa et uehicula Micythioni
publice locata, quae eum Brundisium commode perueherent. C. Lucretium, ubi dies, quae dicta erat,
uenit, tribuni ad populum accusarunt multamque deciens centum milium aeris dixerunt. Comitiis
habitis omnes quinque et triginta tribus eum condemnarunt. [23] Appius nequiquam in his locis terens
tempus, dimissis Chaonum [Thesprotorum]que et si qui alii Epirotae erant praesidiis, cum Italicis
militibus in Illyricum regressus, per Parthinorum socias urbes in hiberna militibus diuisis, ipse Romam
sacrificii causa redit. Perseus ex Penestarum gente mille pedites, ducentos equites reuocatos
Cassandream, praesidio ut essent, misit. Ab Gentio eadem adferentes redierunt. Nec deinde alios atque
alios mittendo temptare eum destitit, cum appareret, quantum in eo praesidii esset, nec tamen impetrare
ab animo posset, ut inpensam in rem maximi ad omnia momenti faceret. 267
300 .. 268...
lxxxi
, 269
.
lxxxii 289 ..270
, 271.. 365.10-365.13

267
., (.
. . -), . . . , , . 243,
.....305-304 ..
268
. , . 1961, . 33
269
, . .
270
Internet 11-9-01 Copyright (c) 1999-2000
, ( ) ,
: (3 ..), ( 1
..), (253, 269, 479 ..), (555 ..), (591, 609, 675), (990).
904 , 1185
. 14 (1380) . 1423
, .
(1430) 7.000 .
271
Latin Literature: A History, by Gian Biagio Conte, Joseph B. Solodow (Translator) (Paperback -
December 1999), Excerpt from Back Matter: "... writings contributed powerfully to the spread of
neoPlatomsm. Posidippus of Cassandrea, 3d c a.C., a minor poet of New Comedy who ..."
88
. .
.
... 2111.1-pi.2111.3
.
.
. 272 , ...
300 ..
, .
...
, ...
295 .. 273 (295-215 ..) Book I 11,
592-608 , 274...

.. 275.
289 ..
.276
288 .. 288 Pyrrhus and Lysimachus invade and partition Macedon.
Demetrius-fleesto, Cassandreia...277
272
, . 1961, .19 .
273
Internet 17-9-01.. Research by Roula Papageorgiou-Haska (vhaskas@zenon.logos.cy.net) V.Haskas
HTML Author. Last modified on 06/05/96. Elements of the Hellenic Cosmogony can be found in
Argonautica by Orpheas, in Argonautica by Apollonius Rodius as well as in the Orphic Hymns about
which Plato said that they are "the creature of a genius and not just anybody's mind" (Ogygia Vol 3, page
359). Apart from Orpheas, Hesiod is said to have written Cosmogony-Theogony years later after
Orpheas. In Argonautica by Apoll.Rhod. (Book A 496-498) among other information on the structure of
the Universe we read:
274
(3 ..)
, ,
...
275
Argonautika ( , . 25),
(Hardcover - 1997) : "...

... "
276
. - 1903-.
277
www.anchist.mq.edu.au/222/DiadochWars.htm.
89
.. (336 ..-283.. ) ,
294 288 ...
278
279 .. 279 ,
. .. 280
..13.4.1.17-13.4.2.3

...
The city of Cassandreia is granted its "freedom" by Eurydice.
281
Cassandreia " " .

.282 (
), .
.
.
278
Copyright 1994-1998 Encyclopaedia Britannica.
279
Texte latin : [44,11] Hac uirium accessione animus creuit praetori, ut Cassandream oppugnaret.
condita est a Cassandro rege in ipsis faucibus, quae Pallenensem agrum ceterae Macedoniae iungunt,
hinc Toronaico, hinc Macedonico saepta mari. eminet namque in altum lingua, in qua sita est, nec
minus quam inaltus magnitudine Atho mons excurrit, obuersa in regionem Magnesiae duobus inparibus
promunturiis, quorum maiori Posideum est nomen, minori Canastraeum. diuisis partibus oppugnare
adorti. Romanus ad Clitas, quas uocant, munimenta, ceruis etiam obiectis, ut uiam intercluderet, a
Macedonico ad Toronaicum mare perducit.
280
B I B L I O T H E C A
A U G U S T A N A Iustinus floruit ca. 350 p. Chr. n.
EpitomaHistoriarum PhilippicarumPompeii TrogILiber XXIV

gallice
app. 2 1 Exinde externo metu deposito inpium et facinorosum animum ad domestica
scelera conuertit insidiasque Arsinoae, sorori suae, instruit, quibus et filios eius uita et ipsam
Cassandream urbis possessione priuaret. 2 Primus ei dolus fuit simulato amore sororis matrimonium
petere ; aliter enim ad sororis filios, quorum regnum occupauerat, quam concordiae fraude peruenire
non poterat. 3 Sed nota scelerata Ptolomei uoluntas sorori erat
281
Internet.
282
. .
90
279 .. The Nature of the Gods (Oxford World's Classics), by Marcus Tullius
Cicero, P. G. Walsh (Introduction) (June 1998, Excerpt from Back Matter: "... 439 f.
Apollodorus's reign of terror in Cassandreia (earlier Potidaea) lasted from 279 to
276, when he was expelled by ..."
278 ..
(278-240 ..)
.
277 ..
277-274

283.
1.000 . 284
. ,
...
276.. The cruelty of Apollodorus, tyrant of Cassandreia. Apollodorus
suffers from nightmares. Antigonus captures Cassandreia; the death of
Apollodorus.= ,
. .
, ...
242 .. 242 .. "
" ,
.

.
.
.

283
Human Sacrifice in Ancient Greece, by Dennis D. Hughes (Library Binding - August 1991),
Excerpt from page 136: "... the third century BC a certain Apollodorus plotted revolution in
Cassandreia. Diodorus (22.5.1) reports that in order to secure the loyalty ..."
284
, - .190-191. Internet.
288.... .
91
.

..
207 ..
. -,
100 .
169 ..
Rome and the Mediterranean: Books Xxxi-Xlv of the History of Rome
from Its Foundation, by Titus Livius, 2.on Page 533: "... Macedonia 169 B.C. allied
cities of the Parthini; he then went back to Rome to offer sacrifices. Perseus sent to
Cassandrea, to serve as a garrison, 1,ooo infantry and Zoo cavalry of the Penestae.
The envoys sent to Gentius returned with ..."
168 .. (179-168 .
.).
.285 168 ..
, ...
130 .. (-)
...286 ...
,
1 . .. . 1407,
( 479 .. ).
, (168 ..)

Regionis.
150 .. , ,
, 150 . . .. 287
285
. -, . , . 76.
286
. 9/2000-. 71.
287
- 2002. . 32 ..
92
43 .. .
288
. 289
,
"". 290
.lxxxiii
..291
, ,
colonia Augustae .

.
.

villa rustica,
territorium .
42 .. Battle of Philippi. Creation of Roman colonies in Kassandreia,
Dion, Philippi and Pella.292Les villes de Macdoine293 l'poque romaine 294, La
colonie romaine de Cassandra en Macdoine. Colonia Iulia Augusta Cassandrensis
(The Roman Colony of Cassandra in Macedonia. Colonia Iulia Augusta
Cassandrensis). Dodona 16(1), 1987, 353-437. External links Greek Coinage of
Cassandreia, by Moushmov number. 295
288
-.... 18.. ,
... ..
, ...
289
85 . 42 .. .
, ,
. .
( ), .
290
. - . 76-83.. Internet 2-10-01..
291
. , Internet.
292
Internet 18-9-01.. This is a timeline taken from D. Pandermalis' book MACEDONIA The Historical Profile
of Northern Greece. This is an excellent book to get hold of if you wish to learn more about Macedonia..
293
F. Papazoglou.
294
Supplment du BCH 16, Athens, 1988. D. Samsaris.
295
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassandreia".
93
29 .. Vergili maronis-Georgikon296 Liber IEmathiae portus

patriamque revisit Pallenen, hunc et Nymphae praepetibus pennis
ausus se credere caelo insuetum per iter gelidas enavit ad Arctos,
Chalcidicaque levis tandem super astitit arce. redditus his primum terris
tibi, Phoebe, sacravit remigium alarum posuitque immania templa. Ibo
et Chalcidico quae sunt mihi condita uersu297
0 (;) 298
.
39 Pharsalia The Civil War, By Lucan, Marcus annaeus Lucans A.D. 39-65,
..
50 .. .
(1 ..)
. 7.1.27...
,
. ,
, . , 299,
, , .
.( stadium n. (pl. stadiums)1an athletic or sports ground with
296
(70..-19..). , , ,
42 39.. ,
.
, , 37 30.., ,
4 .
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, 12 , 29 19 ..

297
MAJOR WORKS, Eclogae (42-37 BC; Eclogues), comprising 10 poems also known as the
Bucolica; Georgica (37-30 BC; Georgics), comprising 4 books of poems on farming and rural life in
Italy; and Aeneis (30-19 BC; Aeneid), an epic poem in 12 books.
298
Hellenistic Constructs: Essays in Culture, History, and Historiography (Hellenistic Culture and
Society, No 26), by Paul Cartledge (Editor), et al (Hardcover - November 1997), Excerpt from page
181: "... 171, see Livy [P] ,12.64.6; for the Roman panic at Cassandreia in 169, and again at Nleliboea
soon after, see Livy ..."
299
. , . 1961, . 27
94
tiers of seats for spectators.2(pl. stadiums or stadia) Antiq. a a course for

a foot-race or chariot-race. b a measure of length, about 185 metres.3a
stage or period of development etc.Etymology ME f. L f. Gk stadion300.
... 45-58 ..
301 ,
1 .. , ., .
. . .
50 .. (

)..302
101 .. 303
304...
171 . (171-168 ..)
. 168 . .
,

(region).. ...
198 .. . .. Caracalla AE20 of
Cassandreia, Macedonia. M AVR ANTONINVS, laureate head right / COLO IVL
300
301
Oxf. Dict., = 185 .

., (. . . -
), . . . , , . 247. . ,
. 1961, .99, . .
302
303
: ..Internet 5-11-2003.
. .. Martin Jessop Price-Binding: Hardcover-Publisher:
Classical Numismatic Group-Publishe Date:08/01/1991, -ISBN: 3908103002. . , . . . . ,

1996.
304
. 28-7-89, ...
, ,
.( . ).
95
AVG CAS, horned head of Zeus305 Ammon. SNG Copenhagen 154., As
revealed by the reverse legend, COLO IVL AVG CAS, it is a bronze coin of the
colony..
,
,

.
,
.Caracalla
306
211-217, AVR ANTONINVS....is listed by Varbanov in his

Catalogue of Greek Imperial Coins, in Bulgarian, Vol. III, no.2802, citing
Mouchmov's work of 1912, also in Bulgarian, Ancient Coins of the Balkan Peninsula.
Not a bad looking coin. It appears to be a Roman Provincial minted under
Caracalla 198 - 218 AD. The city, would be Cassandreia in Macedon.
.. Chronicon breve. 110.541.23-110.541.28,9
. .
.
.

.
305
. , .
, , , ,
. ,
.
, , ...
306
Caracallas. CARACALLUS, byname MARCUS AURELIUS SEVERUS

ANTONINUS AUGUSTUS, ( 196) SEPTIMIUS BASSIANUS,
( 196-198) MARCUS AURELIUS ANTONINUS CAESAR (. 4 , 188,
Lugdunum [ ], Gaul -- . 8 ..217, Carrhae, ), ,
, Septimius Severus, 198 211 211
217,
212, . Caracalla,
,
. " Loeb": Cassius Dio,
Dio, . . Cary, 77-79 Herodian, . C.R. Whittaker, 3 4
Scriptores Historiae Augustae, 2, . . Magie. Cassius Dio.
Caracalla
Mackenzie, Reign Caracalla (1949). Britannica 1994-1998.
96
, .
( 188- 217).
211 , .

( , 212).
213 216,
.
269 .. 307
308
.309 Internet.. .. 310

269 311.
Rome's Eastern Trade: International Commerce and Imperial Policy, 31.
300 .. . ()

, " ".
304 " ". .

(233 - 304 ..). .
(263 ..)
307
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308
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(, ).
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309
310
. , , . 176-. 83 ().
Aurelian and the Third Century, Aurelian and the Third Century, by Alaric Watson (Library
Binding - May 1999), Excerpt from page 3: "... the northern coast of the Aegean towards Chalcidice.
They attacked Cassandrea and then laid siege to Thessalonica." News of this Gothic ..."
311
History of the Goths, by Herwig Wolfram, Thomas J. Dunlap (Illustrator) (Paperback - April 1990),
Excerpt from page 53: "... composed mostly of Heruli were dropped off at Thessalonica and Cassandrea
on the Chalcidice. Meanwhile the "Hellas group" attacked Attica and ..."
97
.
. .
, , ,
.

;
; '

'
' ' '
'
.
' .
305 .. BC - AD 305, by Gary K. Young (Library Binding - August 2001), Excerpt from page
127: "... It would seem most likely that the military post at Flegra ceased to be of sufficient value to
maintain the garrison ..."
539
. 539,
312,
.313.
540
).
.
312
- - -
.. , (. . . ), . . . , , .239, 512 .. ...

313
internet..25-10-01.
98
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(451-454). (453..)

.
HISTORIARUM PHILIPPICARUM IN EPITOMEN REDACTI A M. IUNIANO
IUSTINO LIBER XXIV. II. Exinde externo metu deposito inpium et facinorosum
animum ad domesticae scelera convertit insidiasque Arsinoae, sorori suae, instruit,
quibus et filios eius vita et ipsam Cassandream urbis possessione privaret. 3 Quo
nomine in laetitiam effusa Arsinoe, quia quod morte Lysimachi, prioris mariti,
amiserat recepisset, ultro virum in urbem suam Cassandream invitat, cuius urbis
cupiditate fraus struebatur. 4 Praegressa igitur virum diem festum urbi in adventum
eius indicit, domos, templa ceteraque omnia exornari iubet, aras ubique hostiasque
disponi; 5 filios quoque suos, Lysimachum sedecim annos natum, Philippum triennio
minorem, utrumque forma insignem, coronatos occurrere iubet
540 314 .315
314
. , (1) .176-177.
315
Internet 18-9-01.. This is a timeline taken from D. Pandermalis' book MACEDONIA The Historical
Profile of Northern Greece. This is an excellent book to get hold of if you wish to learn more about
Macedonia. ca. 540 A.D.Huns invade Macedonia without success, to seize Thessaloniki, and destroy
Kassandra in Chalkidiki.
99
316... 540 ,
317 318
12 552,
319. ( )
,
...
,
320
540. , ,
,
558-9. 586.
...
HISTORIARUM PHILIPPICARUM IN EPITOMEN REDACTI A M.

IUNIANO IUSTINO. LIBER XXIV. II.
Exinde externo metu deposito inpium et facinorosum animum ad domesticae
scelera convertit insidiasque Arsinoae, sorori suae, instruit, quibus et filios eius
vita et ipsam Cassandream urbis possessione privaret. 2 Primus ei dolus fuit
simulato amore sororis matrimonium petere;Nuptiae magno apparatu laetitiaque
316
. 17-7-94,
. 6... ,
, ...
479 .... D. Robinson.
1928, 1931,1934 1938.
317
, 6 ,
. : )
9 10 ) ,
5
7 . 9 - 10 ,
. ) (, , , )
6

318
, .
319
. . 229.
320
-... -
9.www.mathra.gr/pagehistory/pagemak/pagebyzantini/pagebyzantini.html..
558-
100
omnium celebrantur. 2 Ad contionem quoque vocato exercitu capiti sororis diadema
inponit reginamque eam appellat. 3 Quo nomine in laetitiam effusa Arsinoe, quia
quod morte Lysimachi, prioris mariti, amiserat recepisset, ultro virum in urbem suam
Cassandream invitat
:
,4..Bell 2.4.4.- 2.4.9.1.-2.4.5

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. 4.3.20.-4.3.21.4

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. 4.3.21.4-4.3.26.2
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.321
(527-565)322
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321
. , 2000, 49-50, , .
.
322
Justinian I 483565 Byzantine emperor from 527and closed the university in
Athens 529
102
900 9
. .
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.( .
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324.
, .
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).
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323
.M. , H Mov o oo o oo, A 1896. 1-2, .
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333
. .
1115 1193.

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334
Internet 17-9-01. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001.Eustathius..
d. c.1194, Byzantine scholar, archbishop of Salonica (from 1175). He became renowned as master of
the orators at Hagia Sophia, Constantinople, then a center of learning. He lectured on Homer and
Pindar. As bishop Eustathius was active in the affairs of Salonica and secured religious freedom for its
inhabitants when the Normans captured it. He attempted to reform the monasteries but failed and was
temporarily obliged to leave the city. Works of interest include commentaries (especially on Homer),
which are valuable for extracts from lost Greek works, also a history (1185) of the Norman conquest of
Sicily and S Italy, funeral orations, and The Reform of Monastic Life.
335
. - 1933 . 37-39, ... .
. , ,
, , ..
105
-.
1.34.5-1.35.4
.
336 .
.

. .
...
1259 337
338
Cassandra339 in Greek mythology, the daughter of Priam, King of Troy.
Her
prophecies (for example, of the fall of Troy) were never believed, because she had
rejected the love of the god Apollo.She was murdered with Agamemnon by his wife
Clytemnestra, having been awarded as a prize to the Greek hero on his sacking of
Troy.
336
Birds Lysistrata Assembly-Women Wealth (Oxford World's Classics),
by Aristophanes,
Stephen Halliwell (Editor) (Paperback - February 1999), Excerpt from page 46: "... money too!
PEISETAIROS. No, better still, It's the plain of Phlegra, where the gods surpassed Their foes, the
Giants, in braggadocio! ..."
337
, 11 .
12 .
( .
,..
338
339
Enc.Hutchinson 1995.
TROILUS AND CRISEYDE-Book -III-by Geoffrey Chaucer.(1343-1400.). And, that thou
knowe I thenke nought ne wene-That this servyse a shame be or -Iape,I have my faire suster
Polixene,Cassandre, Eleyne, or any of the frape; Be she never so faire or wel y-shape,Tel me, which
thou wilt of everichone,To han for thyn, and lat me thanne allone.
106
1259, 340
..
... 1259
.
1261 .
. 341

.
1308 The Last Centuries of Byzantium, 1261-1453, by Donald M. Nicol.
1.on Page 134: "... into Macedonia. They fought their way through the passes of
Christoupolis
or
Kavalla,
crossed
the
peninsula
of
Chalkidike
and
occupied(;) Kassandria, the ancient Potidaia, to the south of Thessalonica.

There they spent the winter Of I3o8. It was at this ..."
1350
(1295-1359),
, 342

..1.246.16-1.247.7 .

340
(1281-1328), .
...
, ,

( 1387).
1294 1299
..
341
GENOA. In ancient times, what probably began as a Ligurian village on the

Sarzano Hill overlooking the natural port (today Molo Vecchio) prospered through contacts with the
Etruscans and the Greeks. As a flourishing Roman municipium it became a road junction, a military
port, and a market of the Ligurians. After the fall of the Roman Empire, followed by invasions of
Ostrogoths and Lombards, Genoa long existed in comparative obscurity as a fishing and agrarian
centre with little trade. By the 10th century, however, the general demographic and economic upswing
of Europe brought fresh opportunity and enabled the Genoese to answer the challenge of Muslim raids
vigorously. A Fatimid fleet stormed and sacked the town (934 or 935), but the Genoese raised their
walls anew and counterattacked under the leadership of their bishop and of the local viscounts. Soon,
Genoese merchant ships were trading briskly in the western Mediterranean and calling at Palestinian
seaports. Before 1100 a voluntary association (compagna) of all citizens who would contribute arms,
capital, or labour to the life of the community generated ...
342
. , . 1961, .26.
107

.

...
..
..1.246.2-1.246.11

.

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, ,
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1.245

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. . 215.
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348
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, 1356.
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. 1806.
110
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. 352 . (
) 1407
. '
1821 .
1407
1407 .
,
1 . ..
. 1407.( 479 ..)
350
351
352
. . . . 78.
Internet1-10-01..www.greek-tourism.gr/chalkidiki/xalkid5.htm.
. - . 79
111
,
, ,
.353
1423 ,
354.
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1426 355

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1430 356 .
.
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1500
.15
.lxxxvii ,
,
.
353
. , . 1961, .153-154.
354
,
. 89 .., ,
49.. .
355
. - . 79.
356
. - . 79.
357
Blue Guide-Greece, Stuart Rossiter, Ernest Benn Lmt. N. York.. 556...The peninsula Kassandra, the
ancient Pallene..from Nea potidaia the road
112
1532 Fr.Rabelais(1490-1553 ..) Gargantua and Pantagruel (1532)

or that of the men of Pallene in Thrace into birds358
1560 " ".
1591
1591
1821 . .. and the

church of the Taxiarches, which was founded in 1591 and is dependent
on the Mount Athos Dochiarion Monastery.
. .
1568 :
,
, .
1568.
, ,
...
.. . 1591.
999.. . 1591.
,
.. , ..359
358
MASTER FRANCIS RABELAIS-FIVE BOOKS OF THE LIVES, HEROIC DEEDS AND SAYINGS
OF-GARGANTUA AND HIS SON PANTAGRUEL-Translated into English bySir Thomas
Urquhart of Cromarty-and Peter Antony Motteux-There I had a full account of all

that Atteius Capito, Paulus, Marcellus,A. Gellius, Athenaeus, Suidas, Ammonius,
and others had writ of theSiticines and Sicinnists; and then we thought we might
as easily believe the transmutations of Nectymene, Progne, Itys, Alcyone,
Antigone, Tereus,and other birds. Nor did we think it more reasonable to doubt of
the transmogrification of the Macrobian children into swans, or that of the men of
Pallene in Thrace into birds, as soon as they had bathed themselves in the
Tritonic lake. After this the devil a word could we get out of him but of birds and
cages.
359
. , . 1961, .154.
113
1603 Montaignes360 Essay361(was first publ.in 1603)...In that great battell

at Potidaea a wich the grecians under.
1620 .
1639 " ".
1720 " ".
1742
.362
1765
Encyclopedie
Diderot363
Potidee,
Potidaea,
ville
de
Macedoine...cinq place que le Pericle de Scylax met dans la peninsule de

Pallene. ..Tite-Live, liv.LXIV
(1713-1784).
,
,
' . ..
1766 364 1766, 1775,
1778...
360
(1533-1592).
(1570) ,
( , ,
, (1580, 1588
1595). 1580-1581 , ,
( 1774).
361
Montaignes Essay(was first publ.in 1603).The first vol.Publ.in 1904, repr. In
1910 and 1924.Chap.XXXVI.

362
. ,
- 1970, . 325.
363
Encyclopedie Diderot 1765 Vol.13, pag.183.
364
, 1821.
114
1782 Ed.Gibbon365, 366,

,

,
, , ,
...
1807
.
1821
500 ( )367 ....368
365
(1737-1794).
(1776-1788),
.
366
367
HistoryThe Roman empire, Wr.1782, Rev.1845.

., 1821. . . 438,
1821, . 439
368
. Internet 11-9-2001- . : .
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: " - " " -
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1821
.
1827 373 ,
1242, 25 1827.
1828
.
1830 Urquhartlxxxviii
,
.
David Urquhart374 (1805-1877),
1830.lxxxix. .. 375
369
1821, - , 1987,
1996.
370
Internet 11-9-01 :
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.
3.000 ("")
,

371
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372
. , . 1961, . 52-54 73
. 57 . . ,.169. . 217
373
Firman, signed a firman (official edict).
374
The spirit of the East (2 )London 1838.
375
. .
116
376
.
1846 377,
, Cousinery, Isambert ...378
1851 1851 , ,
,
,
1855.
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,
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1837).379
1854 .380...
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1843 ,
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(1764- 1830).
,

376
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377
378
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. , , , , .
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(*), III, ... , ). 19 1929.
380
. . (.) . . 447.
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1860 .382... 383
, 384
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, 1857, . 642.
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. 1788 1873.
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383
384
- 1860 .191.
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. 181-191.
118
1869 1869

387
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(1870) .
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.388
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. , .
1876 Duchesne390,
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1878 . , .391
. ...
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, . 530 . 119
. . 5.239 . ,
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. 14-11-1821 . 1913.
.
388
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. . -, , 1874. 2. 2
.355-426 , .399-403 . -.393395. . .

.. M. , H Mov o oo o oo, A 1896.
1-2. Otto Abel, . .
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391
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1878., 1969.. 20, 29, 36, 38, 85, 95, 97, 103, 126.
119
1890 J. W. Mackail. First Published 1890, " Select Epigragrams392 from

the greek Anthology", by 393 "
changed the name of the city into Cassandrea"
1896 he was born about b.c. 450,and was present at the sisge of
394
Potidaea, where he was woynded and his life was savedby Sy
Socrates .Internet..ISLAM-Sex-&-ViolenceANWAR SHAIKH.
Socrates was not only a great philosopher but also a soldier of high
stature. "At Potidaea he saved both the life and the arms of the young Alcibiades, and
gave up in the youth's favour his claim to the prize of velour."
1903 . , .
. 395 .
,
, .(.
)396
450.7
. .

. ,
.

.
392
7 .. . ,
.
393
First Published 1890, by Logmans, Green " Select Epigragrams from the greek
Anthology", by J. W. Mackail.
394
395
Cornelius nepos Alcibades Cambridge 1914, First edition 1896, repr.1914.

, , ...
. .
.1
3,1.331.8-3,1.331.12
. .
..
396
. , . . . 1903.
120
1912
1912-1913.397
-
1912-1949. 398..
. 26
1912, 1913.
1919
(1919-1925)
Neuilly
. 1923
399, .
.
. .
400 ,
.
. .401
1922 .402 .xc
403.(
, ).xci .xcii
397
. , 1821.
398
. , . 1961, .184-185.
399
... . 1912 1923.
400
. , . 1961.
401
11 . 219-231 .
. Copyright: - ,
Thrakika@mailcity.com, Internet http://orpheus.ee.duth.gr/ . " "
16-18
402
. , , -, . 74-83.
.
403
Internet 24-9-01.. NEA POTIDEA .Nea Potidea was founded in 1922 by refugees from eastern Thrace on the
site of ancient Potidea or Pallini. Its history goes back to the early 17th century when it was still a Corinthian
colony. Even in ancient years, it played a large role due to its strategic position between Thermaic and the
Toroneos Gulfs. Today, Nea Potidea is a modern town, a significant holiday resort and an important harbour..
121
1922404
405 .

.
(1922)
406 ,
100.000 .407
.
. ,
, 7 .. , .
Rhaedestus Rodosto.
Tekirdag.408
,
1912. .
,
409. T
Cinarkoy.xciii
410
. , ...
404
- eld.teipir.gr/prefectures/greek/Xalkidiki/XersonisosKasandra.htm.
405
.. ,
. 13 . .. ,
(6 .),
(334 ..).
406
407
. , . 1984, . 133.
. . , , . , , 6, . 6-17.
408
Formerly RODOSTO, city, European Turkey, on the Sea of Marmara. Probably founded in the 7th century BC
as a Greek settlement called Bisanthe, it was renamed Rhaedestus when it became the capital of Thrace in the 1st
century BC. Taken by the Ottoman Turks in the second half of the 14th century, it was later occupied successively
by Russia (1877-78), Bulgaria (1912), and Greece (1920-22). For centuries it served as the port for the Adrianople
(modern Edirne) area, but it declined when Alexandroupolis (Dedeaga, now in Greece) on the Aegean Sea
became the terminus of the railway up the Maritsa River in 1896... Copyright 1994-1998 Encyclopaedia
Britannica.
409
G.Horton, The Blight of Asia.
410
., . . ,
. .. , .
122
... ,

(411, , , ..) . 412
1922.
413 1920,
.
,
, .
1921 ,
-.
. 1921
,
.
.
,
.
(1.000.000
1924, 1923.
,

, .
411
Frommer's (r) Europe from $70 a Day, by Fernand Braudel (Paperback - December 2002) Excerpt
from Back Matter: "... Apollonia Odessos - Mesembria onpiaamnus -ca. - Cvzicus Potidaea ~ 'Pariuni
meth.- \ Thasos . Lampsacus Apollonia c p ..."
412
. ,
(
. ). .
. 478 .. . ,
...
413
. ..
123
,
414 1920- ( )
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1922, , .
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. 416 ,
297 , 1922.
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414
: 10 1920, .
, ,
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1923.
415
: . Internet.
416
, ,
1998, 328.
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432
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Amantini atque Orestae, coloniae Bullidenses et Dienses, Xylopolitae, Scotussaei
liberi, Heraclea Sintica, Tymphaei, Toronaei. (36) in ora sinus Macedonica oppidum
Chalastra et intus Pyloros, Lete, medioque litoris flexu Thessalonice liberae
condicionis (as hanc a Dyrrhachio CCXLV), Therme, in Thermaico sinu oppida
Dicaea, Palinandrea, Scione, promunturium Canastraeum, oppida Pallene, Phlegra.
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427
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430
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Xena : Warrior Princess, by Rob Weisbrot (Author) (Paperback - February 1998) Excerpt from
page 185: "... Gabrielle leaves Xena and returns to her home village of Potidaea. She finds it
threal.ened by the bandit chief Damon ..."
432
Internet Xena.
130
Phryxelon, Mendae, et in Pallenensi isthmo quondam Potidaea, nunc Cassandrea
colonia, Anthemus, Olophyxus, (37) sinus Mecyberna, oppida Miscella, Ampelos,
Torone, Singos, Telos, fretum quo montem Atho Xerxes Persarum rex continenti
abscidit in longitudine passuum MD. mons ipse a planitie excurrit in mare ad XXV
[=in maria LXXV] passuum, ambitus radicis CL colligit.
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Princeton encyclopedia ( Internet) .
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Sites (eds. Richard Stillwell, William L. MacDonald, Marian-HollandMcAllister)-P- POTEIDAIA (Nea Poteidaia) Chalkidike, Greece...
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434
There was an old woman--Sites Internet.... Grasshopper Curse: Volume One of An Immortal's
Life_, by Rupert Giles. Harper Prism.The early life and adventures of the future immortal, Bree of
Potidaea... slayerfanfic.com/Mediancat/woman.html - 10k -.
435
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cleruchs installed there. Laid waste by Philip II in 356 BC and only refounded as
Cassandria by Kassander in 316/5 BC.Many Roman veterans settled in the region
during the 1st century BC, when it was declared a colonia.Of importance in the
excavations so far are two buildings with three constructional phases (5th, first half of
4th century BC and early Roman era), which were probably used for cult. Remnants
of the Hellenistic city wall as well as of Hellenistic and Roman buildings are
preserved at the site of Malta, S of Nea Potidaia. At the site of Petriotika, S of modern
Potidaia, a single-chamber Macedonian tomb was discovered. The marble biers
decorated with Dionysiac themes are exhibited in the Thessaloniki Archaeological
Museum.The canal (1250 m long, 40 m wide, 8 m deep) through the isthmus
connecting the Cassandra peninsula with Chalkidiki was perhaps cut by Cassander to
facilitate shipping.In Early Byzantine times Cassandria, at the site of ancient Potidaea,
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1603 Montaignes Essay(was first publ.in 1603).The first vol.Publ.in 1904, repr.
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the grecians under.
1620 .
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1765 Encyclopedie Diderot 1765 Vol.13, pag.183Potidee, Potidaea, ville de
Macedoine...cinq place que le Pericle de Scylax met dans la peninsule de
Pallene.
1766
1766,
1775,
1778..
, 1821
1782 Ed.Gibbon, HistoryThe Roman empire, Wr.1782, Rev.1845cities
or castles erased Potidaea, wich Athens had build, and Philip had
besieged
1807
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.
1896 Cornelius nepos Alcibades Cambridge 1914, First edition 1896,
repr.1914he was born about b.c. 450,and was present at the sisge of
Potidaea, where he was woynded and his life was savedby Sy Socrates
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1937 A 1937-1967. - .
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1991 Library of congress, .
DF261.P64 M45 1991 ,
.
1992 E.Badian From Plataea to Potidaea,..historiography of the
Pentecontaetia.
1994 The Ancient history Bulletin 123-131,E.D.Carneyceraunus wanted
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1999 Internet Gallery of the St.Luke Academy,
Raffaello Canova Van Dyck:Socrates saving Alcibiadewsduring the battle
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1999 . , .
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1999 Internet Xena.
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, , . .
Aristophanes..................................................67, 105
1
1821......................................................................10
1922...11, 16, 40, 120, 121, 122, 123, 135, 148, 224,
225, 227
Aristotle.....................................................60, 66, 73
Athens.............................................................32, 68
C
Cassandreia..9, 15, 36, 42, 48, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 88,
A
Alexander. .36, 39, 45, 57, 75, 76, 77, 78, 81, 83, 84,
85, 127, 149, 215, 220, 221, 227
90, 93, 128, 131, 150, 210, 211, 213, 214, 220,
221, 226
203
Chalcidice9, 15, 41, 42, 44, 210, 212, 213, 214, 217,
Macedonia...10, 29, 36, 78, 82, 84, 92, 98, 210, 213,
218, 219, 220, 222, 226

Chalkidice...........................................................226
Chalkidike. . .18, 33, 81, 88, 130, 211, 212, 216, 226,
227
chalkidiki.............................................................110
Chalkidiki................................78, 98, 209, 210, 211
220, 221, 222, 226, 227
O
Olynthos......................................................211, 226
P
Pallene.....9, 15, 17, 33, 37, 44, 69, 81, 88, 111, 112,
113, 128, 131, 146, 150, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213,
colony 42, 56, 58, 120, 210, 212, 213, 214, 219, 220,
223, 226
222, 227
Corinthian........................................................82, 84
Pellenians............................................................209
peninsula.........................................................15, 81
Pericles..................................................................55
Demitsas................................................................36
Demosthenes............................75, 78, 222, 223, 226
Petralona......................................................210, 223
Phlegra.....9, 10, 15, 17, 18, 20, 21, 26, 69, 105, 210,
226
Encyclopedia.................................................20, 130
Plato.................................74, 88, 141, 217, 218, 221
Polygyros.....................................................227, 228
Flegra.............................9, 10, 15, 97, 131, 209, 227
Poseidon...............14, 27, 45, 48, 209, 214, 220, 227

Poteidaea..................................9, 15, 33, 75, 76, 226
Poteidaia.................33, 130, 212, 214, 215, 226, 227
giant......................................................................17
Goths...........................................................226, 227
POTEIDAIA....................................35, 72, 220, 226

Potidaea. 9, 15, 32, 36, 41, 42, 44, 45, 47, 49, 54, 55,
Greece..15, 18, 27, 28, 32, 33, 39, 44, 45, 46, 47, 49,
56, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 65, 66, 67, 68, 74, 75, 77,
57, 60, 61, 63, 66, 74, 78, 80, 90, 92, 98, 111,
78, 79, 81, 113, 119, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131,
121, 130, 210, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 219,
140, 141, 142, 146, 148, 149, 150, 210, 212, 213,
220, 222, 224, 226
214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223,
Greek................15, 17, 20, 26, 33, 45, 54, 81, 82, 84
225, 226
Potidaea ..............................................................114
Haensel..................................................................19
Potidaeans.............................................................27
Hercules......................................................209, 211
Potidea......15, 59, 120, 131, 220, 222, 226, 227, 228
Herodotus............................................................212
Procopius.............................................................226
history....45, 104, 120, 128, 150, 210, 212, 213, 215,
223, 224, 226
Roman. 15, 18, 68, 81, 82, 84, 92, 93, 114, 146, 209,
Homer...........................................................70, 104
Internet 18, 19, 24, 25, 26, 29, 31, 32, 39, 40, 41, 44,
62, 66, 73, 75, 78, 81, 87, 88, 92, 98, 104, 110,
114, 115, 119, 120, 125, 129, 130, 138, 150, 208,
209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218,
219, 220, 221, 222, 224, 225, 226
K
Kassandreia..............................36, 92, 223, 226, 227
223, 224, 226, 227
Socrates....58, 59, 119, 129, 148, 150, 217, 218, 221

Stravo..................................................................128
T
Thrace..................................................15, 17, 20, 26
THRACIAN..........................................................18
Titans....................................................................21
Trojan..........................................................209, 210
Troy.......................................................70, 105, 209
204
war.....58, 66, 78, 209, 210, 213, 214, 217, 218, 219,
......59, 66, 70, 74, 81, 94, 109, 113, 118, 145,
220, 224
148, 227
.....16, 24, 32, 40, 55, 61, 67, 73, 79, 139,
140, 141, 223
Xenophon..............................................69, 218, 226
..................................70, 77, 78, 80, 142

....................................................15, 140
Pallene................................................................44
Chalkidiki ...........................................................29
Herodotus ...........................................................31
Macedonia ..........................................................41
......................................................71, 141
.........................30, 40, 92, 93, 138, 139, 143
Pallene ................................................................31
Poseidon .............................................................31
............................................................23, 28
Poteidaia..............................................................35
Potidaea ..........................................31, 33, 41, 213

Alexander.............................................................73
Aristotle...............................................................73
Chalcidice............................................................65
Chalkidike............................................................33
colony...................................................................33
Demosthenes........................................................35
Goths....................................................................34
Greece..................................................................43
..................................................10, 91
.......................73, 79, 80, 141, 142, 170
..................................................................49
.............................................................18
.....69, 110, 118, 121, 131, 133, 148, 220, 223

....40, 79, 118, 121, 124, 142, 149
..........................................................122
Herodotus.............................................................31
Kassandreia....................................................34, 35
.....................................................16, 24, 70
Macedonia......................................................34, 43
...............................................69, 124, 149
Pallene..............................................27, 33, 88, 213
....................................................16, 126
Pellenians.............................................................18
peninsula..............................................................43
Phlegra...............................................................213
Polygyros.............................................................35
Poseidon...............................................................35
................................11, 28, 120, 121, 148
...................................40, 125, 127, 149, 225
Poteidaia...................................................33, 34, 35
Potidaea....................................62, 63, 73, 128, 213
15, 20, 25, 26, 93, 105, 138, 143, 162, 171,
Procopius..............................................................35
Roman....................................................34, 35, 213
Troy..............................................................18, 213
war.......................................................................26
Xenophon.............................................................35
173, 174, 178, 198, 200, 208, 209, 226
..........................................................39, 138
......30, 39, 49, 57, 68, 69, 73, 102, 118, 124
................................................39, 118, 148
.........................................................167
. ..............................................19, 125, 149
................................................................208
...........................................................114
..........................................................23, 208
...................................................................23
205
.........................................................60, 140
..............................................................41, 139
.....................................20, 26, 31, 45, 138
-.......................................10
.18, 19, 24, 28, 40, 44, 46, 56, 69, 70, 71,
73, 74, 75, 76, 79, 80, 81, 87, 88, 90, 92, 99, 104,
113, 114, 116, 117, 119, 120, 125, 128, 137, 141,
....................................15, 24, 126, 138, 224

...................................25, 93, 105, 143, 144
142, 146, 147, 148, 149, 209, 223, 224

..............................................19, 125, 225
.................................................125, 133, 225
. 20, 26, 104, 151, 157, 160, 161, 162, 172,
..............................................................19
173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 193, 196, 198, 200
............................................................69, 208
...................................................16, 118, 134
..........................................................24, 81
.............................................123, 129, 150
................................11
.................16, 102, 112, 118, 146
.........................................20, 24, 91, 138
.............................11, 120, 123, 148, 212
.......................................................16, 126
. 87, 91, 94, 96, 99, 106, 114, 118, 123,
143, 144, 146, 148, 209
...................................11, 40, 121, 130
.....................24, 56, 60, 71, 128, 149, 162
......28, 62, 63, 66, 69, 71, 129, 140, 141,
.....19, 72, 92, 94, 124, 130, 141, 143, 149
150
..................................28, 67, 129, 141, 150
..............................................20, 26, 117, 138
...................................................18, 19, 40, 49
' ....................................................19, 125
.............................................................16
. 19, 40, 63, 96, 120, 124, 129, 130, 131, 136,
....................................................40, 79, 223
140, 143, 149
.........................................................99, 144
......25, 81, 102, 117, 118, 123, 124, 127,

147, 148, 208, 211, 223, 226
....11, 19, 111, 113, 114, 118, 127, 129,
130, 131, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 211, 225
. .20, 25, 27, 32, 40, 70, 74, 81, 91, 92,
................................................................213
....19, 20, 24, 25, 27, 29, 30, 31, 40, 81, 93,
104, 117, 128, 131, 138, 143, 144, 149, 151, 157,
93, 96, 97, 98, 103, 105, 106, 108, 109, 111, 117,
160, 162, 172, 173, 176, 177, 193, 194, 196, 198,
131, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 147, 151, 157, 159,
200, 208, 224, 226
160, 162, 173, 196, 200, 208, 211, 226

........................................16, 19, 84, 142
32, 40, 81, 91, 110, 124, 125, 127, 142,
149, 226
.....................................................................23
...........................................23
.......19, 28, 30, 40, 66, 138, 139, 140, 225
...........................................39, 56, 57, 65
............................................63, 140
............................23, 32
206
....................................................31, 138
.................................................................67
...............................11, 28, 120, 123, 148
...........................................28, 117, 131, 148
...............................................................36
...........11, 28, 120, 123, 124, 133, 148, 149
....................................59, 76, 142, 200, 221
...................................................40
.....................................................125, 127, 149

...........................................................24, 208
..........................................................40, 139
.................................................................69
.......................16, 18, 23, 32, 62, 73, 208
....................................62, 63, 125, 140, 225
.................................................................49
......................................11, 28, 120, 123, 148
............................................................19
......19, 24, 25, 28, 29, 30, 32, 93, 143, 151,
160, 161
..............................................................132
...................................15, 58, 59, 140, 225
...........................................28, 111, 131, 145
........99, 101, 109, 124, 132, 144, 145, 149, 223
...................14, 33, 45, 72, 138, 139, 223
.................................................130, 213
.......................................................16, 225
......27, 31, 32, 40, 56, 131, 138, 162, 208,
226
....19, 25, 27, 30, 32, 40, 41, 44, 46, 47, 49,
....................16, 32, 40, 70, 77, 79, 142, 223

......40, 77, 78, 80, 124, 142, 149, 208, 223,
54, 55, 58, 63, 65, 66, 67, 71, 72, 74, 75, 76, 77,
81, 91, 93, 94, 96, 99, 101, 102, 109, 110, 111,
225
....20, 25, 104, 119, 151, 157, 160, 162, 172,
114, 115, 117, 118, 120, 123, 125, 126, 127, 130,
131, 133, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145,
146, 148, 149, 151, 156, 157, 160, 162, 167, 170,
173, 196, 200, 208, 211, 218, 220, 223, 226, 227
...........................39, 153, 154, 159, 160
173, 176, 177, 178, 196, 200

.........................................36, 171, 175, 177
..18, 19, 22, 23, 24, 25, 28, 30, 45, 56, 67,
70, 72, 73, 75, 91, 92, 108, 110, 111, 114, 115,
..................................39, 153, 154, 159
116, 118, 120, 130, 141, 145, 146, 147, 148, 208,
........11, 16, 124, 134, 135, 149, 224, 225
216, 221, 223, 225, 226

19, 20, 23, 24, 25, 26, 29, 30, 39, 40, 46,
...................................................16, 133
69, 70, 74, 79, 92, 99, 102, 103, 116, 118, 123,
........................................................24
125, 128, 130, 137, 138, 139, 142, 144, 149, 150,
208, 209, 211, 216, 223, 224, 225, 227
................................................11, 28, 121
................................................11, 28, 131
.........................................................94, 141
..................................20, 24, 40, 113, 146

................................111, 124, 145, 149

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ii
Maria Nystazopoulou - PelekidouThe "Macedonian Question"A Historical ReviewTranslated by Ilias Kyzirakos.
- .. Note from the Author-by Mr. Nikolaos Martis,author of the book

"MACEDONIA"...Documents of Ancient Greek, Hebrew and Roman writers.Excerpts from the Old and New
Testament and other sources. Athens, April 1995 .
iii
Internet 3-10-01.. www.archaeometry.gr/publication/sybosio/index-gr.htm

:
. 1, . 2, . 1 . 1-1
--, ..., 540 06 ,
.-: -A , ,
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iv
Internet 26-9-01. www.miti3000.org/greca_g.htm. GIGANTOMACHIA
(C1), la lotta grandiosa e primordiale
che si svolse tra i Giganti e gli Olimpi nella penisola di Pallene, in Tracia. Bench fossero di origine divina, i Giganti
erano mortali o, almeno, potevano essere uccisi se colpiti contemporaneamente da un dio e da un mortale. Per questo
nella lotta fu determinante la presenza di Eracle, non ancora accolto tra gli dei. I Giganti furono sconfitti uno per uno:
Alcinoo a esempio, che era invincibile finch rimaneva sul suolo patrio, fu ucciso da Atena e da Eracle dopo che l'eroe
l'ebbe trascinato fuori da Pallene; Efialte fu colpito da una freccia di Apollo nell'occhio sinistro e da una di Eracle
nell'occhio destro; Porfirione, che assal Era, venne abbattuto dal fulmine di Zeus e dalle frecce di Eracle.
Internet, ... Hercules and the Giants-... Porphyrion and Alkyoneus. Alkyoneus could
remain
the
land
immortal
of
his
birth,
as
Pallene,
long
in
the
region
as
of
he
Thrace.
fought
bold
troublemaker
in
...
www.perseus.tufts.edu/Herakles/giants.html - 8k.
v
Hercules and the Giants Zeus wasn't always the king of the Greek gods. Ouranos was the king of the first generation
of gods, but he was overthrown by Zeus, who was his son. Even after Zeus took charge, succeeding generations and
different races of gods still competed for control of Olympus. While Zeus was establishing himself, the Earth gave birth
to a new, monstrous set of gods, the Giants, which were fathered by the Sky. The Giants were as tall as mountains and
so strong as to be unbeatable. The Olympian gods were anthropomorphic, which means that they looked a lot like
human men and women. But the Giants were frightening to look at. According to Apollodorus, their shaggy hair
drooped from their heads and chins, and they had dragon scales on their feet. Cleveland 78.59, Attic red figure
lekythos, c. 480 B.C, The shaggy giant EnkeladosPhotograph courtesy of the Cleveland Museum of Art The
mightiest Giants were Porphyrion and Alkyoneus. Alkyoneus could remain immortal as long as he fought in the land of
his birth, Pallene, in the region of Thrace. A bold troublemaker, Alkyoneus dared to steal some cows owned by the
Sun. The Giants tossed house-sized boulders and burning oak trees at Mount Olympus to pass the time. They were not
yet ready for an all-out attack.
vi
Chalkidiki is often mentioned in Greek mythology. It has been reported that the ancient name of Kassandra was
Flegra, which means fireplace. It was the birthplace of the giants and it became a battlefield, when the giants tried to
expel the gods from Mt Olympus. According to a myth, a giant, for the earthquakes of Engelados, was squashed under
a piece of earth the gods threw at him and was buried under the Kassandra peninsula. But since the giants are
immortal, occasionally he tried to free himself from the burden that squashed him and this is how earthquakes occur.,
has always been named after Sithonas, who was the son of Poseidon. He married the nymph Mende and they had a
daughter, Pallene, after whom the Kassandra peninsula and one of its ancient cities were named. The mythical
testimonies that followed came from the Trojan war period.
Aeneas, leaving the ruined city of Troy, spent the winter near cape Karabournou, where he built a city which later
took his name. It was at Kassandra that the Pellenians from Achaia also stopped on their way back from Troy. They
had captivated Trojan women, who burnt down their ships, in order not to live in captivity. So the Pellenians were
forced to live there and marry their slaves. It is believed that the peninsula took its second name from them. The first
traces of life on Chalkidiki appeared 700,000 years ago, according to the finds of the cave "Petralona"
vii
154.
viii
1667 PARADISE LOST by John Milton(1608-1674) Paradise Lost Book I And now his heart Distends with pride,
and hardning in his strength Glories: For never since created man, Met such imbodied force, as nam'd with these Could
merit more then that small infantry Warr'd on by Cranes: though all the Giant brood Of Phlegra with th' Heroic Race
were joyn'd That fought at Theb's and Ilium, on each side Mixt with auxiliar Gods; and what resounds In Fable or
Romance of Uthers Son Begirt with British and Armoric Knights
ix
The Last Days of Pompeii(1834)-by Edward George Bulwer-Lytton (1803-1873)
Difficult was it then and there to guess the causes why the tradition of the place wore so gloomy and stern a hue; why,
in those smiling plains, for miles around--to Baiae and Misenum--the poets had imagined the entrance and thresholds of
their hell--their Acheron, and their fabled Styx: why, in those Phlegrae, now laughing with the vine, they placed the
battles of the gods, and supposed the daring Titans to have sought the victory of heaven--save, indeed, that yet, in yon
seared and blasted summit, fancy might think to read the characters of the Olympian thunderbolt.
Internet 26-9-01.. Sulpicia - Corpus Tibullianum III.13 (IV.7), Commentary, Fama est (the story tells that...,
the story goes that...) asks for a subject complement with an infinitive, as f.e. in Ovid's Esse viros fama est in
Hyperborea Pallene. The particular construction used by Sulpicia however being an infinitive clause without an
accusative, the value of sit mihi fama is the same as that of ferar in the closing line. Furthermore, the particular
construction with quam may have suggested something like praestat, malo,... to the listeners minds, as in Esse
quam videri praestat. So malle is present here as magis + volitive subjunctive. Which leaves us with: Qualem
texisse pudori quam
xi
Internet 26-9-01 Infoplease. Com Khalkidhiki, peninsula (1981 pop. 79,036), NE Greece, projecting into the
Aegean Sea from SE Macedonia. Its southern extremity terminates in three peninsulas: Kassandra (anc. Gr. Pallene) in
the west, Sithonia in the center, and Athos in the east. The region is largely mountainous, dry, and agricultural. Olive
oil, wine, wheat, and tobacco are produced; magnesite is mined. In antiquity the peninsula was famous for its timber.
Olynthus and Potidaea were the chief towns in antiquity; Poliyiros is today the leading town and an administrative
center. The peninsula was named for Khalks, which established colonies there in the 8th and 7th cent. b.c. In the 4th
cent. b.c. the peninsula was conquered by Philip II of Macedon, and in the 2d cent. b.c. by Rome. The subsequent
history of Khalkidhik is essentially that of Thessalonki. .. Potidaea...ancient city, NE Greece, at the
narrowest point of the Pallene (now Kassndra) peninsula in Chalcidice (now Khalkidhik). It was a Corinthian colony
(c.600 b.c.) but joined the Athenian-dominated Delian League. Potidaea revolted (432) against Athens with Corinthian
help, providing one of the incitements to the Peloponnesian War. Athens recaptured (430 or 429) the city. Philip II of
Macedon took (356) Potidaea and may have destroyed it in the ensuing war. Rebuilt by Cassander, the city was named
Cassandreia.
xii
-Internet..ELECTRIC-LIBRARY-PRSENTS-ENCYCLOPEDIA., Potidaea,potid , ancient city, NE Greece, at

the narrowest point of the Pallene (now Kassndra) peninsula in Chalcidice (now Khalkidhik). It was a Corinthian
colony (c.600 B.C.) but joined the Athenian-dominated Delian League. Potidaea revolted (432) against Athens with
Corinthian help, providing one of the incitements to the Peloponnesian War. Athens recaptured (430 or 429) the city.
Philip II of Macedon took (356) Potidaea and may have destroyed it in the ensuing war. Rebuilt by Cassander, the city
was named Cassandreia.
xiii
This page last updated on by Christopher Webber vakarr@yahoo.com He would, for example, cut off the hands
and feet and heads of children and hang them about their parents' necks to wear, or cut off the parts of husbands and
wives and exchange them; at times, after lopping off his victims' hands, he would split them down the spine, and on
occasion would even carry the hewn halves on the points of spears, whereby he surpassed in cruelty Phalaris and the
tyrant of Cassandreia, Apollodorus.. , ' , TLG ..Lexicon

20.200.1-20.200.7 .

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xv
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xvii
Internet 26-9-01.(Toubis Editions)
Quite a lot later, Chalkidiki inspired the ancient Greeks who- mentioned it -often in their mythology.
Poet Hesiod, in his marvellous work 'Theogony', tell us that gods and men shared a common origin. The first man, the
'protanthropos' sprang out of the earth itself, and one of the sites which claim to the honour of witnessing this is
Kassandra in Chalkidiki: it was once called Pallene or Phlegres, and there, it is said, Phlegraean Alcyoneus, the earliest
of the Giants, sprang from the ground. Phlegres (which means 'burning fields') or Pallene (Kassandra) was also the
place where the ferocious Battle of the Giants, took place, between Mother Earth (Gea), and her sons the Giants on one
side and the gods of Olympus and chosen mortals, like Hercules and Dionysus, at the other side.According to the myth,
the goddess Athena threw the Kassandra promontory at the Giant Enceladus...
xviii
Internet 8-10-01.. EARLY RELATIONS BETWEEN GREEKS AND THRACIANS
Chalkis and Eretria
founded colonies even further east, in the Chalkidike peninsula that lies between the estuaries of the Axios and the
Strymon, possibly from as early as the eighth century BC. The Chalkidians colonized Sithonia (Torone). Strabo
mentions that in the land of the Thracian tribe of Sithonians alone, the Chalkidians founded around thirty cities. For this
reason the peninsula was named Chalkidike, as early as the fifth certury BC. Among these Chalkidian cities were
Sermyle on the gulf of Torone and Torone on the gulf of Sithonia. The Chalkidian colonies mainly remained small
farming settlements. Olynthos (near present-day Myriophyto) was an exception. A small town before the Persian Wars,
in 432 BC it received the inhabitants of approximately thirty cities (synoecism) and became the largest city of
Chalkidike. From the fourth century BC it was capital of the Chalkidike Confederacy.
Poteidaia, the sole Corinthian colony in Chalkidike, founded circa 600 BC by Periandros, also developed into a
large city, retaining close ties with its metropolis. Poteidaia dominated the entire western part of Chalkidike, thanks to
its extremely favourable location on the isthmus of Pallene (of the western peninsula of Chalkidike), for which reason it
played a signifcant role ir the history of Hellenism in the region.
Further east, the rich region of the Strymon estuary and Mount Pangaion was full of Greek colonies. In general the
Thracian population accepted peaceful coexistence with the colonists, as Herodotus attests (V, 23). This does not, of
course, mean that were no cases of resistance. Circa 680 BC the Parians, led by Telesikles, father of the poet
Archilochos, colonized Thasos, where they at first encountered intense hostility from the Thracian tribe of Saians. The
colonists put down the resistance and also settled on the opposite, mainland coast of Thrace (peraia), seeking as always
gold and silver. So they founded Galepsos, Oisyme and Strymne, the last in the foothills of Ismaro. In the same region
Chians founded Maroneia.
xix
Cd Rom Multipedia.. Potidaea
Ancient Greek city. Colonized c600 BC, it revolted against Athens (432 BC) and
Athens s subsequent treatment of Potidaea helped bring about the second Peloponnesian War. The city was destroyed
(348 BC) by Philip II of Macedon.
xx
24-10-01... ( ),
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, (
)
xxi
Cd Rom Enc. Britannica.. (d. c. 588 BC), second tyrant of Corinth (c. 628-588), a firm and effective ruler who
exploited his city's commercial and cultural potential. Much of the ancient Greek representation of Periander as a cruel
despot probably derives from the Corinthian nobility, with whom he dealt harshly. Periander was the son of Cypselus,
the founder of the Cypselid dynasty of Corinth. To promote and protect Corinthian trade, Periander established colonies
at Potidaea in Chalcidice and at Apollonia in Illyria. He conquered Epidaurus and annexed Corcyra. The diolkos
("portage way") across the Isthmus of Corinth was perhaps built during his reign. It appears that the commercial
prosperity of Periander's Corinth became so great that the tolls on goods entering its ports accounted for almost all
government revenues. Periander cultivated friendly relations with Thrasybulus, tyrant of Miletus, and maintained ties
with the kings of Lydia and Egypt. In the cultural sphere he was a patron of art and of literature; by his invitation the
poet Arion came to the city from Lesbos. Sometimes reckoned as one of the Seven Wise Men of Greece, Periander was
the supposed author of a collection of maxims in 2,000 verses. Copyright 1994-1998 Encyclopaedia Britannica.
xxii
http://www.csd.uch.gr/~lazouras/apoik2.htm ,
,
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, , ,

xxiii
Internet 26-9-01..The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001.-Potidaea
(KEY) , ancient city, NE Greece, at the narrowest point of the Pallene (now Kassndra) peninsula in Chalcidice (now
Khalkidhik). It was a Corinthian colony (c.600 B.C.) but joined the Athenian-dominated Delian League. Potidaea
revolted (432) against Athens with Corinthian help, providing one of the incitements to the Peloponnesian War. Athens
recaptured (430 or 429) the city. Philip II of Macedon took (356) Potidaea and may have destroyed it in the ensuing
war. Rebuilt by Cassander, the city was named Cassandreia.
xxiv
Potidaea..Cd Rom Bookshelf 95.An ancient city of northeast Greece in Macedonia. Founded as a Corinthian
colony in 609 B.C., it revolted against Athens in 432 but was reconquered in 429 after a two-year siege. Philip of
Macedon destroyed the city in 356.
xxv
Internet 1-10-01 , , 12
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xxvi
CD-ROM Multipedia .. Cressida: , Troyans, ! Helen ! , !
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Cassandra ,
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, Cassandra comfy: ... Cassandra
Gilliatt, , 17 1971
xxvii
xxviii
... 4 (, NW)
LacusCurtius 4 ...Hypsizonus, Epytus, Alcyon, Elaeuomne,
oppida Nissos, Phryxelon, Mendae et Pallenensi, Isthmo Potidaea, nunc Cassandrea colonia, Anthemus,
Olophyxus. www.ukans.edu/jstorj'a / index/europe/ancient_rome/L/Roman / Texts/Pliny_the_Elder/4*.html - 101k
oppidum Chalastra Macedonica ora et intus Phloros, medioque condicionis liberae Thessalonice
flexu litoris Lete hanc Dyrrhachio
, Therme Thermaico sinu, oppida Dicaea, Palinandrea,
Scione, promunturium Canastraeum, oppida Pallene, Phlegra. qua regione montes Hypsizonus, Epytus, Alcyon,
Elaeuomne, oppida Nissos, Phryxelon, Mendae et Pallenensi Isthmo Potidaea, nunc Cassandrea colonia,
Anthemus, Olophyxus, 38 alterae Cassera oppidum faucesque Isthmi, Acanthus, Stagira, Sithone, Heraclea et Regio
Mygdoniae subiacens, qua recedentes Apollonia, Arethusa. rursus Posidium ora et oppido Cermoro,
cum liberum Amphipolis, gens amnis Strymon, ortus Bisaltae. dein Macedoniae
Haemo. lacus septem eum, priusquam derigat cursum.
xxix
William Martin Leake(1777-1860)-An electronic edition of his-Travels in Northern Greece. Treasuries of

Knidos, Massilia and Siphnos. From: H. Berve, et al., Tempel und Heiligtmer der Griechen (Mnchen, 1978). One
of the thesauri at Olympia was so large as to contain a colossal statue; at Delphi none seem to have been of such
dimensions, but were intended only for the smaller and more valuable offerings, the works of statuary having been on
the adjacent platforms of the hierum. The cities which had constructed the treasuries at Delphi were Sicyon, Siphnus,
Thebes, Athens, Cnidus, Potida, Syracuse, and Corinth, to which Strabo adds the Italian cities, Spina and Agylla.
Treasury of Siphnus (about 525 B.C.). From: H. Berve, et al., Tempel und.. (Mnchen, 1978). Images of details of
the friezes of this treasury: 1. left section of the north frieze; 2. detail from the north frieze; 3. detail from the south
frieze
xxx
154.
xxxi
.. .. www.cs.princeton.edu/~ken/T77.html 7.4 Chalcidian District

7.4.9
Olynthus. The Chalcidian League, Chalcidian District
7.4.15
Potidaea, Chalcidian District
7.4.16
Cassandreia, Eurydicea, Chalcidian District.
xxxii
Internet 1-10-01.. Potidaea.. tiggsxenapage.com/greece1.htm.Important Corinthian colony, founded circa 600 B.C.
on the northern Aegean seacoast known as Chalcidice. Located on the narrow neck of the westernmost of chalcidice's
three peninsula's, Potidaea had a fine harbor, facing west into the Thermaic Gulf and protected in later years by walls
and by moles across the harbor mouth. Potidaea(Greek: Poteidaia, a form of the name of the God Poseidon) was the
only major Chalcidic city founded by Greeks who were not Ionian Greeks; it was also the only Corinthian colony
located in the Aegean rather than in the Adriatic or farther west. Potidaea's location made it a gateway from Greece to
the north Aegean. Exporting to Corinth, it was a source for Timber, Silver, and Slaves, available from Nearby Thrace.
Potidaea became a foremost Chaldcidic city, later surpassed only by it's neighbor Olynthus. With Thracian silver,
Ptidaea was minting coins by about 550 B.C. It led the local Greek resistance to the invading Persians of 480-479
B.C., its formidable defenses withstanding a Persian seige. After the Persian retreat, Potidaea joined the Athenian-led
Delian League. However, the city maintained close ties with Corinth- for instance, it received its chief political
executives from Corinth every year. As Athenian-Corinthian relations worsened in the mid 400s B.C., Potidaea became
the object of increasing Athenian mistrust. In 434 B.C. the Athenians raised Potidaea's Delain annual tribute from six to
fifteen Talents. In resistance to Athenian demands, Potidaea rebelled, appealing to Corinth for help. Soon Athens and
Corinth were in collision over Potidaea. At the Battle of Potidaea, fought outside the city in 432 B.C., an Athenian
expeditionary force of 2,000 Hoplites defeated a slightly smaller Corinthian-led army. This episode-like similar
Athenian-Corinthian hostilities at the Adriatic city of Corcyra- was a major cause in igniting the Peloponnesian War.
Potidaea finally was captured by the Athenians in early 429 B.C., after an immense seige n which the Athenian army
suffered from Plague and the starving defenders were reduced to cannibalismAs the second city (after Olynthus) of
the powerful Chalcidic League, Potidaea again became a target of Athenian imperialism, in the early 300s B.C. It was
captured by Athenian troops in 363 B.C. The Athenians were expelled by the Macedonian king Philip II in 358 B.C.,
but Potidaea probably was destroyed by Philip in 348 B.C., in his war against Olynthus. In around 316 B.C. the city was
refounded as the capital of Macedon under the ruler of Cassander; the citys new name was Cassandreia. In the
Hellenistic AGe(300-150 B.C.) it remained a major port of the north Aegean, and passed into the Empire of Rome after
the Romans dismantled the Macedonian kingdom in the mid-100s B.C.
xxxiii
Internet..27-9-01..( Note on the e-text: this Renascence Editions text was provided by Ben R. Schneider, Lawrence
University, Wisconsin. It is in the public domain. "Florio's Translation of Montaigne's Essays was first published in
1603. In 'The World's Classics' the first volume was published in 1904, and reprinted in 1910 and 1924. " Content
unique to this presentation is copyright 1998 The University of Oregon. For nonprofit and educational uses only.
Send comments and corrections to the Publisher.) There are no more vertuous actions knowne; those that beare a shew
of vertue have no essence of it: for profit, glorie, custome, feare, and other like strange causes direct us to produce
them. Justice, valour, integritie, which we then exercise, may by others consideration, and by the c ountenance they
publikly beare, be termed so: but with the true workman it is no vertue at all. There is another end proposed; another
efficient cause. Vertue alloweth of nothing but what is done by her, and for her alone. In that great battell at Potida
which the Grecians under Pausanias gained of Mardonius and the Persians, the victors following their custome,
comming to share the glorie and prise of the victorie betweene them, ascribed the pre-excellencie of valor in that
conflict to the Spa rtane nation.
xxxiv
Ahb home page.. Secretaries, Charidemos, Poteidaia: The Date (and Personnel) of IG II2 118-David Whitehead
(University of Manchester)- The Ancient History Bulletin 3.5 (1989) 102-106

Kirchner assigned a date of 361/0(?) and justified it thus: Charidemum a. 361/0 praetura functum esse atque ad
hunc annum titulum referendum esse demonstrare studuit Ki. PA (i.e. PA 15380, vol. II, p. 414, lines 27ff.). Yet there
are multiple uncertainties here. That Charidemos was STRATHGO/S in 361/0 is far from universally agreed, depending
as it does upon the dating of IG II2 207 to either that year or 349/8 an issue bound up in turn with the date (364-3 or
357/6) when Charidemos became a naturalized Athenian citizen
We should pause, though, to ask why we are looking for Athenian names; and when we pose the question, another
vulnerable assumption is laid bare. Kirchner, like Koehler before him, regarded as certain both PE]RI\ W(=N
[LE/GOSIN O(I PRE/SBE]IS TW=M *POTEI[DAIATW=N AND *XARI/D]HMOS. This necessitated a KAI/ to fill
the three remaining stoichoi in line 7, that is, the view that a report had been heard not only from the Poteidaian
ambassadors but also from an associated Athenian delegation. I contend that this is unwarranted. With PE]RI\ TW=N
KTL. one can have no quarrel (cf. Tod 126.5-7, 147.8-9, etc.); and the fortunate preservation of TW=M does make it
clear as E)]K *PO[TEIDAI/AS (lines 15-16) alone would not have done16 that Poteidaians have come to
Athens. But if we rid our minds of Charidemos it is by no means evident that any Athenians have come with them.
Suppose that the report had simply been presented by OI( PRE/SBE]IS TW=M *POT[DAIATW=N
*H(FAISTO/D?]HMOS KAI\ OI( M[ET AU)TO=?17 , The It is hard to see that there are. In general terms, both these
years fall or at least, in the case of 364/3, can be made to fall within the period of benign Athenian control of
Poteidaia, i.e. from its capture by Timotheos in 364/3 (Diod. 15.81.6, etc.) to its capture (and return to Olynthian
control) in 356. Within that period the principal
may visualize (?)Hephaistodemos and his associates wasting no time, with their city in Athenian hands,20 before
hastening to Athens with assurances that for the first time in seventy years the right people were back in charge
in Poteidaia and its latent loyalty to Athens (lines 9-10) once again official policy. If it was passed five years later, in
359/8, they will doubtless have appealed to their friends the cleruchs for on-the-spot confirmation that that policy was
already being implemented.
Footnotes, 18 J.A. Alexander, Potidaea: its history and remains (Athens, Georgia 1963) 87.
xxxv
TLG.. .. 8.127.7-8.128.7 .

xxxvi
Internet 20-9-01. homer.reed.edu/GkHist/Hdt8.html - 14k -. The Persians in Northern Greece .Artabazus,

returning from escorting Xerxes through Thrace, decides to retake Potidaea and Olynthus (126). Olynthus falls (127).
How Artabazus exchanged a secret message with an accomplice inside Potidaea.
xxxvii
[ t s u n a m i s : c a s e s t u d i e s ], Click on the links to read about tsunamis which have occurred

throughout history. Crete (1450 B.C.) -Potidaea, Greece (497 B.C.) -Port Royal, Jamaica (1692) -Japan (1707)
-Callao, Peru (1724) -Cape Lopatka, Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia (1737) -Lisbon, Portugal (1755, November 1)
xxxviii
SUBJECT: Thucydides as Science -Thucydides as Science-(c) Russell McNeil, Malaspina University-College,

1996.This gives the historian license to re configure ideas to conform to a particular argumentative opinion, ideological
position, or vision of human nature. There were speeches. What was said in those speeches most likely included what
was reported here. But, much was left out, and much was de-emphasized. The ordering, presentation and wording
conform to Thucydides' vision of political reality and human nature. An important example of this is the speech of the
Athenians during the Spartan debate, in response to the charges of Athenian injustice amely: Athens' siege of
Potidaea, Athens' decision to help defend the island of Corcyra against rinth, and Athens' decree restricting trade with
Megara. It is here, in this response, that Thucydides "understanding of political reality" emerges. The Athenians in this
speech do not deny injustice," they simply notice that the concept has no real meaning in the world of empire. In the
world of empire, nature and necessity take precedence. Here is the curious response of the Athenian delegation.
xxxix
The Socratic Doctrine of the Soul (No. B6)- This work by Professor Burnet is an important step in understanding
the introduction of the Soul doctrine to Greco-Roman philosophy and thence to Trinitarian Christianity. Internet 12-1001.To most people Socrates is best known by his trial and death, and that is why he is commonly pictured as an old
man. It is not always remembered, for instance, that the Socrates caricatured by Aristophanes in the Clouds is a man of
forty-six, or that the Socrates who served at Potidaea (432 B.C.) in a manner that would have won him the V.C. to-day
was about thirty-seven. On that occasion he saved the life of Alcibiades, who must have been twenty at least, or he
would not have been on active service abroad. Even if we assume that Potidaea was his first campaign, Alcibiades
was eighteen years younger than Socrates at the very outside, and his speech in the Symposium carries us still further
back, to the time when he was about fifteen.4 In reading the account he is made to give of the beginning of his intimacy
with Socrates, we are reading of a boys enthusiasm for a man just turned thirty...From the Apology we learn further
that Socrates conceived himself to have a mission to his fellow-citizens, and that his devotion to it had brought him to
poverty. He cannot have been really poor to begin with; for we have found him serving before Potidaea, which means
that he had the property qualification required at the time for those who served as hoplites. Nine years later (423 B.C.),
however, when Aristophanes and Amipsias represented him on the comic stage, it appears that his neediness was
beginning to be a byword... He was absent from Athens, as we know, the year before, and presumably in the preceding
years also, though we do not happen to hear of any actual battle in which he took part between Potidaea and Delium.
We are told, however, that his habit of meditation was a joke in the army before Potidaea, and that it was there he
once stood wrapped in thought for twenty-four hours.6 It looks as if the call came to him when he was in the trenches
and that is no heresy of his own.17 It was so much a matter of course that it had been embodied in the official epitaph
on those who had fallen at Potidaea some years earlier (432 B.C.).18 There is nothing, remarkable in that. There was
no room in the public religion for any doctrine of immortality. The gods alone are immortal, and it would be shocking
to suggest that human beings might be so too...
xl
Internet 25-10-01.. , (
) . (62 )
(5 ): [=], , , , .
: (7 ):
, .. The relative isolation of the Macedonian region in the period from the 10th to
the 8th centuries BC - an isolation due to the temporary unavailability of the commercial routes from south to north was soon overcome, and Macedonia entered upon the Archaic period as the promised land for the hundreds of colonists
who came to the coasts of the Aegean from many cities in southern Greece. It was during this period that colonists from
southern Greece founded Methone, Sane, Skione, Potidaia, Akanthos and many other cities-ports on the coasts of
Pieria and Chalkidike. Bounded to the south by a long chain
xli
Internet 28-9-01.. History of Western Civilization-Questions and comments, Boise State University-Last Revised .
The Peloponnesian War-Page 5 of 17- Outbreak of the War. Corinth and Athens fought indirectly, through their
colonies and allies, each unwilling to have their respective forces face one another. ACorcyra andPotidaea in 433,
Corinthian and Athenian ships fought one another, though only in the role of protectors of their colonies.
xlii
Internet 27-9-01.. Paul Halsall, Janaury 1999 -halsall@murray.fordham.edu . Ancient History Sourcebook: 11th
Brittanica: Pericles led to the simultaneous appearance in Athens of an embassy from either combatant (433).
Pericles had, as it seems, resumed of late a plan of Western expansion by forming alliances with Rhegium and
Leontini, and the favourable position of Corcyra on the trade-route to Sicily and Italy, as well as its powerful fleet, no
doubt helped to induce him to secure an alliance with that island, and so to commit an unfriendly act towards a leading
representative of the Peloponnesian League. Pericles now seemed to have made up his mind that war with Sparta, the
head of that League, had become inevitable. In the following spring he fastened a quarrel upon Potidaea, a town in
Chalcidice, whichi was attached by ancient bonds to Corinth, and in the campaign which followed Athenian and
Corinthian troops came to blows. A further casus belli was provided by a decree forbidding the importation of
Megarian goods into the Athenian Empire, presumably in order to punish Megara for her alliance with Corinth (spring
432).
xliii
Enc. Britannica Cd Rom..Causes.The causes of the main Peloponnesian War need to be traced at least to the early 430s,
although if Thucydides was right in his general explanation for the war, namely Spartan fear of Athenian expansion, the
development of the entire 5th century and indeed part of the 6th were relevant. In the early 430s Pericles led an expedition
This was disconcertingly close to another outpost of Corinthian influence at Potidaea in the Chalcidice, and there is a
possibility that Athens subjected Potidaea itself to financial pressure by the mid-430s. That city was an anomaly in being both
tributary to Athens and simultaneously subject to direct rule by magistrates sent out annually by Corinth; it clearly was a
sensitive spot in international relations. Thus to the west (Acarnania and other places) and northeast (Amphipolis, Potidaea)
Corinth was being indirectly pressured by Athens, and this pressure was also felt in Corinth's own backyard, at Megara.
xliv
Internet 21-9-01.. Copyright (C) 1998, Ty Hallmark. This file may be copied on the condition that the entire
contents,including the header and this copyright notice, Ty v. Thucydides : A Battle of Wits-y Hallmark. The next
act that Athens took was undoubtedly even more rash than the Megarian Decree. In 433 B.C. Athens delivered an
ultimatum to Potidaea, a group of people living on the isthmus in northeastern Greece. They ordered the people to take
down their city walls and force all Corinthians out. The Potideans refused to comply, and, as a result got involved in a
rebellion that finally brought Sparta into the war. The Potidean Ultimatum was again an act of defiance against
Corinth and a warning to all other states that Athens was ready for war. However, this decree probably did more to
agitate people into battle than any preceding it.."
xlv
Internet 20-9-01.. So the Affair of Epidamnus and the Affair of Potidaea were on their way. First one was when
little city of Epidamnus was seeking help from Corcyra, didn't receive none and went to Corinth. Corcyra saw a threat
when Corinthians put their solders in the Epidamnus and tried to go to war, but saw itself alone in circle of enemies so
Corcyra wanted to join Athenian empire which it did. The war started.But Athenians defended like that"Neither are
beginning the war, Peloponnesians, nor are we breaking the treaty, but those Corcyraens are our allies, and we come
to help them. So if you want to sail anywhere else, we place no obstacles on your way, but if you are going to sail
against Corcyra, or any other of her possessions, we shall our best to stop you."1.
xlvi
Cd Rom Encarta 97..
Socrates (c. 470-c. 399 BC), Greek philosopher, who profoundly affected Western philosophy through his influence on
Plato. Initially, Socrates followed the craft of his father; according to a former tradition, he executed a statue group of
the three Graces, which stood at the entrance to the Acropolis until the 2nd century AD. In the Peloponnesian War with
Sparta he served as an infantryman with conspicuous bravery at the battles of Potidaea in 432-430 BC, Delium in 424
BC, and Amphipolis in 422 BC.
xlvii
Internet 1-10-01Chapter XIV-The Thirty Tyrants, and the Death of Socrates, B.C. 404-399.A Smaller History of
Greece-by William Smith .... Indifferent alike to heat and cold the same scanty and homely clothing sufficed him both
in summer and winter; and even in the campaign of Potidaea, amidst the snows of a Thracian winter, he went
barefooted. But though thus gifted with strength of body and of mind, he was far from being endowed with personal
beauty. His thick lips, flat nose, and prominent eyes, gave him the appearance of a Silenus, or satyr. He served with
credit as an hoplite at Potidaea (B.C. 432), Delium (B.C. 424), and Amphipolis (B.C. 422);
xlviii
CD Rom Enc. Britannica.. speculation of the Ionian and Italian cosmologists to analyses of the character and
conduct of human life, which he assessed in terms of an original theory of the soul. Living during the chaos of the
Peloponnesian War, with its erosion of moral values, Socrates felt called to shore up the ethical dimensions of life by
the admonition to "know thyself" and by the effort to explore the connotations of moral and humanistic terms. Socrates'
record for endurance was distinguished. He served as a hoplite, perhaps at Samos (440), and at several stations during
the Peloponnesian War. (At Potidaea he saved the life of Alcibiades.) In politics he took no part, knowing, as he told
his judges, that office would mean compromise with his principles. Once at least, in 406-405, he was a member of the
Boule, or legislative council, of 500; and, at the trial of the victors of Arginusae..Copyright 1994-1998 Encyclopaedia
Britannica..
xlix
Internet 20-9-01.. www.xula.edu/Administrative/cat/facdev/projects/humphrey/ dictiona.htm - 101k - Achilles the
Greek hero. , . Socrates is reported to have aided
Alcibiades when he was wounded at Potidaea and to have retreated bravely at Delium (Symposium 220d-221b, Laches
189b). Potidaea was a costly and inconclusive victory; Amphipolis and Delium were decisive defeats. George
Anastaplo points out aht on each occasion the Athenian commander who stationed Socrates at his post died during the
battle. Potidaea Concerning the battles, Thomas and Grace West write:Bibliography: Anderson, J. K., Xenophon
(1974); Higgins, William E., Xenophon the Athenian: The Problem of the Individual and the Society of the Polis
(1977); Strauss, Leo, Xenophon's Socratic Discourse (1970).
l
Scrates... www.geocities.com/Athens/Acropolis/5759/socrates.html - Scrates (c. 470-c. 399 a.C.), filsofo griego

fundador de la filosofa moral, o axiologa que ha tenido gran peso en la filosofa occidental por su influencia sobre
Platn. Nacido en Atenas, hijo de Sofronisco, un escultor, y de Fenareta, una comadrona, recibi una educacin
tradicional en literatura, msica y gimnasia. Ms tarde, se familiariz con la retrica y la dialctica de los sofistas, las
especulaciones de los filsofos jonios y la cultura general de la Atenas de Pericles. Al principio, Scrates sigui el
trabajo de su padre; realiz un conjunto de estatuas de las tres Gracias, que estuvieron en la entrada de la Acrpolis
hasta el siglo II a.C. Durante la guerra del Peloponeso contra Esparta, sirvi como soldado de infantera con gran valor
en las batallas de Potidaea en el 432-430 a.C., Delio en el 424 a.C., y Anfpolis en el 422 a.C.
li
Internet 21-9-01.. www.the-equinox.org/vol1/no5/eqi05014.html - 34k THE BIG STICK-A DREAMER'S TALES.
By LORD DUNSANY. Lord Dunsany's prose is like Baudelaire's. THE GRACES OF INTERIOR PRAYER.
FATHER POULAIN, S. J How well this describes such people as the Buddha and the author of the Bhagavadgita!
(This is not the translator's blundering, though perhaps much more may be hoped from a lady who says that "Socrates
remained for twenty-four hours lost in thought in the camp the Potidaea was besieging." It was Potidaea's way
of doing her back hair that made her so generally admired.).
lii
Internet 5-10-01..Tides of War: A Novel of Alcibiades and the Peloponnesian War by Steven Pressfield. "As a young
man my grandfather served as a sail lieutenant at Sybota, Potidaea, and Scione and later in the East as a trierarch and
squadron commander at the battles of Bitch's Tomb, Abydos (for which he was awarded the prize of valor and
incidentally lost an eye and the use of his right leg), and the Arginousai Islands."
liii
BECK index-WISDOM OF GREECE, ISRAEL, ROME Contents-Introduction to Plato's Apology.
Therefore I should have done a terrible thing,Athenian men, if---when the commanders stationed me,
whom you chose to command me,both at Potidaea and at Amphipolis and also Delium,I remained where they
stationed me like anyone else,even in danger of death,and being stationed by the god, as I thought and understood,I
must live loving wisdomand examining myself and others,---I were to leave the station at this point out of fear of either
death or any other business whatsoever.
liv
Internet
20-9-01..
First
published
May
16,
1996 - Last
updated
July
1st,
1999
1996 Bernard SUZANNE (click on name to send your comments via e-mail) Charmides : family feud.
With the Charmides, we reach that part of the soul where we might find rest and get all the answers to our questions,
except that it is too early and we are with the wrong people. The fighting is over, Socrates is back from the battlefield
(the battle of Potida, in which Alcibiades tells us in the Symposium (Symp. 219e-220e) that Socrates saved his life),
but the "war" is only beginning (the battle and siege of Potida took place at the very beginning of the Peloponesian
war, and is related in the first book of Thucydides' work, I, 62 ff.) and Socrates is back to the wrestling-school to talk
philosophy with kids and their grown-up admirers
lv
Internet 1-10-01 Peloponnesian Warweb page by Shannon Waller . The final straw leading up to the
Peloponnesian War was when Potidaea, a member of the Athenian Empire (Delian league), revolted against
Athenian control. The city-state built fortifications to resist occupation by the Athenian army and sparked revolt
elsewhere in the region in Chalcidice and Bottiaea. After negotiations failed the Athenians sent troops into the
region by ship. However the Athenians were also fighting the Macedonians in the same region and had difficulty
in suppressing the revolt. When Athens finally made a treaty with Perdiccas, the Macedonian leader, she found
herself betrayed as the Macedonians began fighting alongside Corinthians, who had come to the defense of the
Potidaeans. In spite of this, the Athenians were able to retake control of most of the region upon the arrival of
reinforcements. Seeing that their own citizens were now trapped in Potidaea, Corinth called a meeting of the
Peloponnesian (the Peloponnese is the name for the peninsula that makes up southern Greece) assembly at
Sparta. At this meeting the complaints against the Athenian Empire reached their peak.
lvi
Cd Rom Enc.Britannica.. admiral who won several engagements before and during the Peloponnesian War.
Phormion was one of the generals leading reinforcements to the Athenian siege of Samos in 440. He assisted the
Acarnanians and Amphilochians against Ambracia, which resulted in an alliance with Acarnania that was useful to
Athens. In 432-431 he headed the siege of Potidaea and was sent with 20 ships to block the entrance to the Gulf of
Corinth.. Copyright 1994-1998 Encyclopaedia Britannica
lvii
Internet 26-9-01 AHB Home Page.. 7.2 1993 . 44. Notoriously, politicians do not always say what they
mean, nor mean what they say, but the apparent implication of Pericles' words is that Athens had a force of 29,000
hoplites, and this is how the passage is generally understood. But, referring to an Athenian invasion of the Megarid
about the same time, Thucydides wrote:
'This was the maximum concentration of Athenian soldiers, at a time when the city was at its peak and before
the plague began. There were not less than 10,000 native Athenian hoplites present, in addition to the 3,000 at
Potidaea, and there were at least 3,000 Metics, together with a large force of lightly equipped personnel ...'(ii 31.2).
, . TLG.. 2.31.2.4-2.31.3.4

. .

The apparent implication of this is that the total strength of the Athenian hoplite corps was 13,000, not 29,000: this
agrees with Thucydides' account of the battle at Tanagra twenty-six years before:
lviii
Internet-24-9-01..WARHORSE-SIMULATIONS -Other historical book reviews and research papers are also
available on our site. -Historical Commentary on the Peloponnesian War -By Kurt Kuhlmann .BACKGROUND.
What is now known as the Peloponnesian War was actually the second war between the Athenian and Spartan
coalitions. The conflict between Athens and Sparta had its roots in the Persian Wars earlier in the fifth century B.C.
After the Persian expedition led by Xerxes against Greece had been repulsed in 479, the Athenians assumed the
leadership of the war against Persia in the Greek coastlands of Asia Minor.
The city of Potidaea in the Chalcidice, a member of the Athenian empire, also maintained close ties with Corinth, its
mother city. The Athenians, anticipating that the Corinthians might induce the Potidaeans to lead a general revolt of the
cities in the region, demanded that Potidaea expel its Corinthian magistrates and tear down its walls. Instead of averting
the revolt, this Athenian ultimatum triggered it. Before the Athenians could react, a force of 2,000 "volunteers"
commanded by the Corinthian general Aristeus had reached the city. The Athenians immediately gathered their own
forces in response, and after a sharp battle outside Potidaea, Aristeus' army was driven back into the city. With the
arrival of Phormio with 1,600 more hoplites, the Athenians settled in for a siege.
lix
Internet..24-9-01.. Peloponnesian War-by Graham Ley, Introduction, The Peloponnesian War (431404 BC)
was a 27-year, intermittent conflict between a land army (the Peloponnesian League), and a sea force (the
Athenian empire), in a bid to become the undisputed leading Greek power
First, Corcyra (Corfu) quarrelled with Corinth, of which it was a colony, in 435 BC. It was accepted into the Athenian
alliance in 433 BC because of the strength of its navy, and its strategically important position as a port of call on the sea
routes to S Italy and Sicily. Second, the small N Grecian city of Potidaea attempted to leave the Delian League in 432
BC following an increase in payments demanded towards League expenses by Athens.
lx
Cd Rom Multipedia.. Peloponnesian War (second ) (Great ) War (431 404 BC) between Sparta and Athens
(and respective allied city-states) for control of Greece. Before the war Sparta held sway over most of the city-states of
inland Greece (through the Peloponnesian League), while Athens controlled the Delian League, a maritime empire
extending out over the Aegean. 433 bc
Corinthians attacked and Corcyreans were saved from defeat by Athenian
intervention; Athenians forced the Corinthians to relinquish control of a colony, Potidaea. 430 bc Revolt by Potidaea
put down by Athenians.
lxi
Cd Rom Enc. Britannica.. Athenian war strategy and the initial conduct of the war are presented by Thucydides very
much in personal terms: the focus is on what Pericles, the dominant figure of this time, did or wanted. This method, like
the Homeric emphasis on heroes, is to some extent literary spotlighting, for at no time was Pericles immune from
criticism. In the 440s he had to deal with a major rival, Thucydides, son of Melesias (not the historian), who was
ostracized in 443The destruction of Samos had been expensive--a four-figure sum in talents--and the siege of
Potidaea was to cost 2,000. Athens, even with coined reserves of 6,000 talents at the beginning of the war, could not
afford many Potidaeas. Pericles can be criticized for not foreseeing this, with the evidence of Samos behind him.
Aegina had already been evacuated and repopulated by cleruchs in 430, perhaps as an initial step toward this end. In the
north, Potidaea surrendered, and a cleruchy was installed here too, a further Corinthian setback. Copyright 1994-1998
Encyclopaedia Britannica.
lxii
Internet 1-10-01 Athens panicked and negotiated a thirty year treaty with Sparta.G. Two conflicts in the 430s
forced Sparta to break the treaty and declare war on Athens, 2. Corinth vs. Potidea, a) Athens got involved against
Corinth
lxiii
Internet 26-9-01. . Argos was designed by Anthony F. Beavers and Hiten Sonpal.Copyright
1996, 1997. All Rights Reserved. AHB Home page.. . . Search

Results -There were 42 matches to your query: `potidaea' Matches 1 through 25 follow:
lxiv
Cd Rom Enc. Britannica.. Hellenism-POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS, Alexander's successors. Cassander, who
was a statesman, had founded two great cities, Cassandreia and Thessalonica, as well as rebuilding Thebes. His death
in 297 was a prelude to more disturbances. Demetrius conquered most of Greece and secured Macedonia in 294, but he
was ousted in 288 by Lysimachus in alliance with King Pyrrhus of Epirus (319-272). Demetrius now concentrated all
his forces on winning Asia and all but succeeded. He fell ill, however, and surrendered to Seleucus, who gave him
every opportunity to drink himself to death.... Copyright 1994-1998 Encyclopaedia Britannica.
lxv
Cd Rom MultipediaNicias d. 413 BC. Athenian statesman and general during the Peloponnesian War. Nicias
defeated the Spartans and Corinthians (427 426 BC) in some minor skirmishes and was an important supporter of the
peace with Sparta (421) that bears his name. He opposed the siege of Syracuse (415) but was made commander along
with Alcibiades and Lamachus. The expedition proved a disaster, and he was captured by the Syracusans and executed.
lxvi
Internet 28-9-01.. Athenian Cleruchs at Potidaea -IG II2 114-Images-View 72 dpi image of IG II2 114. -A larger,
150 dpi image of this inscription is also available. -Catalogue Record-Category:Decree.

lxvii
Internet 8-10-01.. Society of Ancients: Resources - Greek Coins & Medals potidaea.gif (7226 bytes). Early coin of
Potidaea,
Chalcidice,Northern
Greece
(obverse).
Poseidon
riding;
star
[legend:
II].
...
www.soa.org.uk/main/resource/coins/coins02.htm Coin of Cyzicus, southern shore of the Propontis
lxviii
Perseus, ..Technique: Black Figure Shape: PANATHENAIC AMPHORA
FRAGMENT, Inscription: Kalos/Kale: ARISTOBOULOS/EUBOULIDOU/[AR]MA, Provenance: CHALKIDIKE,

POTEIDAIA, Date: 400-300, Potidaia, Archaeological Museum, Publication Record: Bentz, M., Panathenaische
Preisamphoren, Eine athenische Vasengattung und ihre Funktion vom 6.-4. Jahrhundert v. Chr. 18. Beih. z. AntK
(Basel, 1998)..
lxix
AHB home page..-Eponymous Women: Royal Women and City Names *Elizabeth Carney (Clemson University)The Ancient History Bulletin 2.6 (1988) 134-142.. Olympias (in whose custody she had, at least recently, been),
Thessalonice was married to Cassander, Olympias vanquisher (Diod. 19.52.1; Justin 14.6.13; Paus. 9.7.3). According
to Diodorus, not only did Cassander marry the only then available member of the Argead dynasty virtually as soon as
he seized power, but he also engaged in actions which were those of a king or of a man acting like one: he buried Philip
Arrhidaeus, Adea-Eurydice and Cynnane (Argeads all), sequestered Alexander IV and his mother Roxane, initiated a
campaign, founded the city of Cassandreia, and for all practical purposes, began to rule Macedonia (Diod. 19.52.2).
Cassanders eponymous city-foundation is usually dated about 316 and is assumed to be contemporary with the other
quasi-royal actions listed by Diodorus (19.52.2). Cassandreia had certainly been founded by 315 (Livy 44.11.2; Diod.
19.52.2; Strab. 7 frag. 25). At that time, in the assembly at Tyre, Cassander was condemned because (among other
things) he had re-established the Olynthians in a city with his own name (Diod. 19.61.2-3). 12 . On Cassanders death,
Philip, his oldest son by Thessalonice, took the throne; she was not immediately regent. .. In fact, the assertion of Strabo
(7, frags. 21 and 24) and others (Dion. Hal. 1.49.4; Steph. Byz. s.v. *KASSA/NDREIA) that Cassander himself
founded the city and named it after his wife has won nearly universal acceptance.16 This would necessarily signify that
Thessaloniki was founded some time between 317/6 and Cassanders death 298/7. Even if the city was founded at the
very end of his reign, it would still have been among the earliest named after a royal woman; in fact, the great majority
of those who have considered the foundation date of Thessaloniki place it soon after Cassandreia.17
lxx
Internet 25-9-01.. Charmides, or Temperance -By Plato-Written 380 B.C.E -ranslated by Benjamin Jowett-ersons
of the Dialogue-SOCRATES, who is the narrator-CHARMIDES, CHAEREPHON-CRITIAS-Scene-The Palaestra of
Taureas, which is near the Porch of the King Archon. Yesterday evening I returned from the army at Potidaea, and
having been a good while away, I thought that I should like to go and look at my old haunts. So I went into the
palaestra of Taureas, which is over against the temple adjoining the porch of the King Archon, and there I found a
number of persons, most of whom I knew, but not all. My visit was unexpected, and no sooner did they see me entering
than they saluted me from afar on all sides; and Chaerephon, who is a kind of madman, started up and ran to me,
seizing my hand, and saying, How did you escape, Socrates?-(I should explain that an engagement had taken place at
Potidaea not long before we came away, of which the news had only just reached Athens.) .
lxxi
Internet 28-9-01 Athenian Cleruchs at Potidaea -IG II2 114-Images-View 72 dpi image of IG II2 114. A larger, 150
dpi image of this inscription is also available. Catalogue Record, Subject:Athenian decree, concerning the sending of
cleruchs to Potidaea, Date:362/1 BC, The experimental images posted on these web pages are intended for research and
educational use only. Comments from users are invited and should be addressed to csadinfo@ermine.ox.ac.uk , Created
on Monday, 08 March, 1999: 20:30:39.
lxxii
.Internet 12-9-01 Copyright:Antonis Vathis Email:mailbox@servitoros.gr

Designed and Hosted by
EviaWeb (..) .

, , , .

(, , ) .
,
, .
, ,
. ,
, ,
lxxiii
Internet , .. Charmides, or Temperance -By Plato. Written 380 B.C.E-Translated by Benjamin
Jowett-Persons of the Dialogue-SOCRATES, who is the narrator-CHARMIDES-CHAEREPHON-CRITIAS. Scene,

The Palaestra of Taureas, which is near the Porch of the King ArchonYesterday evening I returned from the army at
Potidaea, and having been a good while away, I thought that I should like to go and look at my old haunts. So I went
into the palaestra of Taureas, which is over against the temple adjoining the porch of the King Archon, and there I found
a number of persons, most of whom I knew, but not all. My visit was unexpected, and no sooner did they see me
entering than they saluted me from afar on all sides; and Chaerephon, who is a kind of madman, started up and ran to
me, seizing my hand, and saying, How did you escape, Socrates?-(I should explain that an engagement had taken place
at Potidaea not long before we came away, of which the news had only just reached Athens.) .
lxxiv
Internet 21-9-01.. Sito protetto da Copyright @ Autore: Gonzato Franco, N. di repertorio Siae 9503092. A ROMA
VIENE STIPULATO UN ACCORDO CON I LATINI. NEL FRATTEMPO SCOPPIANO LE OSTILITA' FRA
ROMA E TARQUINIA.357 a. C. 2357 anni fa circa FILIPPO II CON ABILI COLPI DI MANO, ALLEATO DI
ATENE S'IMPADRONISCE DELLA TRACIA, HA COS LA SUA MACEDONIA IL SUO PRIMO SBOCCO SUL
MARE, PROSEGUE SULLA GRECIA ED E' GIA' SULLA TESSAGLIA E SULL'EPIRO, 356 a. C. 2356 anni fa
circa, A FILIPPO II E OLIMPIADE SUA MOGLIE NASCE IL FIGLIO ALESSANDRO MENTRE E' IMPEGNATO
A CONQUISTARE PIDNA (SALONICCO) E POTIDEA, CHE PROVOCANO UN'ACCESA OSTILITA' ATENIESE
*** ROMA STIPULA DEI TRATTATI DI PACE CON I SANNITI. 352 a. C. 2352 anni fa circa, FILIPPO II
PENETRA NELLA GRECIA DOPO AVER ESTESO LA SUA INFLUENZA SULLA TESSAGLIA, AVANZA FINO
ALLE TERMOPOLI, DOVE GLI ATENIESI SONO INCITATI DA DEMOSTENE (1ma filippica), *** ROMA (351)
lxxv
Internet
25-9-01..
Copyright
1996-2000
Macedonia.org,
All
Rights
Reserved.
Terms of Service | Feedback: mac-faq@Macedonia.org.

Philip's policy, while being very tactful, was also aggressive. In 357 BC he conquered the Athenian colony of
Amphipolis in Thrace. That gave him a possession of the gold mines of Mount Pangaeus, which will finance his wars.
In 356 BC he captured Potidea in Chalcidice, Pydna on the Thermaic Gulf, and in 355 BC the Thracian town of
Crenides, later acquiring new name Philippi. In 354 BC Philip conquered Methone, advanced into Thessaly but did not
attempt to take the pass of Thermopylae in 352 BC because it was strongly guarded by the Athenians.
lxxvi
Internet 28-9-01.. Wm. Clay Poe-Professor of Archaeology-Department of History- Philip II (b. 383, r. 359-336
BCE).Son of Amyntas III.Philip was 24 when, in 359, he became regent for his nephew.Philip created a strong army by
perfecting the combination of lightly armed peltasts with heavy armed phalangites. He annexed Epirus and Illyria. From
357 to 354 he captured the Greek cities of Amphipolis , Potidaea, and Methone as bases for the fleet, and occupied the
gold mines of Pangaeus.
lxxvii
Internet 24-9-01ccat.sas.upenn.edu/rrice/175321.html - XXI. You may thank the Egregious Oxford University
Press for, at length, canceling your Whitehead Order. b) Athens' last fortress, Pydna, and Potidea were gone by 356,
and with the Chalcidean League's support, Athens was basically out of Macedonia and Thrace.
lxxviii
Demosthenes-First Philippic-(351 BCE)-Excerpts from the Original Electronic Text at the web site of the
Perseus Project.
[1] If the question before us were a new one, men of Athens, I should have waited until most of the regular speakers
had delivered their opinions, and if satisfied with any of their proposals, I should have remained silent, but if not
satisfied, I should then have tried to express my own views. Since, however, it is our fortune to be still debating a point
on which they have often spoken before, I can safely claim your indulgence if I am the first to rise and address you. For
if in the past their advice had been sound, there would be no need for deliberation today.
lxxix
Cd Rom Bookshelf 95 Olynthus An ancient city of northeast Greece on the coast of Macedonia. As head of the
Chalcidian League after the late fifth century B.C., it opposed the threats of Athens and Sparta but was captured
briefly by Athens and subjugated by Sparta in 379. Philip of Macedon destroyed the city in 348.
lxxx
Cd Rom encartaOlynthus, city of ancient Greece, in Macedonia, on the Chalcidice Peninsula (now
Khalkidhik), at the head of the Toronaic Gulf. Founded by the Chalcidians from Euboea, the city rose to prominence
as a result of its leading role during the revolt of the Chalcidians against Athens in the late 5th century BC. For some
time Olynthus headed a powerful confederacy, called the Chalcidic League, but the city was subdued by Sparta in
379 BC, and in 348 BC it was razed by King Philip II of Macedon.
lxxxi
Cd Rom Enc. Britannica.. promontory, westernmost of the three prongs of the Chalcidice Peninsula, Macedonia,
Greece, projecting into the Aegean Sea. It is a part of the noms (department) of Khalkidhik. Upon the narrow isthmus
that links Kassndra with Chalcidice stand the sparse ruins of the Corinthian colony of Potidaea, a port founded about
600 BC; its site is the village of Na Potdhaia just south of the ship canal that was cut through the isthmus in 1937.
The classical history of Kassndra revolves around the communities of Olynthus and Potidaea. Settled by non-Greek
Bottiaians in the 7th century BC, Olynthus was subdued by Sparta (382-379), which dissolved the Chalcidian League
that it had dominated for a decade. In 357/356 Potidaea was so completely obliterated by Philip II of Macedon that the
Athenian orator Demosthenes wrote that a visitor would not be able to identify the site. As a result of the Olynthian War
(349-347) that destroyed Olynthus, Potidaea was revived as Kassandreia, which became very prosperous; in the Third
Macedonian War (171-168) it repulsed a Roman fleet. In the early European Middle Ages it was destroyed by the Huns.
Kassndra was occupied largely by cattle and sheep ranchers before the War of Greek Independence (1821-29), during
which its inhabitants were massacred by the Turks for joining the revolt.. Copyright 1994-1998 Encyclopaedia
Britannica.
lxxxii
lxxxiii
196.
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).
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...,
lxxxiv
-1-10-01Kassandra, Well equipped for catering for tourists, the entire Kassandra prong has several
major hotels and organized camping grounds, in among the pinewoods, close to sandy beaches. Among the charming
villages are Petralona, Nea Moudania, Nea Triglia, Dionisiou, Zografou, Nea Potidaea, Nea Fokea, Afitos, Kallithea,
Kriopigi, Polihrono, Pefkohori and more.
lxxxv
Perseus Project digital library... Hercules and the Giants Zeus wasn't always the king of the Greek gods. Ouranos
was the king of the first generation of gods, but he was overthrown by Zeus, who was his son. Even after Zeus took
charge, succeeding generations and different races of gods still competed for control of Olympus. The mightiest Giants
were Porphyrion and Alkyoneus. Alkyoneus could remain immortal as long as he fought in the land of his birth,
Pallene, in the region of Thrace. A bold troublemaker, Alkyoneus dared to steal some cows owned by the Sun. The
Giants tossed house-sized boulders and burning oak trees at Mount Olympus to pass the time
lxxxvi
... .
.
.
, . ..
...
(.VIII, 137). ,
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lxxxvii
Internet 26-9-01 . Copyright 2001 . . ... ,
, .

lxxxviii
Urquhart( John Howard Yoder, unpublished, 1993. Also available as a "Working Paper" from the Joan B. Kroc
Institute for International Peace Studies, Notre Dame.)Ever since his youth in Greece and Turkey Urquahart had kept
informed and well-connected all over the Middle East. He wrote monographs on the history of Serbia, on Turkey, on
the Abyssinian wars, the Suez Canal, the Crimean war. He had privileged access to the hierarchies of the Oriental Rite
churches in the Roman communion.
lxxxix
, '. Author: Rabelais, Francois, ca. 1490-
1553? Uniform Title: Gargantua et Pantagruel. English, Title: Gargantua and Pantagruel. Translated by Sir Thomas,
Urquhart and Peter Motteux., Published:
Chicago, Encyclop5dia Britannica [1955, c1952]
Gargantua (Legendary character) -- Fiction.Giants -- Fiction.Other authors: Urquhart, Thomas, Sir, 1611-1660, tr.
Motteux, Peter Anthony, 1660-1718, tr.Other titles: Pantagruel.
xc
www.mathra.gr/pagehistory/pagethra/pagenea/pagenea.html 1920-1922: ( 1920)
. , 6
, , .
xci
www.mathra.gr/pagehistory/pagethra/pagenea/pagenea.html 1923:
1922 1923 . ,
. 1920-1924:
, ., , .
xcii
Lausanne Treaty-(from: The Treaties of Peace 1919-1923, Vol. II, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace,
New York, 1924.)The Lausanne Treaty was signed on 24 July 1923 by the British Empire, France, Italy, Japan, Greece,
Romania, and the "Serbo-Croat-Slovene" State on one part and Turkey on the other.
" ".CONVENTION CONCERNING THE EXCHANGE OF GREEK
AND TURKISH POPULATIONS-The Government of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey and the Greek
Government have agreed upon the following provisions
xciii
THE B LIGHT OF AS IA- An Account of t he S ys t em at i c Ext erm i nat i on of C hri s t i anP opul at i ons by M oham m edans and of t he C ul pabi l i t y-of C ert ai n Great P owers ; wi t h t he True
S t ory-of t he Burni ng of Sm yrna- ByGEOR GE HOR TON For Thi rt y Years C ons ul and C ons ul Gener al of t he Uni t ed St at es i n t he Near Eas t Wi t h a For ew or d by J AM ES W. GER AR D Form er
Am bas s ador
to
Germ any
P UB LIS HERS
THE
B OB B S -M ERR ILL
C OM P ANY,
INDIAN AP OLIS C OP YR IGR T 1926 B Y THE B OBB S -M ER R ILL C OM P ANYP ri nt ed In t he
Uni t ed St at es of Am eri ca PR INTED AND B OUNDB Y B R AUNWOR TH & CO. INC . BR OOKLYN
N.Y.Wh at t hou s ees t , wri t e i n a book, and s end it unt o churches whi ch are in As i a; unt o
Ephes us , and unt o Sm yrna, and unt o P ergam os , and unt o Thyat i ra, and unt o S ardi s , and unt o
P hil adel phi a, and unt o Laodi cea.
.. The feroci ous expul s i on and t errori zi ng by m urder and vi ol ence of
t he R ayas al ong the As i a M i nor li t t oral , whi ch has not att ract ed t he at t ent i on i t m eri t s , has all
t he earm arks of a war m eas ure, prom pt ed by al l eged mi l i t ary neces s i t y, and t here is no doubt
t hat Turks and Germ ans were al li es duri ng the war and were in com pl et e coopera ti on. A st udy
of t hi s ques t i on m ay be found i n P ubli cat i on No. 3, of t he Am eri can Hel l eni c S oci et y, 1918, i n
whi ch the s t at em ent i s m ade t hat one mi l l i on, fi ve hundred t hous and Greeks were dri ven from
t hei r hom es i n T h race and As i a M i nor, and t hat hal f t hes e popul at i ons had peri s hed from
deport at i ons , out rages and fam i ne
xciv
Internet 27-9-01.. Records of the Archaeological Institute- of America, Baltimore Society- The Johns Hopkins
University, Introduction..
xcv
internet.. ,
, , , . ,
, ( 546/5 ;;)
, , ,
.
.
xcvi
PELOPONNESIAN WAR-by Thucydides-translated by -Richard Crawley-CHAPTER II-Causes of the War - The

Affair of Epidamnus - The Affair of Potidaea. CHAPTER VII-Second Year of the War - The Plague of Athens- Position
and Policy of Pericles Fall of Potidaea.
xcvii
. . 1.
( )
...
..
, , ...
.
xcviii
Internet 28-9-01.. ,
,
, ,

1944-1949
xcix
Internet 11-9-2001 halkidiki.com 1997-99. Contact Webmaster ,

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c
FROM PLATAEA TO POTIDAEA-By: E. Badian -Hardcover Textbook, Johns Hopkins University Press
(06/01/1993)-ISBN: 0801844312 Review.Badian (history, Harvard) has revised five previous essays and written a sixth to
explore the crucial but little documented half century of Greek history between the Persian and Peloponnesian Wars.
Among the questions he addresses are the interwar relations between Athens and Persia, and the supposed impartiality of
Thucydides on the outbreak of the Peloponnesian War. Annotation copyright Book News, Inc. Portland, Or.Publisher's
Note
ci
, ,
, .
.
TLG=Thesaurus Lingua Graeca Internet (27-9-2001)
, ... ( 206 ), (240), (72),
(33), (84), (19), ( 120), (), ...
Internet(27-9-2001) : Site Google, 106, 16,

13, 709 ( ), 49,
947 ( 0, 8, 6, 2970. Potidaea 1600,
Poteidaea 69, Potidea 2, Cassandreia 6, Cassandra 319.000, ,
. Chalcidice 7, Chalkidice 48, Phlegra 1150.
cii
ciii
Internet Persus 8-10-01.. POTEIDAIA (Nea Poteidaia) Chalkidike, Greece.
On the isthmus of the Pallene peninsula, the modern Kassandra. Though founded by Corinth ca. 600 B.C., an earlier
settlement on the site cannot be discounted. The city experienced a high degree of development and played a prominent
role in the major events of Classical Greece until it was captured by Philip II in 356 B.C. and was handed over to the
Olynthians.
With the destruction of Olynthos by Philip in 348 B.C., Poteidaia came under the direct dominion of Macedonia. In 316
B.C., Kassander founded on the same site a new city and named it Kassandreia. He included in his city additional land
and provided for the settlement of Poteidaians, Olynthian survivors, and others from neighboring towns. Kassandreia
soon became one of the most prosperous and powerful cities in Macedonia during the Hellenistic period and continued to
play an important role during Roman times, especially after it received Roman colonists, the privilege of jus Italicum, and
the right to coin money. In A.D. 269, it repulsed an attack of the Goths and, finally, was destroyed by the Huns and Slavs
in A.D. 539-40. It seems to have accepted Christianity at an early period and served as the see of a bishop.
In spite of the prominence of the two cities and the length of their historical existence, the literary evidence that has
survived is scanty and disconnected. The most important references for Poteidaia are to be found in Herodotos,
Thucydides, Xenophon, and Demosthenes, while for Kassandreia there are references in Diodoros, Polybios, Livy, Pliny
the Elder, and Procopius. Other writers add but little to our knowledge of either city. The archaeological record of the site,
however, though limited thus far mainly to chance finds and a mass of material (mostly architectural) unearthed during
the cutting of the canal through the isthmus in 1935-37, is impressive enough in its content and variety.
Archaeologically, Poteidaia is best represented by a good number of silver and bronze coins, the foundations of a treasury
at Delphi, several bronzes in the British Museum, and a few terracottas (including a 4th c. life-size female protome of
clay), and a 4th c. Apollo relief. As for Kassandreia, the discovery of the ruins of a temple attributed to Poseidon
deserves special mention. Other important finds include inscriptions, coins of the Roman period, and several sculptural
fragments. Two Latin inscriptions provide information regarding Roman magistracies in the city and the presence of two
Roman tribes, the Papiria and the Romilia. A bilingual inscription commemorating the construction of a gymnasium is
also worth mentioning.
The finds from the site, which are now at the elementary school at Nea Poteidaia and at the Thessalonika Museum, are to
be transferred to the recently erected museum at Polygyros, the capital of Chalkidike.
, 23-9-2006.
1.Potidaea; its history and remains.by John A Alexander. Publisher: Athens, University of Georgia Press [1963]
2.From Plataea to Potidaea : studies in the history and historiography of the Pentecontaetia by E Badian. Publisher:
Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press, 1993.
3.Potidaea, by John Aleck Alexander. Publisher: Baltimore, 1939.
4.The epitaph of the Athenians who fell at Potidaea : origins and implications
by Gregory Shane Jones. Publisher: 2000.
5.Thucydides and the expedition of Callias against Potidaea, 432 B.C.
by John Aleck Alexander. Publisher: Baltimore : Johns Hopkins Press, 1962.
6.A letter from the Chevalier Antonio Canova, and, Two memoirs read to the Royal Institute of France on the sculptures
in the collection of the Earl of Elgin
by Ennio Quirino Visconti; Antonio Canova; Thomas Bruce Elgin, Earl of
Publisher: London : Printed for John Murray ... by W. Bulmer and Co., 1816.
civ
. 1793-1993, , 1998, .
.
cv
-NEA-POTIDAIA-Internet.. www.petitfute.com/Guides_voyages_Pays/G_Europe_M%C3%A9diterran%C3%A9e/
Grece/chalcidique2.html, A 63 km de Thessalonique, voici Nea Potidaia, que divise un canal. La vue du pont sur le
canal l'heure du crpuscule est magique. La ville est situe l'emplacement de l'antique Potidaia fonde par les
Corinthiens au VIIe sicle av. J.-C. Ce canal qui lui confre - en surplomb sur les golfes Thermaique et de Cassandre une indniable importance stratgique fut mentionn par Strabon au 1er sicle apr. J.-C. Ses habitants ont jou un rle
actif lors des guerres mdiques et Potidaia fut une des causes de la guerre du Ploponnse. Pendant l'poque romaine la
ville connut un essor mais, en 540 apr. J.-C., elle fut dtruite par les Huns. La priode byzantine vit l'empereur Justinien
protger Potidaia de remparts, dont on peut encore apercevoir les ruines. Puis commena sa dcadence et, au XIVe
sicle., ses derniers habitants l'avaient quitte. La ville moderne fut fonde en 1922. Elle possde une agrable plage de
sable 1,5 km du centre.
cvi
78)NEA POTIDEA Initially, the city of Flegra, or Pallini was situated there. A Corinthian colony and with the name
of Potidea was for a while - from the 7th century B.C. and on - a member of Athenian Alliance. In 357 B.C. it was
destroyed by Philippos, the king of Macedonia but was rebuilt in 316 B.C. by Kassandros, who gave the new city the
name Kassandria and also opened the canal which secured the whole peninsula. It was besieged by the Romans and the
Goths and destroyed by the Huns in 540 A.D. It was rebuilt by the Byzantine emperor Justinian and fortified with a
wall parallel to the canal. In 1426 the wall was reinforced by the Venetians and in 1821 it was restored by the local
rebels (against the Turks) who defended themselves behind it. On 14 November 1821 the Holocaust of Kassandra took
place. The village of today was rebuilt in 1922 by refugees from Eastern Thrace. It is inhabited by 1500 people. Its
patron saint is St George whose icon was brought by the refugees from Platanos of Eastern Thrace. Other churches:
Panagia Phaneromeni (Virgin Mary), the picturesque little church of St Nicholas, and 1500m from the village, St
Efstathios (1872) of the Holy Monastery of Dochearion. There is also a settlement, belonging to the community, which
consists of holiday lodgings, discos, pubs, all kinds of restaurants, confectioneries, a cinema, cafeterias and a
wonderful golden beach. August 23: A feast dedicated to Virgin Mary. 3 day cultural manifestation by the Cultural,
Educational Association of Potidea, with traditional dancing groups, exhibitions, puppets, celebrations and treatments
of wine and pies by the local housewives.November 14: the Holocaust of Kassandra. The Castle ruins: It is an almost
straight wall of about 1.200m which at various points is supported by square towers. The two ends of the wall continue
to the Toroneos and Thermaic Gulfs respectively and terminate in towers in the sea. Thus when the gates were closed
(The "Doors", which are not preserved today) it was impossible for anyone to enter the peninsula over land.
canal: Dimensions- length 1.250m, width 40m, depth 8m, bridge height 18m. It is not known when
- The
the canal was
dug for the first time. Strabo (geographer, 1st cent. A.D.) mentions its existence. Up to 1967, entrance to Kassandra was
by what the locals called a "salli", a pontoon drawn from one end to the other by wires. In about 1970, a big bridge as
built, solving Kassandras transportation problem. - The Monument of the Destruction of 1821: This is located on a
wooded hill south of Potidea. - The chapel of Taxiarchon (The Archangels): This is located one kilometre Southeast of
Potidea, on the left side of the road to Kassandra and at a distance of about 150m from it. It is the only structure that has
remained of the big "metochi" (dependency) of the Dochiariou Monastery. - The Museums of Polygyros and
Thessaloniki exhibit many archaeological finds from the area of Pitied (statues, relief, vessels, jewelry) from the
Hellenistic tombs. - In the house of antiquities lover D.Psiroukis, there is an interesting collection mainly consisting of
marble architectural fragments and gravestones.
cvii
, .. THE BLIGHT OF ASIAAn Account of the Systematic

Extermination of Christian Populations by Mohammedans and of the Culpabilityof Certain Great Powers; with the True
Story of the Burning of SmyrnaBy GEORGE HORTON For Thirty Years Consul and Consul-General of the United States
in the Near East With a Foreword by JAMES W. GERARD Former Ambassador to Germany..

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